IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 9, NO.
3, JULY 2018
Supervisory Power Quality Control Scheme for a
Grid-Off Microgrid
Hee-Sang Ko , Moon-Seok Jang, Kyung-Sang Ryu, Dae-Jin Kim, and Byung-Ki Kim
Abstract—Presently, microgrids based on renewable energy
sources require proper control functions to meet the power qual-
ity requirement in the distribution system. In order to maintain
the power generation/consumption balance and stable function-
ing, such as voltage and frequency of microgrid, the power systems
traditionally utilize necessary control actions. However, the present
practice requires the independent power producers and/or devel-
opers who want to build a microgrid for a stable operation in both
grid-off modes and grid-tie modes. Therefore, this paper proposes
an innovative supervisory power quality control scheme of a grid-
off microgrid, especially voltage and frequency control objectives,
at a given location. In doing so, the active and reactive powers are
manipulated from the power conversion systems with taking into
account their operating states and limits
Index Terms—Fequency control, microgrid, power distribuiton,
power quality, supervisory control, voltage control.
I. INTRODUCTION
S A microgrid control scheme, the hierarchical control
A schemes such as primary control, secondary control and
tertiary control, are introduced about voltage/frequency regu-
lation, power balance and load sharing [1]. The decentralized
droop-based control method also presents as a primary con-
trol option without requiring communication infrastructure [2].
However, these presented control schemes exhibit the limita-
tions as follows:
1) still noticed of frequency and voltage deviations from the
rated values in a steady-state condition [3],
2) still noticed an inaccurate reactive power sharing among
distributed generation (DG) units due to the line voltage
drops [4].
To overcome such limitations is described in the central-
ized secondary control, which requires bidirectional commu-
nication links between the central control unit and each DG
unit [1]–[3], [5]–[11]. However, the presented secondary con-
trol schemes still do not address and/or report the limitations
of zero-error voltage and frequency regulations [12]. In addi-
tion, even though practical low voltage microgrid systems must
Manuscript received June 27, 2017; accepted August 26, 2017. Date of pub-
lication August 31, 2017; date of current version June 18, 2018. Paper no.
TSTE-00574-2017. (Corresponding author: Hee-Sang Ko.)
The authors are with the Energy Convergence Laboratory, Korea Institute of
Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, South Korea (e-mail: heesangko@kier.re.kr;
msJang@kier.re.kr; ksryu@kier.re.kr; djk@kier.re.kr; bkwin@kier.re.kr).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TSTE.2017.2747591
1949-3029 © 2017 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
1003
consider line impedances in the system model for an accurate
analysis, the presented researches neglect the impact of such
parameters [13], [14].
Motivated by the aforementioned limitations, this paper
presents an innovative supervisory power control methodology
for a grid-off microgrid about voltage and frequency control
at a specified location, i.e., point of common coupling (PCC)
of a grid-off microgird. The proposed approach considers that
each DG unit may have somewhat different instantaneous ac-
tive/reactive power outputs due to its state of energy source avail-
ability and its contribution level to load consumption. Therefore,
different available amounts of active and reactive power are ex-
pected for achieving the main control objectives. The operating
limits of each DG unit are also considered to ensure that all
power converters operate in the stable operating region. In this
paper, the main consideration in the simulation environment is
as follows:
1) System Coordinates: The models have generally been de-
veloped in the synchronous reference frame d-q coordi-
nates. However, there are several disadvantages of this
approach. Firstly, this approach assumes that loads, sup-
ply grids and models are perfectly balanced three-phase
systems. A load however, is typically a series of single-
phase loads distributed among the three-phases and it can-
not therefore be guaranteed that the load will be perfectly
balanced, especially in a microgrid. Also, a load is not
necessarily a linear load and can very easily have a high
distortion or harmonic content. Therefore, in this paper,
models in abc-coordinates are used.
2) PLL (Phase locked loop): It is a realistic approach and
in practice, the frequency must be measured and PLLs
are used for this. PLLs have their response and charac-
