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CRACK PROPAGATION THEORIES
Reproduced From
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by Fazil Erdogan
AMPTIÄC
Prepared by
LEHIGH UNIVERSITY
Bethlehem, Pa.
far
By Fazil Erdogan
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ABSTRACT
from the plates under cyclic tension with variable mean loads
and plates under cylindrical bending.'
IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Theory
1.4 Theories Based On The Energy Balance
Closure Energy
Studies
1.6 Summary
1.7 Suggestions For Further Research
2.4 Summary
VI
CRACK PROPAGATION THEORIES
Introduction
tails of this process may vary with the material, the type of
ly high.
ing), the nature and the composition of the material, and the
microscopic phenomenon taking place at the locations where
order 10" cm and the tools available to study the problem are
tates, the slip bands and the grain inclusions and voids, are
ing theories tend to treat the subject from only one of the
tures and stress state on the other. Hence, they provide some
3
problem from an entirely field point of view using the tools
4
introduced the concept of characteristic tear energy to re-
theory was made by Mott [27] who included the kinetic energy
of the material.
may arise if the geometry and loading conditions are such that
In this case too, for some materials, one may observe the
the subject is used only for the type of fracture which con-
this chapter.
the article.
1. Dynamic Crack Propagation Theories
following sections.
f(a T E Q)
Vo = A e" * » * (1)
sition that the velocity ratio V0/c2 is the same as the per-
reason given being that all the bonds behind the crack front
must necessarily be ruptured. In others, it is assumed that
system over an energy barrier per unit time and assuming this
10
equilibrium which a material undergoing fracture with near-
with the problem from continuum standpoint and use the tools
forces acting across the faces of the crack close to its tips.
crack length, b) the stresses at the crack tip are finite, and
c) the crack surfaces close smoothly, i.e., the crack tip has
11
conditions. He thus obtains a fracture criterion by writing
ble mathe-
city, Baren-
he addressed
h Griffith was
h the cohesive
render a lin-
h i s , in real
ould have
ke any cohe-
s also i n-
tive approach
of atomic di-
same as the
hin the approx-
ree with that
12
strain) wedging of an ideally brittle solid is considered.
(2)
active in the end region of the crack (Figure 2) and a.^
tip for y = 0
N(
(2) V (3)
/r
13
the finiteness condition of the stresses gives the fracture
N(V0) = K (4)
14
the initial stage is assumed to be very small and its effect
/V7 1 g(u)du
(6)
R = —i- / ——
IT o Ai
(l) _ - R
/"? (7)
15
cleavage stress due to the external loads as [61]
(2) ,/^?t
16
dynamic grounds; hence, v2 is the only possible solution.
(10)
t2 = KW
cohesion, i.e.,
planes).
17
the stresses around the crack tip have different e as well as
1,3 Discu
ssion And Some Modifications Of Barenblatt's
Theory
fk (11)
load from (9), (10) and (11), the duration t2 of uniform crack
growth may be obtained as
]
t -!°
2 c2 TFTVTF
18
sible, for qualitative description of the phenomenon, one
pV^|- F(V) = K
or
modulus of cohesion.
than the equilibrium value; hence, the crack growth will take
19
If we assume with Barenblatt that the resistance to
ample, one may easily argue that, in the initial stage of the
/I" 1 g(u)du
(13)
o AT
f F(v)
Vc2
=
Q, v (14)
/2v
20
Now Q is a constant and (13) and (14) are valid for
equilibrium
T cracks. Thus,' letting3 V o t = a o . the initial
flow decreases and a, becomes less than unity [63]. For crack
p = a
2\/i~ K
* a
2 -
1 (16)
From (14), (15) and (16), we obtain the equation giving the
a
l
F(v) = /v (17)
a2
21
crack velocity in an infinite plane. According to this in-
one may note that if the solution of (17) is above the branch-
ing velocity, the crack would branch before the limiting ve-
locity is reached.
ti nuum model.
