Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bubble Deck Structure Solutions
Bubble Deck Structure Solutions
Bubble Deck Structure Solutions
org
Appendices
A. Appendix A Brochure UK
G. Appendix G Examples
Appendix A Brochure UK
VIETCONS EDUCATION
CI/SfB
www.vietcons.org
(23) Eq4
Part 1 September 2008
BubbleDeck
Structure Solutions
R
U N I T E D K I N G D O M
Product
Introduction
What i s t h e BubbleDeck® S y s t e m ?
Advantages
Design Freedom
Reduced
Dead Weight
Longer Spans
Green and
Sustainable
Fast
Construction
U N I T E D K I N G D O M
Incorporation of recycled plastic bubbles as void formers permits 50% longer spans between
columns. Combination of this with a flat slab construction approach spanning in two
directions – the slab is connected directly to insitu concrete columns without any beams -
produces a wide range of cost and construction benefits including:-
• Design Freedom – flexible layout easily adapts to irregular & curved plan layouts.
• Reduced Dead Weight – 35% removed allowing smaller foundation sizes.
• Longer spans between columns – up to 50% further than traditional structures.
• Downstand Beams eliminated – quicker & cheaper erection of walls and services.
• Load bearing walls eliminated – facilitating MMC with lightweight building envelopes.
• Reduced concrete usage – 1 kg recycled plastic replaces 100 kg of concrete.
• Environmentally Green and Sustainable – reduced energy & carbon emissions.
The overall floor area is divided down into a series of planned individual elements, either 3 or
BubbleDeck’s 2.4 metres wide dependant upon site access, which are manufactured off-site using MMC
height saving
allowed 2
techniques. These elements comprise the top and bottom reinforcement mesh, sized to suit
floors to be the specific project, joined together with vertical lattice girders with the bubble void formers
added trapped between the top and bottom mesh reinforcement to fix their optimum position. This
during
is termed a ‘bubble-reinforcement’ sandwich which is then cast into bottom layer of pre-cast
construction
concrete, encasing the bottom mesh reinforcement, to provide permanent formwork
within part of the overall finished slab depth.
On site the individual elements are then ‘stitched’ together with loose reinforcement simply
laid centrally across the joints between elements. Splice bars are inserted loose above the pre-cast concrete layer between
the bubbles and purpose made mesh sheets tied across the top reinforcement mesh to join the elements together. After the
site finishing concrete is poured and cured this technique provides structural continuity across the whole floor slab – the
joints between elements are then redundant without any structural effect – to create a seamless floor slab.
BubbleDeck has proved to be highly successful in Europe since its invention ten years ago. In Denmark and Holland over 1
million square metres of floors have been constructed in the last seven years using the BubbleDeck system in all types of
multi-storey buildings.
page 3
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The appropriate BubbleDeck slab version is bespoke engineered to suit building configuration, span length between supports,
applied loadings and vertical alignment of supports. Indicative spans are given as a guide to what can be achieved. Established from
full calculation FE analysis these are based on 20mm concrete cover to bottom rebar (1 hour fire resistance); live load 3+1 kN/m2,
dead load 1.5 kN/m2 and lightweight external envelope maximum 6 kN/m line load. Completed slab mass and Site Concrete
Quantity based on 3 x 9 metre pre-cast elements with 35 kg/m2 total reinforcement.
Version Slab Bubbles Span Cantilever Span Completed Site Concrete
Thickness (Multiple bays) Maximum Length (Single bay rows) Slab Mass Quantity
mm mm metres metres metres kN/m 2 m 3/m 2
BD230 230 Ø 180 5 – 8.1 2.8 5 – 6.5 4.26 0.112
BD280 280 Ø 225 7 – 10.1 3.3 6 – 7.8 5.11 0.146
BD340 340 Ø 270 9 – 12.5 4.0 7 – 9.5 6.22 0.191
BD390 390 Ø 315 11 – 14.4 4.7 9 – 10.9 6.92 0.219
BD450 450 Ø 360 13 – 16.4 5.4 10 – 12.5 7.95 0.252
BD510* 510 Ø 410 15 – 18.8 6.1 11 – 13.9 9.09 0.298
BD600* 600 Ø 500 16 – 21.0 7.2 12 – 15.0 10.30 0.348 * New 2006
Element
BubbleDeck slab
types configurations:
Agrément
BubbleDeck can be supplied in 3 types of
certification
manufactured elements: pending, outside
scope of KOMO
Type A – Filigree Elements, where the bottom of the bubble- technical
reinforcement sandwich includes a 70mm thick pre-cast concrete certificate.
layer acting as permanent formwork within part of the finished slab
depth replacing the need for soffite shuttering. The elements are
placed on temporary propping, loose joint, shear & edge
reinforcement added, perimeter and tolerance joints shuttered and then the remaining
slab depth concreted.
Most commonly specified being suitable for the majority of new-build projects. Requires fixed or
mobile crane to lift into position due to weight of manufactured
elements as delivered to site.
The BubbleDeck technique not only saved a considerable sum but simplified
the buildings structure, removing my co-ordination headache of getting
services around or through beams required with a traditional solution.We
were also able to eliminate all load bearing walls down the middle of each
flat, required to support the short spans of composite metal decks, giving
more internal space and fantastic flexibility.
page 5
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VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
U N I T E D K I N G D O M
Media City
This 32.000 m2 building was
constructed with great
transparency, revealing a huge
open atrium. This atrium is the fulcrum and heart of the
building. The spaces are formed in soft, organic
Millennium Tower
Originally designed with hollow core planks, late in the
design stage it was determined that BubbleDeck would
realise considerable cost and time savings. Adopting
BubbleDeck also reduced the structural floor zone City Hall and Offices
depth due to omission of beams, lowering the BubbleDeck’s superior cantilevering ability
overall building’s height. achieved 3.3 metre cantilevers from a
Another consideration was the lack of storage 280mm deep slab with 7.5 metre internal
space on the building site which is located close to spans between columns. The building
major arterial roads and streets. The floors were on provides a City Hall and financial centre
average erected, cast and completed in half the for Danske Bank containing 4,000 m2
time - 4 days instead of 8 days – it would have floor area. The slender slab without any
taken to construct with hollow core planks. Half beams secures maximum light from the
way through constructing the structure it was facades, which is enhanced by an internal
decided to add another 2 floors which was made atrium. This project won “Building of the
possible within the overall height of the original building Year 2004” award for offices and
due to BubbleDeck reducing structural floor depth. commercial buildings.
page 6
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
page 7
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BubbleDeck structures are also Sustainable with the system allowing frame re-use for future
purposes. The envelope and all internal work can be removed from a BubbleDeck building
and the original frame simply refitted for a new purpose. The two way spanning nature of
BubbleDeck slabs allows any internal layout to be reconfigured to new uses within the
original design load parameters.
page 8
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
B U B B L E D E C K
Service options
We provide two alternative Service Options covering provision of design, detailing, drawing production,
element manuifacture and supply of all components to site completely ready for construction:-
U N I T E D K I N G D O M
W E B : w w w. B u b b l e D e c k - U K . c o m
page 9
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 30 30 100 100 100 100
Y5
Y5
VIETCONS EDUCATION
Girder 152
Girder 152
Y8
Y8
25
BubbleDeck International
Dotted “bars” ONLY indication of distance between directional rebars
Rösevangen 8
DK - 3520 Farum
Ph/fax +45 44 95 59 59
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
BubbleDeck Slab Cross section and mesh
230 mm BubbleDeck
BD 230 Type A X
1:20
Y Y
Measures in mm
Top mesh
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
30
75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75
42.5 42.5
2960
Cross section
Girder 152
Girder 152
D = 180
3000
Bottom mesh
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
30
125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125
17.5 17.5
2960
BubbleDeck Slab
Cross section of joint
BD 230 Type B 230 mm BubbleDeck
X
Y Y 1:5
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 30 30 100 100 100 100 100
20 20
Y5
Y5
VIETCONS EDUCATION
Girder 152
Girder 152
Y8
Y8
25
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 30 30 100 100 100 100 100
20 20
www.vietcons.org
BubbleDeck International
Dotted “bars” ONLY indication of distance between directional rebars
Rösevangen 8
DK - 3520 Farum
Ph/fax +45 44 95 59 59
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
BubbleDeck Slab Cross section and mesh
230 mm BubbleDeck
BD 230 Type B X
1:20
Y Y
Measures in mm
Top mesh
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
30
75 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 75
87.5 87.5
2960
Cross section
Girder 150-155
Girder 150-155
D = 180
3000
Bottom mesh
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
30
75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75
42.5 42.5
2960
BubbleDeck Slab
Cross section of joint
BD 285 Type A 285 mm BubbleDeck
X
Y Y 1:5
Y6
Y6
VIETCONS EDUCATION
Girder 195-200
Girder 195-200
Y08
25
Y08
20 20
100 150 100 150 100 55 55 100 150
www.vietcons.org
BubbleDeck International
Dotted “bars” ONLY indication of distance between directional rebars
Rösevangen 8
DK - 3520 Farum
Ph/fax +45 44 95 59 59
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
BubbleDeck Slab Cross section and mesh
285 mm BubbleDeck
BD 285 Type A X
1:20
Y Y
Measures in mm
Top mesh
150
100
150
100
150
100
150
30
55 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 55
2960
Cross section
Girder 195-200
Girder 195-200
D = 225
3000
Bottom mesh
100
150
100
150
100
150
100
55
30 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 30
2960
BubbleDeck Slab
Cross section of joint
BD 285 Type B 285 mm BubbleDeck
X
Y Y 1:5
150 100 150 100 150 100 150 30 30 150 100 150
20 20
100 150 100 150 100 150 100 55 55 100 150 100
Y6
Y6
VIETCONS EDUCATION
Girder 195-200
Girder 195-200
Y10
Y10
25
20 20
100 150 100 150 100 150 30 30 150 100 150
www.vietcons.org
BubbleDeck International
Dotted “bars” ONLY indication of distance between directional rebars
Rösevangen 8
DK - 3520 Farum
Ph/fax +45 44 95 59 59
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
BubbleDeck Slab Cross section and mesh
285 mm BubbleDeck
BD 285 Type B X
1:20
Y Y
Measures in mm
Top mesh
150
100
150
100
150
100
150
100
55
80 100 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 100 80
2960
Cross section
Girder 195-200
Girder 195-200
D = 225
3000
Bottom mesh
100
150
100
150
100
150
100
150
30
55 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 55
2960
BubbleDeck Slab
Lattice Girder
BD 285 : Lattice Girder 285 mm BubbleDeck
Y
X X 1:5
Y08
VIETCONS EDUCATION
Y08
Girder 195-200
Y08
25
250 250 250 125
www.vietcons.org
BubbleDeck International
Rösevangen 8
DK - 3520 Farum
Ph/fax +45 44 95 59 59
BubbleDeck Slab
Cross section of joint
BD 340 Type A 340 mm BubbleDeck
X
Y Y 1:5
Y6 Y6
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 20 80 100 100 100 100
Y12
Y12
25
200 100 200 100 200 30 30 200 100 200
BubbleDeck International
Dotted “bars” ONLY indication of distance between directional rebars
Rösevangen 8
DK - 3520 Farum
Ph/fax +45 44 95 59 59
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
BubbleDeck Slab Cross section and mesh
340 mm BubbleDeck
BD 340 Type A X
1:20
Y Y
Measures in mm
Top mesh
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
55
80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80
2960
Cross section
Girder 230-235
Girder 230-235
D = 270
3000
Bottom mesh
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
55
30 200 100 200 100 200 100 200 100 200 100 200 100 200 100 200 100 200 100 200 30
2960
BubbleDeck Slab
Cross section of joint
BD 340 Type B 340 mm BubbleDeck
X
Y Y 1:5
Y6 Y6
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 80 20 80 50 100 100 100 100
Y12
Y12
25
25
BubbleDeck International
Dotted “bars” ONLY indication of distance between directional rebars
Rösevangen 8
DK - 3520 Farum
Ph/fax +45 44 95 59 59
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
BubbleDeck Slab Cross section and mesh
340 mm BubbleDeck
BD 340 Type B X
1:20
Y Y
Measures in mm
Top mesh
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
55
50 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50
80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80
2960
Cross section
Girder 230-235
Girder 230-235
D = 270
3000
Bottom mesh
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
55
30 100 200 100 200 100 200 100 200 100 200 100 200 100 200 100 200 100 200 100 30
2960
BubbleDeck Slab
Cross section of joint
BD 390 390 mm BubbleDeck
X
Y Y 1:5
Y6 Y6 Y6
Y6 Y6
50 100 100 100 50 100 100 100 50 55 20 55 50 100 100 100
Y10 Y10
Y10
25
25
25
BubbleDeck International
Dotted “bars” ONLY indication of distance between directional rebars
Rösevangen 8
DK - 3520 Farum
Ph/fax +45 44 95 59 59
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
BubbleDeck Slab Cross section and mesh
395 mm BubbleDeck
BD 395 X
1:20
Y Y
Measures in mm
Top mesh
50
150
50
100
50
150
50
100
50
150
50
100
30
2960
Cross section
Girder 280-285
Girder 280-285
D = 315
3000
Bottom mesh
50
150
50
100
50
150
50
100
50
150
50
100
30
2960
BubbleDeck Slab
Cross section of joint
BD 450 450 mm BubbleDeck
X
Y Y 1:5
Y6
Y6 Y6
Y6
125 75 125 75 125 75 125 75 75 67.5 20 67.5 75 75 125 75
Girder 330
VIETCONS EDUCATION
Y14
Y14
25
50 200 50 100 50 200 50 100 30 30 100 50 200 50 100
BubbleDeck International
Dotted “bars” ONLY indication of distance between directional rebars
Rösevangen 8
DK - 3520 Farum
Ph/fax +45 44 95 59 59
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
BubbleDeck Slab Cross section and mesh
450 mm BubbleDeck
BD 450 X
1:20
Y Y
Measures in mm
Top mesh
50
150
50
150
50
150
50
150
50
150
50
100
55
75 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 75
67.5 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 67.5
2960
Cross section
Girder 330
Girder 330
D = 360
3000
Bottom mesh
50
150
50
150
50
150
50
150
50
150
50
100
55
100 200 100 200 100 200 100 200 100 200 100 200 100 200 100
30 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 30
2960
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
1 Introduction
When or before Eurocode 2 is introduced in early 2003, most engineers will need to be
assured that it can be used as a practical concrete design tool, as well as producing
economic results. If they are not assured of this, practices will continue to use BS 8110 in
preference to adopting the new code.
