Contents

1. Project Report ........................................................................................................................... 2

1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 2
1.2 Objectives of the work .................................................................................................................. 2
1.3 Scope of works ........................................................................................................................ 2
1.4 Information & Understanding of Project Area........................................................................ 2
Table 1: General District Introduction ............................................................................................ 3
1.4.3.1 Topography ........................................................................................................................... 4
1.4.3.2 Climate. .................................................................................................................................. 4
1.4.3.3 Vegetation .............................................................................................................................. 4
Table-2 :Population Characteristics of Myagdi Districts ................................................................. 5
1.4.5 Water and sanitary situation of the Project Area ........................................................... 8
1.4.5.1 Existing Water Supply Situation of the Project Area .......................................................... 9
1.4.5.2 Existing Environment & Sanitary Situation of the Project Area.......................................... 9
1.5 Detailed Project Features & Components of the Sub-Project .............................................. 10
1.5.1 Propose Water Supply Scheme ..................................................................................... 10
1.5.2 Proposed Water Sources............................................................................................... 10
1.5.3 Population Coverage ..................................................................................................... 11
1.5.4 Water Demand .............................................................................................................. 11
1.5.5 Water Quality ................................................................................................................ 11
1.5.6 Technology adopted for the project ................................................................................. 11
1.5.6.1 Intake ................................................................................................................................ 11
1.5.6.2 Transmission & Distribution Mains ................................................................................... 11
1.5.6.3 StorageTank (Reservoir) .................................................................................................... 12
1.5.6.4System Appurtenances ...................................................................................................... 12
1.5.7 Environmental Considerationand Sanitation Promotion.............................................. 13
1.6 Cost Estimates ....................................................................................................................... 14
1.6.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 14
1.6.2 Construction Material ................................................................................................... 14
1.6.3 Unit Rates ...................................................................................................................... 14
1.6.4 Summary of Cost Estimates .......................................................................................... 14
1.7 Justification of the Project .................................................................................................... 15
1.7.1 Assessment ................................................................................................................... 15
1.7.2. Recommendations .............................................................................................................. 16

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 1. Project Report
1.1 Introduction
Detailed Engineering Study and Design (DESD) of a project is to be carried out after the project
is selected for implementation. The study shall be conducted for all new projects and for all
existing projects to be selected for rehabilitation. The detailed study reports are produced as
the outcome of the detail survey and design of the projects so that immediate actions could be
undertaken for their implementation.

1.2 Objectives of the work

The overall objectives are to:

Main objective of the consultancy works is to formulate technically sound and cost effective water
supply and sanitation projects. Specific objectives are to ascertain population and coverage area,
project cost, community contribution, detailed construction works, and operation and maintenance
requirements.

1.3 Scope of works

According to the TOR the detailed scope of consulting services includes;

• To assess existing situation of water supply and sanitation in the project area;
• To assess existing water supply and sanitation structures in terms of their reuse in
case of rehabilitation of existing systems
• To carryout detailed engineering and socio-economic survey, prepare checklist for
environmental parameters of the project area:
• To verify the source yield, water quality, intake, reservoir site, pipe alignment and
no and location of community/private taps and other major structures.
• To clarify the community enthusiasm on the execution of the project and willingness
to contribute for construction and undertake operation and maintenance
responsibility upon completion.
• To identify appropriate intervention required to promote sanitation at personal,
household and community level within the project area.

1.4 Information & Understanding of Project Area

1.4.1 General Introduction of Mustang District

Myagdi District a district of Gandaki Province, is one of the seventy- seven districts of Nepal. The
district, with Beni as its district headquarter covers an area of 2997 km². It has a Municipality and five
numbers of rural municipalities and one parliamentary constituency, one provincial constituencies. The
district is surrounded by Parbat & Kaski on the east, Rukum & Dolpa on the west, Manang & Mustang
in north, Baglung in the south. In 2011 it has a population of 1,13,641. The district headquarter of

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Myagdi is Beni lying in Beni Municipality. It also serves as a market place for people from nearby
mountain and Hill. Neighborhood people are coming here to purchase their basic needs.

Figure 1 District Map of Myagdi municipality

These places inhabited by the dalit and janajati mainly Magar, Chhetri communities are rich in terms of
their ancient culture.