22
1.4 Theories Based On The Energy Balance
that
dU dV dT d_D (18)
dt ' dt dt dt
have
dU
/ / I T.n u: dS + / / / I F1 u: dR (19)
dt SI R 1
dT
SWJ Jp j-i ur dR (20)
23
may or may not be undergoing fracture at the time under con-
3 3
= ! j
HI i n ^^ dR (21)
dD dD dS dD dA _ dA <.
It ~ ?S Tt d~A~ dt Y
f dt ' 5 S0 + A (22)
sol id:
de d2u
2
(x+y) 8Y7 W u. + F. = p j^- , (i = 1,2,3) (23)
senting the crack front and replaces the function A(t) as the
24
unknown. Because of (18), the system is highly nonlinear
moved from the fracture zone that the main part of the fracture
term 4-r- in (18) will be zero and the released elastic energy
will provide the necessary source for kinetic energy and dis-
during fracture.
25
shear problems only one component of the displacement vector
dD
-rr
dt = 4 Yf a' h (plane problems)
(24)
dD
dt = 2uYfa a* (axially symmetric case)
the stress and displacement fields for the dynamic problem are
the same as those for the elastostatic problem with the same
26
ponents of the velocity at a given point in the plate may be
written as
•
3U 3V
U = 3 V = 3
ää • 3ä
where p is the mass per unit area of the plate. Mott argued
that since u, v are proportional to ap/E, 3u/3a and 3v/3a
would be proportional to p/E. Also, since a is the only
characteristic dimension in the material, tacitly assuming
that the domain R covers the entire plate, the area integral
in (25) would be proportional to a2. Hence, (25) may be
written as
\ kPa2ä2 |£ (26)
T + D + V - U (27)
27
Thus, with the dissipative energy D = 4yfa (yf now being the
fracture energy for plate thickness h rather than unit area),
(27) becomes
kpa2a2p2 irp2a-
2
+. 4y
- a
2E* V f (29)
To eliminate the constant EQ, Mott and Roberts and Wells [64]
differentiated (29) with respect to a and assumed that — = 0,
9a
that is, the crack is travelling at a constant (terminal) ve-
locity. Also using the following Griffith condition for frac-
ture initiation at t = 0 with crack length a and load p
p2Tia(
Y-F = 2T" (30)
2TTE
1/2 1/2
<inr> n - /) (31)
28
At t = 0, a = 0, a = aQ and (32) becomes
"P2a02 +
2lra
02PC2 - c (33)
Letting
(34)
Pc = n P» (n £ 1)
2üE an a
a2 (1 ._£)[! . (2n2-l)^] (35)
(36)
~ ^kp ' a,
From (35), we observe that for a>>aQ, the crack
velocity will approach a terminal velocity Vy given by
1/2
2TT (37)
vT ■ ^ c
* • c
,2 = E/p
29
ity of the key assumptions on which the solution is based,
because of the fact that outside the circle r = C]t, the ma-
a 2TT (38)
30
then the assumption of yf = constant may always be justified.
with the velocity and then increases with increasing crack ve-
is satisfied.
31
and static fringe patterns may not necessarily mean that the
rate of external work flowing into the crack tip), one may
factor for the cleavage stress a is given for the dynamic case
ae with the polar angle e for values of VT/c2 ranging from 0.2
32
any misrepresentation of the stress and displacement fields
gross fields away from the crack tips were approximately the
*
same .
tension and the velocities are zero. A similar and much sim-
[61].
33
end is suddenly released. At the instant of release, t = 0,
U = T + v + D
(39)
34
values of the crack length 2a, the dissipation may be neglected.
out earlier, the fracture energy is not constant and for high
ments with high inertia, the reflected waves have the effect
propagation velocity.
35
The theory described above has also been
cleavage planes.
rium cracks, Sanders [77] pointed out that the region for which
the energy balance holds can be any portion of the body enclosed
36
energy is dissipated by the growing crack", the rate being
(19 to 20) then become the volume and the surface of this
U* = D* (40)
been pointed out that for a nondi ssi pati ve system, U' = V + V.
