UST: EE524-T1AY1920-5EEC 1

Homework 1: Five Sensors

Michael R. Contreras

University of Santo Tomas, España, Manila, Philippines

Exposed Dimensions (when 21mm x 21mm x 21mm

I. FINGERPRINT SENSOR placed in box) triangular
A fingerprint sensor or scanner is a type of biometric Weight 20 grams
security technology used to identify the fingerprint of an
individual. These sensors typically function by detecting the Variable to be measured Fingerprint
difference in charge between the lower layer of the user’s skin Nominal value n/a
which is conductive and the sensor itself. When a user’s Range 14mm x 18mm~ finger size
fingertip is pressed to the reader, the sensor can tell which Accuracy required <1.0% False Reject Rate
portions of the finger are touching the ridges and which ones Required speed of <1.0 seconds
are not. Because the small valleys are further away from the measurement
sensor which decreases the capacitance the tiny place will pick Reliability <0.001% (Security level 3)
up. The reader can use these differences in capacitance to form Environmental condition n/a
a virtual image of the ridges of the user’s fingerprint.
II. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
Global Positioning System or GPS is a radionavigation
system which works by trilateration or multilateration.
Trileration is the process of determining the relative position of
points by measurement of distances using the geometry of
triangles, circles or spheres. There are many navigational
satellite systems from countries across the world but the most
popular is NAVSTAR from the United States. These satellites
are set up in such a way that from almost anywhere on the
surface of the earth, a receiver has a direct line of sight of at
least four GPS satellites. This is important because GPS point
positioning requires at least four satellites to calculate three
position coordinates. Each GPS satellite broadcasts a
navigational message towards earth which contain timestamps
which is obtained through the satellite’s onboard atomic clock.
These satellites also broadcasts their current position during
broadcast. These two bits of information allow the GPS receiver
Fig. 1. Adafruit Optical Fingerprint Sensor
to work out its position on earth. With these satellites sending
TABLE I accurate time data down to earth, the receiver compares the
OPTICAL FINGERPRINT SENSOR DATA SHEET difference in time this data is sent and received to work out the
Supply voltage 3.6 – 6.0 VDC distance between the receiver and the satellite. Combining these
Operating current 120mA max data across multiple GPS satellites, the receiver uses
Peak current 150mA max trilateration to calculate its current position.
Fingerprint imaging time <1.0 seconds
Window area 14mm x 18mm
Signature file 256 bytes
Template file 512 bytes
Storage capacity 162 templates
Safety ratings 1-5 low to high safety
False Acceptance Rate <0.001% (Security level 3)
False Reject Rate <1.0% (Security level 3)
Interface TTL Serial
Fig. 2. NEO-6MV2 GPS Module.
Baud rate 9600, 19200, 28800, 38400,
57600 (default is 57600) Features and Electrical Characteristics:
Working temperature rating -20C to +50C • Standalone GPS receiver
Working humidity 40%-85% RH
• Anti-jamming technology
Full Dimensions 56 x 20 x 21.5 mm
• UART Interface at the output pins (Can use SPI ,I2C
and USB by soldering pins to the chip core)
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• Under 1 second time-to-first-fix for hot and aided

IMAGE SENSOR SPECIFICATIONS
starts
Effective Pixels 45.7 million
• Receiver type: 50 Channels - GPS L1 frequency - (Megapixels)
SBAS (WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS, GAGAN) Sensor Size 35.9 mm x 23.9 mm
• Time-To-First-fix: For Cold Start 32s, For Warm Start Image Sensor FX
23s, For Hot Start <1s Format
• Maximum navigation update rate: 5Hz Image Sensor Type CMOS
• Default baud rate: 9600bps Total Pixels 46.89 million
• EEPROM with battery backup Dust-Reduction Image sensor cleaning
• Sensitivity: -160dBm System Image Dust Off reference data
(optional Capture NX-D software
• Supply voltage: 3.6V
required)
• Maximum DC current at any output: 10mA
Dust-Off Reference Yes
• Operation limits: Gravity-4g, Altitude-50000m, Photo
Velocity-500m/s
• Operating temperature range: -40ºC TO 85°C LENS SPECIFICATIONS
Lens Aperture Instant-return type
Variable to be measured Three-point position Electronically controlled
Nominal value n/a Depth-of-field Yes
Range Operation limits: Control Pressing Pv button stops lens aperture
Gravity-4g, down to value selected by user (A and
Altitude-50000m, Velocity- M modes) or by camera (other modes)
500m/s Lens Compatibility AF-S or AF lenses fully compatible
Accuracy required 5 – 15 meters at a Glance Metering with AI lenses
Required speed of n/a
measurement Variable to be Protons, charged electrons
Reliability Sensitivity: -160dBm measured
Nominal value n/a
Environmental condition Operating temperature Range Effective pixels: 45.7 million
range: -40ºC TO 85°C Accuracy required n/a
Required speed of Instant-return type, electronically
III. IMAGE SENSOR (DSLR) measurement controlled
A digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera is a digital Reliability n/a
camera used to capture images by using optical and the Environmental n/a
mechanics of a single-lens reflex mirror and a digital imaging condition
sensor. In this design, light travels through the lens then either
to the viewfinder or the image sensor. As light passes through IV. ELECTRONIC COMPASS
the image sensor, photons are captured as charged electrons and A compass is a dry magnetic portable device used for
silicon and converted to a voltage value through the use of navigation and orientation which shows the direction relative to
capacitors and amplifiers. This is later then transferred to digital the cardinal directions of the earth. Compasses rely on the
code which can be processed by a computer. The position of the magnetic forces of the earth namely the North Pole and the
lens can be adjusted to adjust the zoom and focus of the camera. South Pole. When a compass is held level to the ground, the
north pole of the needle naturally aligns to the opposite pole of
the earth’s magnetic field. This spot on the earth is called the
magnetic north.