teristics and these characteristics are important in simu-
lation models as well as in control strategies. Also, d-q
to a-b-c and a-b-c to d-q coordinate transformations are
required for controlling various models (e.g., the 3-phase
inverter model) and PLLs are required to determine the
angle.
3) Controller: A controller output limitation method to se-
lectively realize the desired control objective, taking into
account also the line impedances in the model.
This paper is organized as follows: the system description
is explained in Section II. In Section III, the supervisory
power quality control scheme are described. In Section IV,
the simulations results are presented. The conclusion is finally
drawn in Section V.
1004
Fig. 1. The structure of the proposed microgrid.
Fig. 2. Input-output relation of each branches.
II. SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONS
A. System Configuration
The proposed system as shown in Fig. 1 consists of the battery
storage system (BSS) branch and photovoltaic system (PVS)
branch, and a load branch, which is consisted with a power
factor compensator (PFC) and the consumer load. As a tradi-
tional power quality control, the BSS is used for the voltage
and frequency control while the PVS is functioned to provide
supplementary active power for a load variation and charging of
the BSS. Thus, the BSS is designed with a bi-directional power
inverter model for charging and discharging the active power.
The PVS branch is consisted with an intermediate DC-DC con-
verter to provide a higher flexibility in selecting the PV array
configuration and DC-AC inverter.
The battery system can be traditionally used to charge the
battery when excessive energy is available (solar irradiation)
using the bi-directional inverter and to discharge the battery
when there is a need for additional energy on the microgrid.
The battery system can also regulate the reactive power.
The PVS generally supplies the active power determined by
a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control regulation
together with the back-to-back converter depending upon the
amount of solar irradiation falling on the PV array.
Fig. 2 shows the input-output relation of the branches shown
in Fig. 1. In Fig. 2, the Qcbss and Qcpvs are to utilize the reactive
power for a voltage control. And, Pcbss is for the frequency
control by utilizing the active power.
In the configuration of the model, several conventions are
followed and certain notations are used. Firstly, the flow of active
and reactive power in diagrams is defined to be positive when
flowing out of a source or given branch and into a consumer load.
Therefore, current flowing into the consumer load is defined to
be positive and consequently, the active and reactive powers
flowing or being dissipated in a given load will be positive.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 9, NO. 3, JULY 2018
Fig. 3. Battery storage system (BSS) branches.
Fig. 4. Battery equivalent circuit model.
The dynamic model is developed and demonstrated at a sim-
ulation frequency of 50 kHz to realize a real-time simulation
with average models [15], [16] of the power converters only.
B. Point of Common Coupling (PCC)
The PCC is the interface between the various branches. The
PCC is not necessary to perform individual branch simulations;
however, it is intended to be used when more than one branch
is used and they are to be connected together in a simulation. In
this paper, the PCC is represented by the line impedance (RL).
C. Load Branch
The load branch consists of the consumer loads (a linear
resistive/inductive load) and PFC.
D. Battery Storage System (BSS)
The BSS in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, using a bi-directional static
inverter connected to the battery with its associated controls is
modeled [17], [18].
1) Battery Model: The battery model as based upon the Ran-
dle’s model with the modification that the resistance.
2) Battery Storage System Controller: Fig. 5 shows the over-
all BSS control scheme and Fig. 6 describes the battery system
controller.
The BSS controller manages the discharge and charging of
the battery by controlling the bi-directional three-phase inverter
model. The d-component PI (Proportional-Integral) compen-
sator regulates the active power level. The q-component regula-
tor regulates the reactive power exchanged with the BSS branch.
E. Photovoltaic System (PVS)
The PVS branch in Fig. 7 consists of models of a PV array,
DC-DC converter, three-phase inverter, transformer and the as-
sociated controls [19]–[21]. The DC-DC converter is included
to provide greater flexibilities as follows:
KO et al.: SUPERVISORY POWER QUALITY CONTROL SCHEME FOR A GRID-OFF MICROGRID 1005