2.1 Loading
EC2 BS 8110
Worst of γG = 1.35, γQ = 1.05
Loaded spans: γG = 1.4, γQ = 1.6
and γG = 1.15, γQ = 1.5
Unloaded spans: γG = as above γG = 1.0
Loading pattern: All + adjacent + alternate spans All spans + alternate spans
For the sake of simplicity, γG = 1.35 and γQ = 1. 5 may be used for loaded spans (with γG =
1.35 on unloaded spans), although this would be very conservative. Both γG and γQ are
marginally lower than in BS 8110, but for unloaded spans γG is higher, reflecting a lower
probability of variation in dead loads. For a typical member with Qk = 0.5 Gk, maximum
ULS loading would be 13.6% lower than for BS 8110. The use of the same value for γG
throughout also reduces the effect of pattern loading, thus marginally reducing span
moments.
The loading code, EN 1991-1-1, stipulates values of imposed loads that vary only
marginally from current UK practice (e.g. 3 kN/m2 for offices). This code stipulates weights
for both construction materials and stored materials, and it should be noted that the density
of normal weight reinforced concrete should be taken as 25 kN/m2.
2.2 Cover
Nominal covers required for durability and bond are fairly similar to BS 8110. However,
nominal cover to EC2 is in two parts, Cnom= Cmin+ ∆c, where ∆c is a design tolerance
varying from 0 to 10mm, depending upon quality assurance level. This can have the effect
of increasing cover to slabs when larger diameter bars are used, as Cmin ≥ bar φ and ∆c must
be added.
At first inspection, the higher γs factor in EC2 would appear disadvantageous. However, this
difference is almost exactly neutralised by the introduction of reinforcing steel with fyk =
500 N/mm2.
For fck ≤ 50 N/mm2, η = 1, εc = 0.0035, αcc = 1.0 and λ = 0.8. As γc is the same for both
codes, this results in concrete design strengths being 19.4% higher than in BS 8110 below.
This difference gives advantage in terms of reinforcement areas because of the resulting
increase in the lever arm, z.
εc = 0.0035 fcd = 0.67 fck /γc
d’ εsc Fc
x As’ 0.9x Fsc
neutral axis
h d z
As Fst
εs
BS 8110
The diagram below demonstrates this procedure. Effectively, the strain diagram has a
“hinge point”, which falls at h/2 for normal strength concretes. This process is easily
automated, but is not suited to hand calculation, so it is best accomplished by spreadsheet.
As few columns are very close to being in pure compression, this gradual reduction in
strain, and hence compressive stress, has less effect than one might imagine.
2.6 Redistribution
EC2 BS 8110
Neutral axis limit: x/d ≤ δ - 0.4 x/d ≤ βb - 0.4
Redistribution limit: 30% classes B & C 30% generally
20% for class A rebar 10% sway frames > 4 storeys
0% in columns 0% in columns
Limitations: Adjacent spans ratio ≤ 2
The EC2 x/d limit reduces for concrete with fck > 50 N/mm2, otherwise both codes are very
similar.
Understandably, these approaches are somewhat different although both methods are simple
enough to apply. One can see from the above formulae that when more than nominal links
are required, EC2 ignores any contribution from the concrete. The strut-and-tie method
produces an additional tension in the main steel where the compression strut meets this
steel. This effect is catered for by applying the “shift rule” when detailing (see Section 3).
2d 1.5d
EC2 BS 8110
Basic control perimeter: At 2d at 1.5d
Control perimeter shape: Rounded corners Rectangular
Flat slab shear enhancement factors
Internal: 1.15 1.15
Edges: 1.4 1.4 or 1.25
Corners: 1.5 1.25
When links are required, EC2 allows a contribution of 75% of the concrete shear resistance
(unlike beam shear), and a radial distribution of links is assumed. An outer perimeter, at
which no further links are required, is based upon the link arrangement rather than the basic
control perimeter.
The much higher enhancement factor of 1.5 for corner columns may prove critical in some
circumstances, when sizing flat slabs for shear. However, the method as a whole seems very
logical and may result in fewer links and be simpler to detail than the BS8110 method.
These two methods are very similar, but in practice, Eurocode 2 effectively allows
marginally shallower members than BS 8110. This is likely to be because the EC2 ratios
have made no allowance for early age overloading during construction, which can increase
the degree of cracking, particularly in slabs.
Mt,max, the limit on moment transfer into edge/corner columns, is approximately 10% lower
than for BS 8110.
2.13 Columns
Some of the terminology in Eurocode 2 relating to column design may be slightly
unfamiliar, with minimum eccentricities being described under “imperfections” and
buckling etcetera falling within “second order effects”. Alternative design methods are
given, but the “curvature” method is similar in approach to current practice. As with BS
8110, the column design process is quite tedious to perform manually, but is relatively easy
to automate. The simplified method given for carrying out biaxial bending checks is more
logical than in BS 8110, and is simple to apply.
A comparison between the EC2 and BS column design processes is shown in the flowcharts
below.
3 Detailing
3.1 General
EC2detailing rules are slightly more complex than for BS 8110. It will no longer be possible
to make simple assumptions, such 35 or 40 diameters for an anchorage length, and
technicians will need to learn the necessary skills, as there are differing anchorage rules for
different types of member. There are also many small changes to be learned, such as the
detailing of beam support steel within flanges, minimum reinforcement percentages, and
new rules regarding the staggering of laps.
Basically, the bending moment envelope is “shifted” a distance between 0.45d and 1.125d
and bars should have an anchorage length beyond their relevant “shifted” point of being no
longer required.
4 Unfamiliar processes
4.1 Strut-and-tie models
The strut-and-tie method should be used for the design of D-regions, which are described as
“discontinuities in geometry or action”. Some such discontinuities are frame corners,
corbels, or abrupt changes in section. It is also important to note that this method is implied
within the shear design process described in 2.7 and 2.8 above.
ac
FEd
HEd
Ftd aH
θ 2
z0 Typical node model
d hc for a corbel
HEd 1 Fwd
σRd,max
FEd
5 EC2 overview
5.1 General
The areas covered by this document are not exhaustive; only what are considered to be the
more important and commonly used procedures have been discussed. Eurocode 2 is a very
comprehensive code and also includes rules for precast concrete, post-tensioned members
etcetera, but the focus here has been on everyday insitu reinforced concrete design.
EC2 makes no attempt to be a design “guide”; it is a code giving general rules. There are no
simplified tables of moment or shear factors for example, as one would be expected to look
for these in separate design guides or standard textbooks.
In my view, EC2 has great potential of being accepted as a very good replacement for BS
8110. Inevitably there will be those who wish to resist any change, but I am sure that, after
an initial learning period, the superiority and economic advantages of EC2 will universally
recognised.
Hopefully, specialist software houses can also be encouraged to update their programs in
due time. Of prime importance will be the availability of updated finite element software, as
moments generated by programs written to the ENV version of EC2 will not be correct.
• A true factor of safety can only be determined by comparing design loading with that at collapse.
• Partial factors for materials and loading are not safety factors; they only reflect degrees of
confidence.
• Any basic understanding of statistics proves that to simply multiply together sets of factors or
probabilities is completely meaningless.
The economic advantages of EC2 for flexural design are far greater than can be assessed by
looking at the partial factors for loading and materials alone.
• For similar characteristic loading, ULS loading can be 10% to 15% less.
• Rebar design stresses are almost identical, in spite of the differing γ factor.
• The difference in pattern loading may marginally increase support moments but reduce span
moments.
• For the same concrete mix, EC2 gives a concrete stress 19.4% higher than BS 8110, which in turn
increases the lever arm z.
• More generous span-to-depth ratios can lead to shallower members.
These economies would seem very significant. Shear and column design do not appear to
have been trimmed in the same way, but this must reflect our increasing understanding of
concrete design. Slabs are by far the most economically critical elements, and here there is
advantage.
BubbleDeck Voided
Flat Slab Solutions
Technical Paper
October 2007
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
Engineering design
Generally:
The engineering designer should be very familiar with the principals of slab design
and particularly flat slabs as well as having a good grounding in general structural
engineering.
CIRIA Report 89[iv] and 110[v] are also important background reading (although the
latter is somewhat obsolete, it contains useful material).
The engineer wishing to explore in greater depth should read Nielsen[vi]. This is
especially useful text as Nielsen was an influential member of the EC2 drafting
committee and to a large degree, was responsible for bringing the code up to date
with recent advances in plastic theory instead of reliance on outdated empirical
practices and over-reliance on elastic methods.
It is also helpful to read through the various reports of testing and studies done on
BubbleDeck Slabs in Europe.
The analysis and calculation of resistances for BubbleDeck is much the same as for
ordinary slabs except for some additional criteria. It is essential that the engineering
designer has an understanding of analytical manual methods, particularly yield line
theory, and an understanding of the principals and application of finite element
analysis. In the latter case an understanding of linear elastic and non-linear methods
is necessary.
Material properties:
Shear:
Flexure:
Standard strength parameters and properties are used as for solid slabs.
Deflection:
Span depth ratio calculations for deflections are very approximate and are not
appropriate in flat slabs of irregular layout except for the most simple or unimportant
cases. FE modelling, including non-linear cracked section analysis is used to
calculate the deflection using normal structural concrete with a Young’s Modulus
(secant) Ecm, multiplied by 0.9 (see above) and a tensile strength, fctm multiplied by
0.8 (to reduce the crack moment as mentioned above – this is mainly significant in
the computation of uncracked curvatures where the geometry of the concrete section
is significant but is of increasingly negligible significance after cracking).
It is not presently possible to calculate for the difference in age related properties in
the filigree and in-situ concrete parts. This is not considered to be a significant
weakness.
Design methods:
Generally:
For ULS, elastic or plastic methods may be used to determine the applied actions.
The engineer should, however, be aware of the fundamental differences between the
two theories.
For flexural design, plastic theory may lead, in practice, to more efficient use of
reinforcement. This is usually applied, in the case of slabs, by the yield line theory –
the most celebrated exponent of this being K W Johansson. Johansson[vii] published
a comprehensive work on the practical use of yield line theory as well as his original
work on the theory itself. Kennedy and Goodchild[viii] have published a useful and
very readable introduction to the use of yield line theory also. Yield line theory is a
very powerful tool by virtue of the relatively simple procedures involved leading to
economic reinforcement quantities. It is not without need for caution, however, and
care needs to be excercised not to overlook SLS concerns.
The main reason for the economy of yield line design is that collapse mechanisms
are found (usually in an upper bound analysis) that involve the whole, or a very large
part, of a reinforcement zone in yielding since it can be shown that the whole must
fail before the structure can fail globally (bearing in mind there may be many upper
bound mechanisms that need to be checked). This is in contrast to elastic design,
which usually results in a fairly heterogeneous moment field for which the designer
attempts to fit a practical arrangement of reinforcement. In fact, Nielsenvi states that
the elastic theory can lead to an optimal arrangement of reinforcement and, in
addition, that there is no philosophical objection to the use of plastic theory in
designing the reinforcement for applied actions determined from the elastic theory. It
is evident from this that the use of elastic theory and, in this particular context elastic
moment results for slabs, it is only significantly uneconomic if the designer is too un-
conservative about how the moment result field is covered by the reinforcement
provision and if there is no allowance for yielding and redistribution.
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For example, FE results for a slab may show a small but irregular area of high design
moment. The designer may apply rebar to this in a rationalised zone, probably
rectangular, which actually extends over areas where the design moments are very
low. It would be possible, with appropriate experience and judgment to adjust
downwards the quantity of reinforcement so that it actually yields at the intense
moments and redistributes moment to the less utilised areas. This might be checked
by utilising a work equation in the same way as yield line design is carried out. It is
obviously important to ensure that the work done, the dissipation, in yielding a
reinforcement zone balances the work done by the external loads. In an
approximation, one could check that the dissipation of the applied reinforcement
exceeds that of the required reinforcement from the elastic results.
Codes and published methods often give weight to concepts of column strips and
middle strips but these are usually difficult to apply in irregular slabs. TR43 gives
guidance on this, for example, and suggests that the column strip is determined as
0.4 of the distance from the column centreline to the zero shear line. Some methods
further divide the column strip into an inner column strips and outer column strips. It
is recommended in most UK practice to concentrate most of the reinforcement, say
2/3 of that in the column strip in to the inner column strip so that the reinforcement
provision will be greatest where the service moments, tending to the elastic end of
the spectrum, are greatest and thus where most needed to resist cracking and limit
rotation contributing to deflection. To prevent absurd concentration of rebar, one may
take the reinforcement for the average moments for the inner column strip and
provide this for the full width of that strip.
Another phenomenon tending to produce in economy from yield line design is that it
utilises the technique of allowing support and span moments to yield according to the
reinforcement chosen in such a way that the relative quantities in the top of the slab
at supports and in the bottom at mid-span are optimised to what is available and
practical.
There is, however, an important feature of yield line design that must not be
overlooked: It design for ULS only and assumes that a collapse mechanism can exist
which mobilises all the concrete and steel used. This implies that the slab is
sufficiently ductile in all respects and requires that steel can reach the strains
required without exceeding the ultimate strain and that the concrete does not crush
or crack excessively. Furthermore, it does not check the conditions at SLS and if
over-reliance is placed on ductility it can sometimes lead to excessive cracking if
large rotations occur at SLS which cannot be accommodated by the rebar supplied
without large tensile strains in the concrete.
There may also be an important point to observe if excessive yielding occurs where
one relies on shear resistance – punching shear at columns for example. According
to modified compression field theory, it can be shown that shear softening may be
significant.
This is where the advantage of FE analysis and design are most significant; even if
linear elastic models are used (there are non-linear plastic FE methods in existence
but they are not widely used). Modern software is available which simulates non-
linear behaviour, including the effects of cracking in an iterative process on the
elastic stiffness method and these have been shown to give good results. Using
these tools, checks on the SLS behaviour, including cracking and deflection can be
carried out as well as a ULS design indicating where yield limits may occur.
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The FE methods also have the advantage of combining all the static analyses and
checking into one process that can be efficiently managed.
Shear:
The shear resistance of BubbleDeck is taken as 0.6 times the shear resistance of a
solid slab of the same thickness. If this is exceeded by the applied shear, at a column
for example, we leave out the balls and use the full solid shear values. Using
Eurocode 2iii (or any other code for that matter, with slight differences) one may
calculate the applied shear at 2d and subsequent perimeters from the column face
as per the code requirements, as well as at the column face itself. This would then be
compared to the calculated resistance.
. If the applied shear is less than the un-reinforced hollow slab resistance, no further
check is required.
. If the applied shear is greater than the hollow slab resistance we omit balls and
make it solid then check the solid part.
. If the resistance is still greater than the solid slab resistance and less than the
maximum allowed, we provide shear reinforcement.
All is exactly as solid flat slab design. Additionally one places bottom bars as per
CIRIA report R89iv, designed to protect against progressive collapse – these bars
may be checked using Rasmussen’s dowel calculation so that they can sustain, say
75% of the accidental limit state shear force.