Beni, the district headquarters of Myagdi is connected by Pokhara-Beni Highway.Beni is inhabited

mostly by the Magar and Chhetri communities, and are clustered with businesses houses serving the
local people's needs and tourist around the vicinity. The major river in the district are Kaligandaki ,
Myagdi and Several other streams.

Table 1: General District Introduction

District Information Description
District Headquarter Myagdi
Area in Square Km 2997Sqkm
Province Gandaki

No. of Municipalty 1
No. of RMs 5
No. of Households 27762
Population 1,13,641
Source: National Population and Housing Census, 2011

1.4.2 Location & Accessibility

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Tusarepani: Tusarepani, Myagdi lies on Mangala Rural Municipality ward no 1&2 in Myagdi
District. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 15949 people living in 3748
individual households.

Tusarepani is located at south east part of Myagdi and is about 27 km from Pokhara. The land available
for the RVT construction is of public property and user Committee and land owner has agreed to provide
land for the WSP project for the sake of RM people due to major scarcity of water on this village during
the long period. The construction site is on the side of the road near to the Ward no. 1&2.

Accessibility: The Project is located near the Pokhara-Beni Highway and about 11 Km from Beni. The
all weather road is under construction up to Beni. Beni and Pokhara are the nearest market for non local
constructions materials.

1.4.3 Geographical & Climatic Condition

1.4.3.1 Topography

Myagdi district lies principally on the Mountain Sub-division.

Myagdi district lies on mountainous ranges of the Nepal. There are so many areas which falls in a arid
and semi arid region. About 30% of total land area of Myagdi covered with forest and 20% land is
cultivatable and rest is covered with rivers and barren lands. There are basically Upper tropical(.01%),
Sub tropical(17.5%), Temperate(28%), Subalpine(21.1%), Alpine(18.8%), Nival(13.9%), Trans
Himalayan(1.6%) in a district. In recent years, due to the population pressure & migrate from hills,
remaining cultivable land constituting mostly forest land area, are under going through a phase of
deforestation for agricultural & living purpose.

1.4.3.2 Climate.

The study area falls under the monsoon type climatic region with usual seasons. It is dry from March
to June & hot accomplished by thunder storm & showers. The rainy season starts from June to
September, is wet & warm & sky remains overcast for most October to November is warm & dry while
December to February is cold. The maximum temperature is 30deg centigrade in the month of May and
June & minimum temperature is -20 deg centigrade in the month of January.
Rainfall, mostly starts from the end of May and lasts for three or four months till August and sometimes
till September in accordance with extent of monsoon. The climate is similar to the other districts of
Northern Mountains. Temperature rises upon 25’c to 30’c in the month of April to June and drops to
10’c to -20’c in December to February. Average Annual rainfall is recorded is 1442 ml. The nearest
meteorological station is at Jomsom.

1.4.3.3 Vegetation

Land is important natural resources. The land of study area is fertile .The topography is varying and
each special topographic feature shows the special fertility .The soil yields wide range of crops.

Myagdi is rich in both temperate and trans-Himalayan biodiversity. According to the NTNC Sustainable
Development Plan , the following vegetations and wildlife are found in this area.

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Floral/faunal diversity: Flora and fauna are of most common to rare and endangered status. Lower
Kali Gandaki valley forms the border to demarcate east and west for the distribution of flora and fauna.
However, limited information is available on different aspects of the overall biodiversity of Myagdi
district.

Species richness: Myagdi is rich in trans-Himalayan biodiversity and has recorded five species of
zooplankton, seven nematode species, two mollusk species, one annelid species, 25 insect species (7
aquatic and 18 butterfly species), one spider species, 11 amphibian species, eight lizard species, five
snake species, 105 bird species and 29 mammal species. Myagdi is the habitat for leopard, musk deer,
Red Panda, Ghoral, Porcupine ect.

Butterfly: Out of 18 butterfly species recorded in Mustang, two species are new and three species are
endemic to the area. The only native fish species has been identified as the highest elevation recorded
fish in Nepal.

Species status: InMygdi Six of the mammal species recorded from the area are protected by the
National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act (1973) and seven of these are included in different threat
categories of the IUCN Red Data Book. Five butterfly species, extinct mollusk species (shaligram), two
frog species, one reptile species, two bird species, and seven mammal species found in Myagdi have
been recorded so far from any other parts of Nepal.

Forest types: Forest covers 30% percent of Myagdi’s total landmass. Myagdi offers mixed broad leaved
forest such as Acer species, conifers (mainly pine) and rhododendrons, and at the higher elevation
conifers with birch Betulautilis.