Fig. 5. BSS control scheme.

1) Individual DC-DC converters can be used for various parts

of the PV array, each with their own localized MPPT
control for better efficiency during shading.
2) The voltage range of the PV array itself can be much
more flexibly set, optimizing the number of PV modules Fig. 6. Battery system control.
required.
3) The DC-DC converters can be connected in series or par-
allel at their outputs to have the optimized input voltage
to the inverter.
4) A separate DC-DC converter for the MPPT control and
the inverter, which performs grid-tie alone.
5) Better redundancy of the PV array where sections can be
easily isolated during faults.
1) PV Cell Model: The equivalent circuit used in this model
is the one-diode model with shunt and series resistance [19]. Al- Fig. 7. Photovoltaic system (PVS) branches.
though the two-diode model is considered to be more accurate,
it is only so if the model parameters are accurately determined
[19]. Due to this fact, the widely-accepted one-diode model is F. Phase Locked Loop (PLL)
selected here. The single-order generalized integrator (SOGI) PLL is mod-
2) PVS Control: The PVS controller in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 eled, which provides better PLL performance especially unbal-
controls the DC-DC converter and inverter models operating anced or distorted conditions [22].
under a solar array. The DC-DC converter is to regulate inter-
mediate DC voltage fed to the three-phase inverter model. The
G. Power Factor Compensator (PFC)
active power output of the inverter is controlled using a constant
voltage MPPT technique by regulating the output voltage of the This three-phase reactive power compensator with current in-
PV array. The reactive power of the inverter is controlled to the put is a model of delta-connected power factor compensation
level of reactive power required to contribute a voltage regulate. capacitors as shown in Fig. 10 [23]. This block has a current
The DC-DC converter is controlled in average current mode input and produces the voltage at the compensating capacitor ter-
control [15], [16] and it regulates its output voltage, which is minals. It can be used together with blocks producing a current
the input voltage to the inverter. The inverter d-component is output (voltage-controlled current sources). The three-phase re-
controlled by regulating the active power supplied by the inverter active power compensator controller determines the required
into the microgrid according to its constant voltage level for setting of a reactive power compensator block based upon the
MPPT regulation. The q-component compensator regulates the measured power. It is assumed that the power factor should be
reactive power exchanged with the inverter and the microgrid compensated to be close to unity.
1006 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 9, NO. 3, JULY 2018

Fig. 8. PVS control scheme.

III. SUPERVISORY POWER QUALITY CONTROL SCHEME

Fig. 9. PV system control.
This section presents an innovative supervisory power quality
control scheme that does not require installation of additional
compensating devices and is applicable to microgrid of different
configurations. The control regulates the voltage/frequency at a
specified location PCC by adjusting the active/reactive power
produced by the power conversion systems of each DG, consid-
ering its operating limits.
In a realistic microgrid, each DG may have somewhat dif-
ferent instantaneous output of active/reactive power due to the
state of energy source availabilities and load variations. Con-
sequently, the availability of active/reactive power generation
from the power conversion systems also different.
In Fig. 11, the Qcont in Step 1 is the required the reactive Fig. 10. Power factor compensator schematic (voltage input).
power from the voltage controller to regulate the voltage at the
PCC. Assuming a proportional distribution in Step 3 where n is
the total number of DG units, the portion of reactive power to distribution in Step 3, the portion of active power to the DGs can
an individual power converter of DGs can be computed wherein be computed wherein controlling multiple DGs for a frequency
controlling multiple DGs for a voltage control, it is important control, it is important that the operating limits of each DG are
that the operating limits of each power converter are not ex- not exceeded, which is defined in Step 2, Step 4 and Step 5.
m ax
ceeded, defined in Step 2, Step 4 and Step 5. In Fig. 12, ΔPj,D G is the maximum available active power
In Fig. 11, Qm ax
j,D G is the maximum available reactive power (i.e., limit) that the power can provide, and ΔPcon t is the total
(i.e., limit) that the power converter can provide according to active power required for the frequency regulation at the PCC.
m eas m ax m eas
the instantaneous measured active power Pj,D G , and ΔQcon t Here, Pj,D G is the power rating of the converter and Pj,D G is
is the total reactive power required for the voltage regulation at the measured value of active power generation on jth converter.
the PCC. It is assumed that the nominal apparent power of the The block diagram of the proposed supervisory power quality
m ax
converter is Sj,D G , defined here as the converter rating where it control scheme is depicted in Fig. 13.
m ax m eas m ax
also follows that −Sj,D G ≤ Pj,D G ≤ Sj,D G . In this section, the supervisory power quality scheme is pre-
In Fig. 12, the Pcont in Step 1 is the required the active sented. As developed, the voltage regulation is achieved by the
power from the frequency controller to regulate the frequency power conversion system of BSS and PVS. However, the fre-
at the PCC. Step 2 is the maximum available active power, quency regulation can be limited to a certain DG, which can be
which can be generated from the DGs. Assuming a proportional constrained by its energy source. Thus, the BSS is the only DG to
KO et al.: SUPERVISORY POWER QUALITY CONTROL SCHEME FOR A GRID-OFF MICROGRID 1007

