‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

‫اسال هللا العلى العظيم‬

‫ان ينفعنا بما علمنا‬
‫ويجعل الملف ده‬
‫فايدة لكم باذن هللا ده‬
‫تجميعى من الفايالت‬
‫اللى على الجروب ومن‬
‫على النت اسال هللا‬
‫العلى العظيم ان‬
‫يجعله فى ميزان‬
‫حسناتى وال تنسونى من‬
‫دعائكم‬
 ‫واعتذر عن اى خطأ‬
‫كتابى وهذا الملف‬
‫ليس كل االجزاء‬
Om yomna

Microbiology
Protozoa
Intestinal
Entameba histolytica
Giardia lambilia
Blantidium coli
fecal – oral‫دول بينتقلوا عن طريق‬
cyst / trophozoite ‫بنتعرف عليهم عن طريق‬
In stool
Urogenital
Trichomonas vaginalis
sexual ‫تنتقل عن طريق‬
tropozoite only ‫وبنتعرف عليها عن طريق‬
urine & swab discharge

Blood
‫ اللى فى الدم بتعرف عليها عن طريق‬protozoa ‫كل ال‬
Thick ‫ الماليا الوحيدة اللى بتعرف عليها ب‬Blood Film
blood film
1- plasmodium malaria ( intracellular )
female Anopheles ‫ بواسطة‬sporozoites‫تنتقل عن طريق‬Malaria ‫تسبب‬
Non motile protozoa
2- Toxoplasma gondii ( intracellular )
oocyst in cat feces ‫ تنتقل عن طريق‬toxoplasmosis ‫تسبب ال‬
definitive host………cat
intermediate host ….. Human
‫وايضا من صفاتها‬
Non motile protozoa
Multiply interacellular
Can cause fetal cerebral infection
3- Trypanosoma cruzi ( American)
Roduvdii ‫ وتنتقل عن طريق‬Chaga's disease ( myocarditis )‫تسبب‬
bug
Motile protozoa

4- Trypanosoma rhodesiense (African )

‫تنتقل عن‬Trypanosoma gambiense‫ هى و‬Sleeping sickness ‫تسبب‬
Tse Tse fly ‫طريق‬
5- Leishmania donovani
‫وتنتقل‬Black fever ‫وايضا‬Visceral leshmaniasis( Kala azar ) ‫تسبب‬
Sand fly(larva) ‫عن طريق‬

The worm
‫ ما عدا‬ova ‫كل الديدان بتعرف عليها عن طريق ال‬
larva‫بتعرف عليها عن طريق ال‬Strongyloides stercoralis
*** Nematodes (Round worm )
1- Ascaris lubricoides
‫ وتنتقل عن طريق‬Abdominal pain & Pneumonitis‫تسبب‬
Fecal- oral Eating ova
2- Trichuris trichiura ( whip worm )
Eating ova‫وتنتقل عن طريق‬Abdominal pain & vomiting ‫تسبب‬
Fecal- oral
‫صفات البويضة بتاعتها‬
Barrel shapped egg,yellow brown in colour with acolorless
protruding mucoid plug in each end

3- Enterobius vermicularis ( pin worm )

Eating ova ‫ وتنتقل عن طريق‬Autoinfection in children ‫تسبب‬
intestine ‫ ال تضع بويضة فى‬Fecal- oral
4- Ancylostoma duodenal( hook worms )
Pneumonitis& Bleeding in stool & anemia ‫تسبب‬
Filariform larva penetrate the skin‫وتنتقل عن طريق‬
5- Strongyloides stercoralis
Filariform larva penetrate ‫ وتنتقل عن طريق‬pneumonitis ‫تسبب‬
larva‫ ودى الوحيدة اللى بنتعرف عليها عن طريق ال‬the skin
6- Trichinella spiralis
‫(وتنتقل‬muscle inflammation ) Larva encysted in tissues ‫تسبب‬
Encysted larva of Uncooked pig meat ‫عن طريق‬
***Trematodes ( flukes )
1-schistasoma mansoni ‫فى البراز‬
Schistasomasis& colon Damage ‫ وتسبب‬Mesenteric venules ‫تصيب‬
Cercaria ‫وتنتقل عن طريق‬
2- schistasoma hematobium ‫فى البول‬