Plant species: Myagdi is rich in medicinal and aromatic plants with very high economic and ethno
medicinal values. Local people use a number of plants for food, spices, fiber, medicine, fuel, dye, tannin,
gum, resin, religious purposes, roofing materials, handicrafts, etc. Over 200 species of NTFPs/MAPs
have been identified in Myagdi.

1.4.4 Socio-economic condition of the Project Area

1.4.4.1 Demography of Myagdi District

As of survey in 2011, the populations of the different project of Myagdi District WSP with total
household, growth rate and design population in the year 2011 are tabulated below:

Table-2 :Population Characteristics of Myagdi Districts

Descriptions Figures
Male Population 51,395
Female Population 82,246
Total Population 1,13,641
Population Density 49.47 per sq. km
Source: National Population and Housing Census, 2011

Population Mangala Rural Municipality according to the National Population Census 2011.

Name of the Census Population by

subproject: year 2011

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 Myagdi 1,13,641
Mangala RM 15,949

1.4.4.2 Ethnic composition & gender distribution

The population in the District is ethnically diverse, although the majorities are Magara, Chhetries, Kami
Brahman hill, and Newar. The dominant caste is Magar i.e 39.50%, followed by Chettri 17.2%, Kami
15.3%, Brahman hill 8.00%, Damai 5.8%, sarki 3.3%, Thakuri 2.1%, Newar 1.4%, others 4.1%. Out of
total population, 58.18% people are Hindu and 36.21% follows Buddhism and 1.42% are Christian
.Various types of ethnic/caste groups like Magar, Chhetri, Kami, Brahman-Hill, Damai, Thakuri, Newar
are residing in this district. Regarding in the Tusarepani-Ryalekhor- Bhaibang- Paiupata- Khumlya
Water Supply Project the household survey has been conducted and found that the population in the
scheme also found ethnically diverse. The dominant caste is disadvantaged Hill janjatia and Aryan
People consisting groups like Magar, Chhetri, Kami, Brahman-Hill etc, and the least residing groups in
this village are Newar Consisting Damai/Dholi, Sarki, Unidentified Dalits.

1.4.4.3 Religion and language

Religion is a part of culture, which is a highly personal value in the society, yet it has a
social aspect, and social role to play. Religious plays a powerful role in the society and
performs many social functions. Each and every society of world has its own tradition and
culture according to their religion. The religion of every ethnic group is interring women
with their religious process. Religion is a set of belief and practices (Ember and
Ember1997). Dalits are included in Hindu religion. They are lower caste and untouchable.
As followers of Hindu religion they worship Hindu God like Ram, Laxman, Krishana and
goddesses like Durga, Parbati, Bhagbatti (Own kulDevtta) etc whereas Magars and Chhetri
Brahamn are followers of Hinduism and they are the majority population in Beni Myagdi
and preserving their culture and other traditional values.

Although the national language of Nepal is Nepali, the mother tongue language of Magar
people of the study area is Magar language.
Table -3 : Population by Religion

Population by Religion
District Hindu Buddhim Christianity Kirati Islam Others

Myagdi 58.18 36.21 1.42 0.13 0.01 1.9

Source: Nepal Population and Housing Census, 2011.

1.4.4.4Occupation
The main occupation of people in this region is agriculture based mostly people are involved
in framing, poultry, fishery. Some of them have involved in business, government service,

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police force, craft and related trade work. However, in the surveyed area, it was found that
there has been a marked shift in their occupation with most of them going of foreign
employment some of them shifted to trade and labor. Magar, Chheri, Kami and Brahman
people have accessed to major land and they are the people who depend upon agriculture on
their owned land. Most of the youngsters of Magar, Chheri, Kami and Brahman origin have
fled to the foreign countries for employment and some of them have joined in Indian army also.

Most of the households' of a surveyed area were unemployed, so they only are deepened on
agriculture, fire wood collection and selling as well as raring of livestock. But now days
somebody has started to go foreign country for lower level employment.
Table- 4 : Percentage of Population by Their Main Occupation

Agriculture 79.62
Business 7.38
Governmental Service 1.92
Foreign Employment 3.08
House works 3.67
Others 4.33
Total 100.0
Source: District Profile, 2011.

The above table shows that agriculture is the main occupation of the study sites. Similarly, business,
industrial works, governmental service and Foreign Employment are other means of occupation
respectively.