37
shape chosen for the region R is not important, and it is
ity seems to agree with the result of the example given below.
acter of the dynamic problem and using the method due to Gold-
38
blatt, Broberg, Stroh and others. However, the result in [68]
p2tc92vlt 2 -1
IT = - [ tan-1 /T^v2"
2uH 2
/Ü7?
1 1
(2~v2) 0/0 tan"1 /l-kzvz + 2/N77 tan'
2(l-k2v2)3/2 /Tv7
<4 +
fe^~) E(/TTk^J - (v* +
k
Xlw2) > K
i^7?J
- 8 E^l-v2) + 4 v2K(/l-v*)
v = VQ/c2 , k = c2/c1
39
Figure 6 as a function of velocity ratio and does seem to in-
dU = Tip2a(l-v2)
(42)
da 2E
sumed that the main dissipation comes from the plastic work
40
In the uniform crack propagation phase, the
41
1.4.3 Further Discussion Of Energy Balance And
U* = V + T- + D' (43)
moves with the advancing crack front, we will assume that the
in V' and T' would also be in error. The term D* in (43) in-
42
eludes the rate of change of surface tension energy and in-
vanish on the crack surface and the shear stresses and the
more, assume that these tractions are the same as the normal
we now consider one half of the region R, the kinetic and po-
43
front, it is obvious that the work of the released tractions
rate -E^/2, it is seen that E' is nothing but the time rate
a + a' dt
dEc = E- dt = 2 / 2 CT a
y( ) uy(a-a*dt) da (44)
a
U* E* T" V*
c
2~ +
2- F- (45)
E-
c (46)
that is, the time rate of change of the crack closure energy
is equal to the dissipation rate.
other than the surface-free energy. However, using the same argu-
44
merits as those employed by Irwin and Orowan in extending the
1 dEc U' dU
1 m =
lim -^ El
a c 3T~ ! n
a +0
F- dl
a-+0 -
(48)
V = T- + E^
45
As an example, consider the plane with a
»y-^^ - X
2 r _ 2 + ., 4
1 _ * Pz<V2 tv (2-v2)
c. [4/T^VT
4 c 4 rnr -] (50)
/l-k2v2
46
In light of the above discussion, it now
the crack periphery but the crack closure energy E^. The
the result will not be unique and will depend on the details
v<.3), T* and V in R are negligible and both U" and E" are
47
This result is independent of v and is quite general. For
48
fracture energy,from Griffith theory, we have
2EY FO (52)
2 =
Pc ira0(l-v*)
n2 a v2 (2-v2)
2 (53)
d(n, —, v.) [4/T^v " - ]
2 •l-k^v* YFO
1-v aQ H
Y
F 1 and various
which is shown in Figure 8 for n = 1, -
FO
values of —. Figure 8 indicates that if YF is constant, for
a
o
n = 1 at a = a , there will be equilibrium. In order to start
case, the fracture criterion E' = D' would not contain t and
49
environmental conditions) is known. Figure 9 shows such a
32a.
For v = .25, at e = 0, 0 and 0, for v = 0.629
39
2
3 a„ 32a
36 r- > 0 for v > 0.629, j^L < 0 for v < 0.629, meaning that
50
than experimentally measured terminal crack velocities in
at a much higher rate. Now, since for v < 0.6, the rate of
the energy pumped into the region around the crack tip increases
ture belongs to the former and that of glass and some polymers
51
that if the medium is finite and "the external loads" are
at the boundary would alter the stress state around the crack
the intensity of the stress field around the crack and causing
52
1.4.4 An Example: Longitudinal Shear Cracks
and p being the shear modulus and the mass density of the mate-
53
aw 3w
T
xz 3x ' yz 3y
or
3W y_ _3_W
(55)
rz 3r ' r 39
w = 0 for y = 0, |x | > a
conditions:
w = 0, w" =0 for t = 0
T = for
yz -q y = o. Ixl < v0t (57)
54
To obtain a solution for the problem which
is valid around the crack tips, one may use the technique
Letting
z = ? + in = sech (ß+ie)
(59)
y-rri « 2 /?-V
y 3W (60)
T
rz T 3a ' ez ax 89
55
First, we obtain the shear stress TQZ at
56
of $ and v (Figure 12). Noting that
T = T cos T sin
*z ez * - rz
we obtain
For v-*0, (62) reduces to the static value T = q 7|— cos |-.
