Mark Kevin J.

Pascual BSEE 1-B September 12, 2019

o What is Chemical Kinetics?

-area of chemistry dealing with speeds/rates of reactions.

o What are the factors that affect chemical reaction rate?

Factor Effect on Reaction Rate
temperature increasing temperature increases reaction rate
pressure increasing pressure increases reaction rate
concentration in a solution, increasing the amount of reactants
increases the reaction rate
state of gases react more readily than liquids, which react more
matter readily than solids

catalysts a catalyst lowers activation energy, increasing reaction

rate
mixing mixing reactants improves reaction rate

o What is chemical equilibrium?

-Chemical equilibrium is a state in which the rate of the forward reaction

equals the rate of the backward reaction. In other words, there is no net change

in concentrations of reactants and products. This kind of equilibrium is also

called dynamic equilibrium.

o What is acid-base equilibria?

A great many processes involve proton transfer, or acid-base types of

reactions. As many biological systems depend on carefully controlled pH, these

types of processes are extremely important. The pH is defined by

pH≡−loga(H+)≈−log[H+](9.7.1)(9.7.1)pH≡−log⁡a(H+)≈−log⁡[H+]

where a is the activity of hydronium ions and [H+][H+] is the true

concentration of hydronium ions (both in mol/L).

The dissociation of a weak acid in water is governed by the equilibrium

defined by

HA(aq)⇌H+(aq)+A−(aq)(9.7.2)(9.7.2)HA(aq)⇌H+(aq)+A−(aq)

The equilibrium constant for such a reaction, KaKa, takes the form

Ka=[H+][A−][HA](9.7.3)(9.7.3)Ka=[H+][A−][HA]

As is the case for all thermodynamic equilibrium constants, the

concentrations are replaced by activities and the equilibrium constant is

unitless. However, if all species behave ideally (have unit activity coefficients)

the units can be used as a very useful guide in solving problems.