Fuel injection

Fuel injection is the introduction of fuel in an internal combustion engine, most commonly automotive
engines, by the means of an injector. All diesel engines use fuel injection by design. Petrol engines can
use gasoline direct injection, where the fuel is directly delivered into the combustion chamber, or indirect
injection where the fuel is mixed with air before the intake stroke.On petrol engines, fuel injection
replaced carburetors from the 1980s onward.

Carburetors
Gasoline engines are designed to take in exactly the right
amount of air so the fuel burns properly, whether the
engine is starting from cold or running hot at top speed.
Getting the fuel-air mixture just right is the job of a clever
mechanical gadget called a carburetor.

Here’s how it works:

1. Air flows into the top of the carburetor from the car's air intake,
passing through a filter that cleans it of debris.
2. When the engine is first started, the choke (blue) can be set so
it almost blocks the top of the pipe to reduce the amount of air
coming in (increasing the fuel content of the mixture entering
the cylinders).
3. In the center of the tube, the air is forced through a narrow kink
called a venturi. This makes it speed up and causes its pressure
to drop.
4. The drop in air pressure creates suction on the fuel pipe (right),
drawing in fuel (orange).
5. The throttle (green) is a valve that swivels to open or close the
pipe. When the throttle is open, more air and fuel flows to the
cylinders so the engine produces more power and the car goes
faster.
6. The mixture of air and fuel flows down into the cylinders.
7. Fuel (orange) is supplied from a mini-fuel tank called the float-
feed chamber.
8. As the fuel level falls, a float in the chamber falls and opens a
valve at the top.
9. When the valve opens, more fuel flows in to replenish the
chamber from the main gas tank. This makes the float rise and
close the valve again.
Here are some disadvantages of carburetor:

At a very low speed, the mixture supplied by a carburetor is so weak that it will not ignite properly and for
its enrichment, at such conditions some arrangement in the carburetor is required.The working of
carburetor is affected by changes of atmospheric pressure.

It gives the proper mixture at only one engine speed and load, therefore, suitable only for engines running
at constant speed increase or decrease. More fuels are consumed since carburetors are heavier than fuel
injectors.

More air emissions than fuel injectors. Maintenance costs of carburetor is higher than with fuel injection
system.

FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM

Traditionally, the fuel/air mixture is controlled by the carburetor, an instrument that is by no

means perfect. Its major disadvantage is that a single carburetor supplying a four-
cylinder engine cannot give each cylinder precisely the same fuel/air mixture because some of
the cylinders are further away from the carburetor than others.

TYPES OF FUEL INJECTORS

Single-Point or Throttle-Body Injection

The earliest and simplest type of fuel injection, single-point simply

replaces the carburetor with one or two fuel-injector nozzles in the throttle body, which is the throat
of the engine’s air intake manifold. For some automakers, single-point injection was a stepping stone
to the more complex multipoint system. Though not as precise as the systems that have followed,
TBI meters fuel with better control than a carburetor and is less expensive and easier to service.

Port or Multipoint Fuel Injection

Multipoint fuel injection devotes a separate injector nozzle to each cylinder, right outside its intake
port, which is why the system is sometimes called port injection. Shooting the fuel vapor this close to
the intake port almost ensures that it will be drawn completely into the cylinder. The main advantage
is that MPFI meters fuel more precisely than do TBI designs, better achieving the desired air-fuel
ratio and improving all related aspects. Also, it virtually eliminates the possibility that fuel will
condense or collect in the intake manifold. With TBI and carburetors, the intake manifold must be
designed to conduct the engine’s heat, a measure to vaporize liquid fuel.

This is unnecessary on engines equipped with MPFI, so the intake manifold can be formed from
lighter-weight material, even plastic. Incremental fuel-economy improvements result. Also, where
conventional metal intake manifolds must be located atop the engine to conduct heat, those used in
MPFI can be placed more creatively, granting engineers design flexibility.
Sequential Fuel Injection

Sequential fuel injection, also called sequential port fuel injection (SPFI) or timed injection, is a type
of multiport injection. Though basic MPFI employs multiple injectors, they all spray their fuel at the
same time or in groups. As a result, the fuel may “hang around” a port for as long as 150
milliseconds when the engine is idling. This may not seem like much, but it’s enough of a
shortcoming that engineers addressed it: Sequential fuel injection triggers each injector nozzle
independently. Timed like spark plugs, they spray the fuel immediately before or as their intake valve
opens. It seems like a minor step, but efficiency and emissions improvements come in very small
doses.

Direct Injection

Direct injection takes the fuel injection concept about as far as it can go, injecting fuel directly into
the combustion chambers, past the valves. More common in diesel engines, direct injection is
starting to pop up in gasoline engine designs, sometimes called DIG for direct-injection gasoline.
Again, fuel metering is even more precise than in the other injection schemes, and the direct
injection gives engineers yet another variable to influence precisely how combustion occurs in the
cylinders. The science of engine design scrutinizes how the air-fuel mixture swirls around in the
cylinders and how the explosion travels from the ignition point. Things such as the shape of cylinders
and pistons; port and spark plug locations; timing, duration and intensity of the spark; and number of
spark plugs per cylinder (more than one is possible) all affect how evenly and completely fuel
combusts in a gasoline engine. Direct injection is another tool in that discipline, one that can be used
in low-emissions lean-burn engines.
Car suspension
Suspension is the system of tires, tire air, springs, shock absorbers and linkages that connects
a vehicle to its wheels and allows relative motion between the two. Suspension systems must support
both road holding/handling and ride quality,] which are at odds with each other.

TYPES OF SUSPENSION SYSTEM

1)INDEPENDENT SUSPENSION SYSTEM

This system means that the suspension is set-up in such a way that allows the wheel on the left and right side
of the vehicle to move vertically independent up and down while driving on uneven surface. A force acting on
the single wheel does not affect the other as there is no mechanical linkage present between the two hubs of
the same vehicle. In most of the vehicle it is employed in front wheels. This types of suspension usually offers
better ride quality and handling due to less unsprung weight. The main advantage of independent suspension
are that they require less space, they provide easier steer ability, low weight etc.. Examples of Independent
suspension are Double Wishbones

2)DEPENDENT SUSPENSION SYSTEM

IN Dependent Suspension there is a rigid linkage between the two wheels of the same axle. A force acting on
one wheel will effect the opposite wheel. For each motion of the wheel caused by road irregularities affects the
coupled wheel as well. It is mostly employed in heavy vehicles. It can bear shocks with a great capacity than
independent suspension. Example of this system is Solid Axle.

3)SEMI-INDEPENDENT SYSTEM

This type of system has both the characteristics of dependent as well as independent suspension. In semi-
independent suspension, the wheel move relative to one another as in independent suspension but the position
of one wheel has some effect on the other wheel. This is done with the help of twisting suspension parts.
Example of semi-independent is Twist Beam

1 Dependent Suspension vs Independent Suspension