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Fluid Mechanics GATE 1991-2013 Topic Wise Solution PDF
Fluid Mechanics GATE 1991-2013 Topic Wise Solution PDF
INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
NOMENCLATURE OF CHAPTERS
S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
Fluid Mechanics 69 - 156
1. ............... Properties of Fluids ................................................................................ 71- 75
2. ............... Pressure and its Measurement ................................................................. 76 - 80
3. ............... Hydrostatic Forces on Surfaces .............................................................. 81 - 84
4. ............... Buoyancy and Flotation .......................................................................... 85 - 86
5. ............... Fluid Kinematics .................................................................................... 87 - 97
6. ............... Fluid Dynamics ...................................................................................... 98 - 111
7. ............... Dimensional and Model Analysis ............................................................. 112 - 115
8. ............... Boundary Layer Theory ......................................................................... 116 - 124
9. ............... Laminar and Turbulent Flow ................................................................... 125 - 131
10. ............. Flow Through Pipes ............................................................................... 132 - 139
11. .............. Hydraulic Turbines ................................................................................. 140 - 147
12. ............. Centrifugal Pump ................................................................................... 148 - 153
13. ............. Compressible Flow ................................................................................ 154 - 155
Statistical Analysis
1 Properties of Fluids 1 1 2
Hydrostatic Forces on
3 2 2 2
Surfaces
Buoyancy and
4 1 1
Flotation
5 Fluid Kinematics 2 1 1 3 5 2 1
6 Fluid Dynamics 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Dimensional and
7 1 3
Model Analysis
Boundary Layer
8 2 4 5 2
Theory
11 Hydraulic Turbines 4 3 4 2 1 1
12 Centrifugal Pump 2 2 2
Total 13 18 7 17 16 11 8 8 3 5 6
Conclusion
1. Fluid Mechanics has approximate 6 to 8% weightage in GATE.
2. From analysis it is clear that one should focus on Kinematics and Dynamics of Flow, Boundry Layer
Theory, Francis Turbine, Flow through Pipes, Laminar Flow, and Centrifugal Pump.
1
Properties of Fluids
Chapter-1
Answers
1. Ans. (a) 2. Ans. (c) 3. Ans. (b) 4. Ans. (a) 5. Ans. (c)
6. Ans. (a) 7. Ans. (d) 8. Ans. (a)
Chapter-1
Answer & Explanations
Q.1 Ans. (a)
Given: Shaft diameter, d = 40 mm
Shaft length, L = 40 mm
Speed, = 20 rad/s
Viscosity, = 20 mPa-s
Clearance, y = 0.020 mm
0.02 mm µ = 20 mPas
40 mm
40 mm
d
dy
du dt
Shear strain, tan d =
dy
If d is small, then tan d ~ d .
du dt
Therefore, d =
dy
d du
=
dt dt
75
du du
, where = velocity gradient
dy dy
dy u + du
u
y
x
dx
dt
dy
dx
dy
dx
, where is shear strain of fluid
dt dy
dx
dy
Thus is rate of shear strain
dt
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-11, 1.8.
Q.3 Ans. (b)
Given, Kinematic viscosity, = 7.4×10–7 m2/sec
Specific gravity, S = 0.88
Density of fluid, = 0.88 × 1000 kg/m3
Dynamic viscosity, = ×
= 0.88 × 103 × 7.4 × 10–7 = 0.6512×10–3 Pa.s
V = 0.5 m/s
0.5 mm
Ideal solid
fluid
astic
Shear stress,
pl
ham
Bing fluid
p la stic
Pseu
do fluid
w to nian
Ne
id
ant flu
at
Dil Ideal Fluid
du
Velocity gradient,
dy
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-11, Equation-1.8.
77
2
Pressure and its Measurement
Year 2005
Atmospheric pressure G2
1.01 bar
1. A U-tube manometer with a small quantity of
mercury is used to measure the static pressure G1
P
difference between two locations A and B in a
conical section through which an incompressible
fluid flows. At a particular flow rate, the mercury (a) 1.01 bar (b) 2.01 bar
(c) 5.00 bar (d) 7.01 bar
column appears as shown in the figure. The
density of mercury is 13 600 kg/m3 and g = 9.81
Year 2000
m/s2. Which of the following is correct?
3. In figure if the pressure of gas in bulb A is 50 cm
Hg vaccum and patm = 76 cm Hg, the height of
B column H is equal to
A
150 mm Patm A
H
Hg
PA
C
10 cm
BA
5 cm
F
2 cm
D E
= 13.6 g/ml
Year 1996
6. A mercury manometer is used to measure the
static pressure at a point in a water pipe as shown
in Fig. The level difference of mercury in the two
limbs is 10 mm. The gauge pressure at the
point A is
Water
A
H2O
10 mm
Hg
Year 1994
7. Net force on a control volume due to uniform
normal pressure alone
(a) depends upon the shape of the control volume
(b) translation and rotation
(c) translation and deformation
(d) deformation only
79
Chapter-2
Answers
1. Ans. (a) 2. Ans. (d) 3. Ans. (b) 4. Ans. (d) 5. Ans. (a)
6. Ans. (b) 7. Ans. (a)
Chapter-2
Answer & Explanations
Q.1 Ans. (a)
B
A
150 mm
Atmospheric pressure G2
1.01 bar
G1
P
Absolute pressure at 2
P abs2 = PG2 + Patm
= 1 + 1.01 = 2.01 bar
Absolute pressure at 1 Pabs1 = PG1 + Patm (Atmospheric pressure for G1 becomes 2.01 bar)
= 5 + 2.01 = 7.01 bar
Q.3 Ans. (b)
Patm A
H
Hg
PA
C
17 cm BA
5 cm
F
datum 2 cm
D E = 13.6 g/ml
Gauge pressure at A,
PA + 1gh1 = 2gh2 + 1gh3 (Taking the unknown liquid as water)
17 2 5
PA + 1000 9.81 = 13600 9.81 1000 9.81
100 100 100
PA = 2668.32 + 490.5 – 1667.2 = 1491.12 N/m2
P abs = Patm + PA
= 1.013×105 + 1491.12 = 102791.12 N/m2
P abs = mghm
m density of mercury
h mercury column height
m
102791.12
hm = 0.77055m = 771 mm
13600 9.81
Reference: Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines, Dr. R.K. Bansal, Page No. 40, 2.6.2.
Q.6 Ans. (b)
Water
A
H2O
10 mm
Hg
Neglecting the depth of water column, gauge pressure is given as
10
P gua ge = gh = 13600 9.81 = 1334.16 N/m2
1000
Q.7 Ans. (a)
Force
Exp. Pressure =
Area
Net force = Pressure×Area.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-34, Equation-
2.1.
