CIRCUIT

ANALYSIS USING
LAPLACE TRANSFORM

1
 Transforms
A mathematical conversion from one way of
thinking to another to make a problem easier to
solve.

solution inverse
transform in transform transform
way of
thinking

2
Introduction
Laplace
Transformation

Time domain Frequency domain

unknown f(t), d/dt, Diff Eqs unknown F(s), Alg Eqs

Solve
Differential Solve
Equations Algebraic
Equations

Time domain Frequency domain

known f(t) known F(s)

Inverse
Laplace
Transform
 Review of Complex Variables and
Complex functions

s    j Re(s)   Im(s)  
1   
| s |   2 2 s  tan  
 
s | s |  cos(s)  j sin(s) 
Laplace t 
Transformation L [ f (t )]    st
f (t )e dt
t 0

0, t  0 t 

 st
1(t )    , L [1(t )]  1(t ) e dt
1, t  0  t 0

t  t 
L [1(t )]   1(t )e dt 
 st  st
e dt
t 0 t 0
t 
 1  st  1 1
  e   limt  e  1 
 st

s  t 0 s s
Laplace n  at An !
Transformation L [ At e 1(t )]  n 1
( s  a)
f (t )  A cos( t )1(t ), j t  j t
 e e 
L [ A cos( t )1(t )]  L  A 1(t ) 
 2 
 e jt   e jt 
 L A 1(t )   L  A 1(t ) 
 2   2 
A 1 A 1 A  s  j   ( s  j )
  
2 s  j 2 s  j 2  s  j  s  j 
As
 2
s  2
 Inverse Transforms

 Example:
Two of these roots are distinct—namely, at s = 0 and s = —3.
A multiple root of multiplicity 2 occurs at s = — 1
Partial Fraction Expansion:
Distinct Real Roots of D(s)
Partial Fraction Expansion: Distinct
Complex Roots of D(s)
Partial Fraction Expansion:
Repeated Real Roots of D(s)
Partial Fraction Expansion:
Improper Rational Functions
 Inverse Laplace Transformation
s3 Partial fraction Expansion.
F ( s) 
( s  1)( s  2) “Cover up Rule”
A B
F ( s)  
s 1 s  2
f (t )   Ae  Be  1(t )
t 2t f (t )  
 2 e t
 (  1 )e 2t
 1(t )

s3  A B 
A: ( s  1)  ( s  1)  
( s  1)( s  2)  s  1 s  2 
 s3 
s3  B  A  A2
 A  ( s  1)    ( s  2)  s 1
( s  2)  s  2 
s3  A B 
B: ( s  2)  ( s  2)   
( s  1)( s  2)  s  1 s  2 
s3  A   s3 
 ( s  2)  B B  B  1
( s  1) 
 s  1  ( s  1)  s 2
 Laplace Note:
transform of a Lower case f indicates function
of time.
derivative Upper case F indicates function
of s.

d  (Multiplication by s) =
L  f (t )   sF ( s)  f (0)
 dt  (differentiation wrt time)

Primes and dots are often used as alternative notations for the derivative.

Dots are almost always used to denote time derivatives.

Primes might denote either time or space derivatives.

In problems with both time and space derivatives, primes are space
derivatives and dots are time derivatives.
 Inverse Laplace Transformation

s 3  5s 2  9 s  7 s3 A B
F ( s)   s2  s2 
( s  1)( s  2) ( s  1)( s  2) s 1 s  2

f (t )   '(t )  2 (t )  Aet  Be2t  1(t )

A and B same as in previous problem.

f (t )   '(t )  2 (t )  2et  e2t  1(t )

 Inverse Laplace Transformation
2s  12
F ( s)  2 , s 2  2s  5  ( s  1  j 2)( s  1  j 2)
s  2s  5
2s  12 A A
F (s)   
( s  1  j 2)( s  1  j 2) ( s  1  j 2) ( s  1  j 2)

f (t )   Ae (1 j 2)t  Ae(1 j 2)t  1(t )

f (t )  2.6926et  e j (2t 1.1903)  e j (2t 1.1903)  1(t )

f (t )  5.3852et cos(2t  1.1903)  1(t )