= 0 for v2 = 1/3
meaning that for v > 1//3 = 0.578, the maximum of T will occur
dependent
r part
r of T. . However, to have an idea about the rela-
ip z
tive magnitudes of the stress intensity factors at various
57
angles - which may be important in considering branching -
rates for one half of R (i.e., 0 < y < i, a -8 < x < a + 6).
1
rz - ^
IT
/YK(v ) Im
Y 2 [/(a-v) + i /1-v2 vej Vz
ez - 2a /* K(v ) Re (63)
IT V 2 [/(a-v) + i /l-vz vej </z
2q /T c?v
w K(v) -^- Im
TT V 2 y
[/(a-v) + i /T^V2" ve]1^
Substituting from (63) into (19) and (21), we obtain*
Note that the quantities given in (64) and (65) and plotted in
the figures are 1/4 of the total values.
58
U- . 2|i c 2 V2t K2(v) (t^^l + V tan"1 }r)
(64)
2 2 » tan -1...
v
Q
T- = V = K-
ir^y
c U
vH K29/(v) —r—
q2c 2^
2
U* -\T - V K2(v) v2 /TT2"
iry
(65)
v- = /triT7
(66)
w = 4a
iry
K(V) y/f-
"" c.
/T^T
or
q2c22t (67)
2
K (V) v2 /T^r-
C iry
59
vc2t = a, we have
c 2
vc2 vc~ = 47 q a (68)
which is the static value (of one fourth of the strain energy
release rate per crack extension).
q2c,2t
—— K2(v) v2 /TT77 = vF c2 v (69)
ffa q 2
Y - o c , %
F W~ (70)
This could perhaps be predicted from the fact that as v+1, the
stress intensity factor at <p = J approaches infinity (see Figure
60
shown that the rate of available energy U* - T" - V vanishes
crack tip. This result agrees with the Cottrell's finding that
wave velocity.
61
higher in the longitudinal shear case than in plane proble ms
Dp - Aa* (72)
n
C 0
da " 2Aa
o =
>F 4y (73)
a
-o " " o
7rq(
D: = 4y c„ 2 2
"2 v t (74)
E 4
c
D^ = 72- n2K2(v) /T^v^ = 1 (75)
P
62
X
velocity f"or each g iven load ratio and it is rather high even
lower.
its varia tion with the fracture velocity. Using the Dugdale
be (see: Appendix A)
P - ¥-?
2qJ c-2?vt f(3-, v)
(76)
g_ , M-v2)K2(v)
VJ
q * ~ 1 - (3-)'K(v)[E(v)-(l-v2)K(v)]
vc2 and K and E are the complete elliptic integrals. The vari-
63
ation of the function f and, for a given value of x=(q/q )= 0.2,
the yield stress qy. For the static case, the Dugdale approxi-
namic case, if one assumes that for the constant velocity frac-
largely in the fact that it also gives some idea about the de-
cates (Figure 14), the shape of the plastic zone would be, par-
the same crack length, the size of the plastic region decreases
64
Figure 18 shows such a variation where p is taken from Figure
plastic region, the size and shape of the plastic zone would
be modified.
65
dissipation in the plastic region, particularly around its
trailing boundary .
a+p •} w a+p
6UT = 4/ (x) ( 6a dx 4 3V
0 °y H ) = /o (ff
9a 6a)dx
a+p
/ 4ays (f* 6a)dx = 6U «V.
a
we obtain
6U = 6VE + <5V.