82
Year 1992
5m
4. A 3.6 m square gate provided in an oil tank is
hinged at its top edge (Figure). The tank contains
gasoline (sp. gr. = 0.7) upto a height of 1.8 m
above the top edge of the plate. The space above
the oil is subjected to a negative pressure of 8250
N/m2. Determine the necessary vertical pull to
(a) 5000 (b) 6600 be applied at the lower edge to open the gate.
(c) 7546 (d) 9623
Gasoline surface
Year 2003 Negative pressure (8250 N/m2)
Year 2001
3. The horizontal and vertical hydrostatic forces Fx
and Fy on the semi-circular gate, having a width
w into the plane of figure, are
83
Chapter-3
Answers
Chapter-3
Answer & Explanations
Q.1 Ans. (d)
2.5
5m
x
m
h G
mg cos 30º B
1m
30º b=
F 30º
mg
Depth of centre of gravity from free surface of water,
x = 2.5 × sin 30o = 1.25 m
Hydrostatic force, F = gAx = 1000 × 9.81 × 5 × 1 × 1.25 = 61312.5 N
Depth of centre of pressure,
IG
h = x sin 2
Ax
1
1 53 2
12
= 1.25 +
5 1 1.25
sin 30o = 1.67 m
For gate to be closed, moment of all forces about the hinge point must be zero. Therefore, taking moment of
all forces about hinge point.
mg cos 30o × 2.5 = F × h /sin 30o
Fh 61312.5 1.67
Therefore, m = = = 9641 kg
0
g cos30 2.5 sin 30 0
9.81 cos300 1.25
Therefore, the nearest possible value is 9623 kg.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-132, Example-
3.22.
Q.2 Ans. a)
Mass of water strike = AV = Q
Force on weighing balance due to strike of water = Initial momentum – final momentum
= QU – Q.0 = QU
Since weight of water and container = mg
Total force on weighing balance = mg + QU
Q.3 Ans. (d)
Horizontal component of hydrostatic force, Fx = gAx where = density of the liquid, A = surface area, x
= depth of centre of pressure from free surface of liquid
Hence, Fx = g A x where projected area, A = w × 2r
Therefore, Fx = 2 gwrh Projected area (ABCD),
r+r C
B
w
r r
A
2r D
Vertical component of hydrostatic force,
F y = Weight of water supported by the curved surface
F y = g × Volume of curved portion
r2
= g r 2 w where, = Area of semi-circle
2 2
g w r 2
= where, w is the width of the gate.
2
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-94, Equation-3.4.
p 8250
Head of oil equivalent to negative pressure 238 N/m2, h = 1.2 m
w 0.7 9810
This negative pressure will reduce the oil head above the top edge of the gate from 1.8 - 1.2 = 0.6 m of oil.
Calculations for the magnitude and location of the pressure force are thus to be made corresponding to 0.6 m
of oil.
3.6
Now, x = 0.6 + sin 45º = 1.873 m
2
Area, A = 3.6 × 3.6 = 12.96 m2
Pressure, P = wAx = 0.7 × 9810 × 12.96 × 1.873 = 166690 N
I G sin 2
Centre of pressure, h = x
Ax
1
3.6 (3.6)3 (sin 45º ) 2
12 1.873 2.16 m
=
12.96 1.873
Vertical distance of centre of pressure below top edge of the gate = 2.16 – 0.6 = 1.56 m
Taking moments about the hinge.
1.56
F sin 45º × 3.6 = P ×
sin 45º
P 1.56 166690 1.56
Hence, vertical force, F = = 3.6 (sin 45º ) 2 = 144465 N = 144.5 kN
3.6 (sin 45º ) 2
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page-101.
86
4
Buoyancy and Flotation
Year 2010
1. For the stability of a floating body, under the
influence of gravity alone, which of the following
is TRUE?
(a) Metacentre should be below centre of gravity.
(b) Metacentre should be above centre of gravity.
(c) Metacentre and centre of gravity must lie on
the same horizontal line.
(d) Metacentre and centre of gravity must lie on
the same vertical line.
Year 2003
2. A cylindrical body of cross-sectional area A,
height H and density s, is immersed to a depth h
in a liquid of density , and tied to the bottom with
a string. The tension in the string is
Year 1994
3. Bodies in flotation to be in stable equilibrium, the
necessary and sufficient condition is that the
centre of gravity is located below the...........
Chapter-4
Answer & Explanations
Q.1 Ans. (b)
Condition of stability in case of Floating bodies is given as:-
1. For stable equilibrium, MG > 0
2. For unstable equilibrium, MG < 0
3. For neutral equilibrium, MG = 0
Meta centre
M
G
Centre of
B gravity
Centre of
buoyancy
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-151, 4.3.
Q.2 Ans. (d)
G
B W
FB
T
At equilibrium condition
T + weight of body = Buoyancy force
T + Mg = h Ag
T + (s HA)g = h Ag
T = (h – sH) gA
Q.3 Ans. metacentre
For floating body the equlibrium conditionds are as follows:-
1. For stable equilibrium, metacentre should be above the centre of gravity.
2. For unstable equilibrium, metacentre should be below the centre of gravity.
3. For neutral equilibrium, metacentre should coincide the centre of gravity.
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R. K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page-129, 4.3.
88
5
Fluid Kinematics
Year 1994
16. Stream lines, path lines and streak lines are virtually
identical for
(a) Uniform flow
(b) Flow of ideal fluids
(c) Steady flow
(d) Non uniform flow
Year 1992
19. Existence of velocity potential implies that
(a) Fluid is in continuum
(b) Fluid is irrotational
(c) Fluid is ideal
(d) Fluid is compressible
91
Chapter-5
Answers
1. Ans. (b) 2. Ans. (d) 3. Ans. (d) 4. Ans. (a) 5. Ans. (c)
6. Ans. (a) 7. Ans. (a) 8. Ans. (d) 9. Ans. (c) 10. Ans. (c)
11. Ans. (d) 12. Ans. (d) 13. Ans. (d) 14. Ans. (d) 15. Ans. (a)
16. Ans. (c) 17. Ans. (b) 18. Ans. (c) 19. Ans. (b) 20. Ans.(closed
contour in a
fluid flow)
Chapter-5
Answer & Explanations
Q.1 Ans. (b)
If ψ and φ are the stream function and potential function respectively representing the possible flow field.
Slope of stream line represented by ψ is given by
d
dy dx v
slope (m1) = = d = ......(i)
dx dy -u
Slope of potential line represented by φ is given by
d
dx
slope (m2) = dy = d
dx dy
-u u
= = ......(ii)
-v v
Now, product of the slopes,
v u
m1 × m2 = = –1
u v
Since the product of the slope of these two lines at the point of intersection is –1, which indicates that these
two lines are prependicular to each other.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-244, Sec. 6.12.
