“Performance analysis of electric hybrid

vehicle using blends of petrol-alcohol ”-

A review
Ronak Agrawal
Internal combustion engine and automobile, mechanical
department, Parul Institute of Engineering and technology, Limda
ronakagrawal67@gmail.com

Assistant Prof. Nityam Oza,

Internal combustion engine and automobile, mechanical
department, Parul Institute of Engineering and technology, Limda
nityamoza@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
In Automobile industry, there is great urge for the alternative fuel nowadays to substitute the conventional fossil fuel. Hence to bridge the gap
between the conventional used fuel and new technology, hybrid technology is the best option. Automobile hybridization is considered as an
important step in reducing greenhouse gases and related automotive emissions. It has great advantages over the previously used gasoline
engine that drives the power from gasoline only. This research work is oriented to make a hybrid with electric and conventional IC Engine as
power source. The objective is to design and fabricate a two wheeler hybrid electric vehicle powered by both battery and gasoline. However
along with gasoline part of alcohol is also to be blended to improve the fuel consumption and reduce emissions. It provides advantages in fuel
economy and environmental impact over conventional automobiles. Hybrid electric vehicles combine an electric motor, battery and power
system with an internal combustion engine to achieve better fuel economy and reduce toxic emissions.

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KEY WORDS: hybrid electric vehicle, hybrid
two wheeler, performance analysis, ethanol,
methanol, pollutant emission.
INTRODUCTION
The invention of internal combustion engine is
one of the greatest inventions of mankind. The
conventional vehicles with ICE provide a good
performance and long operating range. However
they have caused and continue to cause serious
problems for poor fuel economy, environment
pollution and human life. Since the last two
decades the judiciary and policy makers all over
the world are deeply concerned about the urgent
need for protection of the environment, ecology
and humanity at large, there has been a steep rise
in the accumulation of greenhouse gases
particularly co2, which effect global changes in
weather. Motor vehicle contribute about 14% of
co2 from all sources besides, pollution due to
both petrol and diesel engine driven vehicles
caused by the emission of Co, No and unburnt
hydrocarbons, particulate and oxides of tetra
ethyl, lead are injurious to health and
environment.
HYBRID VEHICLE AT A GLANCE
HEV are the vehicles with more than two energy
sources are present. The major challenges for
HEV design are managing multiple energy
source, highly dependent on driving cycles,
battery sizing and battery management. HEV’s
take the advantages of electric drive to
compensate the inherent weakness of ICE,
namely avoiding the idling for increasing the fuel
efficiency and reduce emission during starting
and speeding operations, to use regenerative
braking instead of mechanical braking during
deceleration and down slope driving.
HEV can meet customer’s need and has added
value but cost is the major issue. These vehicles
are of high cost and certain program should be
supported by the specific government for
marketing HEVs. The HEVs are classified into
two basic kinds- series and parallel. Recently
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with introduction of some HEVs offering the
features of both series and parallel hybrids, the
classification has been extended to three kinds-
series, parallel and series-parallel. It is interesting
to note that some newly introduced HEVs cannot
be classified into these three kinds. Hereby final
classification involves series, parallel, series-
parallel, complex hybrid.
DEVELOPMENT OF DRIVING CYCLE
The first step in developing a driving cycle is to
measure and record real driving behaviors. The
obtained data has to be analyzed in forming a
representative cycle from real conditions. The
obtained data is classified in different sections
based on traffic conditions.
.
SPEED CONDITIONS AND
RECORDING METHODS
The initial need for this work is to measure and
record the vehicle speed. The measurement of
speed is divided into two groups
1. Using the equipment provided in the vehicle
like speedometer.
2. Usage of some additional equipment like GPS
system.
CLASSIFICATION OF TRAFFIC
CONDITIONS
The traffic condition varies with respect to
different parts of the city. In classifying the
traffic conditions the parameters used to be the
average speed and percentage of idle time for
each of the trip. The four traffic conditions based
on the above criteria are as follows
1. Congested urban conditions: An average
speed of 8kmph to 10kmph with low to high
idle time.
2. Urban conditions: An average speed of
10kmph to 25kmph with moderate to low
idle time.
3. Extra urban conditions: An average speed of
40kmph with low idle time.
2
4. Highways: An average speed more than
40kmph with very low idle time.
WHY USE ALCOHOL AS A BLEND
ALONG WITH GASOLINE ?
1.The alcohols have higher heat of vaporization.
As the liquid fuel evaporates in the air stream
being charged to engine, a higher heat of
vaporization cools the air allowing more mass to
be drawn inside the cylinder.
2.The alcohols have higher octane number
compared to petrol which means higher
compression ratios can be used, which results in
higher engine efficiencies and higher power than
the engine.
3.Ethanol burns faster than petrol allowing more
uniform and efficient torque development.
4.Alcohols also have lower exhaust emissions
than the gasoline engines except for aldehydes.
Both alcohols have lower carbon to hydrogen
ratio than petrol and diesel and hence they
produce less carbon dioxide. For the same power
output the CO2 produced by ethanol is about
80% of the petrol engine.
5.The alcohols can be thus blended with gasoline
to form the so called Gashole(80% petrol and
20% alcohol)
LITERATURE REVIEW
Investigations on the effects of ethanol-
methanol-gasoline blends in a spark-ignition
engine by Ashraf Elfasakhany in this study
author discusses performance and exhaust
emissions from spark-ignition engine fueled with
ethanol-methanol-gasoline blends. The test
results obtained with the use of low content rates
of ethanol-methanol blends (3-10 vol.%) in
gasoline were compared to ethanol-gasoline