66
To have some idea about the nature of the
energy and the plastic work in the region P and the surface-
the plastic region P around the crack tip and unit thickness,
we have
Trq^aa1
y. _ Sirq^aa
= v;E + vp
8^J
D' = Ya' + V.
67
plastic work and y is the surface-free energy, where
and Orowan [90] and noted by McClintock [91] that the insta-
68
1.5 Energy Dissipation And The Experimental Studies
These are the actual kinematics of the crack growth and the
rapid fracture, what is the behavior of the crack size vs. time
size and the shape of the dissipative zone and the mechanism
69
points are raised partly to investigate the applicability of
70
the period of velocity oscillations may be high enough to be
enon.
tests [95, 96, see also 97 for summary] and Akita and Ilceda
71
and very little, if any, information can be gained on the
delay time of the breaking of the wire caused by the shear de-
wire itself.
with the exception of locations around the crack tips and the
72
instrument, the method provides a continuous measurement of
ysis, and one may have to take into consideration the possible
second. The camera used by Wells and Post was also a multiple
the best results with the high speed photography are obtained
called Robertson test plate [94]. Van Eist also used a ro-
73
d) Ultrasonic method. The ultrasonic method
the fracture surface which are some form of ripples and may
74
the crack velocity. In both of these cases, it is assumed that
available, and the velocities which are being dealt with are
retical problem.
75
and Sullivan [109]; they found that fracture toughness (which
stress intensity factor KIc and the crack velocity (see also
work caused by the rate effect) and then increases with in-
and the static theory and separate the dynamic effects from
the actual dissipation.
though the aims in these studies have been varied, within each
group the problems studied have been more or less the same.
76
of 0.11 x 0.05 cm and it was cleaved along the 010 plane. An
of 6300 ergs/cm2 for the fracture energy compares well with the
and the average terminal fracture velocity, VT, are very highly
77
b) Highly brittle amorphous solids. In this
category, we include mostly various kinds of glasses. The
c
) Polymers below glass transition temperatu re,
78
an edge crack under tension was made by Wells and Post [67].
around the crack tip are quite conclusive in agreeing with the
79
for glass, Beebe observed that the branching took place in all
80
Besides, in dynamic problems, except for very low velocities,
crack velocity.
raised over the arrest value, and, at the tip of the arrested
3/4 to 1 1/8 inch thick, 2 ft. or 6 ft. wide and 18 ft. long.
81
They were cooled by dry ice to 0°F or -10°F and subjected to
stress field around the tip of the running crack also decreased
82
The main difficulty with these tests is
83
Perhaps not as extensive but more signifi-
mittent (see also Tipper [117]); the microcracks form and grow
ahead of the main crack and then join it. Carisson also studied
the cleavage plane [17] and hence may be considered one of the
84
2 mm. at lower temperatures and the halting times varied between
particularly about their sizes will have to wait for the con-
85
geometry of the fracture surface, that is, yf increases with
which are not co-planar with the main crack. Whatever the
that they absorb energy (which may be, in some cases, ^pro-
86
the increasing fracture velocity (above a certain velocity)
main reason for the complexity of the problem in this case lies
zations .
planes, the fracture velocity may reach very high values (0.8 c2
87
b) For materials with isotropic or near-
the cleavage stress at the crack tip and <|> being the angle
between 0.3 c2 and 0.6 c2 and the latter is around 0.6 c2.
IT - V E
c
88
where IT, V, T* are, respectively, the time rates of external
surrounding the crack tip and E" is the rate of crack closure
89
steep increase in D*; furthermore, it may also turn out that
combined with the other effects at the crack tip (such as non-
cracks forming, growing and joining ahead of the main crack may
In between, one may argue that the size of these steps becomes
90
tinuous or intermittent phenomenon. This is one of the areas
attention.
not free from the influence of the reflected waves, the relative
locations and timings of the points where the strains are measured
of the stress state around the crack tip grows with the growing
91
will also grow with the growing crack. It is then important
order to have some idea about the plastic work. As seen from
this range, for example, the strain rate effects explain the
92
1.6 Summary
classical thermodynamics.
has been given and some modifications have been offered. The
93
dynamic resistance and the velocity of the propagation at the
lent to the crack closure energy which is not equal to the strain
locity in the plane and axially symmetric problems and the sh<lear
94
practice, such high velocities can be attained as a limit
95
of the material and one may cautiously conjecture that fracture
97
related question is whether this discontinuity is due to the
98
introducing them in a controlled manner.
possible case;
effect of the plastic waves. For plane loading, even the static
tral crack.