1.4.4.5 Economic status of the Project Area

Agriculture is the main occupation of all houses in the Project Area. Specially Rice, Maze, Potato,
Millet , fruits are the cash-crops grown in the project area. Beside these wheat, millet, soybean, also are
produced. The food productions are sold in the nearest market for living. Apart from these, people are
migrating for employment to supplement to their households income. For the better payment and
employment, some people are joined in Indian army and working as labor in aboard. Majority of the
population of the rural Municipality depends upon land for its subsistence production. Land is one of
the most utilized natural resource in the study site. Since the most natural resources are inseparable from
the land, it is the basic resource of the people of the study site.

Type and quality of soil are major concerns of farmers and they invest a great deal of labour to maintain
and enhance it. Land is generally classified as “Bari” (dry cultivated land) on the basis of types of crop
cultivated and irrigation facilities from the near river & stream Source. The people of that area fulfil
their needs of jungle from their nearest community forest.

They use mostly firewood for cooking fuel. Moreover the use of petroleum gas and electricity is also
increasing in the city and its periphery region. Most of the rivers of Myagdi district originated from the
Mountain region and they contain considerable amount of water only during the rainy season. In the
District, there are many rivers such as Kali Gandaki, Myagdi and Several Sreams . Agriculture is the
main occupation of the indigenous people. A vast majority of the people have to supplement in with
either caste based occupational work or wage labour or both.
1.4.4.6 Education and health status

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Education plays vital role to improve the living standard of people. It makes people aware for their
respective rights and responsibilities. However education is one of the means for the evolution of human
kinds. Education led towards the brighter future of people.

Table – 4:Literacy Rate

Male Literacy rate 81.00
Female Literacy rate 64.00
Total Literacy rate 72.00
Source: National Population and Housing Census, 2011

Above table shows that 19.0 percent people are male illiterate 36 percent people are female illiterate.
Health Services

Table - 5: Number of Government Health Services

Hospitals SHP PHC Supply centre Hospital

Outreach Clinics
District Hospitals 1 30 1 3 1

Source: HIIS

1.4.5 Water and sanitary situation of the Project Area

Average topographic gradient of Myagdi is due south, less than degree and is traversed by N-S trending
river is Kali-Gandaki. The river courses are steep to meandering with wide flood plains and migrate
considerably on the flat land. This river originated from mountain region and have huge catchment area.
Because of this fact most of these rivers are perennial with good discharge. However, in wet monsoon
appreciable water volume is discharged from these rivers. Most of the Hill plain is extremely used for
cultivation and settlement which revealed by the fact that 5 Rural Municipalities and a Municipality are
located in the Hill plain only occupied nearly 70% of the district land area.

The people of Myagdi district have access to water with spring and but the water is not so adequate and
safe for drinking due to turbidity and other chemicals contained in the water.

A majority of the households of the Mangal RM have a scarcity of drinking water. Mangala RM is also
facing a major Scarcity of water and there is not any existing water supply system leaving some Spring
and pond on this RM.Most of the households of this community are collecting water from other
traditional sources and from nearer pond or spring seasonally. Most of the households of this community
have toilet facility. Some of them use an open space, forest and bush area for defecation. Most of the
people of both adults and children use water only for washing hands before meal and after defecation.
Nearly half of the total households in all areas throw household waste close to the household
surroundings.

The surveyed and Study for the Detailed Engineering of Mangala RM of Myagdi District is done. Some
wards don’t have any access to the adequate safe water. There is no any alternate water sources over
here in this RM and people living here has to depend on underground water fetched through pond and
river source. The level of water on the pond varies with season and most of these alternate sources has
already been drought due to massive deforestation and increased population near the surrounding. To
improve public health & meeting national poverty reduction, there must be access to safe and adequate

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drinking water & sanitation facilities to them. Government of Nepal fully committed for the provision
of safe drinking water and sanitation services for all of its citizens as a fundamental human need and a
basic human right and on providing improved water supply and sanitation services of basic, medium
and higher levels that are commensurate to affordability of the community.

1.4.5.1 Existing Water Supply Situation of the Project Area

Mangala is a Rural Municipality in Myagdi District in the Gandaki Province of Northen Nepal. At the
time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 15,949 people living in 3748 individual
households.