Punching shear, in difficult or complex cases, may also be checked using methods
described in Nielsenvi. Indeed it is always a good idea to check using more than one
method or theory as this can expose anomalies or mistakes that must be checked.
At edge and corner columns, as well as at eccentric loaded columns and transfer
loads, torsion and moment capacity should be checked. Nielsen gives methods for
this. The designer should be aware that the resistance of the slab at edge and corner
columns may be governed by torsion and flexure as well as punching shear. In fact it
is possible that flexural/tensional resistance at edges and corners will make punching
shear calculations at these positions irrelevant.
The valid detail for the joint at columns or walls is to arrange the filigree to embed
into the columns or walls so that shear over the full section can be mobilised.
Sometimes there will be requests for a joint around the column where the filigree
does not reach the face of the support – usually by a distance of 40mm to 50mm –
this is highly undesirable and complicates the shear design and there is no validated
method of design. If the detail is unavoidable one may, with care, be able to design
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the section assuming the filigree to be ineffective near the column or wall but this will
produce a greatly reduced shear resistance. At some distance from the column, if the
shear reinforcement elements are properly anchored in the filigree and in-situ parts
(that is anchored outside the main reinforcement planes), it may be argued that the
section can be re-combined and the full section used for these outer perimeters. This
leaves some scope for engineering judgment.
Punching shear reinforcement may take the form of purpose made rebar, studs or
Lenton Steel Fortress, according to practical constraints. It is important to apply
these properly and to pay attention to the anchorage requirements of any system.
Shear heads may also be design for extreme situations and may be structural steel
or rebar beams. ACI318-05[ix] gives recommendations for the design of these.
Longitudinal shear is only critical at high rates of change of applied moments (which
is of course gives the maximum transverse shear). Within the span, the rate of
change of moment tends to be less than close to the supports. The areas close to
supports are usually solid however, and the filigree is in compression, so the intensity
of longitudinal shear near the supports is mitigated. If a check is necessary, EC2
gives values for shear between concrete cast at different times as well as the method
for calculating the applied shear (the change in moment divided by the distance
between the section considered and the point of zero moment, on average). The
girder webs may be taken into account in reinforcing the interface but only one
diagonal in every pair unless otherwise can be justified due to the web angle.
Flexure:
A standard method may be used provided that the depth of concrete in compression
does not overlap the ball zone by more than 20%. This is almost always the case in
all but extremely heavily stressed slabs.
The maximum moments are usually over the columns or supports. This means the
compression is in the slab bottom here, and this is usually in a solid zone, so the
restriction on the depth of compression need not necessarily apply at columns and
supports.
Steel should be ductility class B, especially if plastic design is used, unless special
calculations prove class A to be satisfactory. This should ensure that the yield strain
limit is not reached prematurely in the reinforcement.
The engineer should exercise a degree of judgment when interpreting the results of
FE analysis, especially if it is a linear elastic analysis. There are many mathematical
anomalies that can occur which can distort the results one way or another.
Singularities, for example, can occur at concave corners and point loads and
supports – these lead to absurdly high design moments. Some software uses peak
smoothing algorithms and, if these are not available, manual averaging or taking
moment at the support face may be an expedient choice.
Even with cracked section iterative analysis, high concentrations of moment and/or
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torsion can occur in corners and, although this is a reflection of reality, they can lead
to very high reinforcement requirements. In manual analysis, and indeed in yield line
methods, these peaks are averaged out by implied yielding. This is legitimate
provided always that the structure, or any substructure, is globally elastic at SLS and
provided that the rotations implied by the yielding do not lead to excessive cracking
(and consequent increase in deflection), particularly at the top of the slab at columns.
Excessive cracking here may also indicate that shear strength is compromised. For
these reasons, it is recommended that the top tension steel is bunched toward the
centre of such supports – such practice is mentioned in several codes and literature.
Deflection:
Span depth ratio methods are not recommended, except in checking and
approximate or relatively unimportant cases. FE analysis is recommended for all
slabs as there is no practical manual method that can be used with confidence. Even
unidirectional spans can be very tedious in the computation of deflections.
Where accurate deflections are required, the software runs iteratively, calculating
modified and cracked element properties at each stage of the iteration, using the
applied reinforcement, until convergence is reached. The deflection using this
method has been shown to have good agreement with tests conducted at the ECBP
at Cardington (see Concrete Society Technical Report TR 58ii).
Short term loadings cases are usually patterned, subject to engineering judgment,
(chequerboard or parallel strips depending on the characteristics of the project) using
the “Frequent Combination” set out in Eurocode 0 and using combination factors “y1”
as appropriate. For long term loading, the “Quasi-permanent combination” is used
with combination factors “y2” as well as creep coefficient and shrinkage curvature
parameters if necessary. Shrinkage curvature is generally of low order compared to
extrinsic effects – L/1500 has been quoted as an order of magnitude of the defection
component due to this.
For simplicity, and where it can be justified, the engineer may estimate long term
loadings using the total permanent load and 50% of the imposed load without great
loss of accuracy. This is likely to be good enough for most ordinary building projects.
Non-linear, iterative analysis can take a long time on complex or large slab models
so it is not generally efficient to run such an exacting analysis on every slab and
every load case. Partial models can be constructed to model limited parts of slabs
and reasonably good results can be obtained with the exercise of some prudence. It
is recommended to calibrate such partial models by comparing them to the full model
under comparable conditions so that the approximation represented by the partial
model can be validated. In a similar way, elastic results may be used as a broad
approximation provided they use a modified elasticity and that this is calibrated
against a more rigorous analysis.
Creep and shrinkage have been shown by tests to be only marginally higher than a
solid slab of similar dimension. Due to the precision of serviceability calculations this
small difference is usually ignored.
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Vibration:
However, BubbleDeck is light and is not immune from vibration in all cases so this
must be checked just as it should be in appropriate solid slab applications.
Where deflections are large, as indicated by the static design, it is often an indication
that the structure is sensitive to vibration SLS issues.
The lighter weight of BubbleDeck may be exploited if it can usefully alter the modal
frequencies of a slab – generally raising them compared to a solid slab. The most
effective weapons against vibration, particularly resonant vibration, are stiffness and
damping. If we consider damping to be similar to solid slabs, and concentrate on
stiffness, we may observe that a BubbleDeck slab can provided over 2_ times the
stiffness obtained from a solid slab for the same quantity of concrete used. This can
be exploited in vibration sensitive applications.
At the present time, the static modification to the flexural stiffness is applied.
However, future work may show that the static stiffness is not the same as the
flexural stiffness in BubbleDeck slabs but the difference is thought to be minor
compared to the effects of inaccuracies in modelling vibration problems.
TR43i should be used for the procedures for determining vibration sensitivity and
modal superposition may used to determine the response for given excitation.
Fire resistance:
The fire resistance of the slab is a complex matter but is chiefly dependent on the
ability of the steel to retain sufficient strength during a fire when it will be heated and
lose significant strength as the temperature rises. The temperature of the steel is
controlled by the fire and the insulation of the steel from the fire. The degree to which
weakening of the steel is significant is related to the service stress at FLS.
The design then reduces to a determination of the combination of the amount of steel
and amount of concrete cover to attain a balance of steel temperature and stress that
allows the structure to remain stable at FLS.
Advance or more complex design and analysis may include the determination of
temperature profiles in the time domain, of cooling and the even effects of quenching
by fire fighting water.
A basic design may make use of the data tabulated in the BD technical manual for
cover required for various fire resistance periods and steel stress. An analysis may
be carried out for FLS loading (roughly 0.7 of the ULS loading but this should be
calculated according to EC2-1-2) and the applied moments obtained. This will allow
the designer to check various sections, using calculated moment curvature
relationships, to determine the steel stress corresponding to the FLS moments.
When these steel stresses are known they may be interpolated in the tabulated data
and cover or fire resistance thus estimated.
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A question that frequently arises concerns the pressure in the bubbles during
heating. Calculations have been carried out by Jørgen Breuning to show that this is
not a serious issue. In any case, all concrete is cracked and, in a fire, it is likely that
the air would escape and the pressure dissipated.
If the standard bubble material is used (HDPE), the products of combustion are
relatively benign, certainly compared to other materials that would also be burning in
the vicinity. In an intense, prolonged fire, the ball would melt and eventually char
without significant or detectable effect.
Seismic design:
This is a specialist area outside the scope of this brief technical note. However, the
concerns in Seismic design are largely similar to any flat slab structure.
Punching shear under seismic conditions is the most critical issue and damage at the
slab-column junction during sway reversals should be properly considered as well as
amplification of the punching shear due to the vertical component of ground
acceleration.
Detailing:
BubbleDeck demands more from the detailer than normal flat slab design – of this
there is no doubt. The geometrical discipline required to coordinate the layering and
spacing of factory fixed and site fixed rebar as well as the bubble module is far more
demanding and requires an attention to detail greater than ordinary detailing.
The BubbleDeck geometry is founded on the module size which, until recently,
comprised 200mm, 250mm, 300mm, 350mm, and 400mm. Larger sizes have been
added but the rules applying to the geometry still apply.
At a very early stage, the detailer should draft the sections to be used in a project
and verify the reinforcement geometry and especially the mesh spacing and girder
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size required.
Although the edge distance of the balls to the edge of the units, at internal edges that
will be concreted, may follow the natural module; the cover to the bubble may be
insufficient at the outside of the slab so it may be necessary to leave out a row of
balls or otherwise plan the spacing with this in mind. Fixings are frequently made to
edges of slabs so a slightly wider solid edge zone is often no bad thing.
Mesh will generally need to be custom mesh and it should be noted that machine
made meshes usually have one or more of the following restrictions:
The standard girder spacing, as outlined in CUR86 is two balls maximum. Greater
spacing than this is possible but the unit may be too flexible and crack more easily
during transit or handling. The longitudinal girder bar should be 10mm minimum for
the 200 and 250 modules and at least 12mm for 300 modules and above. The girder
web bar may usually be 7mm or 8mm and 8mm is preferred except in light
applications.
The section should be drafted so that the correct ball spacing is produced and so that
the bubbles are restrained against movement laterally or vertically by at least two
bars at the bottom and two bars at the top. It is usually sufficient to have two long
bars in the bottom mesh controlling the position and two transverse bars at the top. It
is imperative that the ball cannot rise up more than a few millimetres when placed in
the casting bed. The top mesh should be low enough in the section to permit the top
site steel to be placed allowing for some tolerance.
The detailer should note that the ball will float up, during casting in the factory, until it
is in contact with the closest top mesh bars. This means that the top mesh will
usually control the height of the ball.
The top mesh does not usually fulfil an important function in the permanent state,
except for an crack purposes, and is more significant in the temporary state (lifting
and when spanning between props) when it has the important purpose of stabilising
the top of the girder against lateral buckling. Clearly it also traps the bubbles in place.
Loose bars, not welded in the mesh, may be detailed to fit between the mesh bars,
secured by tying wire, to achieve localised increases in steel area.
Splice bars are placed on top of the filigree and should be detailed so that they have
adequate clearance, spacing and anchorage. It will generally be more efficient to
provide more of smaller bars than few of larger ones. Anti-progressive-collapse bars
will also pass through columns in two directions and lay directly on the filigree.
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Top site steel is detailed and placed in the normal way – as for solid slabs. A heavy
zone of steel will usually occur over columns with lighter steel on the column lines
between these zones. In curtailing the top steel, it is advantageous to do so in a way
that does not result in the bars ending very close to a unit joint and thus complicating
placement of splice mesh.
Where the top main site steel does not already form a top splice to the top mesh,
narrow sheets of top mesh are used to lay over the joints to complete a continuous
top reinforcement.
All edges of the slab must be fitted with U-bars, whether they are support edges or
not. This provides for the tensional resistance required at slab edges and the
satisfaction of the correct conditions for the development of the Kirchhoff boundary
forces. This is especially important near supports, like columns, and corners.
Shear reinforcement should be long enough to achieve correct cover top and bottom
but must be anchored in the top and bottom steel zones. The lateral spacing should
be as close to 0.75 times the effective depth as practicable, but not greater. For
radial arrangements of shear reinforcement, the circumferential spacing should be
similar in the case of the first element perimeter, which should be placed at a
maximum of approximately 0.375 times the effective depth from the face of support.
There will almost inevitably be conflict with the mesh and site steel and the spacing
should be varied by as small an amount as possible to clear this. In cases where
there is doubt about the suitability of a position, and extra element may be placed
adjacent.
To close the edge of the mesh and to provide transverse reinforcement to prevent
separation of the filigree at the joints, the edges of the units should have Ø8mm hook
bars, along the edge, hooked around the bottom mesh and top mesh edge bars.
The mesh should be welded to the top and bottom of the girders and the welds
should be sufficiently close together to resist pull-out from the filigree during lifting
and should provide sufficiently close spacing to the top girder bar so that it does not
buckle when in compression. Triangular or three bar girders have better resistance
but are more difficult to install with sufficient space for the bubbles and other steel.
It is suggested that the welds between the mesh and the girders should be at a
maximum spacing of 600mm spacing. The welds should not be too far apart as they
may allow the girder to pull out to easily from the filigree during lifting. They may also
provide insufficient restrain to the girder top bar which must be prevented from
buckling, especially when it is spanning across the props on site and supporting the
concrete pouring operation.
If fixings are to be made to the top of the slab when it is exposed to the weather, a
hole should be drilled right through to enable trapped water to drain out.
References
[i] Technical Report 43, Post Tensioned Concrete Floors – Design Handbook, The
Concrete Society.
[ii] Technical Report 58, Deflections in Concrete Beams and Slabs, The Concrete
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Society.
[iii] Eurocode 2 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules
and rules for buildings, British Standards Institution.
[iv] CIRIA Report 89, Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Flat Slabs, P E Regan,
CIRIA, 1981.
[v] CIRIA Report 110, Design of Reinforced Concrete Flat Slabs to BS8110, CIRIA,
Revised Edition 1994.
[vi] Limit Analysis and Concrete Plasticity, M P Nielsen, CRC Press, 2nd Edition 1998.
[viii] Practical Yield Line Design, Gerrard Kennedy and Charles Goodchild, British
Cement Association 1st Edition 2003
[ix] ACI318-05, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-05)
and Commentary (ACI 318R-05)
BubbleDeck UK
White Lodge,
Wellington Road,
St. Saviour,
JERSEY, C.I.
JE2 7TE
Bending:
Flexural or bending behaviour is elementary. Use the EC2 recommended procedures.
To avoid the situation that would exist if the depth of concrete in compression overlaps the ball zone, the
depth in compression must be limited so that the depth does not overlap by more than 20% of the
compression zone depth.