99
Fatigue Crack Propagation
(i.e., last quarter cycle) of the load and may be treated with
etry of the material— the grain size and the smallest local
100
its propagation is the cyclic slip and resulting extrusions
experimental results.
101
2.1 A Review Of Continuum Models
ahead of the crack tip and elastic elements over the remainder
3,3/2
da C-jc^a
(78)
1/2
dn (ays-a)p
102
is a constant which depends on the mechanical properties of
model:
dn 2 (79)
that
and pointed out that the effect of the mean stress in crack prop-
to a2:
da 2
air = Ca a (81)
103
McEvily and Illg [36], approaching the problem from
thus causing rupture. It was then stated that the crack propa-
gation
3 rate 4^- must be a function of the maximum stress around
dn
the crack tip:
= f(a (82)
dW max)
expressed as
(83)
ma x = Ksa= (1 +2/|),
104
cidated in his thesis [121]. The central point in this argu-
represents both the geometry and the external loads and is the
true measure of the stress state around the crack tip. Hence,
growth rate.
pointed out that even though the fourth power model (85) repre-
suming that the density of this energy around the crack tip
da
k2ep (86)
dn
105
small values of p/a ratio, it can be shown that p„k2 and hence
106
closely as possible to the basic features of the microstruc-
is justified.
107
However, this seemingly smooth growth of macrocracks
108
of these dislocations and the forces moving them have to be
the primary factors which influence the fatigue crack propaga-
tion. Thus, we will start with the following simple expression
Aa _ 4>mb (87)
An
109
of the basic deficiencies of the continuum models (including
lationship between <j> and m on one hand and the continuum vari-
ep = pAb (88)
110
the factor m will be a function of a representative length of
the plastic zone measured from the crack tip and the magnitude
■ ■ VP..x> <89)
phenomena taking place within the plastic region and that the
♦ - f2(Pr) (90>
111
As shown by Schijve [37] and Crews and Hardrath [130], the
strains around the tip of a crack or notch stabilizes after
the first few load cycles and hence it is not unreasonable to
talk about the maximum or range values of plastic strains or
corresponding plastic zone sizes.
f ( f a
l Pmax> ~- Vmax • 2^r) Vr" (91)
p
dn max Pr (92)
112
possibility of a universal power law has been ruled out.
®
[sec($2—) - 1] (93)
2a
ys
where a°° is the uniaxial stress at infinity and ays is the
a°° may be replaced by the maximum and the range value of the
made.
113
imated as
P k2 (94)
- 2 ^27—) " 2 (77->
ys ys
max (95)
ys yS
] 2
£=Bk
dn
k
max r
or letting 3 = (a + a
max min)/( Gmax " a
min)' we have
114
estimated to be [127]
TTO.
Pb = a[sec(^—) - 1] (97)
ys
2(o +a ) 2a
da 1. k*kbr
. 'l 2 l+ßb l da
(100)
1+ß dn
115
such as the atmospheric conditions have not been taken into
mean stress on the crack growth rate, where ß was varied be-
results [131].
a log-log plot, this gives the values for 2(a,+a2) which are
In the data given in [130], for all specimens o°° /a was less
msx y s
than 0.5; thus the error involved in the respective plastic zone
sizes because of the approximations (95) will be less than 15%
(see: [127]).