A majority of the households of the Mangala have little & insufficient access to drinking water. It is
seen some of existing spring and pond have gone dry because of Gorkha earthquake. Some of existing
water supply system have damaged by recent Earthquake.Similarly Mangala RM is also facing a major
Scarcity of water and there is not any existing water supply system leaving some well and pond on this
RM.

Table - 6 :Drinking Water Situation of Myagdi District according to Census

Source of drinking water No. of Households Percentage

Tap/Piped 3748 91.65
Covered Well/Kuwa 9 0.27
Spout water 76 2.30
River/Stream 174 5.26
Others 17 0.51

Source: Nepal Population and Housing Census, 2011.

1.4.5.2 Existing Environment & Sanitary Situation of the Project Area

Importance of the sanitation use of the toilets is least understood by the deprived community. Many of
them don’t wash hands properly before taking food or even after defecation. Magar (Hill Janjatis)
,Chhetri, Kami Brahman are the major ethnic group residing on this area and they have accessed to
toilet due to hill migrated culture. They are more conscious, educated and had better social and
economic life.

Table - 6 :Sanitation Situation of Myagdi District according to Census

No. of Households Percentage

With Out Toilet 1211 36.64
Households By Types of Toilet No. of Households Percentage
Flush Toilet 1382 41.82
Ordinary Toilet 696 21.06
Source: Nepal Population and Housing Census, 2011.

Health status of the Project area & Myagdi District

Major disease observed in the district are viral fever , diarrhoea, dysentery, gastro, enteritis, worm
infection, ear and eye intention, bronchitis, typhoid, jaundice oral .Communicable disease like viral

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fever , diarrhoea, dysentery, gastro-enteritis etc. occurs mostly on the summer and monsoon season
caused by the poor water supply and sanitation practices of the people. The major source of these
diseases has been identified as the puddles of stagnant water and waste water nearby the fields/houses
and contamination of water sources, which are breeding places of mosquitoes and other germs. The
health facilities of the district consists of one 10 bed district hospital at Myagdi Beni, 1 Primary health
centre at Myagdi Beni, and 30 sub-health post. Besides these, there is few Ayurvedic dispensary and
few private medical clinics at jomsom & Lomanthang.

Sanitation Level:
There are mostly no significant sanitation facilities in rural households of Mangala RM Northern Hill
of Nepal. Few village people practice open defecation which not only results in degraded sanitation
situation but also is a source of contamination of shallow groundwater. Demand and utility for sanitation
facilities in Northern part is very limited. There is need/requirement for sanitation facilities, but as the
rural people in general do not have awareness on the benefits of having sanitation facilities and have
traditional mind set of practising open defecation, no demand for these facilities is seen. With the
intervention of the WSSDO project, there could be triggering of behavioural change, which could lead
to demand for household sanitary latrines and environmental sanitation facilities. The GON and foreign
agencies program emphasises changing mindset of the people through open restricted defecation area
activities through creation of Toilets.

Waste Management:
In the rural Hill sector of Nepal like Mangala, there is no tradition of waste management and there is
no proper disposal of wastewater and solid waste generated from the houses. Practice of throwing the
waste is widely prevalent. Due to these environmentally degrading practices, rural population is prone
to various water borne diseases.

Water supply and sanitation should be launched the awareness program to the rural people for the
construction of sanitary toilets and garbage pit for the household solid waste. It will surely improve the
sanitary condition and health of the rural people.

1.5 Detailed Project Features & Components of the Sub-Project

The water supply components proposed in the sub-project are as follows:

1.5.1 Propose Water Supply Scheme

During the field survey team of the consultant was visited the proposed project area, discussed with
community people and try to explore the possible water sources near by the community. The consultant
has proposed gravity water supply system for the proposed water supply project.

1.5.2 Proposed Water Sources

The source for the proposed Tusarepani-Ryalekhor- Bhaibang- Paiupata- Khumlya Water supply
project is spring. The source for Tusarepani-Ryalekhor- Bhaibang- Paiupata- Khumlya Water Supply
Project is spring, for Tusarepani-Ryalekhor- Bhaibang- Paiupata- Khumlya water supply project are
spring sources namely Chuwaibang, Sesneri daha, Kamare pani, Seem Pandhera, Roto Dhunga,
Bassbutta Muhan, Jhyanabot Nepanek, Seem Pahare Muhan, Jugepani, Upallo Jyamire, Dharapani
Muhan, Tilkate, Tallo Jyamire, Upallo Dharapani and Rato khola. Location of the proposed source and
reservoir tanks are shown in the drawing. As the intake is on the safe location from flood and landslide,
there is no necessary for the protection of the source. There is no any source conflict and no need to

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worry about water right, due to the proposed ground water as source, which is abundant in the Hill and
it will explored nearby reservoir tank location.