Schistasomasis( Hematuria )& ‫ وتسبب‬Bladder venules‫تصيب‬

Cercaria ‫ وتنتقل عن طريق‬bladder Damage

3- Fasciola hepatica
&Abdominal pain ‫ وتسبب‬liver and bile duct ‫تصيب ال‬
metacercaria ‫ وتنتقل عن طريق‬jaundice
4-Paragonimus westermani
‫ وتنتقل عن طريق‬Chest pain & cough ‫ وتسبب‬lung ‫تصيب ال‬
sputum‫ ويمكن عزلها من ال‬metacercaria

***Cestodes ( tape worms )

1- Taenia saginata (beef tape worm)
cystcercus larva ‫وممكن يجبها‬cyst ‫ وتنتقل عن طريق‬taeniasis‫تسبب‬
2- Taenia solium (pork tape worm )
Taenia saginata ‫زى‬
3- Echinococcus granulosus
dog ‫ العائل بتاعها‬Ova of dog feces ‫ وتنتقل عن طريق‬hydatid ‫تسبب‬
4- Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tape worm )
 ( perinicious anemia) Vitamin B12 ‫تسبب‬
Eating Uncooked fish ‫وتنتقل عن طريق‬
5- Hymenolepis nana(dwarf tape worm )
Fecal- oral‫ وتنتقل عن طريق‬hymenoleposis ‫تسبب‬
Eating ova

Gram Positive & Negative ‫انواع الجرام الموجب والسالب‬

************************************************
Comparison chart
Gram-negative Gram-positive
Bacteria Bacteria

Can be decolourized Retain crystal violet

to accept counter dye and stain dark
stain (Safranin or violet or purple, they
Gram reaction Fuchsine); stain red remain coloured blue
or pink, they don't or purple with gram
retain the Gram stain when washed
stain when washed with absolute alcohol
 Gram-negative Gram-positive
Bacteria Bacteria

with absolute and water.

alcohol and acetone.

Thin (single- Thick (multilayered)

Peptidoglycan layer
layered)

Teichoic acids Absent Present in many

Periplasmic space Present Absent

Outer membrane Present Absent

Lipopolysaccharide High Virtually none

(LPS) content

High (due to Low (acid-fast

Lipid and presence of outer bacteria have lipids
lipoprotein content membrane) linked to
peptidoglycan)

4 rings in basal 2 rings in basal body

Flagellar structure
body

Primarily Primarily Exotoxins

Toxins produced
Endotoxins
 Gram-negative Gram-positive
Bacteria Bacteria

Resistance to Low High

physical disruption

Inhibition by basic Low High

dyes

Susceptibility to Low High

anionic detergents

Resistance to Low High

sodium azide

Resistance to drying Low High

The cell wall is 70- The cell wall is 100-

120 Armstrong 120 Armstrong thick,
thick two single layered. The
Cell wall layered.The lipid Lipid content of the
composition content is 20-30% cell wall is low ,
(High), whereas whereas Murein
Murein content is content is 70-80%
10-20% (Low). (Higher).

Mesosome Mesosome is less Mesosome is more

 Gram-negative Gram-positive
Bacteria Bacteria

prominent. prominent.

