MHvbBb Q7 H;Q`Bi?

Kb

:`T?b M/ :`T? H;Q`Bi?Kb

A7 KQ`2 i?M QM2 [m2biBQM TT2`b +Q``2+i- +?QQb2 i?2 KQ`2 bT2+B}+ Mbr2`- mMH2bb Qi?2`rBb2 BMbi`m+i2/X

*QM+2Ti, :`T?b
RX q?i Bb i?2 T`BK`v +?`+i2`BbiB+ Q7  /B`2+i2/ ;`T?\

UV i?2 2/;2b `2 #B@/B`2+iBQMH U*V i?2 2/;2b `2 mMB@/B`2+iBQMH
U"V i H2bi QM2 p2`i2t Bb mM`2+?#H2 U.V i?2 p2`iB+2b `2 HH `2+?#H2

kX q?i Bb i?2 T`BK`v +?`+i2`BbiB+ Q7  r2B;?i2/ ;`T?\

UV i?2 2/;2 +QmMi 2t+22/b p2`i2t +QmMi U*V 2+? p2`i2t ?b M bbQ+Bi2/ r2B;?i
U"V 2+? 2/;2 ?b M bbQ+Bi2/ r2B;?i U.V i?2 p2`i2t +QmMi 2t+22/b bQK2 i?`2b?QH/

jX q?i Bb i?2 T`BK`v +?`+i2`BbiB+ Q7 M mM/B`2+i2/- bBKTH2 ;`T?\

UV i?2 2/;2 +QmMi Bb H2bb i?M i?2 p2`i2t +QmMi U*V i?2 2/;2 +QmMi 2t+22/b Q` 2[mHb i?2 p2`i2t +QmMi
U"V i?2 i2`KBMB Q7 M 2/;2 Kv #2 i?2 bK2 p2`i2t U.V i?2`2 Bb i KQbi QM2 2/;2 #2ir22M Mv irQ p2`iB+2b

9X q?i Bb i?2 /2;`22 Q7  p2`i2t BM M mM/B`2+i2/- bBKTH2 ;`T?\

UV i?2 +QmMi Q7 p2`iB+2b MQi `2+?#H2 7`QK i?i p2`i2t U*V i?2 iQiH MmK#2` Q7 2/;2b 2KMiBM; 7`QK i?2 p2`i2t
U"V i?2 +QmMi Q7 p2`iB+2b `2+?#H2 7`QK i?i p2`i2t U.V i?2 iQiH MmK#2` Q7 Ti?b 2KMiBM; 7`QK i?2 p2`i2t

8X q?i Bb i?2 T`BK`v +?`+i2`BbiB+ Q7  mM/B`2+i2/- bBKTH2- +QMM2+i2/ ;`T?\

UV 2+? p2`i2t ?b  2/;2 i?i +QMM2+ib iQ Bib2H7 U*V M 2/;2 2tBbib #2ir22M 2p2`v TB` Q7 p2`iB+2b
U"V  Ti? 2tBbib #2ir22M 2p2`v TB` Q7 p2`iB+2b U.V i?2`2 Bb i H2bi QM2 2/;2

eX q?i Bb i?2 T`BK`v +?`+i2`BbiB+ Q7 M mM/B`2+i2/- bBKTH2- `2;mH` ;`T?\

UV HH 2/;2b i2`KBMi2 i i?2 bK2 p2`i2t U*V HH p2`iB+2b ?p2 i?2 bK2 r2B;?i
U"V HH 2/;2b ?p2 i?2 bK2 r2B;?i U.V HH p2`iB+2b ?p2 i?2 bK2 /2;`22

dX q?i Bb i?2 T`BK`v +?`+i2`BbiB+ Q7 M mM/B`2+i2/- bBKTH2- +QKTH2i2 ;`T?\ *?QQb2 i?2 KQbi ;2M2`H Mbr2`X

UV i?2`2 2tBbib  Ti? #2ir22M 2p2`v TB` Q7 p2`iB+2b U*V 2+? p2`i2t ?b irQ 2/;2b Q` MQ 2/;2b
U"V i?2`2 2tBbib M 2/;2 #2ir22M 2p2`v TB` Q7 p2`iB+2b U.V HH p2`iB+2b ?p2  /2;`22 ;`2i2` i?M bQK2 i?`2b?QH/

3X q?i Bb i?2 T`BK`v +?`+i2`BbiB+ Q7 M mM/B`2+i2/- bBKTH2- +QMM2+i2/- +v+HB+ ;`T?\ *?QQb2 i?2 KQbi ;2M2`H Mbr2`X