Q.2 Ans. (d)
For steady, incompressible and irrotational flow, the velocity field should satisfy the following equations
u v
x y = 0 ......(i)
1 v u
z = = 0 ......(ii)
2 x y
For P,
Given u = 2y and v = –3x
u u
= (2y) = 0 and = (2y) = 2
x x y y
v v
= 3x 3 and = 3x 0
x x y y
u v
From equation (i)
x y = 0 + 0 = 0
1 v u 1
From equation (ii) z = - = 3 - 2 0
2 x y 2
Since the given velocity field is satifying the equation (i) only, therefore it is a possible case of steady,
incompressible and rotational flow.
93
v v
= 0 0 and y = y 0 0
x x
u v
From equation (i)
x y = 3y 0
1 v u -3x
From equation (ii) z = - = 0
2 x y 2
Given velocity field is neither satisfying the equation (i) nor (ii), therefore the flow is neither steady nor
irrotational.
For R, Given u = – 2x and v = 2y
u u
= ( 2x) = -2 and = (2x) = 0
x x y y
v v
= 2y 0 and y = y 2y 2
x x
u v
From equation (i)
x y = 0
1 v u
From equation (ii) z = - =0
2 x y
Given velocity field is satisfying the equation (i) and (ii), therefore, the flow is a possible case of steady,
incompressible and irrotational flow.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-238, Eqn-6.33 a.
Q.3 Ans. (d)
Given that V = 0
i.e. i j k ui vj wk 0
x y z
u v w
i.e.
x y z = 0
which represents the three dimensional continuity equation of steady, and incompressible flow.
Reference: Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines, Dr. R.K. Bansal, Page -146, Eqn. 5.4.
Q.4 Ans. (a)
At radius r, volume of fluid moving out radially is equal to the volume of fluid displaced by moving plate within
radius r.
Given that V = downward velocity of circular plate in m/s
vr = radial velocity at radius ‘r’
R
V
r
h Vr
r = vr × 2rh
From above stated condition
vr × 2rh = r2 × V
V r
Therefore, vr =
2h
Q.5 Ans. (c)
Radial component of the fluid acceleration at r = R
VR
d
d VR 2h
aR = =
dt dt
VR
d
2h dh
= (–ve as h is reducing with time)
dh dt
=
VR 1
2 ( V) as
2 h
dh
dt
V
V2R
Therefore, aR =
2h 2
Q.6 Ans. (a)
Acceleration of fluid particle along x-axis is given by
u u u u
ax = u +v +w + ......(i)
x y z t
u
For 2-D flow = 0
z
u u u
Thus, from equation (i), ax = u +v +
x y t
Temporal or local
Convective acceleration
acceleration
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-232, Equation
6.27.
Q.7 Ans. (a)
Given: u = x2t and v = –2xyt
Stream line equation is given as
dx dy
=
u v
dx dy
2 =
x t -2xyt
dx 1 dy
= -
x 2 y
dx 1 dy
Integrating both side x
=
2
y
1
ln x = ln y c
2
ln x2 + ln y = c
x2y = Constant
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-219,
Equation 6.2.
95
1 v u
z = = 0 ......(ii)
2 x y
96
u u
Here, = (x 2y 2) = 1 and = (x 2y 2) = 2
x x y y
v v
= 4 y = 0 and y = y 4 y 1
x x
u v
From equation (i), = 1–1=0
x y
For irrotational flow from equation (ii),
1 v u 1
z = = 0 2 0
2 x y 2
Hence, this flow is steady, incompressible and rotational.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-219, Eqn 6.2.
Q.12 Ans. (d)
Velocity Potential, f = ax2y – y3
f 2f
Now = 2axy & 2ay ......(i)
x x 2
f 2f
and = ax 2 3y 2 & 6y ......(ii)
y y 2
As D2f should equal to 0
or D2 (f) = 2 (f ) 0
2 f 2f
= 0
x 2 y 2
From euation (i) and (ii),
2ay – 6y = 0
2y (a– 3) = 0
Therefore, a = 3
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-243, Eqn. 6.45.
Q.13 Ans. (d)
The curl of V is defined as V .
i j k
curl of V =
x y z
u v w
2 2
Flow field, V = 2xyi + (2y -x )j + 0k
w v u w v u
It can also be written as i j k
y z z x x y
v u
= 0 0 i 0 0 j k
x y
= -2x - 2x k = - 4xk
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R. K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page-172, Equation 5.32.
Q.14 Ans. (d)
The velocity components in the x and y directions are given by
97
3 4
u xy 3 x 2 y, v xy 2 y
4
Continuity equation for steady, incompressible and irrotataional flow is
u v
= 0 ......(i)
x y
u v
= y3 2xy & y = 2xy 3y3
x
Put these value in equation (i),
y3 2xy 2xy 3y3 = 0
y3 – 3y3 = 0
y3 ( – 3) = 0
– 3 = 0
= 3
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, S.K. Aggarwal, Page No. 104.
Q.15 Ans. (a)
Let Free body diagram of liquid columns due to symmetry
Aa
Here A 1 = a and A2 = A3 =
2
a
A–a h
A1 (A–a)
2
2
H
A2 A2 H-h
a
A
Now F is equal to the weight of water supported by the piston.
W = Mg
or M.g = d.g.V where d is the density of the liquid
F = d.g.V ......(i)
Now V = A1H + 2 (A1 (H–h))
Aa
= aH + 2 (H h)
2
= aH + A (H–h) – aH + ah
V = ah + A(H – h)
= ah – A (h – H) ......(ii)
Put Value of V in equation (i)
F = dg [ah – A(h–H)]
Q.16 Ans. (c)
In steady and uniform flow stream line, path line and streak line are same.
In the given problem steady flow and uniform flow are separate option. Hence option (a) & (c) both are
correct but most appropriate single answer is (c).
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page No. 160, 5.4.4.
Q.17 Ans. (b)
In a flow field, the streamlines and equipotential lines are always orthogonal to each other.
= equipotential lines
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-245, Fig. 6.18.
Q.18 Ans. (c)
For 2-D flow, irrotational component,
1 v u
z = =0
2 x y
Therefore, there is no variation in velocity in z-direction.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-238, Eqn 6.34c.
Q.19 Ans. (b)
For steady, incompressible and irrotational flow, the velocity field should satisfy the following equations
u v
x y = 0 ......(i)
1 v u
z = = 0 ......(ii)
2 x y
If φ is the potential function representing the possible flow field. Then from definition of potential function
φ φ
u = - and v = -
x y
u v 2 2
From equation (i), = which is known as Laplace equation.
x y x 2 y 2
2
1 v u 2
From equation (ii), = =0
2 x y xy yx
The velocity potential of the flow denoted by ‘’ if satisfies the continuity/Laplace equation, then it will be a
possible case of irrotational flow.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-238, Eqn 6.34c.
Q.20 Ans. (closed contour in a fluid flow)
Circulation is defined as the line integral of the tangential component of the velocity taken around a closed
contour. Mathematically, the circulation is obtained if the product of the velocity component along the curve
at any point and the length of the small element containing that point is integrated around the curve.