Antibiotic More resistant More susceptible to

Resistance to antibiotics. antibiotics

Pathogenesis in humans
90-95% of Gram negative bacteria are pathogenic. On the
other hand, many Gram-positive bacteria are non-
pathogenic.
Not only do gram-negative bacteria tend to be harmful to
humans, they are also more resistant to antibiotics. They
also develop resistance sooner

Gram +ve
Actinomyces (Gram +) ‫ شعيرى‬Filamentous

Respiratory Diseases,
cavities ‫تسوس االسنان‬
Nocardia (Gram +) Filamentous

Respiratory Diseases ‫امراض التنفسية‬

Streptomyces (Gram +) Filamentous

Antibiotics ‫المضادات الحيوية‬

Bacillus (Gram +) Endospore

B. anthracis: anthrax ‫الجمرة الخبيثة‬

Other strains, food poisoning ‫تسمم االكل‬
Clostridium (Gram +) Obligate Anaerobe Endospore

C. tetani: tetanus‫تشنج العضالت والعنق‬

C. perfringens: food poison,
gas gangrene ‫الغارغرينا الغازية‬
C. botulinum: botulism ‫تسمم من اكل اللحم‬
Gardnerella (Gram +) Rods

Vaginitis ‫التهاب المهبل‬

Listeria (Gram +) Rod
Fetal Pathogens ‫مسببات االمراض للجنين‬
Newborn meningitis ‫التهاب السحايا لحديثى الوالدة‬
Propionibacterium (Gram +) Rods
Acne ‫حب الشباب‬

Mycobacterium (Gram +) Acid Fast

M leprae ‫الجزامية‬
M tuberculosis ‫السل‬
Mycoplasma (Gram +) No cell Wall

Walking pneumonia ‫المشى االلتهاب الرئوى‬

Staphylococcus (Gram +) Cocci in clusters ‫مكورة فى مجموعات‬

S epidermidis
S aureus
Methicillin Resistant Staph aureus (MRSA)
Vancomycin Resistant Staph aureus (VRSA)
Streptococcus (Gram +) COCCI IN CHAINS ‫مكورات فى سالسل‬
S pneumonia: Alpha hemolysis
S pyogenes: Beta hemolysis
S mutans: Cavities ‫تسوس االسنان‬

Corynebacterium (Gram +)
Pleiomorphic
C. Diphtheriae

Enterococcus (Gram +)
Vancomycin Resistant E__________ (VRE)

Lactobacillus (Gram +)

Vaginal Flora

Gram –ve
Enterobacter (gram -) Rod

Opportunistic UTI (urinary tract infections) ‫التهاب المسالك البولية‬

Escherichia (gram -) {E. coli} Rod
 Normal GI tract
O157:H7 strain
Hemophilus (gram -) ROD

H influenza ‫انفلوانزا‬
URI (upper respiratory infections) ‫التهاب الجهاز التنفسى العلوى‬
Epiglottitis ‫التهاب لسان المزما ر‬
Meningitis ‫التهاب السحايا‬
Otitis ‫التهاب االذن‬
Klebsiella (gram -) ROD

Hemorrhagic pneumoniae ‫النزيف الرئوى‬

Proteus (gram -) ROD

"Opportunistic UTI ‫التهاب المسالك البولية‬

Salmonella (gram -) ROD

Typhus ‫التيفويد‬
Food poisoning ‫تسمم الغذاء‬

Serratia (gram -) ROD

"Opportunistic UTI ‫التهاب المسالك البولية‬

Respiratory Infections ‫التهاب الجهاز التنفسى‬
Shigella (gram -) ROD

Dysentery ‫زحار‬
Yersinia (gram -) ROD

Plague ‫طاعون‬
Campylobacter (gram -) ‫ منحنى‬Curved Rod

GI infections ‫التهاب الجهاز الهضمى‬

Helicobacter (gram -) CURVED ROD

Peptic Ulcer ‫قرحة‬

Vibrio (gram -) CURVED ROD

Cholera ‫كوليرا‬
GI disease ‫التهاب الجهاز الهضمى‬
Bortadella (gram -) ‫هوائى‬Rod Aerobe

B. Pertussis ‫السعال الديكى‬

Burkholderia (gram -) Rod Aerobe

B cepacia: ‫بى الشرهة‬

Cystic Fibrosis patients!! ‫مرضى التليف الكيسى‬
Legionella (gram -) ROD AEROBES

pneumonia ‫االلتهاب الرئوى‬

Pseudomonas (gram -) ROD AEROBES

Pyocyanin (blue-green pigment)