Deflection:
Methods:
Deflection is calculated from integration of curvatures or by software. If the latter is used, the engineer must
ensure that the procedure either uses an appropriate procedure for cracked section analysis or use
appropriate corrections to the modulus of elasticity.
The EC2 method for manual design closely resembles, and incorporates procedures for including the effects
of cracking and tension stiffening, methods developed by Branson and also Nielsen. It is proposed that
Nielsen’s method and notation may be used as it is reasonably clear and concise.
In the case of two-way spans, the spans in each direction must be evaluated separately and then the results
combined in a rational way.
Each span is divided into sections, usually equal lengths, and the curvatures computed for each from the
expression κ = M/EI. The curvature should be modified using Nielsen’s procedure, taking into account the
ratio of the cracking moment to the applied moment at the section. The curvatures at each section must then
be integrated twice on the span to produce the deflected profile. A classic procedure for this is due to
Timoshenko and the conjugate beam analogy may be used.
In the case of irregular plan forms and irregular spans, it is unlikely that hand methods will produce anything
better than an approximate estimate and computerised FE modelling will be necessary. FE Modelling using
non-linear and cracked section analysis has been shown to produce good results. Analysis using the gross
section properties must be avoided unless careful correlation of the equivalent elastic modulus is used. Any
software used must possess well documented explanations of the procedures used, must also have some
form of validation and be obtained from a reputable company with appropriate quality assurance procedures.
Loading:
Slabs should be checked for long term and short term loading. Long term loading will normally be modelled
by the application of a creep coefficient, and may include shrinkage curvature deflections, although the latter
is usually of secondary magnitude. The creep coefficient should be determined with reference to the age art
which the deflection is required but is will usually be of the order of 2.
The appropriate combination of loading in EC2, which refers to EC0 and EC1, for long term loading, is the
“Quasi-permanent” combination. This requires the application of the full permanent load plus a proportion of
the imposed load. Combination factors for the invariable part of the imposed load are given and these depend
on the structure’s use – they range generally from 0.3 to 0.7. However, since deflection calculations are
necessarily approximate, a combination factor of 0.5 may be applied to imposed loads without meaningful
loss of accuracy.
For short term loading, the “Frequent combination” is usually appropriate. Again combination factors are
given to represent the variable parts of imposed loads and they again depend on the use of the structure.
These may be applied to obtain an estimate of immediate deflection using short term material properties and
loading on adjacent spans may be investigated if appropriate. It is important to note that the deflection due to
imposed load only may not be obtained directly due to the non-linear effects of cracking so an analysis must
be carried out for permanent and imposed load as well as permanence load only and the imposed load
deflection obtained by subtracting one from the other.
Deflection limits should be obtained wherever possible from the client or building user. However, the
guidance on appropriate limits given in EC0 and EC2 may also be used.
Pre-camber may be specified to mitigate the effects of deflection. As a guide, such pre-camber should not
normally exceed Span/250 approximately.
It should be noted that large deflections, especially due to the permanent load alone, may indicate potential
vibration sensitivity that should be subject to a specialist investigation.
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References:
1. Enochsson, Ola & Dufvenberg, Peter - Concrete Slabs Designed With Finite Element Methods - Lulea
University of Technology.
3. Eurocodes 0, 1 and 2.
4. Whittle RT - Design of reinforced concrete flat slabs to BS8110 - CIRIA Report 110 (2nd Ed. 1994)
BubbleDeck International
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Detail 01
BubbleDeck Versions
splicebars
girder
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splicebars
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Detail 02
Cross section:
Hairpin at free perimeter X
Y Y
Detail 03
X
Cross Section: Y Y
Slab on wall (beam)
Detail 04
Cross section:
Slab above wall - continuous slabs X
Y Y
splice bars
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splice bars
Wall
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Detail 05
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Detail 06
Above column
No shear reinforcement
Detail 07
Above column
Shear reinforcement in one direction
Solid
Princip Detail 08
Example of
Intense Shear reinforcement above column
born in element units
Appendix G Examples
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Calculation Examples
1. Test 8 x 8
2. Millennium Tower
3. Shear
5. Test 9 x 12
6. Parking
7. Steel
12. Deflection
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Example 1 Test 8 x 8
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Example 1
Calculations
Max deflection
m is written at the form m,x = p L 2(1 – x/L) 2/ 6
to be used in excel program for deflexion
moment- and deflexion are calculated in excel form
4 dead load
5 dead load plus imposed load
the calculation is executed with Y20 above columns regarding the deflections
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Example 1
Model 2
cantilever L = 2,0 m
per m width m,x = p (L – x) 2 / 2
x = 0.0 m max m’ = 1 (2.0 – 0) 2 / 2 = 2.00 kNm/m
with p = 24.5 kN/m2
we have eff. m’d = 2.0 * 24.5 = 50 kNm/m
Y10/125 m’ = 60 -
+ Y14/125 above col. see figure 2
2 x 2.4 m m = 120 * 2 * 2.4 / 8.0 = 70 -
ok, total m = 60 + 70 = 130 -
more than eff. m’d = 50 -
Model 3
Aas we here have only an example and it is obvious there will be no perceptible deviation
it is sufficient to regard only the simple part A (triangle) point forces at edge yielding is not
regarded
moment balance
simple moment m,0 * 6.4 = 24.5 * 6.4 * 4.7 2 / 6 = 577 kNm/m
m,0 = 90 -
m’ = 24.5 * 2.0 2 / 2 = 50 -
max m = 90 – 50 = 40 -
Y10/125 m = 60 -
2
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Example 1
Model 4
It is directly seen:
The positive moment is obviously less than negative moment in model 1
The simple moment between columns is less than the real moment of the triangle figure
why regarding a 1.0 m strip between columns is sufficient
max m,0 = 24.5 * 5.0 2 / 8 = 76 kNm/m
less than the moment in model 3
Model 5
3
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Example 1
Model 6
the full yield line moment is less the individual yield line moments
At columns
Column ø 250 mm
load area max A = 4.1 * 4.1 – 0.5 * 4.0 (2.4 + 1.6) = 24.8 m2
load max P = 24.8 * 24.5 / 1000 = 0.61 MN
shear max τ = 0.61 / π (0.25 + 0.28) 0.28 = 1.30 MPa
more than
shear strength
x = 0.25 + 0.28 P,u = 0.08 * 0.77 * 20 * π (0.25 + 0.28) 0.28 E-3
= 0.57 MN
0.08 * 4.22 = 0.34 = ν (gl)
4.22 * 0.18 = 0.76 = ν (ny)
0.76 * 0,08 = 0.06 = eff ν => 0.06 * 20 = 1.20 = τ > f,ct
4
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
1:100
figure 1 8.1
1.5
4.2
8.2 4.5
9.4
8.0
5.0
3.5
1.5
figure 2 8.1
1.5
4.5
8.0
5.0
3.5
1.5
5.1
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
figure 4
1.5
4.5
m
5.0
7.0
3.5
1.5
3.0 4.0
6.4
2.8
m
8,0
6.4
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
figure 5
1.5
4.5
5.0 m
3.5
1.5
2.0 1.0
figure 6 4.3
3.2
4.1
m,0
m,0
3.4
3.9
m,0
2.4
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
m,0 = 0,0 kNm EI,w = 0,0 Span L = 4,2 m Steel b.s. xxx mm2 xxx
P = 0,0 kN/m EI,w = 17,0 MNm2 Height h = 280 mm Steel t.s. xxx0 mm2 xxx +
p = 4,5 kN/m2 EI,w = 17,0 MNm2 Column ø 250 mm Steel t.s. 000 mm2 (ø 00)
m,w = 45,3 kNm EI,c = 41,0 MNm2 Concrete 30 MPa
section load mom. crack. mom. curvature increase inclination defl. increase deflection deflection correct
x/L (-) m,g m,w (-) m/EI dv = dL* m/EI v (= Q,k) du=v*dL u =u,x+du u.korr.
kNm/m kNm/m 1/m E-3 E-3 E-3 mm mm mm
1 0.00 18.4 45.3 0.45 0.05 -0.05 -0.01 0.0 0.0
2 0.05 16.6 45.3 0.40 0.09 -0.13 -0.03 0.0 0.0
3 0.10 14.9 45.3 0.36 0.08 -0.21 -0.04 0.0 0.0
4 0.15 13.3 45.3 0.32 0.07 -0.28 -0.06 -0.1 -0.1
5 0.20 11.8 45.3 0.29 0.06 -0.34 -0.07 -0.1 -0.1
6 0.25 10.3 45.3 0.25 0.05 -0.39 -0.08 -0.2 -0.2
7 0.30 9.0 45.3 0.22 0.05 -0.44 -0.09 -0.3 -0.3
8 0.35 7.8 45.3 0.19 0.04 -0.48 -0.10 -0.4 -0.4
9 0.40 6.6 45.3 0.16 0.03 -0.51 -0.11 -0.5 -0.5
10 0.45 5.6 45.3 0.14 0.03 -0.54 -0.11 -0.6 -0.6
11 0.50 4.6 45.3 0.11 0.02 -0.56 -0.12 -0.7 -0.7
12 0.55 3.7 45.3 0.09 0.02 -0.58 -0.12 -0.8 -0.8
13 0.60 2.9 45.3 0.07 0.02 -0.60 -0.13 -0.9 -0.9
14 0.65 2.3 45.3 0.05 0.01 -0.61 -0.13 -1.1 -1.1
15 0.70 1.7 45.3 0.04 0.01 -0.62 -0.13 -1.2 -1.2
16 0.75 1.1 45.3 0.03 0.01 -0.62 -0.13 -1.3 -1.3
17 0.80 0.7 45.3 0.02 0.00 -0.63 -0.13 -1.5 -1.5
18 0.85 0.4 45.3 0.01 0.00 -0.63 -0.13 -1.6 -1.6
19 0.90 0.2 45.3 0.00 0.00 -0.63 -0.13 -1.7 -1.7
20 0.95 0.0 45.3 0.00 0.00 -0.63 -0.13 -1.9 -1.9
21 1.00 0.0 45.3 0.00 0.00 -0.63 -0.13 -2.0 -2.0
sum
50.0
40.0
load mom. (-) m,g kNm/m
30.0 crack. mom. m,w kNm/m
20.0
10.0
0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
1.00
0.50
0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
-0.50
-1.00
-2.50
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
m,0 = 0,0 kNm EI,w = 0,0 Span L = 4,2 m Steel b.s. xxx mm2 xxx
P = 0,0 kN/m EI,w = 17,0 MNm2 Height h = 280 mm Steel t.s. xxx0 mm2 xxx +
p = 25,4 kN/m2 EI,w = 17,0 MNm2 Column ø 250 mm Steel t.s. 000 mm2 (ø 00)
m,w = 45,3 kNm EI,c = 41,0 MNm2 Concrete 30 MPa
section load mom. crack. mom. curvature increase inclination defl. increase deflection deflection correct
x/L (-) m,g+q/2 m,w (-) m/EI dv = dL* m/EI v (= Q,k) du=v*dL u =u,x+du u.korr.
kNm/m kNm/m 1/m E-3 E-3 E-3 mm mm mm
1 0.00 100.1 45.3 5.30 0.56 -0.56 -0.12 0.0 0.0
2 0.05 90.4 45.3 4.55 0.96 -1.51 -0.32 -0.1 -0.1
3 0.10 81.1 45.3 3.84 0.81 -2.32 -0.49 -0.4 -0.4
4 0.15 72.4 45.3 3.17 0.67 -2.99 -0.63 -0.9 -0.9
5 0.20 64.1 45.3 2.54 0.53 -3.52 -0.74 -1.5 -1.5
6 0.25 56.3 45.3 1.95 0.41 -3.93 -0.83 -2.3 -2.3
7 0.30 49.1 45.3 1.39 0.29 -4.22 -0.89 -3.1 -3.1
8 0.35 42.3 45.3 1.03 0.22 -4.44 -0.93 -4.0 -4.0
9 0.40 36.1 45.3 0.88 0.18 -4.62 -0.97 -4.9 -4.9
10 0.45 30.3 45.3 0.74 0.16 -4.78 -1.00 -5.9 -5.9
11 0.50 25.0 45.3 0.61 0.13 -4.91 -1.03 -6.9 -6.9
12 0.55 20.3 45.3 0.49 0.10 -5.01 -1.05 -7.9 -7.9
13 0.60 16.0 45.3 0.39 0.08 -5.09 -1.07 -9.0 -9.0
14 0.65 12.3 45.3 0.30 0.06 -5.15 -1.08 -10.1 -10.1
15 0.70 9.0 45.3 0.22 0.05 -5.20 -1.09 -11.1 -11.1
16 0.75 6.3 45.3 0.15 0.03 -5.23 -1.10 -12.2 -12.2
17 0.80 4.0 45.3 0.10 0.02 -5.25 -1.10 -13.3 -13.3
18 0.85 2.3 45.3 0.05 0.01 -5.26 -1.11 -14.4 -14.4
19 0.90 1.0 45.3 0.02 0.01 -5.27 -1.11 -15.5 -15.5
20 0.95 0.3 45.3 0.01 0.00 -5.27 -1.11 -16.6 -16.6
21 1.00 0.0 45.3 0.00 0.00 -5.27 -1.11 -17.8 -17.8
sum
120.0
100.0
80.0 load mom. (-) m,g+q/2 kNm/m
crack. mom. m,w kNm/m
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
10.00
5.00
0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
-5.00
-20.00
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
Elements (m)
5400
e 1 2,7 x 9,3
e2 - 8,4
e3 - 7,8
e4
F e5 - 6,9
e6 - 4,8
e3 e1 e7 - 3,9
3600
E
e7
9000
e5 e2 e6
VIETCONS EDUCATION
3600
C
5400
A
www.vietcons.org
13 x 2790 J. BREUNING
Consulting Engineer
Bubble-Deck 330 mm / Concrete 15 MPa Rösevangen 8
Steel mesh bottom side element ø 12/150 mm DK-3520 Farum
Steel mesh top side element ø 06/150 mm Suppl. reinforcement ø 10/150 over walls is not shown Tlf. + 45 42 95 59 59
Drawing no 100
Weena Toren CL
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Element plan
1:200
4500 3600 3600 3600 5400 3600 3600 3600 4500
Date 22.01.98
H
Elements (m) :
e1 3.0 x 9.00
e2 3.0 x 9.00/7.40
5400
e3 3.0 x 7,40
F e1 e1 e2 e3 e4 3.0 x 7,80
3600
in situ
E
e4
e5
VIETCONS EDUCATION
e4 e4 e5
9000
e4
3600
C
e1 e2 e3
5400
www.vietcons.org
A J. BREUNING
Consulting Engineer
Rösevangen 8
DK-3520 Farum
Tlf. + 45 42 95 59 59
Weena Toren Yield line fig.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 no. 7b
Basic Plan
1:200
4500 3600 3600 3600 5400 3600 3600 3600 4500
Date 17.07.97
H
4,0
3
2,
,2 C
5400
12 5 5,6 4,0
8,
2 B 8,0
6,
F
A 4,5
6
3,
1,2
3600
1,0 10,0
E
2,7
VIETCONS EDUCATION
9000
D
3600
C
5400
www.vietcons.org
A
J. BREUNING
Consulting Engineer
Rösevangen 8
DK-3520 Farum
Tlf. + 45 42 95 59 59
1,0 1,8 1,7 4,4
2,8 6,1
4,4 A
6,1 6
8,
8900
1,7
6,
5
B
4
VIETCONS EDUCATION
1,8 2,
2,8
C
1,0
7
1,
9,
4
11
,0
www.vietcons.org
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
16200
16.2 20.1 22.0
11800 14850
Adjusted proposed system ARUP / SPAIN
1:50
16200
16200
16200
16200
16.9
20.1 22.0
16200
16200
16200
14.3
VIETCONS EDUCATION
16200
16200
16200
distance between columns distance between columns max yielding and max deflexion
JB Consultancy
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
Note 1 10-5-2009
ca moment *) L 2 / 16 L 2 / 13 L 2 / 10 L 2/ 8
ca moment *) L 2 / 16 L 2 / 13 L 2 / 10 L 2/ 8
*) used likely moment ratios (only to adjust the pure L4 ratios) – but the conclusion is clear,
the capacity of the deck is improved more than 100%.