1.5.3 Population Coverage

The proposed Tusarepani-Ryalekhor- Bhaibang- Paiupata- Khumlya water supply project covers ward
no 1&2 of the Mangala RM. The present households & population of the proposed projects are 56 and
904 accordingly for Tusarepani-Ryalekhor- Bhaibang- Paiupata- Khumlya Water Supply Project. The
design period for the project is assumed 20 year and base year to finish the construction is assumed 2
years and population forecasting has been done. Census population of 2001 and 2011 of the project RM
has been found and analyzed the population growth factor. According to the analysis the population
growth factor for the Mangala RM is 1.29% per annum. According to the population forecasting table
annex-1, the design households and design population are 65 and 1211 for Tusarepani-Ryalekhor-
Bhaibang- Paiupata- Khumlya Water Supply Project.

1.5.4 Water Demand

Water Demand calculation for the design of water supply project is very much important. If the demand
is not calculated properly the whole design will not be functional. According to the water demand
calculation chart flows in the pipeline will be determined and hydraulic design of the pipeline will be
done. Water demand for the Mangala 1&2, Tusarepani-Ryalekhor- Bhaibang- Paiupata- Khumlya
Water supply Project is done in the table and attached in the report in annex – Design.

1.5.5 Water Quality

In general ground water consist iron and manganese. The amount of Iron and Manganese as well as
other constituents, Physical and Chemical parameters will be analyzed after the completion of the tube-
well boring and installation pump in the well. If the amount of heavy metal, iron and manganese will
be not in permissible limit then ground water treatment plant should be designed accordingly. In the
field survey and design it is not possible to analyze the water sample, because the deep-tube well is not
yet drilled and water is available for the laboratory analysis.

1.5.6 Technology adopted for the project

Universally adopted technology is adopted for the design and constructed of the Tusarepani-Ryalekhor-
Bhaibang- Paiupata- Khumlya Water Supply Project. Surface water is available for the proposed
project. Spring intake is proposed for the Tusarepani-Ryalekhor- Bhaibang- Paiupata- Khumlya Water
Supply Project. It should be collected to the ferrocement RVT from the tank water will be supplied by
gravity. HDPE pipe is proposed for the distribution mains.

1.5.6.1 Intake
Spring intake is proposed for the Tusarepani-Ryalekhor- Bhaibang- Paiupata- Khumlya Water
Supply Project. Detailed drawings has been attached in Annex: Design.
1.5.6.2 Transmission & Distribution Mains
Lengths and sizes of transmission and distribution mains are calculated based on the detailed survey
and the hydraulic design. Details of pipes proposed in each scheme for transmission and distribution
mains are shown in the design chart in the report and attached as annex-1 in this report. Total length of
transmission and distribution pipe for the Tusarepani-Ryalekhor- Bhaibang- Paiupata- Khumlya
Water Supply Project is 1622 and 4284 meters respectively. For the economy, easy for the installation
and durability, all the distribution mains are proposed HDPE Pipes and in case of Rocky area, Marshy
Land and River crossing GI Pipe has been proposed.

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1.5.6.3 StorageTank (Reservoir)
Ferrocement and RCC RVTs of different capacity has been proposed as storage reservoirs for the
Tusarepani-Ryalekhor- Bhaibang- Paiupata- Khumlya Water Supply Project. The capacity of
reservoirs is determined on the basis of i) design demand; ii) supply from source; and iii) water
consumption pattern. Location of the proposed reservoir is selected at geologically stable, centrally
located, easily accessible and in the higher altitude to supply water in all house connections proposed
in the scheme. The reservoir capacity and number for each scheme are tabulated in the table below and
detailed calculation is attached in the annexes
Table 7 : Capacity of Reservoir Tanks in the Sub-Projects
S.N. RVT Type Capacity Name of Scheme
1 RCC RVT 30 Cum Tusarepani Sub Scheme
2 Ferrocement RVT 14 Cum Ryalekhor Sub Scheme
3 Ferrocement RVT 2 Cum Tallo Dhanumare Sub Scheme
4 Ferrocement RVT 9 Cum Bhaibang Sub Scheme
5 Ferrocement RVT 3 Cum Tallo Khumlya1 Sub Scheme
6 Ferrocement RVT 1 Cum Tallo Khumlya 2 Sub Scheme
7 Ferrocement RVT 4 Cum Mathillo Khumlya Sub Scheme
8 Ferrocement RVT 5 Cum Bich Khumlya Sub Scheme
9 Ferrocement RVT 7 Cum Tusarepani Pandhero Sub Scheme
10 Ferrocement RVT 9 Cum Upallo Jyamire Sub Scheme
11 Ferrocement RVT 6 Cum Dharapani Muhan Sub Scheme
12 Ferrocement RVT 1 Cum Tilkate Sub Scheme
13 Ferrocement RVT 3 Cum Tallo Jyamire Sub Scheme
14 Ferrocement RVT 10 Cum Upallo Dharapani Sub Scheme
15 Ferrocement RVT 8 Cum Tallo Salyan Sub Scheme