116
shows the correlation coefficients, r for the least square
(1+ß). In this case too, least square straight line fits re-
these values, the crack growth rates for the tests reported in
(101)
117
Figures 24 and 25 show the crack propagation rates
McEvily [132] and are shown in Figures 26 and 27. The summary
In the case of ß=0, from (100) it is seen that the crack growth
da
B k
2 (a-, +a0) da B(^>)2(Va2) (102)
ext. r , <Hn> bend
a-, and a2 would have the same values in extension and bending.
not only for bending and extension but for each group of tests
l
Di 1.4 /da_\ = B' X4 k (103)
dnJ b K
r • l
dn; br
ext. bend
118
From (102), it is seen that the theoretical value of x is 0.5
be acceptable.
and bending, (the latter shown only by its scatter band covering
tion of the model given by (92) as well as the fact that the
constants B and a-,+cx2 are essentially the same for bending and
of further studies.
the importance and necessity of the plastic zone size and the
formations, the plastic strains and the plastic zone size are
119
the stress intensity factor as a correlation parameter for
Since for the same intensity factor, the plastic zone size in
mentary rational fatigue model should include not only the me-
120
2.4 Summary
cept as well as the fact that almost all the existing theories
121
a) in the presence of appreciable plastic deformations around
ent phenomena which may have same numerical values for stress
tions and partly for the belief that a quantity based on the
loading conditions.
122
effects in an integrated theory. Particularly, among these
cyclic nature of the load taken into consideration and the re-
effort.
123
A group of problems which is worthwhile to investigate
at the crack tip. For example, Schijve [135] reports that the
124
TABLE I
B(l+ß) '-10,ö
2(a-|+a2)
(2(a.,+ci2) = 3.62)
125
TABLE II
B(l+3) '.10iy
2(a-j+a2)
(2(ai+a2) = 3.9)
126
TABLE III
Thickness
2(a-|+a2)
(in) (2(ai+a2) = 4)
7075-T6
-20 98
Extension, B=0 .081 3.68 4.12 10
[132]
2024-T3
•20 .99
Extension, ß=0 .081 3.84 2.09 10
[132]
127
LIST OF SYMBOLS
a Half-crack length
c. Dilatational wave velocity;
= Cpt
Fracture energy
U
Work of the external forces
V Elastic potential
T Kinetic energy
128
Dissipative energy
(a
Components of stress tensor
°ij x' V'1
£ij (e Components of strain tensor
x' "xy"*)
da Fatigue crack growth rate
dn
K
Range and maximum values of stress
r* max
intensity factor for cyclic loads
129
REFERENCES
16
' Ac.d;mirP?SJsa?t;.A55:n(1962).APPl1ed MeCha icS
" » Vo1
- VI1
»
17
' I'. 51I9!9("963) G
' C
' Slh
' J
' BaSlC En9in
- TranS> ASME 85
'
18
' n" LGr!St!'
p. IÖU, \ lyd \ ).
Phi1
' Trans
- Roy
' Soc
' (London), A, 222
130
19. A. A. Griffith, Proceedings of the First International
Congress for Applied Mechanics, Delft, p. 55, (1925).
131
40. S. S. Manson, Int. J. Fracture Mechanics, 2, p. 327, (1966).
132
59. G. R. Irwin, "Fracture Dynamics, Fracturing of Metals",
ASM, Cleveland, p. 147, (1948).
67. A. A. Wells and D. Post, Proc. Soc. Exp. Stress Anal., 16,
p. 69, (1958).
68. J. W. Craggs, in "Fracture of Solids", John Wiley and Sons,
p. 51 , (1963).
133
80. B. V. Kostrov, ibid, p. 1077.
134
100. H. Schardin and W. Struth, Z. tech. Physik, 18, p. 474,
(1937).