Fig. 11. Voltage control methodology.

Fig. 13. Proposed supervisory power quality control scheme.

contribute the frequency regulation on the microgrid. Since the

overall control objective is to regulate the voltage/frequency at
a single location PCC, this supervisory control scheme appears
to be reasonable as well as justifiable.

IV. CASE STUDIES

This section shows the simulation studies conducted in Mat-
lab/Simulink environment [24]. The case studies are simulated
about the voltage and frequency regulation based on the load
variation and a sudden increase of solar irradiation as follows:
1) BSS runs with 60 kW of consumer load (voltage and
frequency regulation)
2) PVS is connected to the PCC at 1 sec.
3) Consumer load is increased by 50% (90.0 kW) at 2 sec.,
and decreased by the 30% (63 kW) at 3 sec., continued
for 4 sec.
4) Consumer load is increaeed by 50% (94.5 kW) at 4 sec.
5) The PVS ramps up of its generation from 7.5 kW at 5 sec.,
and reaches 38 kW at 5.25 sec.
Fig. 12. Frequency control methodology.
The corresponding transient responses of the system with dif-
ferent control modes are depicted in Fig. 14–16. As shown in
1008
Fig. 14. Voltage and frequency response at the PCC.
Fig. 15. Active power response at the BSS, PVS and load branch.
Fig. 14, since the frequency regulation because of the absence
of other rotating machines, the frequency responses are similar
because the BSS is the only DG to contribute. However, since
the power converter is applied to voltage regulation using both
BSS and PVS, the voltage response is significantly improved
without distorting active/reactive power generation and/or con-
sumption.
In Fig. 15, the BSS is dominantly takes care of active power
charging and discharging according to the load variation and the
sudden increase of solar irradiation while PVS does not have
the charging operation mode. When it comes to the reactive
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 9, NO. 3, JULY 2018
Fig. 16. Reactive power response at the BSS, PVS and load branch.
power response shown in Fig. 16, both of BSS and PVS are well
performed in the proposed supervisory scheme. In Fig. 16, the
individual control scheme shows a small discrepancy comparing
with the supervisory power quality scheme. This is because the
individual scheme does not consider the line impedance such as
RL at PCC. Thus, the proposed supervisory control provides the
most active/reactive power support and better damping during a
load deviation and sudden increase of the solar irradiation.
As shown in the simulation studies, the proposed control
scheme shows the overall power quality improvement in terms
of the voltage and frequency on the microgrid. Also the con-
trol methodology takes into account of line impedances. The
individual voltage control scheme is briefly explained in the
Appendixes.
V. CONCLUSION
This paper demonstrated the power quality enhancement
methodology. This proposed supervisory power quality con-
trol scheme considers the operating-point-dependent active and
reactive power limit of each DGs and DG’s power converter was
also taken into account. The overall voltage/frequency control
scheme and the control design methodology developed in this
paper can be applied to different microgrid configurations. The
case studies showed the comparisons between the individual
power quality control and supervisory power quality control.
The proposed scheme shows the significant improvement in the
voltage performance and frequency that is achieved by the con-
sideration of line losses and decoupling of control actions from
both DGs. This paper also indicates the important of control
methodology development such that system operating control
scheme of grid-off microgrids have to be designed according to
DG’s dynamic characteristics.
KO et al.: SUPERVISORY POWER QUALITY CONTROL SCHEME FOR A GRID-OFF MICROGRID 1009