Nosocomiel infections (aquired at a hospital) ‫التهابات المكتسبة من المستشفى‬
Burn patinets!!! ‫حرق‬
"Cystic Fibrosis patients!!! ‫مرضى التليف الكيسى‬
Fusobacterium (gram -) ‫الهوائى‬Rod Anaerobe

Gingivitis ‫التهاب اللثة‬

Chlamydia (gram -) Obligate Intercellular Parasite (<--O.I.P)

STD
Trachoma (blindness) ‫العمى‬
Pneumonia ‫االلتهاب الرئوى‬
Rickettsia (gram -) Obligate Intercellular Parasite (<-- O.I.P)

Rocky Mtn spotted fever ‫روكى المبقعة‬

" Enter host through vectors (term: arthropod borne) ‫ادخال المضيف من‬
‫خالل ناقالت‬

Leptospiria (gram -) ‫ ملتوية‬SPIROCHETE

leptospirosis ‫داء اللولبية النحيفة‬

Treponema (gram -) ‫ملتوية‬SPIROCHETE

T pallidum –syphilis ‫الشاحبة‬

Neisseria (gram -) AEROBE DIPLOCOCCUS

N gonorrheae
N meningitides ‫السحائية‬
Nitrobacter (gram -)
---------------------
Nitrogen fixing bacteria ‫البكتريا المثبتة للنيتروجين‬
Thiobacter (gram -)
----------------
Sulfur reducing ‫الكبريت الحد‬

Acetobacter (gram -)
-------------------
Acetic acid from ethanol
Borrelia (gram -)
Spirochete ‫الملتوية‬
Lyme Disease ‫مرض اليم‬
Arthropod borne ‫المفصلية المنقولة‬
media ‫على ال‬colonies ‫الوان ال‬
E.coli & Klebsiella
yellow ‫لونها‬XLD&CLED ‫ على‬pink ‫ لونها‬MacConkey ‫على ال‬
Citrate &Indole ‫بفرق بين االتنين بواسطة اختبارات زى‬
E.coli –ve & +ve
Klebsiella +ve & -ve

Salmonella & Shigella

Pink ‫ لونها‬XLD‫ على ال‬colorless ‫لونها‬MacConkey ‫على ال‬
‫ فى‬H2S ‫بفرق بين السالمونيال والشيجال عن طريق تكوين لون اسود نتيجة‬
‫السالمونيال فقط‬

Proteus
pale non-lactose fermenting ‫لونها‬MacConkey ‫على ال‬
colonies on there media
Fish Like Odour ‫تتميز برائحة‬

Pseudomonas
‫صفاتها‬
Grennish coloration
Sweet grap like odour
Specific media Cetrimide agar
Vibrio cholera
Yellow ‫ لونها‬TCBS ‫على‬

C.diphtheria
gray to black ‫لونها‬Blood agar ‫على‬

Strebtococcus B . hemolytic
Ex: S.pyogenes
On Blood agar give Clear zone around the colony

Non hemolytic streptococcus

(alpha hemolytic)
Ex: S.viridans & S.pneumonine
On Blood agar give Green zone around the colony
‫افرق ازاى بين االتنين دول عن طريق االتى‬
S. viridans S.pneumonine
Facultative anaerobic aerobic
Insoluble in bile Soluble in bile
Resistance to optochin Sensitive to optochin
Staphylo.aureus
On nutral agar give …… golden yellow colony
On mannitol salt media …..yellow haloes surround the colony
deu to acid formation

Non pathogenic starin of staph.

Give …….Pink colony

Neisseria
The colony grayish yellow and rough

The selective media for it is ……Thayer _ martin media

Ex : N.gonorrhoea
Ferment glucose only
Ex: N.meningitidis
Ferment glucose & maltose
 ‫نتائج بعض التحاليل‬
** Coagulase
+ve in S.aureus

**catalase
-ve in Streptococci
+ve in Staphylococci
C.diphtheria
Listeria
Brucella
All Enterobacteria(E.coli ,Salmonella,klebsiella,……..)

