POLITICS AND ADMINISTRATION

ASSIGNMENT

Submitted By: Ayesha Abbasi

BS: 1st

Submitted to: Dr.Waqas Ali

Q:-DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERMS:-

1. POLITICS:

Politics is a work of political philosophy by Aristotle, a 4th century B.C Greek philosopher. The
title of politics literally means “the things concerning the polis”

According to David Easton politics can be defined as: authoritative allocation of value.

According to Ponton and Gill, politics is the way in which social affairs are understood and
ordered, and by which people acquire greater control over situation.

2. DEMOCRACY:

U.S President Abraham Lincoln defines democracy as a government of people, by the people,
for the people.

Jhon locke wrote “The natural liberty of man is to be free from any superior power on earth,
and not to be under the will or legislative authority of man but to be ruled only by natural
laws”.

Plato democracy originates, “when the poor win, kill or exile their opponents and give rest the
equal civil rights and opportunities of office, appointment to office being as rule by lot”.

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3. MONARCHY:

Jhon Bouvier in his American law dictionary of 1856 defined a monarchy as follows:
“Government which is ruled (really or theoretical) by one man, who is wholly set apart from all
other members of the state (called his subject)”.

Aristotle says, “Government must be in the hands of one, of a few, or of many, and
government may govern for general good or for good of the rulers. Government by a single
person for the general good is called monarchy for private benefit “tyranny”.

4. AUTHORITY:

According to Henri Fayol, “Authority is the right to give order and the power to exact
obedience”.

According to Max Weber, “Authority is defined and supported by the norms of social system
and generally accepted as legitimate by those who participate in it”.

5. DIVERSITY:

According to Kathy Castania, “Diversity means understanding that each individual is unique,
and recognizing our individual difference. These can be along the dimensions of race, ethnicity,
gender, sexual orientation, socio economic status, age and physical”.

Gardenswartz and Rowe (1994) described diversity as being like an onion, possessing layers
that once peeled away reveals the cores. According to Gardenswartz and Rowe the four layers
of diversity are organizational dimensions, external dimensions, internal dimensions and
personality.

6. AUTONOMY:

According to Kant, a person is a autonomous only if his choices and actions are unaffected by
factors that are external, or inessential to himself.

According to Millian view of autonomy, a parson is autonomous to the extent that he directs
his action in accordance with his own values desires and inclination.

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7. PLURALISM:

Karen Armstrong said. “I was drawn to Islam because of its pluralism. The Quran has a
pluralistic outlook”.

“Cultural pluralism is the only thing we all have in common”. (Tom Heehler)

8. TRANSPARENCY:

“A lack of transparency results in distrust and a deep sense of insecurity”. (Dalai Lama )

“Transparency in government leads to reduce corruption”. (Julian Assange )

9. POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS:

Political institutions are organizations which create, enforce and apply laws that mediate
conflict; make policy on the economy and social system.

Steward. “Refers to societal arrangements for legislating and enforcing laws, and provide for
social services. These institutions are branches of government that inhere respective functions
in managing the affairs of the state”

Political institutions are fair game in political debates in a democracy. Nothing is more fair game
, in fact, than political matters of public concern. (Marvin Ammori )

10. POLITICAL PROCESS:

“The political process is rough and tumble by definition, and being grounded in faith in a higher
power has proven helpful in navigating the difficult terrain” ( Hakeem Jeffries ).

Miller (1991).”A process whereby divergent opinions or interests of peoples reach collective
decisions which are generally accepted as binding and enforceable as a common policy”.

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