PAPER SUMMARY

THE STUDY OF WASTE UTILIZATION AS ADMIXTURE FOR HIGH AND

MEDIUM QUALITY CONCRETE
Written by: Prima Sandy Yonanda, Civil Engineering Universitas Lampung

1. BACKGROUND

The human civilization can never be separated by the existence of

development. As time goes by, the human civilization gets more complex and
it demands the existence of infrastructures in order to fulfill their needs. Those
infrastructure developments get more rapid and it demands human to look for
the construction materials like cement, aggregate, and water more and more as
the ingredient to produce concrete as construction column and beam
frameworks. Furthermore, it also demands human to exploit the nature.
Another problem happens at the same time. The more development exists, the
more wastes spread covering many part of the world. Several of them are the
wastes of coal, nickel, palm shell and cane pulp. Therefore, United Nation
made 15 years term goals called Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that
consist of 17 goals for the world in 2015-2030. One of those goals is
Innovation, Industry and Infrastructure. This goal aims for solving the
problem related to the Industrial and Infrastructure. According to that goal, we
can conclude that eco-friendly infrastructure is a key for sustainable
development. That’s why I discuss about the study of waste utilization as
admixture for high and medium concrete as a real prove of my support for the
realization of Sustainable Development in 2030.

2. THE PROBLEM FRAMEWORKS

1. What are the chemical contents of coal fly ashes, nickel crusts, palm shell
fly ashes and cane pulp fly ashes that can enhance the concrete quality?
 2. How is the method of those wastes utilization?
3. How high the concrete compression strength because of that admixtures?
4. How relevant it is to use that admixtures in medium and high quality
concrete production?
5. By using wastes as admixture, can it give economical profit?

3. METHOD

This paper is arranged by using Literature Studies Method that is supported by

the related research and development from several university in Indonesia.

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Concrete with Coal Fly Ashes Admixture

Accoding to the research from University of Riau with three samples of
28 days concretes, the result of adding 0% of coal fly ashes as alternative
of cement can make concrete compression strength to 26,4289 MPa, 15%
to 24,0161 MPa and 27,5% to 28,3229 MPa (Zulfikar dan Alex, 2017).
The related research from University of Sam Ratulangi with same
samples, the add of 30% of coal fly ashes can make concrete compression
strength to 24,18 MPa, 40% to 15,30 MPa and 50% to 12,28 MPa (Alfian
dan Martin, 2014). Last, the related research from University of
Indonesia with the same samples, the add of 15% of coal fly ashes can
make concrete compression strength to 26,5970 MPa, 25% to 33,1040
MPa and 30% to 29,9920 MPa (Shelly, 2010). From those three research,
we can conclude that the optimum percentage of coal fly ash that can be
used for concrete is between 25-30%. It is 6,6872% higher than without
coal fly ashes admixture.
B. Concrete with Nickel Crust Admixture
Accoding to the research from Sepuluh November Institute of
Technology using five samples of 28 days concrete, the add of 0% Nickel
Crust can make concrete compression strength to 65,92 MPa, 10% to
66,71 MPa, 20% to 62,21 MPa, 30% to 56,41 MPa and 40% to 54,80
MPa (Suprijanto, 2015). From Bandung Institute of Technology with
three samples of 28 days concrete, the add of 5% Nickel Trust can make
concrete compression strength to 50,41 MPa, 10% to 40,27 MPa and 15%
to 35,12 MPa (Sugiri, 2005). Last, from Islam Indonesia University with
three samples of 28 days concrete, the add of 0% Nickel Crust Terak
Nikel can make concrete compression strength to 37,9470 MPa, 5% to
38,7355 MPa and 10% to 36,1202 MPa (Sadat, 2005). From those three
research, we can conclude that the optimum percentage of Nickel Crust
that can be used for concrete is between 5-10%. It is 2,04% higher
compared to without nickel crust concrete sample.

C. Concrete with Palm Shell Fly Ashes

According to the research from Pasir Pangaraian University using four
samples of 28 days concrete, the add of 0% Palm Shell Fly Ashes as an
alternative of cement can make concrete compression strength to 31,07
MPa, 10% to 34,18 MPa, 20% to 24,29 MPa and 30% to 20,06 MPa
(Fajaruddin, 2013). The related research from University of Riau using
three 28 days concretes, the add of 5% Palm Shell Fly Ashes Abu can
make concrete compression strength to 22,2313 MPa, 10% to 21,5612
MPa and 15% to 18,2711 MPa (Gussyafri, 2011). Last, from Malikusaleh
University, with the same sample, the add of 5% Palm Shell Fly Ashes
can make concrete compression strength to 25,2 MPa, 10% to 23,7 MPa
and 15% to 21,7 MPa (Nazar, 2013). From those three variative research,
we can conclude that the optimum percentage of Palm Shell Fly Ashes is
 between 5-10% and it is 9,1% higher than without Palm Shell Fly Ashes
concrete sample.