blends, methanol-gasoline blends and pure
gasoline test results. Combustion and emission
characteristics of ethanol, methanol and gasoline
and their blends were evaluated.
Result: The below tables shows performance of
different fuel blends at different rpm.
Fig1: Performance and pollutants at 3450 rpm
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Fig 2: Performance and pollutants at 3300 Rpm
The test results indicated that Ethanol-methanol-
gasoline blends (EM) burn cleaner than both
Ethanol-gasoline blends (E) and the neat gasoline
fuel (G); however, the methanol-gasoline blends
(M) confirm the lowest emissions of CO and
UHC among all test fuels. In numbers, the M
fuels show lower CO and UHC emissions than
the EM by about 5.5% and 6%, respectively;
while the EM provide lower CO and UHC
emissions by about 5% and 2%, respectively,
compared to E; whilst, the E give a relative
decrease in CO and UHC emissions by about
31% and 14%, respectively, compared to the G
fuel. It was also noticed that by adding more
ethanol and/or methanol to gasoline the engine
produces less emissions; precisely, the CO and
UHC emissions at using EM3 (3 vol.% ethanol
and methanol in gasoline) are decreased by about
17% and 10%, however, they became lower by
about 35% and 15% at using EM7 and they
became lower by about 46% and 23%,
respectively, at using EM10, compared to neat
gasoline.
Development of real world driving cycle: Case
study of Pune, India, 2009 by Sanghpriya H.
Kamble, Tom V. Mathew, and G.K. Sharma
has developed urban driving cycle for estimating
vehicles emission and fuel consumptions. Urban
driving cycle constructed considering five
important parameters are taken as percentage,
cruise acceleration, deceleration, idle and the
average speed. Micro trips are used to develop
driving cycle to represent existing traffic
conditions. This methodology involves steps of
collection of driving data (speed–time) generation
of micro-trips, data analysis and construction of
driving cycle.
Result: From the comparison of acceleration and
deceleration parameters it is found that average
acceleration and deceleration for Pune city are
respectively 120% and 133% higher than Indian
Driving cycle. Average Idle time is 9.5% higher
for Pune city compared to Indian Driving cycle.
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Average cruise speed is 439% higher in Pune city
compared to Indian Driving Cycle.
Fig 3: comparison of parameters between indian driving cycle
and pune driving cycle.
Average velocity in speed range of 0-10 is 224%
higher in Pune city compared to Indian Driving
Cycle. However, Average velocity in speed range
of 30-40 is 60% lower in Pune city compared to
Indian Driving Cycle.
Design and development of hybrid electric two
wheeler suitable for Indian road conditions by
Sharada Prasad N, K. R. Natraj
In this paper comparison of hybrid and petrol
vehicles is being done on Indian roads in
different speed parameters. In this first of all it is
necessary to measure and record the vehicle
speed. The speed can be measured and recorded
using Speedometer or some GPS data recording
devices.
Result: It is observed that, the ICE in this built
hybrid electric vehicle is utilized for obtaining
the propulsion of the vehicle from the rest, as the
speed is increased; the electric motor propulsion
is combined with the ICE propulsion for total
movement of the vehicle. The total torque
obtained by both ICE and electric motor are
synchronized for respective road gradient by
varying suitably the respective controllers
utilized. By doing torque distribution
accordingly, battery life per total charge can be
enhanced in driving the electric motor also
minimizing the fuel required for ICE propulsion.
For the test route chosen, the vehicle in stock
condition, eligible for giving a mileage of 35km
(as observed in stock driving), With this type of
arrangement, can enhance the mileage
performance efficiently by 25%.
Experimental Analysis and Feasibility Study
of 1400 CC Diesel Engine Car Converted Into
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Hybrid Electric Vehicle by Using BLDC Hub
Motors, 2013, By Sudhir Gupte.
In this paper an existing 1400 CC Diesel car
converted in to experimental HEV prototype has
been tested in EV mode at reasonably steady
speed on highway and conventional ICE mode to
measure the consumption of fuel to derive the
optimum performance benefits. Test results show
marked improvement in fuel consumption when
driven in EV mode (for distance covered with
single charge) against ICE mode. Amount of fuel
saving achieved by proposed HEV methodology
deployed for conversion of existing vehicles
contributes in equivalent reduction in total
quantity of harmful exhaust emission pollutants.
identified and their concentrations have been
evaluated.
Result: Fuel consumption measured at 1.97 liters
per 100 km at 38.3 km/hr average speed and 27.5
km of distance could be covered with 150Ah
Battery pack. But the fuel consumption in HEV
mode varies between 1.97 to 2.62 Liters per 100
km depending upon the traffic and driving
conditions as compared to 4.65 to 5.12 liters per
100 km in ICE mode as shown in table. The fuel
consumption pattern in ICE mode before and
after the conversion has been affected only
marginally in ICE mode comparison.
Fig 4: Comparison chart of ICE vs HEV in terms of
fuel consumption
The use of hybrid vehicles as a proposal for
Reducing CO2 emissions and contribution to
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions, 2009, by
C. A. R. de Carvalhoand W. Q. Lamas in this
paper hybrid vehicles are examine for their
advantages and calculations further reduction of
CO2 emissions is done for the fleet and compared
to conventional vehicle.
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Result: During operation of conventional vehicle
with zero percent hybrid vehicles shows 25806
CO2 if the fleet is made up of 50% vehicles the
CO2 emissions will be 270 tons. This shows
reduction of 4536 tons of CO2 emissions while
using 50% of hybrid vehicle’s in the fleet.
Approximate 17% of CO2 Reduction is achieved.
In the another consideration where complete fleet
is made up of100% hybrid vehicles amount of
CO2 emitted is 16734 tones. 9072 tons of CO2
emissions while using 100% of hybrid vehicles in
the fleet. Approximate 35% of CO2 reduction is
achieved.
Fig 5: Graphical representation for Co2 emission
CONCLUSION FROM LITERATURE
 From the literature review following points
are concluded: 