Y
ds V
X
Mathematically, circulation = V cos .ds = (udx vdy)
Area of closed curve = Vorcitity along the axis perpendicular to the plane containing the closed
curve.
= Vorticity × area = 2 × z × area
1 v u
= 2 x y
2 x y
For irrotational flow in xy plane,
z = 0 hence vorticity which leads to circulation also equal to zero.
Reference: Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines, K. Subramanya, Edition 2012, 108,3.5.1.
99
6
Fluid Dynamics
Year 2013
h h
(a) 2 gh3 1 1 1 2 2
1. Water is coming out from a tap and falls vertically 3 h3 3 h3
downwards. At the tap opening, the stream
diameter is 20 mm with uniform velocity of 2 m/s. (b) 2 g ( h1 h2 h3 )
Acceralation due to gravity is 9.81 m/s 2 .
Assuming steady, inviscid flow, constant atmo h 2 h2 3 h3
(c) 2g 1 1
spheric pressure everywhere and neglecting 1 2 3
curvature and surface tension effects, the
diameter in mm of the stream 0.5 m below the
tap is approximately h h 2 h3 h1 3 h1h2
(d) 2g 1 2 3
(a) 10 (b) 15 1h1 2 h2 3 h3
(c) 20 (d) 25
Year 2011
Year 2012
3. Figure shows the schematic for the measurement
2. A large tank with a nozzle attached contains three of velocity of air (density = 1.2 kg/m3) through a
immiscible, inviscid fluids as shown. Assuming constant-area duct using a pitot tube and a water-
that the changes in h1, h2 and h3 are negligible, tube manometer. The differential head of water
the instantaneous discharge velocity is (density = 1000 kg/m3) in the two columns of the
manometer is 10 mm. Take acceleration due to
gravity as 9.8 m/s2. The velocity of air in ‘m/s’ is
h1 1
Flow
h2 2
h3 3
10 mm
Year 2009
(a) 2gh1 (b) 2gh2
j FGH DD 1IJK D
Year 2004 2
e
2
(c) U / 2 k 2
t
2
s
10. A closed cylinder having a radius R and height H
x Ds Pa
k
9.5 Water
cm
e
(a) U / 2 k
2
j D 2s
y
j FGH DD 1IJK D
2 30º Hg
(b) e U 2 / 8k 2
t
2
s
102
Chapter-6
Answers
1. Ans. (b) 2. Ans. (a) 3. Ans. (c) 4. Ans. (c) 5. Ans. (b)
6. Ans. (c) 7. Ans. (c) 8. Ans. (d) 9. Ans. (b) 10. Ans. (d)
11. Ans. (b) 12. Ans. (d) 13. Ans. (c) 14. Ans.
(0.0302
m3 /s)
Chapter-6
Answer & Explanations
Q.1 Ans (b)
1 1
0.5m
2 2
2 d12 V1
d2 =
4 4 V2
d12 V1 V
Therefore, d2 = = d1 1
V2 V2
2
= 0.02 = 0.01467 m 15 mm
3.716
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-306, Ex.7.3.
Q.2 Ans (a)
Applying Bernoulli’s equation, just before the exit from the tank and just after entry in the atmosphere
P1 V12 P V2
Z1 = 2 2 Z2 ......(i)
3 g 2g 3g 2g
104
h1 1
h2 2
h3 3
2P1
V2 = 3 ......(ii)
h h
2gh 3 1 1 1 2 2
=
3 h 3 3 h 3
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-277, Eqn 7.24.
Q.3 Ans. (c)
Flow a
10 mm
w
Given that
Density of air, a = 1.2 kg/m3,
Density of water, w = 1000 kg/m3
x = 10 mm, g = 9.8 m/s2
v2
Now h =
2g
v = 2gh
105
w
where, h = x 1
a
3 1000
= 10 10 1 8.32 m
1.2
Velocity of air, v = 2 9.81 8.32 = 12.8 m/s
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-294, 295.
Q.4 Ans. (c)
Given:
At section S1 : P 1 = 50 kPa At section S2: P2 = 20 kPa
Z1 = 10 m Z2 = 12 m
V1 = 2 m/s V2 = 2 m/s
S2
S1
P2 = 20 KPa
P1 = 50 KPa 12 m
10 m
Datum line
Since diameter of the pipe is constant hence velocity of the flow will be same through out the length of
the pipe. Therefore V1 = V2 = 2 m/s. Since velocity of flow is constant throughout the pipe, hence direction
of flow is decided by the piezometric head only.
P1
Total piezometric head at S1,H1 = g Z1
50 103
= 10 = 15.096 m
1000 9.81
P2
Total piezometric head at S2 , H2 = g Z2
20 103
= 12 = 14.038 m
1000 9.81
Since H1 > H2 therefore flow direction is from S1 to S2.
Therefore, head loss = H1 – H2
= 15.096 – 14.038 = 1.06 m
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-285, 7.10.
Q.5 Ans. (b) Given,
Inlet diameter, d1 = 0.2 m
Inlet pressure, P1 = 150 kPa
Exit diameter, d2 = 0.1 m
Specific weight, w (g) = 5 kN/m3
Vapour pressure, P2 = Pv = 50 kPa
(To avoid cavitation, pressure at exit should not be allowed to fall below the vapour pressure of the liquid)
106
1
2
2
1
From continuity equation
a1 V1 = a2 V2
2
d1 V1 = d 2 2 V2
4 4
d12 2
V2 = 2
V1 = 0.2 V1 = 4V
d2 0.12 1
16 V12
= 10
2g
Therefore, V1 = 5.114 m/s
Therefore, maximum discharge, Q = r12 V1
= × 0.12 × 5.114 = 0.161 m3/s
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-347, Ex. 8.7.
Q.6 Ans. (c)
In forced vortex flow when steady state is reached the liquid attains equilibrium condition in this position and
it rotates as a solid mass with the container at the same angular velocity. The liquid is then at rest with respect
to its container and therefore no shear stress will exist in the liquid mass.
In the forced vortex flow the stream lines are concentric circles and the velocity ‘v’ of any liquid particle at
a distance ‘r’ from the axis of rotation may be expressed as ‘v = r’.
Therefore, v r. In forced votex flow, velocity is directly propotional to distance from the axis of rotation.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, Page-185, 5.5 (a), Page-301, 7.62.
Q.7 Ans. (c)
P vP
h1
1
h2
z1
2
Applying Bernoulli’s equation between section (1) and (2)
P1 V2 P V2
1 Z1 = 2 2 Z2
g 2g g 2 g
Now P 1 = P2 = Patm and Z2 = 0, (taking point 2 as datum)
Z1 = (h2 – h1), V1 = 0
107
V22
h2 – h1 =
2g
V2 = 2 g (h2 h1 )
As area of siphon is constant, therefore velocity of flow is same
Hence, VP = V2 = 2 g (h2 h1 )
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-274, 7.17.