Fig. 4. LSM303D Ultra compact high performance e-Compass 3D

accelerometer and 3D magnetometer module
Fig. 3. Nikon D850
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the air pressure around the object then comparing it to sea level.
Features: The other way is by radio which works by firing a beam of radio
• 3 magnetic field channels and 3 acceleration channels waves to the ground then calculating the time it took for it to
• ±2/±4/±8/±12 gauss dynamically selectable magnetic fire and reflect back to the sender. Using this time, the sensor
full-scale can work out the distance between the object and the ground.
• ±2/±4/±6/±8/±16 g dynamically selectable linear
acceleration full-scale
• 16-bit data output
• SPI / I2C serial interfaces
• Analog supply voltage 2.16 V to 3.6 V
• Power-down mode / low-power mode
• Programmable interrupt generators for freefall,
• motion detection and magnetic field detection
• Embedded temperature sensor
• Embedded FIFO
• ECOPACK®, RoHS and “Green” compliant
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
Ratings Maximum value Unit
Supply voltage -0.3 to 4.8 V
I/O pins supply voltage -0.3 to 4.8 V Fig. 5. BMP085 Barometric Pressure/Temperature/Altitude Sensor- 5V ready
Input voltage on any -0.3 to +0.3 V KEY FEATURES
control pin Pressure range 300 … 1100 hPa (+9000m … -500m
Acceleration (any axis, 3,000 for 0.5 ms g above sea level)
powered, supply voltage 10,000 for 0.1 ms g Supply voltage 1.8 … 3.6V (VDDA)
= 2.5 V) LCC8 package Robust, ceramic lead-less chip carrier
Acceleration (any axis, 3,000 for 0.5 ms g (LCC) package
unpowered) 10,000 for 0.1 ms Small footprint: 5.0mm x 5.0mm
Operating temperature -40 to +85 °C Super-flat: 1.2mm height
range Low power 5µA at 1 sample / sec. in standard mode
Storage temperature -40 to +125 °C Low noise 0.06hPA (0.5m) in ultra-low power mode
range 0.03hPa (0.25m) ultra-high resolution
mode
Variable to be Magnetic field Down to 0.1m (rms noise) possible
measured • Temperature measurement included
Nominal value n/a • I2C interface
Range ±2/±4/±8/±12 gauss dynamically
• Fully calibrated
selectable magnetic full-scale
Accuracy required ±2/±4/±6/±8/±16 g dynamically • Pb-free, halogen-free and RoHS compliant
selectable linear acceleration full- • MSL 1
scale ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Required speed of n/a
measurement
Reliability n/a
Environmental n/a
condition

V. ALTITUDE SENSOR
An altitude sensor or a pressure altimeter is a device
most used by aircrafts to determine the altitude of an object
from the ground. It is known that the pressure is less at higher
altitudes. For a mechanical altitude meter, the device used to
make these work are by using aneroid wafer devices. These
wafers expand and contract based on the difference in pressure.
As air pressure is reduced, the aneroid wafer expands. This
expansion can be measured in terms of altitude. There are two
ways to measure altitude precisely. The first is by measuring
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Variable to be Air pressure

measured
Nominal value n/a
Range Pressure range: 300 … 1100 hPa
(+9000m … -500m above sea level)
Accuracy required Relative accuracy pressure: ±0.2, ±0.5
Absolute accuracy temperature, ±0.5,
±1.0
Required speed of n/a
measurement
Reliability Long term stability: 12 months
Environmental n/a
condition