Example 5 Test 9 x 12
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
Example 5
Materials
Load
Rough calculation
Based on p as variable
cantilever L = 2.5 m
2
m’ = p * 2.4 / 2 = 2.9 p kNm/m
1
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
cantilever L = 1.8 m
2
m’ = p * 1.8 / 2 = 1.6 p kNm/m
Shear
column D = 300 mm
load Q = 15.4 * 12.0 * 9.0 / 4 = 410 kN
massive τ = 0.41 / π (0.3 + 0.34) * 0.34 = 0.60 MPa
hollow τ = 0.60 / 0.6 = 1.00 MPa
in distance 0.9m hollow τ = 0.41 / π (0.3 + 0.6) 0.34 *0.6 = 0.70 MPa
2
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
Date 06.08.2008
1.8
Y10/150
Y12/150
5.4
D=1.5 m
1.8
5 elements
D=1.5 m 2.4 x 9.0 m
no bubbles free choice type A or type B
D=300
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
Example 6 Parking
BubbleDeck International
Model A / 340 mm deck J. Breuning * Consult
Rösevangen 8
Columns in grid 12.0 x 12.0 m DK - 3520 Farum
Ph/fax +45 44 95 59 59
1:100
17,0
12.0
www.vietcons.org
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
Juni 2001
Parking – Model A
J. BREUNING
Consulting Engineer
Rösevangen 8
DK-3520 Farum
Tlf. + 45 42 95 59 59
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
Overview
Temporary calculation
6 Shear calculation
5 Detail of element
CALCULATION BASIS
BD design moments
steel ø10 ø12 ø14 ø16 ø20 ø25 ø35
mom. kNm/m 60 86 117 153 240 375 735
used directly in the calculations
Load
BubbleDeck 340 mm g,0 = 7.30 kN/m2
Other load g,1 = 0.70 -
----------------------
Permanent load g = 8.00 kN/m2
Variable load q = 4.00 -
---------------------
Total load p 1.0 g + 1.0 q = 12.00 kN/m2
Design load
Danish. p,d = 1.0 g + 1.3 q = 13.20 -
p,a = 1.0 g + 0.5 q = 7.60 -
4
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
necessary moment
at column ø 400 ms + m’s = 3690 / 2π (1 + 5 * 0.3 / 16) = 537 kNm/m
is estimated in the elastic stage – with the load distributed in both directions (symmetry).
is estimated for
span, between axis L = 12.0 – 0.3 = 11.7 m
diagonal L = 12.0 * 1.41 – 0.3 = 16.6 -
Steel consumption
on site (estimated)
9.6
www.vietcons.org
Juni 2002
J. BREUNING
Consulting Engineer
Rösevangen 8
DK-3520 Farum
Tlf. + 45 42 95 59 59
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
Overview
Temporary calculation
6 Shear calculation
5 Detail of element
CALCULATION BASIS
BD design moments
steel ø10 ø12 ø14 ø16 ø20 ø25 ø35
mom. kNm/m 60 86 117 153 240 375 735
used directly in the calculations
Load
BubbleDeck 280 mm g,0 = 4.50 kN/m2
Other load g,1 = 0.20 -
----------------------
Permanent load g = 4.70 kN/m2
Variable load q = 4.00 -
---------------------
Total load p 1.0 g + 1.0 q = 8.70 kN/m2
Design load p,d = 1.0 g + 1.3 q = 9.90 -
p,a = 1.0 g + 0.5 q = 6.70 -
4
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
necessary moment
at column ø 400 ms + m’s = 850 / 2π (1 + 5 * 0.2 / 9.3) = 122 kNm/m
5
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
is estimated in the elastic stage – with the load distributed in both directions (symmetry).
is estimated for
span, between axis L = 9.6 – 0.3 = 9.3 m
diagonal L = 12.0 * 1.41 – 0,3 = 16.6 -
on site (estimated)
2100
6000
3700
80
50
B
30 (25) 30
40 (45)
3700
6000
2100
A
80
BubbleDeck International
Rösevangen 8
DK - 3520 Farum
40 (45)
Ph/fax +45 44 95 59 59
Project model B
390 mm BubbleDeck
Slab is supported along periphery by columns
5000
C
12 Y25 2000
5000 4400
m,x
12250
7400
4000
VIETCONS EDUCATION
B
3600
m’=2m
3700
7400
m,x
12250
m,y
4400
www.vietcons.org
A
BubbleDeck International
10800 10800 10800 Rösevangen 8
DK - 3520 Farum
1 2 3 4 Ph/fax +45 44 95 59 59
Project model C
2400 3600
C
m,xo
2400
2400
3600
3900
m,xi
12250
9850
5900
m’=2m
VIETCONS EDUCATION
4000
m,yi
m,yo
12250
2400
www.vietcons.org
A
2400 BubbleDeck International
3400 5000
Rösevangen 8
8400 10800 10800 DK - 3520 Farum
1 2 3 4 Ph/fax +45 44 95 59 59
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
September 2007
Herstedlund Fælleshus
Dokumentation af bæreevne
390 mm BubbleDeck
Indholdsfortegnelse side 2
390 mm dæk
Beregningsforudsætninger og antagelser 3
Lastgrundlag for beregning 4
Nødvendige undersøgelser 5
Udhæng 5
Selvbærende udhængende pladefelt 6
Indre fag / mellemfag 7
Revnevidder 7
Forskydning v. vægge 8
Søjler 9
Nedbøjninger 11
BEREGNINGSFORUDSÆTNINGER
BD design momenter ved 2 stål per basismodul 350 mm (γ,s = 1,2 og γ,c = 1,5)
Bemærkninger
Bilagene 3... viser spændingstilstanden i dækket ved understøtninger og i feltmidte ved design last.
Betonkonstanter ændres ikke ved lavere last (arbejdslast).
Der regnes med 100% fri nyttelast. Filigrandragere er ikke medtaget i beregningerne.
Under hensyn til dækkets størrelse udføres alle elementer med ens armering.
Der kan forekomme små afvigelser i målsætning - men disse er uden betydning.
Der arbejdes meget groft og på den sikre side – overalt ud fra modullinier.
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
Regningssmæssige Laster
Nødvendige undersøgelser
Kritiske/dimensionsgivende områder er
1. Udhæng se skitse 1
plademomenter generelt
spænd L = 3,8 m
dæk i middel m’ = 18,0 * 3,8 2 / 2 = 130 kNm/m
facade + 5,5 * 3,8 = 20 -
-----------------------
m,udh = 150 kNm/m
armering overside i een stribe á 7,5 m (1 søjle)
4Y8/350 + 2Y20/350 (over 4,0m)
giver disponibelt m = 2 * 40 + 240 * 4,0 / 7,5 = 210 kNm/m
2. Hjørne
moment m,skrå = m,udh * 0,7 = 105 kNm/m
nedbøjning u,skrå = u,udh * 1,4 se nedbøjning
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
5 Søjler se skitse 3, 4 og 5
Søjle G2 se skitse 5
10
Søjle G7 se skitse 4
se også excel kontrol bilag 7
11
Nedbøjninger
Der vurderes kun deformationer (vinkeldrejninger undersøges ikke).
I bilagene 3 er angivet betondata, spændinger og tøjninger i relevante lastsituationer.
I bilagene 4 vises nedbøjning for egenlast/permant last (hvor det skønnes nødvendigt). Udgår
I bilagene 5 er angivet nedbøjning for arbejdslast/sædvanlig last (g + 0,5 q)
Langtids nedbøjning kan med tilstrækkelig nøjagtighed regnes 3,5 gange korttids nedbøjningen.
Kun udhæng/hjørner har egentlig interesse. Kun langtids vurdering er relevant.
19.09.2007
Jorgen Breuning
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
Bilag 3sd_L
Herstedlund
Choice
m(g+q/2) MNm 0,170
f,ck MN/m2 35
f,yk MN/m2 550
E,s MN/m2 200000
E,c MN/m2 7407
A,s m2 E-6 2376 4Y8/350 2Y20/350
A',s m2 E-6 900 4Y10/350
h m 0,390
h,e m 0,350
Calculation
estimate y m 0,1280 0,1281 0,1282 0,1283 0,1284 0,1285 0,1286 0,1287 0,1288 0,1289
h,c=0,8y m 0,1024 0,1025 0,1026 0,1026 0,1027 0,1028 0,1029 0,1030 0,1030 0,1031
h,int m 0,2988 0,2988 0,2987 0,2987 0,2986 0,2986 0,2986 0,2985 0,2985 0,2984
C MN 0,569 0,569 0,569 0,569 0,569 0,569 0,569 0,569 0,570 0,570
stress,c MN/m2 5,19 5,19 5,18 5,18 5,18 5,18 5,17 5,17 5,17 5,16
strain,c 0,00070 0,00070 0,00070 0,00070 0,00070 0,00070 0,00070 0,00070 0,00070 0,00070
strain,s 0,00122 0,00121 0,00121 0,00121 0,00121 0,00120 0,00120 0,00120 0,00120 0,00120
stress,s MN/m2 243 243 242 242 241 241 240 240 240 239
T MN 0,578 0,577 0,575 0,574 0,573 0,572 0,571 0,570 0,569 0,568
T-C MN 0,0086 0,0075 0,0064 0,0053 0,0041 0,0030 0,0019 0,0008 -0,0003 -0,0015
EI,c MNm2 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0
EI,w MNm2 29,8 29,8 29,8 29,8 29,8 29,8 29,8 29,8 29,8 29,8
m,w kNm/m 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
Bilag 3su_k
Herstedlund
Choice
m(g+q/2) MNm 0,320
f,ck MN/m2 35
f,yk MN/m2 550
E,s MN/m2 200000
E,c MN/m2 26031
A,s m2 E-6 2376 4Y8/350 2Y20/350
A',s m2 E-6 900 4Y10/350
h m 0,390
h,e m 0,350
Calculation
estimate y m 0,0740 0,0741 0,0742 0,0743 0,0744 0,0745 0,0746 0,0747 0,0748 0,0749
h,c=0,8y m 0,0592 0,0593 0,0594 0,0594 0,0595 0,0596 0,0597 0,0598 0,0598 0,0599
h,int m 0,3204 0,3204 0,3203 0,3203 0,3202 0,3202 0,3202 0,3201 0,3201 0,3200
C MN 0,999 0,999 0,999 0,999 0,999 0,999 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
stress,c MN/m2 15,04 15,03 15,01 14,99 14,98 14,96 14,94 14,93 14,91 14,90
strain,c 0,00058 0,00058 0,00058 0,00058 0,00058 0,00057 0,00057 0,00057 0,00057 0,00057
strain,s 0,00216 0,00215 0,00214 0,00214 0,00213 0,00213 0,00212 0,00211 0,00211 0,00210
stress,s MN/m2 431 430 429 427 426 425 424 423 422 420
T MN 1,024 1,021 1,018 1,016 1,013 1,010 1,007 1,004 1,002 0,999
T-C MN 0,0254 0,0224 0,0194 0,0165 0,0135 0,0106 0,0076 0,0047 0,0018 -0,0011
EI,c MNm2 115,8 115,8 115,8 115,8 115,8 115,8 115,8 115,8 115,8 115,8
EI,w MNm2 39,8 39,8 39,8 39,8 39,8 39,8 39,8 39,8 39,8 39,7
m,w kNm/m 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
Bilag 3ud_L
Herstedlund
Choice
m(g+q/2) MNm 0,150
f,ck MN/m2 35
f,yk MN/m2 550
E,s MN/m2 200000
E,c MN/m2 7407
A,s m2 E-6 1534 4Y8/350 2Y20/350 x 4,0/7,5
A',s m2 E-6 900 4Y10/350
h m 0,390
h,e m 0,350
Calculation
estimate y m 0,1070 0,1071 0,1072 0,1073 0,1074 0,1075 0,1076 0,1077 0,1078 0,1079
h,c=0,8y m 0,0856 0,0857 0,0858 0,0858 0,0859 0,0860 0,0861 0,0862 0,0862 0,0863
h,int m 0,3072 0,3072 0,3071 0,3071 0,3070 0,3070 0,3070 0,3069 0,3069 0,3068
C MN 0,488 0,488 0,488 0,488 0,489 0,489 0,489 0,489 0,489 0,489
stress,c MN/m2 5,26 5,26 5,25 5,25 5,25 5,24 5,24 5,23 5,23 5,23
strain,c 0,00071 0,00071 0,00071 0,00071 0,00071 0,00071 0,00071 0,00071 0,00071 0,00071
strain,s 0,00161 0,00161 0,00161 0,00160 0,00160 0,00160 0,00159 0,00159 0,00159 0,00158
stress,s MN/m2 323 322 321 321 320 319 319 318 317 317
T MN 0,495 0,494 0,493 0,492 0,491 0,490 0,489 0,488 0,487 0,486
T-C MN 0,0066 0,0055 0,0045 0,0034 0,0023 0,0012 0,0001 -0,0009 -0,0020 -0,0031
EI,c MNm2 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0
EI,w MNm2 21,8 21,8 21,8 21,8 21,8 21,8 21,8 21,8 21,8 21,8
m,w kNm/m 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
section load mom. crack. mom. curvature increase inclination defl. increase deflection deflection
x/L m,g+q/2 m,w (-) m/EI dv = dL* m/EI v (= Q,k) du=v*dL u =u,x+du u.korr.