Q.8 Ans. (d)
Given that
D1 = 40 mm
D2 = 20 mm
1
2
40 mm D1 D2 20 mm
2
1
From continuity equation, A1 V1 = A2 V2
A1
V2 = V1
A2
2
D1 40
2
= V1 = V1 = 4V1
D2 20
Now applying Bernoulli’s equation in between the sections 1-1 and 2-2
P1 V12 P V2
z1 = 2 2 z 2 ( Since pipe is horizontal, hence Z = Z
g 2g g 2g 2 1)
P1 P2 V22 V12
g =
2g
A1A 2 2gh
A1 V1 =
A12 A 2 2
2gh 2gh
V1 = =
2 4
A1 d1
1 1
A2 d2
D vr
V
A
C
B
r
r
V
Therefore, Vr = –
5
d dr
Also V = r. = r. and Vr =
dt dt
dr r.d
=
dt 5dt
r dr d
=
120 r 0 5
1
r
[ln r] 120 = ( 0)
5
r
ln =
120 5
r
= 0.5336
120
Therefore, r = 120 × 0.5336 = 64.03 m
Reference: Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines, Dr. R.K. Bansal, Page No. 147, 5.6.1.
109
dr
R
r
Now lets consider an elementary ring of radius ‘r’ and thickness ‘dr’. Then pressure gradient in the elementary
ring in free as well as in forced vortex flow is given as
p V 2 (r)2
= = r2
r r r
Integrating the above equation,
2
p = r r
w 2 r 2
p = ......(ii)
2
Now Force on elementary ring is = pressure intensity × area of elementary circular ring
dF = p × 2rdr
R R w 2r2
Total force on the top of the cylinder, FT = dF .2rdr . (p from equation (ii)
0 0 2
R
r4 2 4
2
F T = w = R ......(iii)
4
0 4
Now, total thrust at bottom of cylinder is given by adding the equation (iii) and (i)
2 R 4
= w g R2H
4
110
2 2
2 w R
= R g H
4
Reference: Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines, Dr. R.K. Bansal, Page No. 180, 5.30.
Q.11 Ans. (b)
Pump
1 0.2 m 2 5m
1 4 km 2
x Ds Pa
From continuity equation at the throat and at the exit of the venturimeter
A1 V1 = A2 V2
A1V1 D2
V2 = .V1
A 2 = D 2t ......(i)
Now applying Bernoullis’s equation at the throat and at the exit of the venturimeter
P1 V12 P V2
Z1 = 2 2 Z2
g 2g g 2g
Since venturi is horizontal, therefore Z1 = Z2
111
P1 P2 V22 V12
g =
2g
2 V12
P1 – P2 = V2 1 2
2 V2
2 D4
P1 – Patm. = U 1 4
2 Dt
At throat velocity is greater than U, hance pressure will be less than atmospheric
2 D4
P1 = – U 1 4
2 Dt
2 D4
= U 4 1
2 Dt
Now spring is elongated due to lower pressure at throat.
Therefore, in equilibrium,
Spring force = Pressure Force
2
Hence, kx = Ds (P1)
4
Ds2 U 2 D 4
= 4 1
4 2 Dt
U 2 D 4 2
Hence, x = 4 1 Ds
8k D t
Reference: Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines, Dr. R.K. Bansal, Page No. 242, 6.6.
Q.13 Ans. (c)
d/2
2 2
2m
1 1
d
2d 2
V2 = 4 8 m / sec
d2
Now Applying Bernoulli’s theorem at section (1-1) & (2-2)
P1 V12 P V2
z1 = 2 2 z 2 ......(i)
g 2g g 2g
112
13.6
= (9.5 sin 30º) 1 = 59.85 cm = 0.5985 m
1
Discharge (Q) through a venturimeter is given by:
A1A 2
Q = Cd 2gh
A12 A 22
0.0346 0.0087
= 0.984 × 2 9.81 0.5985
(0.0346)2 (0.0087)2
= 0.984 × 0.008945 × 3.427 = 0.0302 m3/s
Reference: Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, B. R. Munson, Edition 2010, Page-441, 8.37.
113
7
Dimensional and Model Analysis
1. Ans. (c) 2. Ans. (d) 3. Ans. (a) 4. Ans. (c) 5. Ans. (b)
Ans. (Froude Number)
Chapter-7
Answer & Explanations
Q.1 Ans. (c)
Buckingham’s -theorem states that if there are n total dimensional variables (dependent as well as independent
variables) involved in a phenomenon which can be completely described by m fundamental dimensions (such
as mass, length, time etc.), and are related by a dimensionally homogeneous equation, then the relationship
among the n quantities can be expressed in terms of exactly (n – m) dimensionless and independent terms.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-757, 17.4 (b).
Q.2 Ans. (d)
P. Compressible flow – Mach Number
Q. Free surface flow – Weber Number
R. Boundary layer flow – Skin friction coefficient
S. Pipe flow – Reynolds Number
T. Heat convection – Nusselt Number
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, 769 & 455, , 17.11e &
11.2.
Q.3 Ans. (a)
Reynolds number is defined as the ratio of inertia force and viscous force.
Inertia force
Re = 5
Viscous force
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-767, 17.11 (b).
Q.4 Ans. (c)
Buckingham’s -theorem states that if there are n total dimensional variables involved in a phenomenon
which can be completely described by m fundamental dimensions (such as mass, length, time etc.), and are
related by a dimensionally homogeneous equation, then the relationship among the n quantities can be expressed
in terms of exactly (n – m) dimensionless and independent terms.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-757, 17.4 (b).
Q.5 Ans. (b)
vd
Exp. Reynold’s number, Re =
vd
2500 = ......(i)
when new diameter = 1.2 d then new velocity = 0.6v
1.2d 0.6v
Reynold’s number, Renew =
= 0.72× Re
= 0.72 × 2500 = 1800
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page-325, Equation 7.15.
Q.6 Ans. (Froude Number)
Inertia force VL Vd
Reynolds number, Re = = or
Viscous force
Inertia force V
Froude number, Fr = =
Gravity force Lg
116
Inertia force V
Euler number, Eu = =
Pressure force p/
Inertia force V
Weber number, We = =
Surface tension force / L
Inertia force V
Mach number, M = =
Elastic force K /
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page-357.