APPENDIXES
A. BSS Branches

Parameter

Input
Vbatt The measured battery voltage through a sensor
Ibatt The measured battery current through a sensor
Vmg The measured microgrid voltage at the PCC through a sensor
Io The measured BSS output current through a sensor
Theta The phase angle input of the output voltage
Pcbss The active power set-point from the supervisory controller
Qcbss The reactive power set-point from the supervisory controller Fig. B2. Independent control.
Output
d_i The d-axis output control level to control the bi-directional inverter C. PVS Branches
q_i The q-axis output control level to control the bi-directional inverter
Values Parameter
Nominal power 80 kW
Input
Battery float voltage 735 V
DC voltage input sensor gain 1/1000 at Vbatt input Vpv The measured array voltage through a sensor
DC current input sensor gain 1/200 at the Ibatt input Vdc Measured DC-DC converter output voltage through a sensor
(Micro)grid voltage input sensor gain 1/1000 at the Vmg input iL Measured DC-DC converter inductor current through a sensor
(Micro)grid current input sensor gain 1/1000 at the Io input Io Measured PVS output current through a sensor
d-component PI regulator proportional gain 0.4 Theta The phase angle input of the output voltage
d-component PI regulator integral gain 200 Qcpvs The reactive power set-point from the supervisory controller
d-component PI regulator limit ±1 Output
q-component PI regulator proportional gain 0.8
q-component PI regulator integral gain 100 DC The duty cycle control output for the DC-DC converter
d-component PI regulator limit ±1 Di The d-axis output control level to control the 3-phase inverter
Qi The q-axis output control level to control the 3-phase inverter
CV The constant voltage level for the MPPT regulation
Values
Nominal DC-DC converter output voltage 730 V
DC-DC converter output voltage sensor gain 1/1000
DC-DC converter PI voltage regulator proportional gain 5
DC-DC converter PI voltage regulator integral gain 500
DC-DC converter PI voltage regulator limit ±1
DC-DC converter PI current regulator proportional gain 1
DC-DC converter PI current regulator integral gain 1000
DC-DC converter PI current regulator low limit −0.5
DC-DC converter PI current regulator high limit +0.35
MPPT constant voltage level (CV) 360 V
Initial value of CV level 470 V
Slope of ramp to the set value −400 V/sec
PV array output voltage, input sensor gain 1/1000 at the Vpv input
MPPT d-component PI regulator proportional gain 1
MPPT d-component PI regulator integral gain 2
MPPT d-component PI regulator limit ±1
(Micro)grid voltage input sensor gain 1/1000 at the Vmg input
(Micro)grid current input sensor gain 1/1000 at the Io input
(Micro)grid q-component PI regulator proportional gain 0.1
Fig. B1. Individual power quality control scheme. (Micro)grid q-component PI regulator integral gain 5
(Micro)grid q-component PI regulator limit ±1