kNm/m kNm/m 1/m E-3 E-3 E-3 mm mm mm
1 0,00 99,1 95,0 3,12 0,30 -0,30 -0,06 0,0 0,0
2 0,05 90,2 95,0 2,73 0,52 -0,82 -0,16 -0,1 -0,1
3 0,10 81,8 95,0 2,48 0,47 -1,29 -0,24 -0,2 -0,2
4 0,15 73,8 95,0 2,24 0,42 -1,71 -0,33 -0,5 -0,5
5 0,20 66,2 95,0 2,01 0,38 -2,09 -0,40 -0,8 -0,8
6 0,25 59,0 95,0 1,79 0,34 -2,43 -0,46 -1,2 -1,2
7 0,30 52,2 95,0 1,58 0,30 -2,73 -0,52 -1,6 -1,6
8 0,35 45,8 95,0 1,39 0,26 -3,00 -0,57 -2,2 -2,2
9 0,40 39,9 95,0 1,21 0,23 -3,23 -0,61 -2,7 -2,7
10 0,45 34,3 95,0 1,04 0,20 -3,42 -0,65 -3,3 -3,3
11 0,50 29,1 95,0 0,88 0,17 -3,59 -0,68 -4,0 -4,0
12 0,55 24,4 95,0 0,74 0,14 -3,73 -0,71 -4,7 -4,7
13 0,60 20,0 95,0 0,61 0,12 -3,85 -0,73 -5,4 -5,4
14 0,65 16,1 95,0 0,49 0,09 -3,94 -0,75 -6,1 -6,1
15 0,70 12,6 95,0 0,38 0,07 -4,01 -0,76 -6,9 -6,9
16 0,75 9,5 95,0 0,29 0,05 -4,07 -0,77 -7,6 -7,6
17 0,80 6,8 95,0 0,20 0,04 -4,11 -0,78 -8,4 -8,4
18 0,85 4,5 95,0 0,14 0,03 -4,13 -0,79 -9,2 -9,2
19 0,90 2,6 95,0 0,08 0,01 -4,15 -0,79 -10,0 -10,0
20 0,95 1,1 95,0 0,03 0,01 -4,15 -0,79 -10,8
21 1,00 0,0 95,0 0,00 0,00 -4,15 -0,79 -11,5
sum
120,0
100,0
80,0 load mom. m,g+q/2 kNm/m
60,0 crack. mom. m,w kNm/m
40,0
20,0
0,0
-20,0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
4,00
2,00
0,00
-2,00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
-4,00
-6,00
-8,00
-10,00 curvature (-) m/EI 1/m E-3
deflection u.korr. mm
-12,00
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
section load mom. crack. mom. curvature increase inclination defl. increase deflection deflection
x/L m,g+q/2 m,w (-) m/EI dv = dL* m/EI v (= Q,k) du=v*dL u =u,x+du u.korr.
kNm/m kNm/m 1/m E-3 E-3 E-3 mm mm mm
1 0,00 70,9 95,0 2,15 0,28 -0,28 -0,08 0,0 0,0
2 0,05 64,8 95,0 1,96 0,52 -0,80 -0,21 -0,1 -0,1
3 0,10 59,0 95,0 1,79 0,47 -1,28 -0,34 -0,3 -0,3
4 0,15 53,4 95,0 1,62 0,43 -1,71 -0,45 -0,6 -0,6
5 0,20 48,1 95,0 1,46 0,39 -2,09 -0,55 -1,1 -1,1
6 0,25 43,1 95,0 1,31 0,35 -2,44 -0,65 -1,6 -1,6
7 0,30 38,4 95,0 1,16 0,31 -2,75 -0,73 -2,3 -2,3
8 0,35 33,9 95,0 1,03 0,27 -3,02 -0,80 -3,0 -3,0
9 0,40 29,7 95,0 0,90 0,24 -3,26 -0,86 -3,8 -3,8
10 0,45 25,8 95,0 0,78 0,21 -3,47 -0,92 -4,7 -4,7
11 0,50 22,1 95,0 0,67 0,18 -3,64 -0,97 -5,6 -5,6
12 0,55 18,7 95,0 0,57 0,15 -3,79 -1,01 -6,6 -6,6
13 0,60 15,5 95,0 0,47 0,12 -3,92 -1,04 -7,6 -7,6
14 0,65 12,7 95,0 0,38 0,10 -4,02 -1,07 -8,6 -8,6
15 0,70 10,1 95,0 0,30 0,08 -4,10 -1,09 -9,7 -9,7
16 0,75 7,7 95,0 0,23 0,06 -4,16 -1,10 -10,8 -10,8
17 0,80 5,6 95,0 0,17 0,05 -4,21 -1,12 -11,9 -11,9
18 0,85 3,8 95,0 0,12 0,03 -4,24 -1,12 -13,0 -13,0
19 0,90 2,3 95,0 0,07 0,02 -4,26 -1,13 -14,1 -14,1
20 0,95 1,0 95,0 0,03 0,01 -4,27 -1,13 -15,2
21 1,00 0,0 95,0 0,00 0,00 -4,27 -1,13 -16,4
sum
100,0
40,0
20,0
0,0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
-20,0
4,00
2,00
0,00
-2,00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
-4,00
-6,00
-8,00
-10,00
-12,00
curvature (-) m/EI 1/m E-3
-14,00
deflection u.korr. mm
-16,00
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
Bilag 3md_L
Herstedlund
Choice
m(g+q) MNm 0,090
f,ck MN/m2 35
f,yk MN/m2 550
E,s MN/m2 200000
E,c MN/m2 7407
A,s m2 E-6 900 4Y10/350
A',s m2 E-6 576 4Y8/350
h m 0,390
h,e m 0,350
Calculation
estimate y m 0,0860 0,0861 0,0862 0,0863 0,0864 0,0865 0,0866 0,0867 0,0868 0,0869
h,c=0,8y m 0,0688 0,0689 0,0690 0,0690 0,0691 0,0692 0,0693 0,0694 0,0694 0,0695
h,int m 0,3156 0,3156 0,3155 0,3155 0,3154 0,3154 0,3154 0,3153 0,3153 0,3152
C MN 0,285 0,285 0,285 0,285 0,285 0,285 0,285 0,285 0,285 0,285
stress,c MN/m2 3,88 3,88 3,88 3,87 3,87 3,87 3,86 3,86 3,86 3,85
strain,c m/m 0,00052 0,00052 0,00052 0,00052 0,00052 0,00052 0,00052 0,00052 0,00052 0,00052
strain,s m/m 0,00161 0,00161 0,00160 0,00160 0,00159 0,00159 0,00159 0,00158 0,00158 0,00157
stress,s MN/m2 322 321 320 320 319 318 317 316 316 315
T MN 0,290 0,289 0,288 0,288 0,287 0,286 0,285 0,285 0,284 0,283
T-C MN 0,0046 0,0039 0,0031 0,0023 0,0016 0,0008 0,0001 -0,0007 -0,0014 -0,0021
EI,c MNm2 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0
EI,w MNm2 14,3 14,3 14,3 14,3 14,3 14,3 14,3 14,3 14,3 14,3
m,w kNm/m 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
Moment is given by m,x = 4 m,o (x/L) (1 - (x/L)) - (x/L) (m,1 - m,2) + m,1
Curvature is estimated as m,x / EI,c if m,x < m,w
m,w / EI,c + 1,3 ((m,x-m,w) / EI,w) if < m,x / EI,w and if m,x > m,w
section load mom. crack. mom. curvature curv. increase inclin. in (1) inclination defl. increase deflection deflection
x/L m (g+q/2) m,w m/EI dL* m/EI v(1)=Q(1),k v = Q,k du=v*dL u =u,x+du u.korr.
kNm/m kNm/m 1/m E-3 E-3 E-3 E-3 mm mm mm
1 0,00 -100,0 -95,0 -3,18 -0,61 -0,61 -0,61 -0,23 0,0 0,0
2 0,05 -78,9 -95,0 -2,39 -0,92 -0,87 0,31 0,12 -0,2 -0,2
3 0,10 -59,4 -95,0 -1,80 -0,69 -0,62 1,00 0,39 -0,1 -0,1
4 0,15 -41,7 -95,0 -1,26 -0,49 -0,41 1,49 0,57 0,3 0,3
5 0,20 -25,6 -95,0 -0,78 -0,30 -0,24 1,79 0,69 0,8 0,8
6 0,25 -11,3 -95,0 -0,34 -0,13 -0,10 1,92 0,74 1,5 1,5
7 0,30 1,4 95,0 0,04 0,02 0,01 1,90 0,73 2,3 2,3
8 0,35 12,4 95,0 0,37 0,14 0,09 1,76 0,68 3,0 3,0
9 0,40 21,6 95,0 0,65 0,25 0,15 1,51 0,58 3,7 3,7
10 0,45 29,2 95,0 0,88 0,34 0,19 1,17 0,45 4,3 4,3
11 0,50 35,0 95,0 1,06 0,41 0,20 0,76 0,29 4,7 4,7
12 0,55 39,2 95,0 1,19 0,46 0,21 0,30 0,12 5,0 5,0
13 0,60 41,6 95,0 1,26 0,49 0,19 -0,18 -0,07 5,1 5,1
14 0,65 42,4 95,0 1,28 0,49 0,17 -0,68 -0,26 5,0 5,0
15 0,70 41,4 95,0 1,25 0,48 0,14 -1,16 -0,45 4,8 4,8
16 0,75 38,8 95,0 1,17 0,45 0,11 -1,61 -0,62 4,3 4,3
17 0,80 34,4 95,0 1,04 0,40 0,08 -2,01 -0,78 3,7 3,7
18 0,85 28,4 95,0 0,86 0,33 0,05 -2,35 -0,90 2,9 2,9
19 0,90 20,6 95,0 0,62 0,24 0,02 -2,59 -1,00 2,0 2,0
20 0,95 11,1 95,0 0,34 0,13 0,01 -2,72 -1,05 1,0 1,0
21 1,00 0,0 95,0 0,00 0,00 0,00 -2,72 -1,05 0,0 0,0
sum 1,49 -1,22
load mom. m (g+q/2) kNm/m
150,0
crack. mom. m,w kNm/m
100,0
50,0
0,0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
-50,0
-100,0
-150,0
2,00
0,00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
-2,00
-4,00
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
Herstedlund Bilag 7
Statiske parametre
stål beton beton beton beton søjlelast dæklast dækhøjde søjleradius
f,y f,ck f,tk t,b f,cds P p h r (o)
MPa MPa MPa MPa MPa MN MN/m2 m m
550 35 1,87 0,95 12,25 1,280 0,018 0,39 0,15
Q,stål hul 1,03 0,89 0,74 0,58 0,43 0,26 0,10 -0,07
bjl K10 15,7 13,5 11,2 8,9 6,5 4,0 1,5 -1,1
bjl K12 10,9 9,3 7,8 6,2 4,5 2,8 1,0 -0,8
bjl K14 8,0 6,9 5,7 4,5 3,3 2,0 0,7 -0,6
X X
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
B
1670
C
1670
D
1670
E
1670
F
1670
G
1670
H
1670
Red marking
for orientation of element
undersøgelse overflødig
2500
(2a)
(1)
P,g = 4,6 x 2
4000
p,d =18,0 kN/m2
P,g = 4,6 (3)
undersøgelse overflødig
2500
indspænding
(6’) , (7’)
7000
(5)
4000
undersøgelse overflødig
2500
indspænding
(0,5 L) (0,6 L)
7000
2,5 4,0
(0,6 L)
4000
18,0 kN/m2
Forskydningsarmering Skitse 4
Søjle G7
1:20
gitre kan forskydes frit inden for halv modul (170 mm)
1100
1/2 bjl 8 12 8 1820 kN
1800
1/2 bjl 10 8 10 1820 kN
2600
1/2 bjl 8 520 kN
8 520 kN
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
Forskydningsarmering Skitse 4A
Søjle G7
1:20
gitre kan forskydes frit inden for halv modul (170 mm)
1100
1/2 bjl 8 12 8 1820 kN
1800
1/2 bjl 14 10 8 10 14 2860 kN
2600
1/2 bjl 4 8 4 1040 kN
8 520 kN
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
Forskydningsarmering Skitse 5
Søjle G2
1:20
1/2 bjl 14 18 12
910 kN 1160 kN 780 kN
Princip af vridningsgitter
1:5
forskydningsarmering
ikke indtegnet
sammenholdes
m. elementplan
Y20
Y8
Y20
315 x 275
Y14 bjl/175
Y20
Y10
30
100
150
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
May 2009
TEST
of
Remarks to Calculation
In the attempt to make the project both general and simple (easy understandable) are chosen
following practical procedures – with weight on simplicity :
Only uniformly distributed load is regarded – because full maximum uniform load will reveal
the wanted most critical picture of both the shear around columns and the sagging moment at
slab middle. Variation in imposed load will only influence temporary deflection.
Firstly, calculation is based on arbitrary (variable) load p – to make a simple, flexible and fast
tool to calculating and controlling the sagging moment and the deflexion on site through the test.
Secondly, these expressions are made numerical replacing load p with wanted actual load.
This general setup also shows how simple calculations can be made by hand.
Calculations are executed with only two significant digits rounded up – more have no relevancy
(neither regarding the theoretical calculations nor the practical exactness of execution on site).
Calculations are based on f,ck 35 MPa but using 25 MPa will not influence strength only flexure.
Further calculation is carried out as traditional 2-bay one-way calculation (elastic state),
X direction is chosen as element direction (length),
the slab is fully symmetrical around the column lines in both X- and Y-direction.
slab is regarded 100% fixed at internal column line (simple, well balanced choice),
slab is carried out without moment transfer to columns (charnier).
Stress, strain and stiffness are normally not calculated - but is here shown in encl. 3 at slab
middle for supposed design load.
Concerning Shear.
The old word “Theory is one thing – practice another” should be remembered when dealing
with shear. Two matters should be taken in consideration.
One, as shear reinforcement only has relevancy in very small areas compared with other
reinforcement, there is no argument in favour of spending time on sophisticated calculations
when simple expressions can be used – and furthermore safe using the lower limit of factors.
Simple formulas results in easy calculation and easy and safe control.
Two, as the execution on site of reinforced shear zones often is quite “out in the blue” or
without reasonable relation to the project design, the shear not only has to be calculated safe
but also be designed in a manner that it cannot be executed wrong.
Minor deviations between calculations and drawings are not corrected – if regarded insignificant.