 2s  12  2(1  j 2)  12
A    1  2.5 j  2.6926e 1.1903 j

 s  1  j 2  s 1 j 2 1  j 2  1  j 2
A  2.6926e1.1903 j
 Inverse Laplace Transformation
s 2  2s  3 A B C A B C
F ( s)       
( s  1) 3
s  1 ( s  1) ( s  1)
2 3
s  1 ( s  1) ( s  1)3
2

 C 
f (t )   Aet  Btet  t 2et  1(t ) f (t )  2et  t 2et  1(t )
 2 
 2s  3 3 A C 
2
s B
( s  1) 3
 ( s  1)    3
( s  1) 3
 s  1 ( s  1) 2
( s  1) 
s 2  2s  3  (s  1)2 A  (s  1) B  C
 s 2  2s  3  (s  1)2 A  ( s  1) B  C  C 2
s 1 s 1
d 
B    s 2  2s  3    2s  2s 1  0
 ds  s 1
 d2 2  d  2
A   2  s  2s  3   
 ds  2 s 2
 2 

 ds  s 1  s 1
 Inverse Laplace Transformation

sa  b  3a sa  b  3a A B
X ( s)  2   
s  3s  2 ( s  1)( s  2) s  1 s  2
 t 2t

x(t )   Ae  Be  1(t )  (2a  b)e  (a  b)e  1(t )
t 2t

 sa  b  3a   sa  b  3a 
A  B   
 s  2  s 1  s  1  s 2
 b  2a B  b  a
Solving DEs x  2 x  5x  3, x(0)  0, x(0)  0
3
s X ( s)  2sX ( s)  5 X ( s) 
2
A  .6
s B  .3  .15 j
3
 s  2s  5 X ( s) 
2

s  .3354e j 2.6779

3 B  .3  .15 j
X ( s) 
s( s  1  2 j )( s  1  2 j )  j 2.6779
 .3354e
A B B
X ( s)   
s s 1 2 j s 1 2 j
x(t )   A  Be  (1 2 j ) t
 Be  (1 2 j ) t
 1(t )
 The Laplace Transform
Transform Pairs:
f(t) F(s)
F(s)  ( t ) 1
1
u( t ) f (t ) F ( s)
____________________________________ s

 st 1
e
sa
1
t 2
s
n n!
t
s n 1
 The Laplace Transform
Transform Pairs:
f(t) F(s)
F(s)
 at w
e sin( wt )
(s  a)2  w 2
 at sa
e cos( wt )
(s  a)  w
2 2

s sin   w cos 
sin( wt   )
s2  w2
s cos   w sin 
cos( wt   )
s w
2 2
 Laplace Circuit Analysis
Circuit Element Modeling

i(t) I(s)

+
v(t) _ V(s)
+
_
 Laplace Circuit Analysis
Circuit Element Modeling

Resistance

+
+
v(t) = Ri(t) R v(t) Time Domain
_
_

+
+
V(s) = RI(s) R V(s) Complex Frequency Domain
_
_

+
I(s) +
V(s) = G V(s)
G_
_
 Laplace Circuit Analysis
Circuit Element Modeling

Inductor

i(t)
+
di(t)
v
L t= L
_ dt

+
I(s)
sL
Best for mesh VL(s)
_
VL(s) = sLI(s) - Li(0)
Li(0)
_ +

+
I(s)
i(0)
Best for nodal VL(s) s sL

_
 Laplace Circuit Analysis
Capacitor +
i(t)
1t
vc (t )   i(t )dt  vc (0)
_
C0

+
I(s)
1
sC I(s) vc(0)
Mesh VC(s) VC(s) = +
+
VC(0) sC s
_
s
_

+
I(s)
1 vC(s)
Nodal vc(0)C sC
_
 Laplace Circuit Analysis
Time domain to complex frequency domain
v 1 (0)
R! _ L2 R2
+ _
+ C1 v 2 (0) i2 (t) _
C2
VA(t) + VB (t)
_ L1
i1 (t) +

v 1 (0)
_ L2i2(0)
R! + s sL 2 +
_
R2

1 1
sC 1 sC 2 _
v 2 (0)
+ +
VA(s) + s
VB(s)
_ _
sL 1
+
L1i1(0)
_
 Laplace Circuit Analysis
Circuit Application:
Given the circuit below. Assume zero IC’s. Use Laplace to find vc(t).