B. Individual Voltage Control Scheme of the BSS

D. Controller Parameters of Supervisory Power
Fig. B1 and Fig. B2 shows the individual power quality con- Quality Control
trol scheme for the voltage regulation in the BSS. The main
characteristic of this individual control scheme is to utilize
Voltage controller
q-component switching signal in order to regulate the voltage
at the PCC by the independent voltage controller. The indepen- Proportional gain 0.07
Integral gain 120
dent controller directly utilizes the voltage at PCC. However, this PI regulator limits ±1
methodology does not have a link how much reactive power has Frequency controller
to be utilized to regulate the voltage and loss information of the Proportional gain 0.05
line impedances. This means higher uncertainties and risk of Integral gain 150
the discrepancy at the rated voltage and controller malfunctions PI regulator limits ±1
due to the no communication.
1010
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was conducted under framework of the research
and development program of the Korea Institute of Energy
Research (B7-2442)
REFERENCES
[1] J. M. Guerrero, J. C. Vasquez, J. Matas, D. Vicuna, L. Garc´ıa, and
M. Castilla, “Hierarchical control of droop-controlled ac and dc micro-
gridsła general approach toward standardization,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Elec-
tron., vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 158–172, Jan. 2011.
[2] J. M. Guerrero, M. Chandorkar, T. -L. Lee, and P. C. Loh, “Advanced
control architectures for intelligent microgrids, part I: Decentralized
and hierarchical control,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60, no. 4,
pp. 1254–1262, Apr . 2013.
[3] H. Mahmood, D. Michaelson, and J. Jiang, “Accurate reactive power
sharing in an islanded microgrid using adaptive virtual impedances,” IEEE
Trans. Power Electron., vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 1605–1617, Mar. 2015.
[4] A. Bidram, A. Davoudi, and F. L. Lewis, “A multiobjective distributed
control framework for islanded ac microgrids,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Informat.,
vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 1785–1798, Aug. 2014.
[5] V. Nasirian, Q. Shafiee, J. Guerrero, F. Lewis, and A. Davoudi, “Droopfree
distributed control for ac microgrids,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron.,
vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 1600–1617, Feb. 2016.
[6] F. Guo, C. Wen, J. Mao, and Y.-D. Song, “Distributed secondary volt-
age and frequency restoration control of droop-controlled inverterbased
microgrids,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 62, no. 7, pp. 4355–4364,
Jul. 2015.
[7] ‘A. Bidram, A. Davoudi, F. L. Lewis, and J. M. Guerrero, “Distributed
cooperative secondary control of microgrids using feedback linearization,”
IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 3462–3470, Aug. 2013.
[8] Q. Sun, R. Han, H. Zhang, J. Zhou, and J. Guerrero, “A multiagent-based
consensus algorithm for distributed coordinated control of distributed gen-
erators in the energy internet,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 6, no. 6,
pp. 3006–3019, Nov. 2015.
[9] J. Schiffer, T. Seel, J. Raisch, and T. Sezi, “Voltage stability and re-
active power sharing in inverter-based microgrids with consensusbased
distributed voltage control,” IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol., vol. 24,
no. 1, pp. 96–109, Jan. 2016.
[10] Q. Shafiee, J. M. Guerrero, and J. C. Vasquez, “Distributed secondary
control for islanded microgridsła novel approach,” IEEE Trans. Power
Electron., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 1018–1031, Feb. 2014.
[11] L. -Y. Lu and C. -C. Chu, “Consensus-based droop control synthesis for
multiple dics in isolated micro-grids,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 30,
no. 5, pp. 2243–2256, Sep. 2015.
[12] J. W. Simpson-Porco, F. D¨orfler, and F. Bullo, “Synchronization and
power sharing for droop-controlled inverters in islanded microgrids,”
Automatica, vol. 49, no. 9, pp. 2603–2611, 2013.
[13] X. Wu, C. Shen, and R. Iravani, “Feasible range and optimal value of the
virtual impedance for droop-based control of microgrids,” IEEE Trans.
Smart Grid, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 1242–1251, May 2016.
[14] Y. W. Li and C. -N. Kao, “An accurate power control strategy for