1.5.6.4System Appurtenances
Various types of appurtenances such as Air valves (AV), Valve Chambers (VC) and Washout points
(WO) along the pipelines are designed according to DWSS design guideline and will be constructed
during the implementation, for proper functioning of system. The cost of this unit is proposed in the
detailed costing sheet with VAT and Physical Contingencies. Details of the proposed major
appurtenances are also shown in the design chart and summary of cost in the report.

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1.5.7 Environmental Considerationand Sanitation Promotion
In order to ensure that the environmental issues are systematically identified and addressed in the
various stages of the implementation of the schemes, an Environment Management Framework (EMF)
has been developed for this project. This section covers the brief discussion of the following sector and
project related key environmental issues, and also sector related other key environmental issued and
management proposals.
1. Water Quantity
2. Water Management
3. Ground water quality
4. Improvement of Poor Hygiene
5. Improvement of household sanitation
6. Rural Environmental Sanitation
7. Solid waste management and liquid waste disposal
The study also suggested;
1. Management of Large Scale Degradation in Mini-Catchment Areas
2. Management of Uncontrolled and Over Grazing in catchment areas
3. Management of Fuel Wood Pressure
4. Management of Water Quality Issues
5. Management Measures for Source protection and its Sustainability including ground water
recharge
6. Monitoring and Performance tracking of source centered catchment area conservation and
Management program
7. Fund flow arrangements for implementing works
8. Sustainably operate & maintain the water supply and sanitation project and provide quality
service to the users.

Key issues identified:

• Water quality monitoring should be done on regular basis, as the determination of quality
problem based on one time data is not correct.

• Emphasis to be given on awareness creation and triggering behavioural change for usage of
individual sanitary latrines and its impact on health.

• Improve unsanitary conditions in the villages, for that attention to be given for solid and liquid
waste management.

• DWSS should take lead role for the implementation of all proposed sub-projects.

• The implementation and O&M responsibility to be taken up by the concerned users'

community.

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 • During the field survey it is observed that bacteriological contamination is found to be scaling
high, causing death of numerous lives. The major cause of such contamination was envisaged
as the practice of open defecation, contaminating the shallow hand pumps. It is envisaged that
drinking water and poor sanitation condition are the primary carriers responsible for spreading
such diseases among the community. So the safe water supply and sanitation improvement
project is inevitable.

1.6 Cost Estimates

1.6.1 General

This chapter deals with the estimation of the sub-project cost. Schedules of unit rates of various work
items were developed. The cost and schedule of materials and labor of proposed components such as
civil structures, pipes and fittings, pipe laying and jointing, pipe transportation, trench excavation and
backfilling, etc., were estimated unit rates, using the governmental norms and following district rates.

1.6.2 Construction Material

All the construction materials, except those available locally, are to be procured from the nearest market
Beni of the Myagdi . Rates of locally available construction materials such as sand, aggregate and timber
have been worked out summing up the cost of collection of materials at quarry and forest land adding
transportation cost (manual and vehicular). Rates of non-local construction materials have been adopted
from district approved rate adding the transportation cost. Construction sand will be collected from the
Kaligandaki near the Site and transported by the trucks and tractors by suppliers and can be procured
in the local markets as well.