D. Concrete with Cane Pulp Fly Ashes

According to the research of Sam Ratulangi University using four
samples of 28 days concrete, the add of 0% Cane Pulp Fly Ashes can
make concrete compression strength to 34,2080 MPa, 5% to 43,7360
MPa, 10% to 34,5050 MPa and 15% to 39,2790 MPa (Fazrullah, 2014).
The related research from Muhammadiyah Malang University using three
samples of 28 days concrete, the add of 0% Cane Pulp Fly Ashes can
make concrete compression strength to 25,4650 MPa, 5% to 26,3140
MPa and 10% to 24,3333 MPa (Rofikotul dan Wahyudi, 2016). Last but
not least, the research from Sumatera Utara University using three
samples of 28 days concrete, the add of 10% Cane Pulp Fly Ashes can
make concrete compression strength to 20,4388 MPa, 20% to 13,3700
MPa and 30% to 10,7686 MPa (Rahmi dan Syahrizal, 2018). From those
researches, we can conclude that the optimum percentage of Cane Pulp
Fly Ashes that can be used is between 5-10%. It is 7,8210% higher than
without Cane Pulp Fly Ashes concrete sample.

E. Budget Plan of Concrete Production for each Admixture/m3

E.1. Without Admixture

Table 1. Budget Plan of Concrete Production without admixture.

No. Materials Unit Expense/kg Weight (kg) Total Expense

1. PCC Portland Cement Kg Rp. 1.290 924,7742 Rp.1.192.959
2. Water Kg Rp. 11 239,1966 Rp. 2.631
3. Coarse Aggregate Kg Rp. 200 1186,500 Rp. 237.300
4. Fine Aggregate Kg Rp. 200 133,9139 Rp. 26.783
Ammounts Rp. 1.459.673
 E.2. With Coal Fly Ashes Admixture

Table 2. Budget Plan of Concrete Production with Coal Fly Ashes admixture.
Weight Total
No. Materials Unit Percentage Expense/kg
(kg) Expense
PCC Portland
1. Cement
Kg 75% Rp. 1.290 693,5807 Rp.894.719

2. Water Kg 100% Rp. 11 239,1966 Rp. 2.631

3. Coarse Aggregate Kg 100% Rp. 200 1186,5 Rp. 237.300
4. Fine Aggregate Kg 100% Rp. 200 133,9139 Rp. 26.783
5. Coal Fly Ash Kg 25% Rp. 425 231,1936 Rp. 98.257
Ammounts Rp. 1.259.690

E.3. With Nickel Crust

Table 3. Budget Plan of Concrete Production with Nickel Crust admixture.

Weight
No. Materials Unit Percentage Expense/kg Total Expense
(kg)
PCC Portland
1. Kg 90% Rp.1.290 832,29678 Rp.1.073.663
Cement
2. Water Kg 100% Rp.11 215,27694 Rp.2.368
Coarse
3. Kg 100% Rp.200 1067,85 Rp.213.570
Aggregate
4. Fine Aggregate Kg 100% Rp.200 120,52251 Rp. 24.105
5. Nickel Crust Kg 10% Rp.284 92,47742 Rp. 26.228
Ammounts Rp. 1.339.934

E.4. With Palm Shell Fly Ashes

Table 4. Budget Plan of Concrete Production with Palm Shell Fly Ashes
admixture.
Weight
No. Materials Unit Percentage Expense/kg Total Expense
(kg)
PCC Portland
1. Kg 90% Rp. 1.290 832,29678 Rp. 1.073.663
Cement
2. Water Kg 100% Rp. 11 215,27694 Rp. 2.368
Coarse
3. Kg 100% Rp. 200 1067,85 Rp. 213.570
Aggregate
4. Fine Aggregate Kg 100% Rp. 200 120,52251 Rp. 24.105
Palm Shell Fly
5. Kg 10% Rp. 113 92,47742 Rp. 10.491
Ashes
Ammounts Rp. 1.324.196
 E.5. With Cane Pulp Fly Ashes
Table 5. Budget Plan of Concrete Production with Cane Pulp Ashes
admixture.

No. Materials Unit Percentage Expense/Unit Weight (kg) Total Expense

PCC Portland
1. Kg 95% Rp. 1.290 878,53549 Rp. 1.133.311
Cement
2. Water Kg 100% Rp. 11 239,1966 Rp. 2.631
Coarse
3. Kg 100% Rp. 200 1186,5 Rp. 237.300
Aggregate
Fine
4. Kg 100% Rp. 200 133,9139 Rp. 26.783
Aggregate
Cane Pulp Fly
5. Kg 5% Rp. 160 46,23871 Rp. 7.398
Ashes
Ammounts Rp. 1.407.423

According to those Budget Plan, we can conclude that it is more economical to use
admixture rather than not. Concrete with Coal Fly Ashes is 13,7005%, Nickel Crust
is 9,2031%, Palm Shell Fly Ashes is 9,2813%, and Cane Pulp Fly Ashes is
3,5796% compared to concrete without admixture.

5. CONCLUTION

1. The best percentage of Coal Fly Ashes for cement alternative is 27,5%
with compression strength to 28,3229 MPa and it is medium quality
concrete.
2. The best percentage of Nickel Crust for cement alternative is 10% with
compression strength to 66,71 MPa and it is high quality concrete
3. The best percentage of Palm Shell Fly Ashes is 10% with compression
strength to 34,18 MPa and it is medium quality concrete.
4. The best percentage of cane pulp for cement alternative is 5% with
compression strength to 43,7360 MPa and it is part of high quality
concrete.
5. According to the Budget Plan, we can conclude that it is more
economical to use admixture rather than not. Concrete with Coal Fly
Ashes is 13,7005%, Nickel Crust is 9,2031%, Palm Shell Fly Ashes is
9,2813%, and Cane Pulp Fly Ashes is 3,5796% compared to concrete
without admixture.
6. The wastes utilization can reduce the environment wastes.