powerelectronics-interfaced distributed generation units operating in a
low voltage multibus microgrid,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 24,
no. 12, pp. 2977–2988, Dec. 2009.
[15] M. Sanjaya, Switching Power Suppliers A-Z, 2nd ed., Boston, MA, USA:
Newnes/Elsevier Press, 2012.
[16] R. W. Erikson and D. Maksimovic, Fundermentals of Power Electronics,
2nd Ed. Norwell, MA, USA: Kluwer, 2001.
[17] H. S. Ko, T. Niimura, J. Jatskevich, H. C. Kim, and K. Y. Lee, “Power
quality control of hybrid wind power generation with battery storage using
fuzzy-LQR controller,” in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Meet., Denver, CO,
USA, Jun. 2004, pp. 1722–1728.
[18] G. Perez, I. Gandiaga, M. Garmendia, J. F. Reynaud, and U. Viscarret,
“Modelling of Li-ion batteries dynamics using impedance spectroscopy
and oluse fitting: EVs application,” in Proc. Int. Battery, Hybrid Fuel Cell
Elect. Veh. Symp., 2013, pp. 1–9.
[19] N. Femia, G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, and M. Vitelli, Power Electronics
and Control Techniques for Maximum Energy Harvesting in Photovoltaic
Systems. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, 2013.
[20] R. Teodorescu, M. Liserre, and P. Rodriguez, Grid Converters for Photo-
voltaic and Wind Power Systems. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley, 2011.
[21] T. Suntio et al., “Issues on solar-generator interfacing with current-fed
MPP-tracking converters,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 9,
pp. 2409–2419, Sep. 2010.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 9, NO. 3, JULY 2018
[22] S. Golestan, M. Monfared, F. D. Freijedo, and M. Guerrero, “Dynamics
assessment of advanced single-phase PLL structure,” IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 2167–2177, Jun. 2013.
[23] P. Kunder, Power System Stability and Control. New York, NY, USA:
McGraw-Hill, 1994.
[24] MATLAB/Simulink Toolbox, 2016, The Math-Works Inc., Natick,
MA, USA.
Hee-Sang Ko received the B.S. degree in electri-
cal engineering from Jeju National University, Jeju,
South Korea, in 1996, the M.Sc. degree in electrical
engineering from Pennsylvania State University, Uni-
versity Park, PA, USA, in 2000, and the Ph.D. degree
in electrical and computer engineering from the Uni-
versity of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,
in 2006. He worked for Samsung Heavy Industries
in wind power division from 2008 to 2013. He is
currently a researcher in KIER since 2013. His re-
search interests include microgrids, distribution net-
work, power systems stability, neural network, fuzzy logic, control design, and
system identification.
Moon-Seok Jang received the Ph.D. degree from
the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang
University, Seoul, South Korea, in 1994. In 1994, he
joined Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER),
Daejeon, South Korea, and since 2002, he has been
a Principal Researcher. He is former Director of Jeju
Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy
Research and the Vice president of Korea Wind En-
ergy Association.He works at system convergence
laboratory.
Kyung-Sang Ryu received the B.S. and M.S. degrees
from KOREATECH, Cheonan, South Korea, in 2008,
2013. Since 2013, He has been with Korea Institute of
Energy Research, Daejeon, South Korea. He is cur-
rently a Researcher at Jeju Global Research Center,
Korea Institute and Energy Research. His research
interests include operation of power distribution sys-
tems, energy storage system, and power quality.
Dae-Jin Kim received the B.S. degree in mecha-
tronics engineering from Seoul National University
of Technology, Seoul, South Korea, in 2007, and
the M.S. degree in mechatronics engineering from
Seoul National University of Technology in 2009.
He worked in Wind Energy Division at the Daewoo
Shipbuilding Marine Engineering from 2009 to 2014.
In 2014, he joined in Korea Institute of Energy Re-
search. His research interests include control system
design and power-hardware-in-loop simulator.
Byung-Ki Kim received the B.S. degree, M.S. de-
gree, and Ph.D degree in KOREATECH, Cheonan,
South Korea, in 2008, 2012, and 2015. He is cur-
rently working as Senior Researcher at Jeju Global
Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research,
Daejeon, South Korea. His research interests include
operation of power distribution systems, dispersed
storage, generation systems, and power quality.