 Identification and analysis of Alternate
energy source for automobile are extremely
important. 

 Use of ethanol-methanol-gasoline blends can
reduce emission level up to some extent 

 Hybrid vehicle concept can be utilized to
reduce fuel consumption, pollutant
emissions, and cost of fuel to utilize present
infrastructure and available conventional fuel
and IC engine technology available. 
 
 Driving cycle has tremendous impact on fuel
consumption and pollutant emissions.
Driving through congested traffic area leads
to drive in a low gear, frequent stop and go,
large idling times and higher acceleration
and deceleration which results in higher fuel
consumption and pollutant emissions. 
 Feasibility Study of 1400 CC Diesel Engine
 Electric vehicle has shown remarkably 
reduction in pollutant emissions and cost per
running km of vehicle. In spite of low
operating cost of electric vehicles,
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penetration of electric vehicle is not high
mainly because of long charging time,
frequent battery replacement cost and limited
range problems.
 Hybrid concept can utilize advantages of
Electric energy source and Conventional fuel
energy. Electric energy sources can be
utilized during low speed, long idle and
frequent stop & go traffic while IC engine
can be utilized during vehicle operation at
cruising speed resulting in optimum
efficiency and minimum pollutant emissions. 

 Literature review has also shown that break
even analysis for additional cost is
compensated with in first two years of
buying which is comparable with most
automobile having a useful life of nearly 10
years. 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am grateful to prof. Nityam Oza for his valuable
suggestions and guidance given by them. I would
like to thank the teaching &non-teaching staff of
Department of Mechanical Engineering for
sharing their knowledge with me.
REFERENCES
BOOKS:
[1] Dr. S.S.Thipse, Alternative Fuels,Jaico
Publication,2010.
JOURNAL PAPERS:
 Ashraf Elfasakhany, Investigations on the
effects of ethanol-methanol-gasoline blends
in a spark-ignition engine. 

Sanghpriya H. Kamble a, Tom V. Mathew
b,*, G.K. Sharma,Development of real world
driving cycle: case study Pune, India. 

 Sharda Prasad N, K.R. Nataraj, Design and
development of hybrid electric two wheeler
suitable for Indian road conditions. 

 Sudhir Gupte, Experimental Analysis and
Car Converted Into Hybrid Electric Vehicle
by Using BLDC Hub Motors, 2013. 
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 C. A. R. de Carvalhoand W. Q. Lamas, The
use of hybrid vehicles as a proposal for
Reducing CO2 emissions and contribution to
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions,2009 

 B.V lande, A.B Tupkar Experimental
Investigation of using Ethanol Petrol Blends
in 2-Stroke SI Engines. 

 N.Boopalan , Marlon Jones Louis ,
A.K.Nachimuthu, Design and fabrication of
hybrid two wheeler. 

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