135
120. P. C. Paris, ASME Paper No. 62 - Met. - 3.
136
APPENDIX A
formation in the solid takes place along very thin strips lying
in the plane of the crack and ahead of the crack tips and let
137
For shear stress x = q at infinity, the solution valid
2c ]
)v
*2U) ^ V,F(v, ,a, ) (A.2)
y TT 1 /^T
rVi2_y2
sin a, =
1-v2
138
(A.4)
f(fl- v) - z(1-v*)K»(v)
T Z
\ ' ' 1.(3_) K(V)[E(V)-(1-V2)K(V)]
we find
ir2q2a (A.5)
=
Sq*~
M
y
139
APPENDIX B
plastic work, the stored elastic energy and the kinetic energy
waves arising from the motion of the plastic region with the
the error involved may not be great enough to change the nature
region ahead of the crack tip, the displacement and the strains
140
w(r,e,a) = J-ä. sin e
(B.I)
. 7 p cos e 2 TTpq8a2a'2
T = 1 / '/ pw' r dr de 64y*qu°
2
o o
(B.2)
7 p cos e 1 qH y) + i- q*] r dr de
Y y y 2y ^y
V = /0 /0 £V
J ez
Sirq^a2 (B.3)
T6?q7
V = Sirg^aa'
-^7
U- = / T__ W ds = / <Tez dr + T
rz r de)w
'
(B.4)
irg^aa
U* =
141
>ta2
In (B.3), V is the sum of elastic energy V,- = ^ •> and the
t I by Q /■
plastic work V.
142
S(T,,u,)
143
Dynamic Case
Corresponding Static Case
F (vh
144
-0.06-
146
FIGURE 5 - SMALL REGION AROUND THE CRACK PERIPHERY
a-adt a a a+adt
147
1.4
d(n, £o,v)
1.2
1.0
\ \ \^ /~~K4
0.6 \ \ \K ^^~10
0.4
0.2
i i i i A i
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
v _£fL
C2
148
_o
CVll CM
u u
00
Ö -t->
(N
>
<0 cc
o o
LÜ
o
z
> «c
_l
«■
o >-
es
on
LU
z
LU
1
CM
CTl
O
LU
at
=>
CD
149
Dynamic Case
Corresponding Static Case
0.6
U£«L 0=0
c-t q
ANTI-PLANE SHEAR
150
yz
151
•^1'
CM
O
^
KM
>
I
>
ICM
152
<*>
1.0
154
= 1.05
9c
1.0
<*c
\.
0.8
(U'-T-V)/Dp
DVD;
.2 -
J I 1 L
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
v
155
FIGURE 17 - RELATIVE SIZE OF PLASTIC ZONE
156
FIGURE 18 - POSSIBLE SHAPE OF THE PLASTIC ZONE
157
d(2o)
dn
(inVcyc.)
kr(lbi/in3/2)
158
kr(lb./inr*)
TENSION
159
kr(lb./in.3/2,
3
^)
lO"3-
10
d(2a)
dn
(in Aye)
10"
rS
10
-7
2x10
10 10 10
krb(lb./in3/2)
162
10 -2 -O'
o
10 -3
d(2a)
(in./tyc.)
lO"4
10 -5
o
o
-6
10
Kf 10 10
k flb./in.3/2)
rb
BENDING
163
10"
2024-T3,BARE 8 CLAD
2h =0.081 in
= 7 = 3.840
=====r=4.o
X=2(a
-3
10
d(2o)
an
(in.£yc.)
10 -4
-5
10
r6
10
Kf ioa
FULLY-REVERSED EXTENSION
164
-2
10 T
7075-T6,BARE 8 CLAD
2h« 0.081 in. 0°
o
o
-a
10
o
o
o
d(2o) o
o
dn o o
(irt/cyc.) o
o
o
o
r4
10
10"
o
o
o
o
o
-6
K)
K)a 10" 10
kr(lb./in.3/2,
0
'<)
FULLY-REVERSED EXTENSION
165
-2
10
2024-T3,BARE 8 CLAD
2h= 0.081 in.
= Bending Tests
10"
10"
d(2o)
dn
(inVcyc.)
r5
10
-6
10
-7
10
1
10" 10" 10'
p(in.)
FIGURE 28 - CRACK GROWTH RATE VS. PLASTIC ZONE SIZE