Basic BD design moments m,y ≈ 0.6 d,y 2 (where d is the bar diameter)
Loads
Main (design) forces on model based on random load (for quick load variations)
and calculated one-way after axes
not fully correct but Ok, simple and practical – compare correct value encl.6 and annex 1
(under general circumstances also the hogging (negative) slab moment has to be controlled
but not necessary for the test).
values quoted in round figures (compare with more exact yield line estimate, encl. B)
would be allowed but in practice is recommended always to work with some margin and
experience tells that utilization of steel about 70-80% of max. will balance deflections.
better choice
bottom mesh Y10/125, m = 60 kNm/m
top mesh Y06/125
Double bay
Shear
u,n
V,0
45
u,0 u,n
d/2
D d d d d d
Actual calculation
control
at perimeter u,5 = u,0 + 5 * 6 d
= 2.50 + 5 * 6 * 0.25 = 10.0 m
shear surface A,5 = 10.0 * 0.25 = 2.50 m2
Outer slabs
this choice could have been made as the reinforcement Y10 would be sufficient
Annex A
Simple procedure for calculation punching shear - see draft
(3) the steel can be reduced successively according to reduced N,n = V – V,n
where V,n = 0.5 f,td * u,n * d
and u,n ≈ u,0 + n * 6 d
If it is preferred to work on basis of full deck thickness can be used following rewriting
(1) v = 1.1 * V / h * u
where h is the full slab height
d ≈ 0.9 * h (static depth)
(3) the steel can be reduced successively according to N,n = 1.1 * V – V,n
where V,n = 0.5 f,td * u,n * h
and u,n ≈ u,0 + n * 6 h
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
Because of its nature the present calculation is a mix of general procedure and the actual test.
3. control moment for P,d and calculate necessary reinforcement above column
(not necessary if moment will be chosen more than sagging moment)
7. control sagging moment and top side mesh for combination full support moment and
minimum slab load
Specific calculation of crack bottom side during long term use under working (utility) load
Estimated by the formula w,cr = 2.5 * 10 – 5 σ,s √ a,w (EC adjusted by DK)
with
active concrete area A,cef = 1000 * 50 = 50 000 mm2/m
sum of steel diameters, ø12/100 ∑ d,w = 10 * 12 = 120 mm/m
crack parameter a,w = A,c eff / Σ ø
= 50 000 / 120 = 420
steel stress (see encl. 3mL) σ,swL = 170 MPa
max. crack width w,cr = 5 * 10 – 5 σ,s √ a,w
= 2.5 E-5 * 170 * √ 420 = 0.10 mm
BD always recommends working on basis of the real behaviour rather than using empirical formulas.
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
Ph/fax +45 44 95 59 59
Elementer og stød
BubbleDeck Danmark
Dæk over etage 1
o.s.: Y8
DK - 3520 Farum
1:200
u.s.: Y8 u.s.: Y10
Plan
Rösevangen 8
700 3000
2500.8005 C 2500.10210 L
9
2500.8005 2500.9150
2500.8005 2500.9150
2500.8005 C 2500.10210 L
8
Note: Fugearmering fra huldæk til BubbleDeck som anført på LH: 4.301
2500.8005 2500.9150
CL
2500.8005 2500.9150
2500.8005 C 2500.10210 L
7
stød o.s.: Y6
u.s.: Y8
2500.8005 2500.9150
2500.8005 2500.9150
2500.8005 C 2500.10210 L
6
2500.8005 2500.9150
2500.8005 2500.10210 M
2500.8005 C 2500.10210 K
5
2500.8005 2500.10210 J
Rådhusparken , Glostrup
2500.8005 2500.10210 J
Tegning No. 120 A
ø6 - 600 mm
ø8 - 700 mm
ø10 - 800 mm
2500.8005 C 2500.10210 K
4
Dato 03.06.2003
2005.8005 A1 2005.10210 A1
3
D
Rådhusparken , Glostrup X Basis Armering
Tegning No. 130 A Dæk over etage 1
CL
Dato 03.06.2003 1:200
Y
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
3500
3255
Y6/125 o.s.
Y8/125 u.s.
Y8/125 o.s.
7500
7500
Y8/125 u.s.
VIETCONS EDUCATION
2750
C
Y6/125 o.s. Y6/125 o.s.
6750
Y6/125 o.s.
7500
Y10/125 u.s.
Y6/125 o.s.
Y6/125 o.s.
Y10/125 u.s.
Y8/125 + Y8/250 u.s.
3400
se tegning 151
D
10755 18995
www.vietcons.org
BubbleDeck Danmark
Rösevangen 8
Stødarmering : Se Tegning nr. 120 A Note : Fugearmering fra huldæk til BubbleDeck som anført på LH: 4.301
DK - 3520 Farum
Ph/fax +45 44 95 59 59
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
o.s.: Y8
Ph/fax +45 44 95 59 59
Elementer og stød
BubbleDeck Denmark
Dæk over etage 2
u.s.: Y8
DK - 3520 Farum
700
1:200
Plan
Rösevangen 8
E3000.9255 B 3000.5500 B
9
E3000.9255 A 3000.5500 A
E3000.9255 3000.8960 G
1500.9255 B 1500.5500 B
8
Note: Fugearmering fra huldæk til BubbleDeck som anført på LH: 4.302
3000.9255 A 3000.5500 A
1500.9255 1500.5500
CL
3000.9255 B 3000.5500 B
7
2500.9255 A 2500.5500 A
stød o.s.: Y6
u.s.: Y8
3000.9255 3000.8960 F
2000.9255 B 2000.5500 B
6
3000.9255 A 3000.5500 A
1500.9255 1500.5500
3000.9255 B 3000.8960 D
5
3000.9255 A 3000.8960 A
stød u.s.: Y10
Rådhusparken , Glostrup
3000.9255 3000.8960
Tegning No. 220 A
ø6 - 600 mm
ø8 - 700 mm
ø10 - 800 mm
3000.9255 C 3000.8960 C
4
Dato 14.04.2003
1755.9255 A1 1755.8960 A1
3
D
Rådhusparken , Glostrup X Basis Armering
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
3500
3255
Y6/125 o.s.
Y8/125 u.s.
Y8/125 o.s.
7500
7500
Y8/125 u.s.
Y6/125 o.s.
VIETCONS EDUCATION
2750
Y8/125 u.s.
C
6150
Y8/125
Y8/125
Y8/125 u.s.
Y6/125 o.s.
7500
7400
Y6/125 o.s.
3400
Y8/125 u.s.
D
10755 18995
www.vietcons.org
BubbleDeck Danmark
Rösevangen 8
Stødarmering, se Tegning nr. 220 A Note: Fugearmering fra huldæk til BubbleDeck som anført på LH: 4.302
DK - 3520 Farum
Ph/fax +45 44 95 59 59
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
o.s.: Y8
Ph/fax +45 44 95 59 59
Elementer og stød
BubbleDeck Danmark
Dæk over etage 3
u.s.: Y8
DK - 3520 Farum
700
1:200
Plan
Rösevangen 8
2500.8005 B 2500.6750 B
9
2500.8005 A 2500.6750 A
2500.8005 2500.6750
2500.8005 B 2500.6750 B
8
Note: Fugearmering fra huldæk til BubbleDeck som anført på LH: 4.303
2500.8005 A 2500.6750 A
2500.8005 2500.10210 L
CL
2500.8005 B 2500.6750 B
7
2500.8005 A 2500.6750 A
stød o.s.: Y6
u.s.: Y8
2500.8005 2500.6750
2500.8005 B 2500.6750 B
6
2500.8005 A 2500.6750 A
2500.8005 2500.6750
2500.8005 B 2500.10210 D
5
2500.8005 A 2500.10210 A
stød u.s.: Y10
2500.8005 2500.10210
Rådhusparken , Glostrup
Tegning No. 320 A
3005.8005 C1 3005.10210 C1
ø6 - 600 mm
ø8 - 700 mm
ø10 - 800 mm
4
Dato 03.06.2003
2750.8005 A1 2750.10210 A1
3
D
Rådhusparken , Glostrup Basis Armering
Tegning No. 330 A X
Dæk over etage 3
Dato 03.06.2003 CL 1:200
Y
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
A
Y6/125
3500
Y8/125
3255
Y8/125
Y8/125
7500
7500
VIETCONS EDUCATION
2750
C
6150
Y8/125
Y8/125
Y8/125
Y6/125
Y6/125
Y8/125
7500
7400
Y6/125
Y8/125
3400
10755 18995
www.vietcons.org
BubbleDeck Danmark
Rösevangen 8
Stødarmering, se Tegning nr. 320 A Note: Fugearmering fra huldæk til BubbleDeck som anført på LH: 4.303
DK - 3520 Farum
Ph/fax +45 44 95 59 59
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
Ph/fax +45 44 95 59 59
o.s.: Y8
Elementer og stød
BubbleDeck Danmark
Dæk over etage 4
u.s.: Y8
DK - 3520 Farum
700
1:200
Plan
Rösevangen 8
2500.7955 B 2500.4500 B
9
2500.7955 A 2500.4500 A
2500.7955 2500.4500
2500.7955 B 2500.4500 B
8
Note: Fugearmering fra huldæk til BubbleDeck som anført på LH: 4.304
2500.7955 A 2500.4500 A
CL
2500.7955 2500.4500
2500.7955 B 2500.4500 B
7
2500.7955 A 2500.4500 A
stød o.s.: Y6
u.s.: Y8
2500.7955 2500.4500
2500.7955 B 2500.4500 B
6
2500.7955 A 2500.4500 A
2500.7955 2500.4500
2500.7955 B 2500.7960 D
5
3005.7955 A 3005.7960 A
Rådhusparken , Glostrup
3005.7955 3005.7960
Tegning No. 420 A
ø6 - 600 mm
ø8 - 700 mm
ø10 - 800 mm
2445.7955 A 2445.7960 A
4
Dato 03.06.2003
D
Rådhusparken , Glostrup X Basis Armering
Tegning No. 430 A Dæk over etage 4
Dato 03.06.2003 CL 1:200
Y
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
A
955
3500
B
Y8/125
Y6/125
7500
7500
Y6/125 o.s.
Y8/125 u.s.
VIETCONS EDUCATION
C
Y6/125 o.s. Y6/125 o.s.
4500
Y8/125
Y8/125
7400
7500
Y8/125
Y6/125
3400
8455 18995
www.vietcons.org
BubbleDeck Danmark
Stødarmering, se Tegning nr. 420 A Note: Fugearmering fra huldæk til BubbleDeck som anført på LH: 4.304 Rösevangen 8
DK - 3520 Farum
Ph/fax +45 44 95 59 59
standard elementets oversidenet afskæres i nødvendigt omfang Rådhusparken, Glostrup
4 Y20 o.s. (L = 1350) Tegning nr. 151
Dato 03.06.2003
4 U-bjl Y10, L 350
4 Y20
bjl Y12/125
65 8 Y20
15/25
600
2 bjl Y 12/125
L = 1550 L = 2050
40 60 1000
U-bjl ø6/250
i dette elem.
VIETCONS EDUCATION
se element E3000.8960 L
Detail af konsol
600
1:10
BubbleDeck Danmark
U-bjl ø6/250 Rösevangen 8
I dette element
DK - 3520 Farum
Ph/fax +45 44 95 59 59
CL
Rådhusparken, Glostrup
Detail af konsol
Tegning nr. 151A
1:2,5
Dato 03.06.2003
20
4 Y20
230
U-bjl Y10 bjl 2Y12/125
h,udv = 204
VIETCONS EDUCATION
8 Y20
30
600
www.vietcons.org
BubbleDeck Denmark
Rösevangen 8
DK - 3520 Farum
Ph/fax +45 44 95 59 59
Rådhusparken, Glostrup Gangbro etage 2
Tegning nr. 251 Element 3005.10210 F
Dato 12.06.2003
Plan 1:50
6
Snit : se tegn. 252 og 351
D C
3317
40 4 Y16 (blue)
L = 4500
147
1322
VIETCONS EDUCATION
3005
4 U-bjl Y10
217
2854
959
5 Y16 (L=2700) med sort farve
Elementet afskæres efter de skrå punkterede linier on site
2283
I kanter lægges U-bjl Y6/500 (L=250) on site (bjl se tegn 351)
60 3400 4000 2750
www.vietcons.org
7
Rösevangen 8
DK - 3520 Farum
Ph/fax +45 44 95 59 59
Rådhusparken, Glostrup Gangbro etage 2 modul 8-9
Tegning nr. 252
Element 3005.10210 G
Dato 12.06.2003
Plan 1:50
8
Snit og details tegn. 252 A
1745
L = 4500
6 Y16 (blue)
L = 4500
485
205
L = 350
1806
U-bjl Y10/500
3005
VIETCONS EDUCATION
994
714
Elementet afskæres efter de skrå punkterede linier on site
I kanterne lægges U-bjl Y6/500 (L=250) on site (se bjl tegn. 351)
I trappeside lægges extra U-bjl Y6/500 (L=350) (se tegn.252 A)
2750
60 3400 4000 2750
10210
100 væg
www.vietcons.org
BubbleDeck Denmark
D C Rösevangen 8
DK - 3520 Farum
9
Ph/fax +45 44 95 59 59
Rådhusparken, Glostrup Gangbro etage 2 modul 8-9
Tegning nr. 252 A Element 3005.10210 G
Dato 14.04.2003
Rev. 12.06.2003 : element mål ændret Details 1:10 og 1:20
trappe
girder
slant girder
U-bjl Y10/500
girder
U-bjl Y10/500
VIETCONS EDUCATION
girder
Plan 1:20
cut on site
250/350 girder girder
Snit A-A 1:10
BubbleDeck Denmark
Rösevangen 8
60 Y16 DK - 3520 Farum
short girder Y8
Ph/fax +45 44 95 59 59
Rådhusparken, Glostrup
Element 2500.10210 D
Tegning nr. 253 og 353
Dato 12.06.2003 Plan 1:50
d = 1500
40 1000 4 Y16 (red) udeladte bobler
L = 4500
2 Y16 (blue) d = 320 hul
L = 4500
5
3 U-bjl Y10
L = 350
1860
2500
VIETCONS EDUCATION
U-bjl Y6/500
L = 250
100
10210
www.vietcons.org
D C BubbleDeck Denmark
Rösevangen 8
DK - 3520 Farum
Ph/fax +45 44 95 59 59
Rådhusparken , Glostrup
Gangbro etage 3
Tegning No. 351
Element 2500.8960
Dato 14.04.2003
D C 1:50 og 1:10
1000 8 Y16
L = 4500
stop extra girder 6 Y16
U-bjl Y6/500 extra girder L = 4500
Plan 1:50 L = 250 L = 3700
L = 350
1800
2500
U-bjl Y10/500
extra U-bjl Y6/500, L = 350
ved trappe
40 2 U-bjl Y6
10210
100 væg
1 Y16 I top og bund lægges
I element før montage
250 350 extra girder
Snit 1:10
Y8
www.vietcons.org
Part 2 September2008
BubbleDeck
Structure Solutions
R
U N I T E D K I N G D O M
BubbleDeck is a structural voided flat slab system that reduces Pre-Construction Planning
dead weight of a floor slab by 33%, allowing longer spans
We believe the key to achieving a successful construction build is
between column supports and a whole range of other design,
meticulous preparation and planning, with good communication. Well in
cost and construction benefits. The system eliminates secondary advance of construction commencing on site BubbleDeck’s managerial
supporting structure such as beams – the completed floor slab and technical team will closely work with you - advising on and defining
a detailed programme for the timing and phasing of drawing
spans in two directions directly onto pre-cast / in-situ reinforced
preparation, drawing review, drawing sign-off approval, element
concrete columns or structural walls. manufacture and element delivery to site – to match your strategic
approach and reflect your overall construction programme.