**Oxidase
+ve -ve
Neisseria E.coli
Pseudomonas Salmonella
Vibrio cholera Klebsiella
H.pylori Shigella
Brucella Haemphilas
**Citrate
+ve -ve
Salmonella E.coli
Klebsiella

**Indole
+ve -ve
E.coli Salmonella
Proteus (except primirabilis) Klebsiella
Vibrio cholera

** Urease
+ve -ve
Proteus E.coli
H.pylori Salmonella
Brucella Shigella

**Quellung,s test
+ve -ve
S.pneumonia C.diphtheria
H.influenza
Klebsella pneumonia
IMVIC Test
‫اختصار ل‬
Indole test
Methyl_Red test
Voges _ Proskauer test
Citrate utilization test
E.coli ++--
Enterobacter aerogenes --++
Proteus vulgris ++--
Citrobacter freundeii -+-+

Deffertiation of Microorganism according to

Tempreature PH
Psycophiles 15-20 c Acidophilic PH>7
Mesophiles 25-40 c Neutrophilic PH=7.2-7.4
Thermophiles 50-60c Basophilic PH <7
***Bacteria most grow on PH 6.5 – 7.5 & 37 C
*** Fungi grow on PH 5-6
***Halophiles …Bacteria grow in high salt (30%salt)
Types of Media
**Neutrient
**Plate count Agar
**Neutrient Agar
**Trpticase soy Agar

** Selective
** EMB (Eosin Methelen Blue)………..Coliform
**MacConkey Agar…………………….Gram –ve
**XLD(Xylose Lysine Desoxyscholate)..Gram –ve
**Buffered charcoal yeast extract agar…Gram –ve
** HE(Hektoen enteric agar) …………….Gram –ve
**MSA(Mannitol salt Agar )………………Gram +ve
**Baird_ Porker ……………….Gram +ve (Staphylococci)
**TB (Terrific Broth )……………..E.coli

** Differential
**EMB …….for Lactose fermentation
**MacConkey..For Lactose Fermentation
**MSA…….For Mannitol Fermentation
**X_ Gal Plate …..For Lac Operon Mutans
Stain ‫الصبغات‬
**Gram stain
(gram +ve & gram –ve ( ‫بتفرق بين‬
**Iron Hematoxy line & Trichoma stain
Used to…..Detect Fecal Protozoa
**Wright _ Giemsa Stain
Used to…….Detect Blood Protozoa
**Methanamine Silver Stain
Used in Histology lab
**Acid Fast Stain
‫ تستخدم ل‬ziehl _ neelsen stain ‫اهم واحدة‬
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Crystal Violet ‫وهذه الصبغة ال يوجد فيها‬

Cocci
Gram +Ve & Gram –Ve
Gram +Ve ‫تنقسم الى‬
** Group ……Staphylococci
**Chain …………..Streptococci
** Diplo…………..Penumococci ‫الوحيدة اللى ليها كبسولة‬
Gram –Ve
Neisseria
‫ تتميز باالتى‬cocci ‫كل ال‬
**Non Motile
** Non Spore forming
**Non capsulate
** Pencillin ‫ هو‬cocci ‫عالج ال‬
 ‫المناعة‬

‫الخواص اقصد بيها االسئلة اللى وردت فى‬

‫االمتحانات‬
IgM
‫تعريفه هو‬
Immunoglobulin M, or IgM for short, is a basic antibody that is produced by B cells. IgM is
by far the physically largest antibody in the human circulatory system. It is the first antibody
to appear in response to initial exposure to an
antigen.[1][2] The spleen whereplasmablasts reside is the major site of specific IgM production

‫خواصه‬
1-Blood grouping antibody
2-The predominant Ig in primary immune response
3-The most efficient Ig in complement fixation
4-cause cold agglutination
5-have 4 or 5 molecules
6-The highest molecular weight