1.6.3 Unit Rates

Unit rates for construction items of civil works and pipe laying were developed using the approved
district labor rates according to the GON Norms. The steel formwork for R.C.C. can also be made for
multiple use and therefore, its detail quantity and cost are included under Cost of Tools and Plants
Component .Unit rates are worked out with inclusion of 15% contractor's overhead but excluding 13%
VAT is added in the summary of cost.

1.6.4 Summary of Cost Estimates

The sub project cost comprises of the cost required for conducting Community Education Awareness
Program, cost of pumping line, electrical line and submersible pumps, cost of civil works of water
supply components and sanitation structures including the cost of Detail Survey and Design Work and
also Materials and Equipment like pipe, fittings and tools. Grand total of the subproject cost is worked
Cost adding up 5% Contingencies for Small Expenditure on the total cost. The summary of subproject
cost is attached below at summary of cost section in the report. The individual cost of water supply
components, pipe, fittings material and other cost estimates are presented in the abstract of cost in the
Report.

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1.7 Justification of the Project

1.7.1 Assessment
The justification for the selection of this sub-project for implementation is done based on the following
indicators;

• Technical Feasibility
The W/S Project is gravity flow through Reservoir Tank, due to stiff region (Hill region) area of
the Project. Proposed alignment does not pass through geologically unstable areas or erosion prone
zones. All the distribution piped water supply systems are simple gravity flow type and the elevation
differences are favorable for gravity flow. This project is costly but the project area has no any other
suitable safe water sources near by the project area, so the project considered technically feasible.
Average per capita cost in design year for the sub project is mentioned in summary of salient
features, which is comparatively low for pumping scheme. There are other alternative sources like
deep hand pumps and deep wells but they are insufficient and likely to dry out during summer
season and are not suitable for drinking purpose.

• Hardship and Felt Need

Considering the hardship faced by the communities in terms of water adequacy, time needed to
fetch water and water quality, the project is found justifiable. Due to the hardship faced by the
beneficiaries, they felt a real need of piped water supply system and participated actively in survey
activities. They are also willing to contribute 20 % of the project cost as kinds and cash.

• Community Contribution

The communities have committed to share the sub-project cost around 35.84% of construction cost)
in the form of voluntary labor contribution for the excavation and refilling of all distribution pipe
trenches and land for the new tube-well sites and overhead tank site. People participation in kind
or cash for the WSP project is impressive, liable and assist able to the total project cost. WUSC is
quite active and is ready to operate & maintain the system after completion. WUSC has assured to
solve all the disputes during implementation, if any, and make the required land available from their
part for water supply components.

• Sustainability ( O & M )

The operation of the whole system including operation of pumps and other accessories is not much
complex and can be managed by the users and technicians. The WUSC has been formed in the
schemes with a reasonable number of members. The WUSC has fair knowledge on the operation
mechanism and philosophy of the project. They have identified VMW sand other technicians for

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 their schemes. The communities are willing to contribute even in construction and O & M Phase.
WUSC are ready to operate and maintain the project after the completion,

• Environmental Consideration

The construction of the proposed sub-project will not affect the agricultural land, forest and wildlife
conservation areas. It will also not trigger – out landslides or other natural hazards along the
alignment. Waste water can be safely disposed – off without causing any sanitation and erosion
problems. Sanitation programs proposed in the project will improve the environmental conditions
of the village. Thus the project is found viable from environmental consideration.

• Affordability and Willingness :

As per the financial analysis of the schemes under this sub-project the required O & M cost per
household per month falls around 2.03 percent of the average household income and considered
within the affordable limit. Each household should pay minimumNRs100.04 for the water bill every
month. Moreover, the beneficiaries are also expressing willingness to pay the amount of water tariff
now. But the survey team of the consulting firm assume that the per month water tariff will be fixed
under peoples and WSP circumstances, matching villagers living standard and paying capacity of
the beneficiaries. Consultant assumes that tariff will be in the affordable limits of the users.

• Commitment of Government :

Government has planned to provide safe water to all Nepalese Citizen by 2020.

1.7.2. Recommendations
Based on the above assessment and the project is technically and financially feasible and the total
estimated cost is NRs Rs. 720 96 187.50 for the Tusarepani-Ryalekhor- Bhaibang- Paiupata- Khumlya
Water Supply project in Mustang. It is recommended for further implementation discussing with
concerning community about the water tariff for sustainability of the project. Again the team also
recommends to the government to allocate sufficient budget within two or three years to complete the
project and handover the ownership to the community from the Water Supply and Sanitation Division
Office Baglung.

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