117
8
Boundary Layer Theory
U q r U Year 1994
u 10. For air near atmosphere conditions flowing over
p s a flat plate, the laminar thermal boundary layer is
thicker than the hydrodynamic boundary layer.
flat plate
(True/false)
5. The mass flow rate (in kg/s) across the section
q-r is Year 1993
(a) zero (b) 0.05
(c) 0.10 (d) 0.15 11. The predominant forces acting on an element of
fluid in the boundary layer over a flat plate in a
6. The integrated drag force (in N) on the plate, uniform parallel stream are :
between p-s, is (a) Viscous and pressure forces
(a) 0.67 (b) 0.33 (b) Viscous and inertia forces
(c) 0.17 (d) zero (c) Viscous and body forces
(d) Inertia and pressure forces
Year 2004
Year 1991
7. For air flow over a flat plate, velocity (U) and
boundary layer thickenss () can be expressed 12. A streamlined body is defined as a body about
respectively, as which
(a) The flow is laminar
3
U 3 y 1 y 4.64x (b) The flow is along the sreamlines
;
U 2 2 Re x (c) The flow separation is suppressed
(d) The drag is zero
If the free stream velocity is 2 m/s, and air has
kinetmatic viscosity of 1.5 × 10–5 m2/s and density
of 1.23 kg/m3, the wall stress at x = 1m, is
(a) 2.36 × 102 N/m2 (b) 43.6 × 10–3 N/m2
–3 2
(c) 4.36 × 10 N/m (d) 2.18 × 10–3 N/m2
119
Chapter-8
Answers
1. Ans. (c) 2. Ans. (d) 3. Ans. (c) 4. Ans. (a) 5. Ans. (b)
6. Ans. (c) 7. Ans. (c) 8. Ans. (d) 9. Ans. (c) 10. Ans. (False)
11. Ans. (b) 12. Ans. (c)
Chapter-8
Answer & Explanations
Q.1 Ans. (c)
5x
As per Blasius result thickness of laminar boundary layer is given as
Re x
5x
Hence, =
vx
1 1 1
Therefore,
v 4 2
Therefore, if the velocity of fluid is increase by four times then boundary layer thickness reduces by
1/2.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-525, 12.6.
Q.2 Ans. (d)
V
L/2 L/2
L
2 1
2
= 0.332 V (Re x ) 2 dx
0
V x
Reynolds number is given as, Rex =
L
1
1
V 2 2
= 0.332. V 2 x 2 dx
0
L
1
0.332 V 2 2
=
V
x 2 dx
0
121
L
12 2 1
x L 2
= K 2K ......(i)
1 2
2 0
0.332 V 2
where, K =
V
Similarly, drag force on the rear half,
L
F2 =
L
o B dx
2
1
L 1 1
L 2
= K x 2
dx = 2K (L)
2
L 2
2
1
L 2
2K
F1 2
Now required ratio, F = 1
1
F2 1
L 2
2 K L2
2
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-540, Ex. 12.6.
Q.3 Ans. (c)
Given:
y
A B
u0
Vm H
uo x
y
Vm , 0 y
u = Vm , y H
H y
Vm , H y H
Assuming width of channel as unity
Applying mass conservation at section A and B. Taking density of liquid constant, the conservation of mass
principle becomes volume flow equation.
Volume flow rate incoming at section A = Volume flow rate outgoing from section B
Therefore, total volume flow rate inlet
122
Qentry = u × H × B = u H
o o
Total volume flow rate leaving,
Qexit = Volume flow rate from boundary layer + Volume flow rate from mid section
y
dy u
y
d QB = Vm dy
Integrating the above equation
Vm Vm y 2 Vm .
QB =
0
y dy = =
2 0 2
Vm .
By symmetry for H – y H, Volume flow rate =
2
Therefore, Qentry = Q
exit
Vm .
uo H = Vm (H 2) 2
2
uo H = Vm(H – )
Vm H 1
=
uo H 1
H
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Bansal, 4th Edition, Page-655, 13.3.
Q.4 Ans. (a)
y
A B
u0
Vm H
uo x
p A - pB ν2 - ν2
= B A
ρ 2
123
p A - pB Vm2 - u o2
ρ =
2
2
p A - pB Vm
= 1
1 2 uo
ρ uo
2
p A - pB 1
= 2
1
1 2
ρ uo
2 1 H
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-280, Equation
7.29.
Q.5 Ans. (b)
Given:Free stream velocity,
U = 10 m/s
Boundry layer thickness, = 10 mm
Breadth of plate, B = 1m
Density of air, = 1.0 kg/m3
y
velocity distribution, u = U
U q r U
u
p s
flat plate
BU 2 BU
= =
2 2
1 1 10 10 103
= = 0.05 kg/s
2
Thus mass flow rate leaving across the section, q – r = 0.1 – 0.05 = 0.05 kg/s
Q.6 Ans. (c)
Drag froce on the plate will be the rate of change of momentum of control volume qprs
124
Thus, momentum rate entering section q – p = mU
= 0.1 × 10 = 1N
Momentum rate leaving through section r–s
2
y 2
= u B dy × u = BU dy
0 0
BU 2 3 BU 2
= =
2 3 3
1.0 1.0 102 10 103
= = 0.33 N
3
Momentum rate leaving through section q – r = 0.05 × 10 = 0.5 N
Drag force, F = Change in momentum rate
= 1 – 0.33 – 0.5 = 0.17 N
Reference: Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines, R.K. Bansal, 4th Edition, Page-655, 13.3.
dU 3 1 1 3y 2
Velocity gradient, = . 3
U
dy 2 2
dU 3 1
Therefore, at y 0 = . .U
dy 2
From Newton’s law of viscosity,
dU
o = at y 0
dy
3U 5 3 2
= = 1.5 10 1.23
2 2 0.0127
= 435.82 ×10–5 N/m2 = 4.36 × 10–3 N/m2
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-537, Ex. 12.3.
Q.8 Ans. (d)
5x
As per Blasius result thickness of laminar boundary layer is given as
Re x
5x
Hence, =
vx
1
1
2
Therefore, x
1
x2
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-525, 12.6.
Q.9 Ans. (c)
P
In direction of flow usually pressure gradient is negative i.e. = -ve, supports the fluid flow. But in case of
x
P P
flow separation, pressure gradient is positive i.e. = +ve, supports the fluid separation & = 0, it means
x x
that the fluid is on the verge of separation.
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page-662, Equation-13.7.
Q.10 Ans. (False)
Q.11 Ans. (b)
In a fluid flow over a flat plate, the dominant forces are inertia force and viscous force. Therefore Reynold’s
number decides the nature of the flow.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-770, 17.13.
Q.12 Ans. (c)
A body where flow separation is suppresed is called streamlined body. For a well stream lined body the
separation occurs only at the down stream end.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition , Page-805, 18.2.
126
9
Laminar and Turbulent Flow
Year 1996
6. In flow through a pipe, the transition from laminar
to turbulent flow does not depend on
(a) velocity of the fluid
(b) density of the fluid
(c) diameter of the pipe
(d) length of the pipe
Year 1995
8. In fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe,
the head loss due to friction is directly proportional
to........
(mean velocity/square of the mean velocity)
Year 1994
9. For a fully developed viscous flow through a pipe,
the ratio of the maximum velocity to the average
velocity is.......