The time domain circuit:

t=0 100 

+
+
2u(t) V 0.001 F
v c (t)
_
_ Laplace circuit
t=0
 2  1000  100 
  
Vc ( s )   s  s 
+
1000
100  +
s 2 1000
I(s) s Vc(s)
s _
20
Vc ( s )  _
s( s  10)
 Laplace Circuit Analysis
Circuit Application:
t=0
100 

+
+
2 1000
I(s) s Vc(s)
s _
_

20 2 2
Vc ( s )   
s( s  10) s s  10


vc ( t )  2  2e 10t u( t ) 
 Laplace Circuit Analysis
Circuit Application:
Given the circuit below. Assume vc(0) = - 4 V. Use Laplace to find vc(t).

The time domain circuit:

t=0 100 

+
+
2u(t) V 0.001 F
v c (t)
_
_
Laplace circuit:
t=0
100 

2 4  1000  +
  I ( s )100 
s 
1000
s s  2
+ s
I(s) _ Vc(s)
s _ 4
6 s
100 I ( s )  + _
s  10
 Laplace Circuit Analysis
Circuit Application:
t=0
100  1
2
1000
+  100 I ( s )  Vc ( s )  0
+ s s
2
I(s) _ Vc(s)
s _ 4
s + 2 6
_
  Vc ( s )
s s  10
2  4 s  20 A B
Vc ( s )   
s( s  10) s s  10 Check the boundary conditions

vc(0) = - 4 V
2 6 3
Vc ( s )  
s s  10
vc(oo) = 2 V


v ( t )  2  6e 10 t u( t ) 
 Laplace Circuit Analysis
Circuit Application: Find i0(t) using Laplace

1 2 2H

+ i0 (t)
Time Domain 4u(t) 1 e-tu(t)
_ 1F

1 2 2s

+
Laplace 4 1
s I 1 (s) 1 I 2 (s) 1 I 3 (s)
_ s s+1
 Laplace Circuit Analysis
Circuit Application: Find i0(t) using Laplace

1 2 2s

+
4 1
s I 1 (s) 1 I 2 (s) 1 I 3 (s)
_ s s+1

Mesh 1

( s  1) I 2 ( s) 4
I1 ( s )  
s s s

( s  1) I1 ( s )  I 2 ( s )  4
 Laplace Circuit Analysis
Circuit Application: Find i0(t) using Laplace

1 2

+
4 1
s I 1 (s) 1 I 2 (s) 1 I 3 (s)
_ s s+1

Mesh 2
1 3s  1
I1 ( s )  I 2 ( s)  I 3 ( s)  0
s s
1 3s  1 1
I1 ( s )  I 2 ( s)  0
s s s 1
s
 I1 ( s )  ( 3 s  1) I 2 ( s ) 
s 1

 ( s  1) I1 ( s )  ( s  1)( 3 s  1) I 2 ( s )  s
 Laplace Circuit Analysis
Circuit Application: Find i0(t) using Laplace

+
4 1
s I 1 (s) 1 I 2 (s) 1 I 3 (s)
_ s s+1

( s  1) I1 ( s )  I 2 ( s )  4 Add these 2
equations
 ( s  1) I1 ( s )  ( s  1)( 3s  1) I 2 ( s )  s

s( 3 s  4) I 2 ( s )  s  4
 Laplace Circuit Analysis
Circuit Application: Find i0(t) using Laplace

+
4 1
s I 1 (s) 1 I 2 (s) 1 I 3 (s)
_ s s+1

s(3s  4) I 2 ( s )  s  4

Is final value of
1 ( s  4)
I ( s)  3
1
  3
2 i2(t) reasonable?
2
s( s  4 ) s s 4
3 3
2  43t
i2 ( t )  [ 1  e ] u( t )
3
Laplace
Transformation

L [ (t )]  1