UV i?2`2 `2 i H2bi irQ mMB[m2 Ti?b #2ir22M Mv irQ U*V i?2 p2`i2t +QmMi Bb QM2 ;`2i2` i?M i?2 2/;2 +QmMi
p2`iB+2b U.V MQ 2/;2 ?b  bBM;H2 p2`i2t b Bib i2`KBMB
U"V i?2 p2`i2t +QmMi Bb 2[mH iQ i?2 2/;2 +QmMi

NX q?i Bb i?2 T`BK`v +?`+i2`BbiB+ Q7  THM` ;`T?\

UV r?2M /`rM BM  THM2- Bi Kmbi ?p2 +`Qbb2/ 2/;2b U*V i?2 KtBKmK /2;`22 Q7  p2`i2t Bb 9
U"V i?2 KtBKmK /2;`22 Q7  p2`i2t Bb j U.V Bi +M #2 /`rM BM  THM2 rBi? MQ +`Qbb2/ 2/;2b
:`T? i`p2`bHb
RyX q?i Bb  rHF\ *?QQb2 i?2 KQbi ;2M2`H Mbr2`X

UV  b2[m2M+2 Q7 2/;2b bm+? i?i ei M/ ei+1 ?p2 MQ U*V  b2[m2M+2 Q7 p2`iB+2b rBi? MQ 2/;2 #2ir22M vi M/
+QKKQM p2`i2t vi+1
U"V  b2[m2M+2 Q7 p2`iB+2b rBi? M 2/;2 #2ir22M vi M/ U.V  b2i Q7 2/;2b i?i ?p2 QM2 p2`i2t BM +QKKQM
vi+1

RRX q?i Bb  i`BH\ *?QQb2 i?2 KQbi ;2M2`H Mbr2`X

UV  rHF rBi? i H2bi QM2 2/;2 TT2`BM; irB+2 UQ` U*V  rHF rBi? MQ p2`i2t TT2`BM; KQ`2 i?M QM+2
KQ`2V U.V  rHF rBi? MQ 2/;2 TT2`BM; KQ`2 i?M QM+2
U"V  rHF rBi? i H2bi QM2 p2`i2t TT2`BM; irB+2 UQ`
KQ`2V

RkX q?i Bb i?2 T`BK`v +?`+i2`BbiB+ Q7  Ti?\

UV  i`BH rBi? MQ p2`i2t TT2`BM; KQ`2 i?M irB+2 U*V  i`BH rBi? MQ p2`i2t TT2`BM; KQ`2 i?M QM+2
U"V  i`BH rBi? HH 2/;2b TT2`BM; i H2bi QM+2 U.V  i`BH rBi? HH p2`iB+2b TT2`BM; i H2bi QM+2

RjX q?i Bb M 1mH2` i`BH\ *?QQb2 i?2 KQbi ;2M2`H Mbr2`X

UV  i`BH r?B+? BMpQpH2b 2p2`v p2`i2t- 2t+2Ti QM2- 2t@ U*V  i`BH r?B+? BMpQpH2b 2p2`v p2`i2t 2t+iHv QM+2
+iHv QM+2 U.V  i`BH r?B+? BMpQpH2b 2p2`v 2/;2 2t+iHv QM+2
U"V i?2 HQM;2bi i`BH BM  ;`T?

R9X q?i Bb  >KBHiQMBM Ti?\ *?QQb2 i?2 KQbi ;2M2`H Mbr2`X

UV i?2 HQM;2bi Ti? BM  ;`T? U*V i?2 b?Q`i2bi Ti? BM  ;`T?
U"V  Ti? r?B+? BMpQHp2b 2p2`v p2`i2t U.V  Ti? r?B+? BMpQHp2b 2p2`v 2/;2

R8X h Q` 6, M 1mH2` i`BH Bb Hrvb i?2 HQM;2bi i`BH BM M mM/B`2+i2/ ;`T?X

ReX h Q` 6,  >KBHiQMBM Ti?- B7 Bi 2tBbib- Bb Hrvb i?2 HQM;2bi Ti? BM M mM/B`2+i2/ ;`T?X

RdX h?2 HQM;2bi Ti? BM M mM/B`2+i2/ ;`T? Bb #QmM/2/ #v,

UV i?2 MmK#2` Q7 p2`iB+2b U*V i?2 MmK#2` Q7 2/;2b

U"V i?2 KtBKmK /2;`22 Q7  ;`T? U.V i?2 KBMBKmK /2;`22 Q7  ;`T?