128
Chapter-9
Answers
1. Ans. (a) 2. Ans. (c) 3. Ans. (a) 4. Ans. (a) 5. Ans. (d)
6. Ans. (d) 7. Ans. (c) 8. Ans. 9. Ans. (two) 10. Ans. (a)
(mean
velocity)
Chapter-9
Answer & Explanations
Q.1 Ans. (a)
dp r dp d
In a pipe flow, = = –
dx 2 dx 4
dp D
Therefore, shear stress at wall, w = –
dx 4
pD
Above equation can be written as, w =
4L
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-547, Eqn.-13.3.
Q.2 Ans. (c)
For the flow of fully developed between two fixed parallel plates
y
B
Vmax
x
The velocity distribution for laminar flow between fixed parallel plates is given as,
1 p
V = (By – y2)
2 x
B
Flow velocity is maximum when y =
2
B 2 p
Therefore, V max =
8 x
Average flow velocity is obtained by dividing the total discharge with cross sectional area.
B2 p
Hence, Vavg. =
12 x
Vmax 3
Therefore, Vavg =
2
2 2
So mean velocity, Vmax. = 6 4 m/s
Vavg =
3 3
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-557, Equation
13.389.
Q.3 Ans. (a)
r R dr
u(r) r
x
R
R2 P r2
Therefore, total discharge Q = d Q = (2r ) .
0
1 2 .dr
4 x R
R
R2 P r3
= 2 r 2 dr
4 x 0 R
R
R 2 P r2 r4 R2 P R2 R4
= 2 = 2
4 x 2 4 R 2 0 4 x 2 4 R 2
R4 P
Total discharge, Q =
8 x
Now, Q = Area × Average velocity
R4 P
Area × Vavg. =
8 x
R4 P
R2 × Vavg =
8 x
R2 P R2 P
Therefore,Vavg = =
8 x 8 x
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-550, Eqn-13.14.
Q.4 Ans. (a)
Inertia force vd
Reynold’s number, Re =
Viscous force
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page-357.
Q.5 Ans. (d)
Given:
Fully developed laminar flow velocity profile in a circular pipe is given by
4r 2
u = u o 1 2 ......(i)
D
From Hagen-Poiseuille equation the pressure loss in fully developed laminar flow across the length of the
pipe is given as
32μu L
p1 – p 2 = ......(ii)
d2
The ratio of maximum velocity and average velocity in case of fully developed laminar flow through a circular
uo
pipe is 2 i.e. =2
u
uo
32μ L 16μu o L
Therefore, from equation (ii), p1 – p2 = 2 =
d2 d2
Or
Fully developed laminar flow velocity profile in a circular pipe is given by
4r 2
u = o 1 2
u ......(i)
D
131
R
r
P r
Now = ......(ii)
x 2
du
From Newtons law viscosity, =
dy
Here y = R–r
Therefore, dy = – dr
Putting the value of dy in equation (i), we get
u
= ......(iii)
r
u P r
From equation (ii) and (iii), = .
r x 2
u 1P r
=
r x 2
4r 2 1 P r
From equation (i) , u o 1 2 =
r D x 2
8u o 1 P r
2
r =
D x 2
P 16 u o
=
x D2
16u o
P = x
D2
P2 L
16 u o
Integrating over a length of L, dp =
P1 o D2
dx
16 u o L
p2 – p 1 =
D2
16 u o L
Therefore, p2 – p1 =
D2
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17 Edition, Page-548. Equation-13.3,
13.6, 13.7.
Q.6 Ans. (d)
In flow through pipe the transition from laminar to turbulent depends upon Reynolds number which is given as
vd
Re =
where, d is the characteristic dimension of the pipe.
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page-357.
132
32 u avg.L
=
g d2
Head loss in laminar flow over a length L of circular pipe varies as the first power of the mean velocity of the
flow.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-550, Equation-
13.18.
Q.9 Ans. (two)
In fully developed laminar flow through circular pipe of radius R mean velocity and maximum velocity are
given as
1 p 2
Vmean = R
8 x
1 p 2
Vmax. = R
4 x
Vmax
Therefore, Vmean = 2
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-550, Equation-
13.15.
Q.10 Ans (a)
From Prandtl’s hypothesis
Prandtl mixing length, l = y where = a constant of proportionality known as ‘Karman universal
constant’ and y is the distance from the wall.
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page-507, Equation-11.5.
133
10
Flow Through Pipes
Year 2012
Year 2004
1. Oil flows through a 200 mm diameter horizontal
cast iron pipe (friction factor, f = 0.0225) of length 4. For a fluid flow through a divergent pipe of length
500 m. The volumetric flow rate is 0.2 m3/s. The
L having inlet and outlet radii of R 1 and R 2
head loss (in m) due to friction is (assume
g = 9.81 m/s2) respectively and a constant flow rate of Q,
(a) 116.18 (b) 0.116 assuming the velocity to be axial and uniform at
(c) 18.22 (d) 232.36 any cross-section, the acceleration at the exit is:
Year 1998
8. The dicharge velocity at the pipe exit in figure is:
(a) 2 gH (b) 2 gh
(c) b
g Hh g (d) 0
Year 1994
9. Fluid is flowing with an average velocity of V
through a pipe of diameter d. Over a length of L,
fLV 2
the “head” loss is given by . The friction
2gd
factor ‘ f ’ for laminar flow in terms of Reynolds
number (Re) is.......
135
Chapter-10
Answers
1. Ans. (a) 2. Ans. (b) 3. Ans. (b) 4. Ans. (c) 5. Ans. (c)
6. Ans. (b) 7. Ans. (c) 8. Ans. (b) 64
9. Ans.( )
Re
Chapter-10
Answer & Explanations
Q.1 Ans. (a)
fLV 2
Head loss due to friction in flow through pipe is given as, head loss hL =
2gd
where, L = Length of the pipe
d = Diameter of the pipe
V = Mean velocity of flow
f = Friction factor
hL = Head Loss due to friction
2
0.2
0.0225 500 2
0.2 / 4
Therefore, hL = = 116.18 m
2 9.81 0.4
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, 2005 Edition, Page-536, Equation-12.3.1.