IgG
‫تعريفه هو‬
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody. It is a protein complex composed of four
peptide chains—two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains arranged in a Y-
shape typical of antibody monomers. Each IgG has two antigen binding sites. Representing
approximately 75% of serum antibodies in humans, IgG is the most common type of antibody
found in the circulation.[1] IgG molecules are created and released by plasma B cells.
‫خواصه‬
1-Incomplete Antigen
2-The antibody associated in Rh
3-The main Ig in 2ry immune response
4-cause the worm autoimmune hemolytic anemia
5-Antibody contain 4 IG clasess
6-Immunoglobulin is present normally in plasma at highest
concentration
7-the lowest molecular weight

IgE
‫تعريفه هو‬
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a kind of antibody (or immunoglobulin (Ig) "isotype") that has
only been found inmammals. Monomers of IgE consist of two heavy chains (ε chain) and two
light chains, with the ε chain containing 4 Ig-like constant domains (Cε1-Cε4).[1] IgE's main
function is immunity to parasites such ashelminths[2] like Schistosoma mansoni, Trichinella
spiralis, and Fasciola hepatica.[3][4][5] IgE is utilized during immune defense against
certain protozoan parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum.[6]

IgE also has an essential role in type I hypersensitivity,[7] which manifests various allergic
diseases, such as allergic asthma, most types of sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, food allergies, and
specific types of chronic urticariaand atopic dermatitis. IgE also plays a pivotal role in
responses to allergens, such as: anaphylactic drugs, bee stings, and antigen preparations
used in desensitization immunotherapy.

Although IgE is typically the least abundant isotype—blood serum IgE levels in a normal
("non-atopic") individual are only 0.05% of the Ig concentration,[8] compared to 75% for
the IgGs at 10 mg/ml, which are the isotypes responsible for most of the classical adaptive
immune response—it is capable of triggering the most powerful inflammatory reactions.
IgE was simultaneously discovered in 1966 by two groups: Dr. Lawrence Lichtenstein[9] and
Dr. Philip Norman in the Johns Hopkins Department of Medicine's Division of Allergy and
Infectious Diseases, as well as Dr. Kimishige Ishizaka and Dr. Margaret M. Hornbrook[10]in
the Children's Asthma Research Institute and Hospital in Denver, CO.[11]

‫خواصه‬
1-It is cytophilic Ab
2-Unflexable Ig
3-Reagenic Ab
4-Elevated in parasitic infection and allergy

IgA
‫تعريفه هو‬
Immunoglobulin A (IgA, also referred to as sIgA) is an antibody that plays a critical role in
mucosal immunity. More IgA is produced in mucosal linings than all other types of antibody
combined;[1] between three and five grams are secreted into the intestinal lumen each
day.[2] This accumulates up to 15% of the total immunoglobulin produced in the entire body.[3]

IgA has two subclasses (IgA1 and IgA2) and can exist in a dimeric form called secretory
IgA (sIgA). In its secretory form, IgA is the mainimmunoglobulin found in mucous secretions,
including tears, saliva, sweat, colostrum and secretions from the genitourinary
tract,gastrointestinal tract, prostate and respiratory epithelium. It is also found in small
amounts in blood. The secretory component of sIgA protects the immunoglobulin from being
degraded by proteolytic enzymes, thus sIgA can survive in the harsh gastrointestinal
tractenvironment and provide protection against microbes that multiply in body
secretions.[4] sIgA can also inhibit inflammatory effects of other immunoglobulins.[5] IgA is a
poor activator of the complement system, and opsonises only weakly. Its heavy chains are of
the type α.
‫خواصه‬
1-The predominant Ig in the body secretion such as milk
2-The dimeric antibody

NOTE
****PROZONE is excee Ab
****POSTZONE is excee Ag
****Immunoglobuline is GAMMA GLOBULINE
 ‫االنيميا‬
‫فى الجزء ده الحاجات اللى تحت كل نوع تعتبر اشارة او داللة على النوع ده انا كنت‬
‫معتبراها عالمة يعنى لما تذكر الكلمة دى فى السؤال يبقى المقصود كذا‬

