Population pyramids often contain continuous stacked-histogram bars, making it a horizontal bar diagram.

The population size is depicted on the

x-axis (horizontal) while the age-groups are represented on the y-axis (vertical).[3] The size of the population can either be measured as a
percentage of the total population or by raw number. Males are conventionally shown on the left and females on the right. Population pyramids
are often viewed as the most effective way to graphically depict the age and distribution of a population, partly because of the very clear image
these pyramids represent.[4] A great deal of information about the population broken down by age and sex can be read from a population
pyramid, and this can shed light on the extent of development and other aspects of the population.

The measures of central tendency, mean, median, and mode, should be considered when assessing a population pyramid. since the data is not
completely accurate. For example, the average age could be used to determine the type of population in a particular region. A population with
an average age of 15 would have a young population compared to a population that has an average age of 55, which would be considered an
older population. It is also important to consider these measures because the collected data is not completely accurate. The mid-year population
is often used in calculations to account for the number of births and deaths that occur.

A population pyramid gives a clear picture of how a country transitions from high fertility to low fertility rate. The broad base of the pyramid
means the majority of population lies between ages 0–14, which tells us that the fertility rate of the country is high and above population sub-
replacement fertility level. The older population is declining over time due to a shorter life expectancy of sixty years.[5] However, there are still
more females than males in these ranges since women have a longer life expectancy.

In the demographic transition model, the size and shape of population pyramids vary. In stage one of the demographic transition model, the
pyramids have the most defined shape. They have the ideal big base and skinny top. In stage two, the pyramid looks similar, but starts to widen
in the middle age groups. In stage three, the pyramids start to round out and look similar in shape to a tombstone. In stage four, there is a
decrease in the younger age groups. This causes the base of the widened pyramid to narrow. Lastly, in stage five, the pyramid starts to take on
the shape of a kite as the base continues to decrease. The shape of the population is dependent upon what the economy is like in the country.

Types
Each country will have different or unique population pyramids. However, most population pyramids will be defined as the following: stationary,
expansive, or constrictive. These types have been identified by the fertility and mortality rates of a country.[6]

"Stationary" pyramid
A pyramid can be described as stationary if the percentages of population (age and sex) remains constant over time.[7] Stationary population is
when a population contains equal birth rates and death rates.[7]

"Expansive" pyramid

A population pyramid that is very wide at the younger ages, characteristic of countries with high birth rate and low life expectancy.[6] The
population is said to be fast-growing, and the size of each birth cohort gets larger than the size of the previous year.[8]

"Constrictive" pyramid

A population pyramid that is narrowed at the bottom. The population is generally older on average, as the country has long life expectancy, a
low death rate, but also a low birth rate.[6] However, the percentage of younger population are extremely low, this can cause issues with
dependency ratio of the population.[8] This pyramid is more common when immigrants are factored out. This is a typical pattern for a very
developed country, a high level of education, easy access to and incentive to use birth control, good health care, and few negative
environmental factors

age pyramids to depict the age structure of populations. Age pyramids show age groups like 0–4, 5–9, or 10–14, along the vertical axis (y-axis)
and population size along the horizontal axis (x-axis). Each age group is broken into males and females, with a bar graph for each running
horizontally to the left and to the right.

A Population Pyramid is a pair of back-to-back Histograms (for each sex) that displays the distribution of a population in all age groups and in
both sexes. The X-axis is used to plot population numbers and the Y-axis lists all age groups.

Population Pyramids are ideal for detecting changes or differences in population patterns. Multiple Population Pyramids can be used to compare
patterns across nations or selected population groups.

The shape of a Population Pyramid can be used to interpret a population. For example, a pyramid with a very wide base and a narrow top
section suggests a population with both high fertility and death rates. Whereas, a pyramid with a wider top half and a narrower base would
suggest an ageing population with low fertility rates.
Population Pyramids can also be used to speculate a population’s future development. An ageing population that is not reproducing would
eventually run into issues such as having enough offspring to care for the elderly. Other theories such as the “Youth Bulge” state that when
there’s a wide bulge around the 16-30 age range, particularly in males, this leads to social unrest, war and terrorism.

Sex ratio

The sex ratio is the ratio of males to females in a population. In most sexually reproducing species, the ratio tends to be 1:1. This tendency is
explained by Fisher's principle.[1] For various reasons, however, many species deviate from anything like an even sex ratio, either periodically or
permanently. Examples include parthenogenic species, periodically mating organisms such as aphids, some eusocial wasps such as Polistes
fuscatus and Polistes exclamans, bees, ants, and termites.[2]

The human sex ratio is of particular interest to anthropologists and demographers. In human societies, however, sex ratios at birth may be
considerably skewed by factors such as the age of mother at birth,[3] and by sex-selective abortion and infanticide. Exposure to pesticides and
other environmental contaminants may be a significant contributing factor as well.[4] As of 2014, the global sex ratio at birth is estimated at 107
boys to 100 girls.

Types

In most species, the sex ratio varies according to the age profile of the population.[6]

It is generally divided into four subdivisions:

primary sex ratio — ratio at fertilization

secondary sex ratio — ratio at birth

tertiary sex ratio — ratio in sexually mature organisms

Also called adult sex ratio and abbreviated to ASR. ASR is defined as the proportion of adults in a population that are male.[7]

Operational sex ratio abbreviated as OSR is the proportion of adults in the sexually active population that are males. 'OSR' has often been
confused with 'ASR' although these are conceptually different.[8]

quaternary sex ratio — ratio in post-reproductive organism

SEX RATIO

The sex ratio of a population is simply the number of males relative to females. Sex ratio is often influenced with time and the life stage of
individuals. The sex ratio at fertilization is usually around 1:1 but this has often changed by the time individuals reach a sexually active age,
where females regularly have an increased abundance. At the post-reproductive stage, female abundance is also often higher than that of their
male counter-parts. These are, however, only trends and differ from species to species.