R3X h Q` 6, HH +QMM2+i2/- mM/B`2+i2/ ;`T?b ?p2  bTMMBM; i`22X

RNX _272`BM; iQ ;`T?b- E`mbFHǶb H;Q`Bi?K Bb mb2/ iQ }M/,

UV i?2 HQM;2bi Ti? rBi? i?2 H2bi r2B;?i U*V HH@TB`b b?Q`i2bi Ti?b
U"V  KBMBKmK bTMMBM; i`22 U.V i?2 b?Q`i2bi Ti? #2ir22M irQ p2`iB+2b

kyX _272`BM; iQ ;`T?b- .BDFbi`Ƕb H;Q`Bi?K Bb mb2/ iQ }M/,

UV  KBMBKmK bTMMBM; i`22 U.V i?2 b?Q`i2bi Ti? #2ir22M  bQm`+2 p2`i2t M/ i?2
U"V HH@TB`b b?Q`i2bi Ti?b Qi?2` p2`iB+2b
U*V i?2 HQM;2bi Ti? rBi? i?2 H2bi r2B;?i

kRX _272`BM; iQ ;`T?b- S`BKǶb H;Q`Bi?K Bb mb2/ iQ }M/,

UV  KBMBKmK bTMMBM; i`22 U*V HH@TB`b b?Q`i2bi Ti?b

U"V i?2 b?Q`i2bi Ti? #2ir22M irQ p2`iB+2b U.V i?2 HQM;2bi Ti? rBi? i?2 H2bi r2B;?i

kkX _272`BM; iQ ;`T?b- i?2 6HQv/@q`b?HH H;Q`Bi?K Bb mb2/ iQ }M/,

UV HH@TB`b b?Q`i2bi Ti?b U*V i?2 HQM;2bi Ti? rBi? i?2 H2bi r2B;?i
U"V  KBMBKmK bTMMBM; i`22 U.V i?2 b?Q`i2bi Ti?

k
kjX amTTQb2 E = ω(V )X q?i Bb i?2 bvKTiQiB+ `mMMBM; iBK2 Q7 E`mbFHǶb H;Q`Bi?K\ *?QQb2 i?2 bBKTH2bi Mbr2`X

UV Θ(E HQ; E) U.V Θ(E + V HQ; V )

U"V Θ(E + V ) U1V Θ(E HQ; E + V HQ; E)
U*V Θ(E HQ; E + V HQ; V ) U6V Θ(E)

k9X amTTQb2 E = Θ(V )X q?i Bb i?2 bvKTiQiB+ `mMMBM; iBK2 Q7 S`BKǶb H;Q`Bi?K\ *?QQb2 i?2 bBKTH2bi Mbr2`X

UV Θ(E) U.V Θ(E HQ; E)

U"V Θ(E + V HQ; V ) U1V Θ(E HQ; E + V HQ; V )
U*V Θ(E + V ) U6V Θ(E HQ; E + V HQ; E)

k8X h Q` 6, amTTQb2 vQm F2Ti i`+F Q7 i?2 H2p2H MmK#2` 7Q` 2+? p2`i2t r BM  #`2/i?@}`bi b2`+? Q7  bBKTH2- mM/B`2+i2/-
mMr2B;?i2/ ;`T?- bi`iBM; 7`QK  p2`i2t pX h?2 H2p2H MmK#2`b Q7 2+? r rQmH/ +Q``2bTQM/ iQ i?2 b?Q`i2bi Ti? /BbiM+2X

keX h Q` 6, 6Q`  bBKTH2- mM/B`2+i2/ ;`T?- Θ(E HQ; E) = Θ(E HQ; V )

kdX *QMbB/2` `mMMBM; E`mbFHǶb H;Q`Bi?K QM i?2 +QKTH2i2 ;`T? Kn - T`Q+2bbBM; i?2 }`bi B 2/;2bX q?i Bb i?2 bKHH2bi
pHm2 Q7 B i?i +QmH/ vB2H/ i?2 }MH `2bmHi\

UV M U.V n(n+1)

2
−1
U"V n(n+1)
2
U1V n(n−1)
2
−1
U*V M@R U6V n(n−1)
2

k3X *QMbB/2` `mMMBM; .BDFbi`Ƕb H;Q`Bi?K mbBM;  HBMF2/ HBbi UrBi?  iBH TQBMi2`V b i?2 #bBb 7Q`  T`BQ`Biv [m2m2X q?i Bb
i?2 bvKTiQiB+ `mM iBK2 7Q` i?2 H;Q`Bi?K\

UV i?2 +Q``2+i Mbr2` Bb MQi HBbi2/ U.V Θ(V 3 E)

U"V Θ(V HQ; V )
3
U1V Θ(V 2 HQ; V )
U*V Θ(V E 2 ) U6V Θ(V 2 E)