*Iron deficiency anemia

1-microcytic hypochromic anemia
2-have echinocyte cell
3-pica
4-pulmer-vinson syndrome
5-decrease or absent of hemosiderin in bown marrow

*Vit B12 deficiency anemia

1-megaloplastic anemia
2- have Target cell
3-Neurological symptoms
4-megaloplastic hematopoiesis

*sickle cell anemia

1-HbS
2- Atrophy of the spleen ‫يحدث بسببها ضمور الطحال‬
*hemolytic anemia
hypersplenism ‫يحدث بسببها فرط نشاط الطحال‬

*Aplastic anemia
1-pancytopenia
2-markedly hypocellular marrow
3-markrdly increase in serum erythropoietin
4-chloramphenicol ‫تحدث نتيجة العالج على المدى الطويل ب‬
5- Fanconi’s anemia ‫من انواعها‬
6- No increase in reticulocyte ‫ال يحدث فيها زيادة لل‬

*G6PD deficiency anemia

1-Favism
2-hemolytic anemia
3-have Heinz bodies
‫تعريفها هو‬
Pale inclusions that push out the cell membrane and composed
of hemoglobin

*Hereditary spherocytosis
1-hyperchromic
2-defect of red cell membrane
*pernicious anemia
1-Schilling test
2-autoimmune disease in which there is an immune destruction
of the acid and pepsin secreating cell of the stomach

NOTE
MCV= Ht/RBCs X 10 = …….. Fl (80-90)
MCH = Hb/RBCs X 10 =……….Pg (27-32)
MCHC =Hb/Ht X 100 =………g% (32-36)
Ht = RBCs/total volume of blood X 100 ‫برجاء مراجعة هذه المعادلة‬

Normal MCV……….normocytic
high MCV………macrocytic
low MCV………..microcytic

Normal MCHC………..normochromic
High MCHC…………..hyperchromic
Low MCHC……………hypochromic
HEMOGLOBIN (Hb)
4 Protein (94%) & 4 Heme group (6%)
HbA………%96 ‫ بيتا نسبته فى البالغ‬2 ‫ الفا و‬2 ‫يتكون من‬
2 ά chains and 2 β chains.
HbA2…….. %2 ‫ سيجما نسبته فى البالغ‬2 ‫ الفا و‬2 ‫يتكون من‬
2 ά chains and 2 δ chains
HbF………. %2 ‫ والبالغ‬%70 ‫ جاما نسبته فى االطفال‬2 ‫ الفا و‬2 ‫يتكون من‬
2 ά chains and 2 γ chains.
HbS……….found in sickle cell anemia

Reticulocytes ‫الخاليا الشبكية‬

It is immature RBCs (0.5 _ 2 % )
Stained by Brilliant crestyl blue

Reticulocytosis Reticulocytopenia
*hemorrhage *Aplastic anemia
*hemolytic anemia
*megaloplastic anemia

Erythrocytosis
Increase RBCs count with physiological cause ‫طبيعى ليس بسبب‬
‫مرض‬
Polycythemia
Increase RBCs count with pathological cause ‫بسبب مرض‬

Relative polycythemia
*Is due to decrease plasma volume with normal RBCs count

Anisocytosis….Alteration in size of RBCs

Polikilocytosis… Alteration in shape of RBCs

NOTE
WBCs
Neutrophil in Bacterial infection ((40 – 75 % ))
Eosinophil in (( 1 – 6 % ))
*parasitic infection
* Loffer’s syndrome
* Hodgkin’s disease
*Steven’s –Johnson syndrome
Basophil in Hypersensitivity ((0 – 1 % ))
Monocyte in *TB (( 2 – 8 % ))
*Typhoid fever
* Hodgkin’s disease
Lymphocyte in * TB (( 20 – 40 % ))
*CLL
*CMV
*infection mononucleosis
*Whooping cough
 ‫الهرمونات‬
*hypothalamus : release hormones that start and stop of
pituitary hormones .
* thymus : important for normal immune function .
*pituitary gland :
-it consist of three lobes :
1-anterior lobe .
2- posterior lobe .
3- middle lobe .