BubbleDeck is usually manufactured as partly pre-cast filigree
Please take into account there is a lead in period from the date of
elements, combining the benefits gained from off-site MMC
placing your BubbleDeck order – typically 3 weeks for our design /
techniques of factory manufacture in controlled conditions, general arrangement drawing work plus 9 weeks for preparation,
ensuring quality control and consistency, with on-site completion producing production / installation drawings and manufacturing of the
of the final concrete pour, resulting in a seamless completed floor elements (on larger projects drawing and manufacturing will be
undertaken in phases to match your construction programme) – before
slab - without the issues associated with fully pre-cast methods
we can commence site deliveries. Between these periods you need to
arising from dry joints resulting in noise transfer needing allow sufficient time for submitting our design / general arrangement
additional work to seal gaps, and need for structural toppings drawings to your Approved Inspector and receiving Building control
with additional construction layers. When the site topping approval, although in special circumstances and smaller projects we can
reduce these periods if our other commitments allow.
concrete has been cast a BubbleDeck structure is complete –
providing integral overall building stability, fire resistance, The pre-construction planning stages comprises:-
weatherproofing, and sound insulation. 1. Issuing to us frozen ‘For Construction’ Architects / Engineers general
arrangement plans, sections and relevant details in ,dwg file format
together with final loading information and firm order / deposit
Site erection and installation is simple and fast, well within the payment.
capabilities of any competent concrete contractor or sub- 2. Preparation by us of BubbleDeck full engineering design and general
contractor. On previous projects over 800m2 of BubbleDeck has arrangement plans, showing element layout, and submission to you
for review and technical approval.
been erected and completed within 4 working days. The elements
3. Submission by you of our design / drawings to Approved Inspector.
are manufactured 3 metres wide (upon request prior to ordering Referral to us of any queries and us providing answers / further
2.4 metres wide where site access is restricted) and the length is information as may be required.
varied, to suit project floor-plate configuration and transport 4. Confirmation from you Building Control approval receipt and issuing
to us sign-off approval of BubbleDeck design / general arrangement
efficiency, up to a maximum of 10 metres long.
drawings.
5. Develop together programme for production / installation drawings,
For more background information about the BubbleDeck system manufacturing and delivery to site
please study our separate Product Introduction Brochure prior to 6. Preparation by us of a detailed programme for production /
installation drawings, manufacturing and delivery to site. Review by
reading further.
you and issuing to us programme approval.
R
U N I T E D K I N G D O M
Project: Le Coie Hotel Jersey Status: Issue 04 - 4th June 2004
Subject: Programme for production, manufacture & delivery of BubbleDeck floors
Date: 4th June 2004
Floortype: BD 280
Quantity: 7.484 m2
appr. 2004
quantily Week Commencing 3/5 10/5 17/5 24/5 31/5 7/6 14/6 21/6 28/6 5/7 12/7 19/7 26/7 2/8 9/8 16/8 23/8 30/8 6/9 13/9 20/9 27/9 4/10 11/10 18/10 25/10 1/11 8/11 15/11 22/11 29/11 6/12 13/12
m2 / Calendar Week No. 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Stage Project Week No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
< Factory Closed >
1st floor 936
Blocks A-D 1
2
3
4
5 Last date reinf order/change prodn date> 4 weeks production < Production = 936 m2
6 < 7 loads @ approx 134 m2 per trailer
7 A-B C-D
2nd floor 1,044
Blocks A-D 1
2
3
4 < 9 hoisting beds returned to factory
5 Last date reinf order /change prodn date > 2 wk production 3 wk production < Production = 1,044 m2
6 < 8 loads @ approx 130 m2 per trailer
7 A-B C-D
3rd floor 1,053
Blocks A-D 1
2
3
4 < 9 hoisting beds returned to factory
5 Last date reinf order /change prodn date > 5 weeks production < Production 1,053 m2
6 < 8 loads @ approx 132 m2 per trailer
7 A-D
4th floor 798
Blocks B-D 1
2
3
4 < 9 hoisting beds retu
5 Last date reinf order /change prodn date > 4 weeks production < Production 798 m2
6 < 6 loads @ approx 1
7 B-D
5th floor 594
Blocks C & D 1
2
3
4
5 Last date reinf order /change prodn date > 4 weeks production < Prod
6
7
6th floor 294
Block C 1
2
3
4
5 Last date reinf order /change prodn date > 4 weeks production
6
7 * NOTE: For transport effic
total #REF! AND delivered together in
KEY PERIOD PER FLOOR
1. BDCI - Provisional production drawings 2 Weeks
2. ACM / DTM check provisional production drawings 2 Weeks
3. BDCI - Final production drawings 1 Week
4. ACM / DTM - formal approval final production drawings 1 Week
5. BDCI - Factory production 4 weeks
6. BDCI - Delivery period 2 weeks
7. ACM - Erection
page 2
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
Planning Pre-Cast Element Erection As part of our comprehensive service we will supply you with the following
continued construction information, advice, products and assistance:-
b) Manufacturing and Transporting Sequence: We
Project Stage Service / Product
will programme the order of manufacturing
elements and loading of the elements onto our BubbleDeck Design Engineering Design of BubbleDeck floor slabs & drawings. Submitting
transport to reflect, as closely as practically design to you for review and sign-off. Liaison with you about any checking
engineer / Approved Inspector queries and providing further information
feasible, your planned erection sequence. However,
as required.
for transport efficiency and safety, some elements
have to be loaded on the transport trailers out of BubbleDeck Drawing Preparation of manufacturing and construction drawings comprising i)
Production Element layout plan, ii) Loose bottom reinforcement (site installation), iii)
sequence to their erection order (e.g. small
Loose top reinforcement (site installation), iv) Bubble pattern v) Pre-cast
elements have to be stacked on top of larger reinforcement (incorporated into elements at factory). Submitting
elements), in which case these elements can be drawings to you & Consultants for review and sign-off.
temporarily lifted off and stored elsewhere on site Preparing programme for manufacture and supply of products to site,
Construction Planning
while the transport trailer is unloaded. The order of agreeing with you and placing orders for materials and manufacturing.
loading elements onto the transport trailers will be Preparation of bar bending schedules of loose site reinforcement for
shown on our Quality and Delivery Control form. supply to site by others.
Providing site operatives with product induction seminar.
Formal drawing review & sign off Product Advice Providing our advice on technical and practical construction issues.
prior to manufacture and Support BubbleDeck Site Erection and Installation Manual.
BubbleDeck Health & Safety Policy Guidance.
Once you have reviewed and we have received Quality and Delivery Control Forms.
your sign-off of our production / installation
Manufacturing Product Manufacture of prefabricated BubbleDeck elements comprising top &
drawings we can then implement manufacture of bottom mesh reinforcement / girders joining top / bottom mesh together /
materials and the elements and be ready to additional bar reinforcement / plastic bubble void formers (Type A Filigree
commence site deliveries of prefabricated elements with 70mm pre-cast concrete layer encasing bottom mesh
reinforcement).
BubbleDeck elements within advised
manufacturing lead-in period. Loose Reinforcement Preparing loose site reinforcement bar bending schedules for supply to
site by others.
We appreciate progress of construction on site can Site Delivery Monitoring and arranging delivery of prefabricated BubbleDeck
be affected by many external factors including elements to site, on time, using between 8 metre to 13.6 metre long
flatbed trailers.
exceptionally adverse weather and other events
Loan of BubbleDeck lifting chainsets during site installation for lifting and
beyond your control. If you need to change the placing BubbleDeck elements.
programming of BubbleDeck deliveries and/or
Site Support Technical advice and guidance to yourselves and site operatives on site
manufacture in response to such events please
installation & construction works.
immediately inform us so we can then re-
programme to your requirements. Once Site Inspections Site inspections of BubbleDeck installation & loose reinforcement checking
prior to casting of in-situ concrete.
BubbleDeck trailers have left our factory we regret
we are unable to defer site delivery without Insurance / Guarantees Following completion of works on site and account settlement entering
into suitable Collateral Warranty/s (subject to wording acceptable to our
passing on additional transport and storage /
Insurers) as may be required and provision of our Professional Indemnity
trailer hire costs. We have even advanced deliveries & Product Liability Insurance cover.
to keep up with quicker than expected progress
constructing BubbleDeck slabs on site.
page 3
R
While sequencing of site operations is your responsibility to decide we recommend the most efficient method, saving valuable site time
and overheads, is to plan construction of supporting r.c. columns and walls together with the BubbleDeck floor slab in one combined
erection operation as detailed in the following table:-
1 Column / wall reinforcement a) Fabricate & erect r.c. column & wall reinforcement.
& formwork b) Fabricate formwork shuttering with horizontal plywood top flange
(Prior to BubbleDeck element delivery) 200mm wide extending out from vertical shuttering & bracket supported
by vertical shuttering.
3 BubbleDeck Element Erection Receive, lift and place BubbleDeck elements onto temporary propping
beams. (Refer to Stage 2 on page 6)
5 Slab shuttering Fabricate and erect perimeter & tolerance joint shuttering (Refer to Stage
4 on page 9)
6 Slab Preparation Prepare columns, walls and BubbleDeck slab for concreting (Refer to Stage
5 on page 9)
7 BubbleDeck Site Inspection Notify us of the date set for concreting (Refer to Stage 6 on page 10)
8 Pouring Site Concrete Pour concrete firstly into columns and walls, vibrate and compact. Then as
a continuous process pour concrete onto BubbleDeck slabs (Refer to Stage
7 on page 10)
This combined erection method has the advantages of a) Condensing a two stage sequence (erecting & casting
columns / walls first and then BubbleDeck slabs second) into a one stage sequence; b) Providing s stable & firm
platform for casting columns / walls; c) Eliminating separate concrete deliveries for columns / walls and slabs;
and d) ensuring a good bond between column / wall and BubbleDeck slab site concrete.
page 4
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
page 5
R
U N I T E D K I N G D O M
Following your inspection the delivery driver will require you to sign the Quality and
Stage 2 Delivery Control Form to confirm you have received the elements, which will be retained
– Delivery, Lifting by him / her for our records. After removing all the filigree elements from the flatbed
trailer the wooden transport packing beams / blocks must be replaced back onto the
and Placing Elements trailer before it leaves site, for return to our factory and re-use. Any transport materials
Site Delivery: We deliver the elements on flatbed that are not returned to our transport operator will be contra-charged by us to your
trailers typically between 12m to 13.6m long, excluding account.
drivers cab. The filigree elements will be stacked on top
of each other up to a maximum 2.5 metres overall Offloading Filigree Elements: It is your responsibility to provide attendance and
height. For example, with BD280 slabs there will be adequate mechanical equipment (fixed or mobile crane with typical 6 Tonne lifting
maximum 7 layers of slabs, with a transport height of capacity) for offloading elements from the trailers upon their arrival at site. For optimum
250mm each plus wooden packers typically 50mm deep working efficiency we recommend you plan site operations to allow the filigree
separating each element, making an overall height of 2.1 elements to be lifted off the trailers and moved straight into their final position
metres above the trailers bed. Each individual load will on the temporary propping.
be planned so the weight of a load will be a maximum
29 Tonnes and you must provide suitably hard and level However, for transport efficiency and safety some elements are loaded onto the trailer
access for our delivery transport to reach the offloading out of sequence to their erection order, in which case or in the event of site
position you have determined. circumstances preventing final placing the filigree elements can be temporarily stored
elsewhere on site. The elements must be transversely supported on timber packers laid
Important: between the bubble rows (sat on the top reinforcement mesh) at maximum 1.8 metres
Upon arrival of the delivery trailers on site it is centres resting on flat, level, ground and protected from soiling by mud, dirt, or other
your responsibility to carefully inspect the filigree materials. Elements can be stacked on top of each other to a maximum 7 layers high.
elements for quality and to ascertain any damage
that has been incurred during transport. Any While we will organise and plan deliveries in accordance with your programme
damage to the filigree elements, or other as earlier agreed with us (refer to Pre-construction Planning on page 1) we are
unacceptable characteristics, must be reported by unable to accept any responsibility for any delays with deliveries or construction
you to us by entering the details on our Quality progress arising from events outside our control such as unexpected access
and Delivery Control Form and faxing this back to restrictions or force majeure.
our Head Office within 2 hours of trailer arriving
on site. Once the elements have been lifted off the Lifting and Placing Filigree Elements: The filigree elements must ONLY be lifted by
trailer we may be unable to determine when any the lattice beam girder reinforcement. Lifting hooks must ALWAYS be attached under the
damage occurred and in this event we cannot
upper angles of the girder reinforcement diagonal web bars. Lifting hooks must NEVER
accept responsibility.
be attached to the upper reinforcement mesh as this would be unsafe.
page 6
VIETCONS EDUCATION www.vietcons.org
Lifting
element
into
position
page 7
R
Stage 3 U N I T E D K I N G D O M
Stage 4
– Constructing Shuttering
Once the perimeter loose reinforcement has been
installed work on erecting perimeter and
construction joint shuttering can commence.
Temporary works are your responsibility to
determine, but our recommendations are:-
page 9
R
When pouring concrete Overall Slab Depth Concrete pour Volume Max aggregate
BubbleDeck
evenly distribute across Slab Type (inc. pre-cast filigree) m / m plan area
3 2
size
BD230- A 230 mm 0.112 10mm
the area and avoid placing BD280 -A 280 mm 0.147 10mm
in heaps. Due to the BD340 -A 340 mm 0.192 15mm
BD390 -A 390 mm 0.224 15mm
limited space between the BD450- A 450 mm 0.271 15mm
bubbles a thin vibrating BD550- A 550 mm 0.360 15mm
BD650- A 650 mm 0.420 15mm
Pouring, Vibrating poker MUST be used to compact the concrete,
& Floating Site remove any entrained air and to ensure a good flow around the bubbles. Avoid separation occurring due to the vibrating
Concrete
of shuttering, reinforcement and/or bubbles that can result in segregation of the concrete mix. Once the concrete has
been poured a steel beam or power float is then used to level the top and finish to an even and level surface.