Non-GPS Sensors & Position

Tracking Techniques

Position calculation
Level - UCF 3.1 & 3.2

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 Contents

• Non-GPS sensors

• Non-GPS Tracking Techniques

• Dead Reckoning
• Inertial Navigation System
• Other Techniques

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 Slide Separator
GPS, 2D-Triangulation & DGPS

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Non-GPS sensors

However GPS alone will not be enough to determine/track the

vehicle or its movement all the times.

Especially while the vehicle is moving in tunnels, multi-level car

park areas and some remote locations where GPS signal cannot
be received.

There are few sensors used to detect the motion, turn and
direction of movement of the vehicle.

1. Wheel sensors – To detect movement

2. Gyroscope – To detect the amount of turn taken by the vehicle
3. Reverse gear sensor – To detect backward movement
4. Accelerometers – To measure acceleration
Non-GPS Tracking Techniques

• Dead Reckoning
• Inertial Navigation Systems
• Sign Post
• Terrestrial Radio Frequency (TRF)
• Map Matching
 Dead Reckoning

• It was one of the widely used techniques for car

navigation prior to the introduction of GPS.
• Estimating one's current position based upon a
previously determined position and advancing
that position based upon known speed, elapsed
time.
Dead Reckoning Contd…

• The navigator plots

his 9am position,
indicated by the
triangle, and, using
his course and
speed, estimates his
position at 9:30am
and 10am.
Dead Reckoning Contd…

• Uses sensors to determine the distance each

wheel travels.
• The wheels together determine the speed of the
car and the distance it has traveled.

Drawbacks of Dead-Reckoning
• Errors in the calibration and irregular behavior of
the wheels can cause accuracy problems.
• Road hazards
Inertial Navigation System(INS)

• An inertial navigation system includes at least

a computer and a platform or module
containing accelerometers, gyroscopes, or
other motion-sensing devices.
• Gyroscopes measure the angular velocity of
the system
• Accelerometers measure the linear
acceleration of the system.
• The INS is initially provided with its position
and velocity from another source (a human
operator, a GPS satellite receiver, etc.), and
thereafter computes its own updated position
and velocity by integrating information
received from the motion sensors.
A typical INS
 INS Contd…

• Gyroscope measures Angular Velocity

• Accelerometers measures Linear Acceleration

• Original Orientation + Integration of Angular velocity

= Current Orientation
• Original Velocity + Integration of the linear
acceleration = Current Velocity
• Original position + Integrating (2) again = Current
Position
Other Techniques in Brief

Sign Post -- Infrared signals are transmitted from certain locations

(e.g. traffic lights or light posts) to give vehicles information about
their location.

Terrestrial Radio Frequency (TRF) -- This system is very

similar to GPS, but it is ground based. A system of towers emit radio
frequency signals, which are picked up by a receiver in the car. These
signals are used to triangulate the position of the car.

Map-Matching -- This technique is used in combination with other

methods to correlate the position of the vehicle with a map.
The navigation computer must have accurate maps, which take up a
lot of memory.
 Thank You

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