*hormone of anterior pituitary lobe :

Hormone Site Of Action Action
TSH Thyroid gland Release thyroid hormone
( T4 – T3)

ACTH Adrenal cortex Release of glococorticoid

hormone ( cortisol )

GH Most body cells Growth of bone and

muscles

FSH Ovaries and testis Ovary :- promote

maturation of ovum and
production of estredol
Testis :- production of
sperm .

LH Ovaries and testis Ovary :- Stimulate

ovulation and formation of
corpus luteum and release
progesterone
Testis :- release
testosterone

PRL Mammary gland Milk Secretion

*hormone of posterior pituitary lobe :
Hormone Site Of Action Action

ADH Kidney Promote water

re-absorption and blood
pressure

Oxytocin Mammary gland and Mammary gland :-

uterus stimulate lactation .
Uterus :- stimulate
contraction

* Hormone of middle Pituitary lobe :-

It is secret 1 hormone only :-

Melanocytes stimulating hormone ( MSH )

Which increase skin pigmentation ( secrete melanin dye )

* Pituitary dysfunctions :-
1- Gigantism :- hyper secretion of growth hormone in children .
2- Acromegaly :- hyper secretion of growh hormone in adult,
specially in hand and feet .
3- Dwarfism :- hypo secretion of growth hormone in children .

* Thyroid Gland :-
it is the biggest gland in size . it secret 2 major hormones :-
1- Tri-iodothyronine (T3 )
2- Thyroxine ( T4 )
Thyroid gland increased the basal metabolism .
- Thyroid dysfunctions :-
1- Hypothyrodism :- decrease of thyroid activity .
2- Hyperthyroidism :- increase of thyroid activity .
- If TSH increased the T3 & T4 decreased ( hypothyroidism ).
- If TSH decreased the T3 & T4 increased (Hyperthyroidism ).
* Parathyroid Gland :-
It secret 2 major hormone :-
1- PTH ( parathyroid hormone ) ----} increased calcium level .
2- Calcitonin . ----} decreased calcium level .
Parathyroid dysfunctions :-
1- Hypoprarthyrodisim :-
decreased PTH amount .
Lab finding :-
a- hypocalcemia .
b- phosphate in blood and no in urine .
c- Alkline phosphates normal .
2- Hyperparathyrodissm :-
increased PTH amount .
Lab findings :-
a- Hypercalcemia
b- No phosphate in blood and found in urine .
c- alkaline phosphates increased .
- Adrenal Gland :-
Consist of 2 parts :-
1- adrenal cortex ---- outer region ----- yellow color . and secret 3
steroid hormone :-
a- glucocorticoid ( cortisol ) .
b- Mineralcorticoid ( Aldosteron ).
c- Androgens ( testosterone )
2- adrenal medulla ---- inner region ---- gray color . and secret 3
hormones called chatecholamines :-
a- dopamine
b- epinephrine
c- nor – epinephrine
- hypofunction of adrenal cortex :-
1- Addison disease :- it caused by dysfunction or destruction of
adrenal gland resulting in deficiency of glucocorticoid &
Mineralcorticoid .
-Hyperfunction of adrenal cortex :-
1- Cushing's syndrome :- it caused by excessive of glucocorticoid .
2- Conn's syndrome :- it caused by excessive of Aldosterone .
*Pencreas :- it secret 2 hormones :-
1- Insulin ( decreases glucose in blood ) 2- Glucagon ( Increasesd
glucose in blood )
-the islet of langerhans containing 4
types od cells :-
1- Beta cells ----------} insulin + amyline
2- Alpha cells --------} Glucagon .
3- Delta cells ---------} Somatostatin .
4- Gamma cells ------} Unknown function .
* Reproductive Endocrine Function :
*the main type of sex hormone :
1-male sex hormone(testosterone)
2- female sex hormone (estrogen progesterone )
* Estrogen : stimulation contraction of uterus .
* progesterone : essential during pregnancy.