Q.2 Ans. (b)
Given: Pipe length, L = 1.0 km = 1000 m
Pipe diameter, D = 200 mm = 0.2 m
Flow rate, Q = 0.07 m3/s
Friction factor, f = 0.02
Density of water, = 1000 kg/m3
From Darcy Weisbach equation, head loss due to friction in pipe is given by
2
Q
f L
2
2 D
f LV 4
hf =
2g D 2g D
x
t=0
t=T
x=0
x=L
3x
Equation of motion, v = u 0 1
L
137
dx 3x
or = u 0 1
dt L
dx
dt =
3x
u 0 1
L
T L
dx
Integrating both side, dt = 3x
0 0 u 0 1
L
L
T L 3x
t 0 =
3u 0 ln 1 L
0
L
T = ln (4)
3u 0
Q.4 Ans. (c)
R2
R1 Flow direction
Q
Inlet velocity, V1 =
R12
Q
Outlet velocity, V2 =
R 22
dv dv dx vdv
Acceleration = = × =
dt dx dt dx
dv V2 -V1 Q 1 1
Since, = = -
dx L π L R 22 R12
dv Q Q R12 -R 22
=
Acceleration at exit = V2 dx π R 2 L π L R 2 R 2
2 1 2
Q2 (R1 -R 2 )(R1 + R 2 )
= π2 R 2 L R12 R 22
2
Assuming velocity axial and uniform at any cross section i.e. V1 = V2
Therefore, R1 = R2
2Q 2 (R 1 – R 2 )
Hence acceleration at the exit =
π 2 L R 52
138
fx 652.8
Mean flow rate = = 8.16 litres/sec.
f 80
Q.6 Ans. (b)
1
2
10 mm/sec
2
1
At section 1–1 & 2–2 from continuity equation for incompressible flow
A1V 1 = A2V 2
A1 d12
V2 = .V1 .V1
A2 d 22
2
0.01 0.01 1m / sec
V2 = 2
0.001
Now applying Bernoulli’s theorem at sections (1-1) and (2-2)
P1 V12 P V2
z1 = 2 2 z 2
g 2g g 2g
2
P1 = (V2 V12 ) (Also P2 = 0, atmospheric pressure)
2
1000 2
P1 =
2
1 0.012 499.95 N / m 2
Force on plunger required = P 1 .A 1
(0.01) 2 = 0.04 N
= 499.95 ×
4
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-343, Ex. 8.3.
Q.7 Ans. (c)
m s2 1
–3
= 1 × 10 kg. . .
s 2 m s.m
= 1 × 10–3 Ns/m2
V2 d 2 1000 1 0.001
We know, Reynold’s number Re = = 1000
1 103
64 64
Darcy friction factor, f = 0.064
Re 1000
f .L.V22 0.064 0.1 12
Head loss in needle, hf = =
2gd 2 9.81 0.001
= 0.326 m of water
1
2
10 mm/sec
2
1
Applying Bernoulli’s equation at sections (1-1) and (2-2)
P1 V12 P2 V22
= hf
g 2g g 2g
2
P1 =
2
V2 V12 g.h f
1000 2
= (1 0.012 ) 1000 9.81 0.326
2
= 3702.9 N/m2
Now Force required = P1 × A1
(0.01)2 = 0.3 N
= 3702.9 ×
4
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-347, Ex. 8.7.
Q.8 Ans. (b)
Applying Bernoulli’s equation just before the entry into the pipe and just after exit from the pipe
P1 V12 P V2
z1 = 2 2 z 2
g 2g g 2g
Here, V 1 = 0, P2 = Patm. = 0, z1 = 0, z2 = H – h (taking 1-1 as datum)
Therefore, the above equation reduces to
V22
H = Hh
2g
140
V2 = 2gh
Or
At exit, figure shows that height of liquid level above the centre of pipe is h.
Total potential energy = Total kinetic energy
1 2
m.g.h = mv
2
V = 2gh
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, 2005 Edition, Page-234, Section-6.6.3.
64
Q.9 Ans.
Re
64
In laminar flow friction factor, f =
Re
Head loss in laminar flow through a circular pipe is given by
f Lv 2
(a) Darcy weisbach equation =
2gd
32v L
(b) Hagen - Poisullie equation =
gd
By equating the above two equations, we get,
64
f =
Re
whereas, in turbulent flow friction factor,
0.3164
f = (Re)1/4
141
11
Hydraulic Turbines
Year 2004
Chapter-11
Answers
1. Ans. (b) 2. Ans. (b) 3. Ans. (d) 4. Ans. (c) 5. Ans. (c)
6. Ans. (c) 7. Ans. (a) 8. Ans. (a) 9. Ans.(c) 10. Ans. (b)
Chapter-11
Answer & Explanations
Q.1 Ans. (b)
Pelton wheel is a tangential flow impulse turbine. It was invented by Lester A. Pelton, an American engineer
in 1870. It is preferably used in case of high head and low volume flow rate.
V1 = Vw1
u1 Vr1
u
Vr2 V2
Vf2
u2 Vw2
wQ
Power developed = Vw1 Vw 2 u ......(i)
g
From exit velocity triangle, Vw2 = Vr2 × cos – u2 = Vr1 × cos – u2
(If friction in the runner bucket is neglelected, then Vr2 = Vr1 )
= (V1 – u1) cos – u2 (since in Pelton turbine u1 = u2 = u )
wQ
From equation (i), Power developed = V1 (V1 u)cos u u
g
wQ wQ
= (V1 u)(1 cos ) u = (V1 .u u 2 )(1 cos )
g g
2 wQ
= K.(V1 .u u ) where K = (1 cos ) ......(ii)
g
d (Power developed)
For maximum power, =0
du
P
Unit power is defined as, Pu = 3 ......(i)
H2
3
P H1 2
Therefore from equation (i), 1 =
P2 H2
3 3
H2 2 20 2
P2 = P1 = 1000 = 353.55 W
H1 40
Hence, power developed, P2 = 354 kW.
Reference: Hydraulic Machines, Dr. Jagdish Lal, Edition 2004, Page-69, Equation 3.3.
Q.3 Ans. (d)
Given:
Water jet velocity, V1 = 10 m/s
Diameter of wheel, D = 1m
Radius of wheel, R = 0.5 m
Angular speed, = 10 rad/s
Density, = 1000 kg/m3
Clearance angle180o - 120o = 60o
Tangential velocity, u1 = u2 = × R = 10 × 0.5 = 5 m/s
V1 = Vw1
u1 Vr1
60 =
u
120°
Vr2 V2
Vf2
u2 Vw2
Power developed by Pelton wheel means the shaft power. Since there is no mechanical loss, hence shaft
power is equal to the runner power. Runner power is equal to the work done per second by water on runner.
Power developed = Q Vw1 Vw 2 u = Q Vw1 Vw 2 R ......(i)
It can be written as power developed = torque × ......(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii), torque = Q Vw1 Vw 2 R
Q Vw1 Vw 2 R
Therefore, torque exerted by water per unit mass flow rate = Q
= Vw1 Vw 2 R ......(iii)
From exit velocity triangle, Vw2 = Vr2 × cos – u2 = Vr1 × cos – u2
= (V1 – u1) cos – u2 (since in Pelton turbine u1 = u2 = u )
= (10 – 5) × cos 60º – 5 = –2.5 m/s
146
From equation (iii), torque developed = 10 2.5 0.5 = 3.75 (N.m)/(kg/s)
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-924, Eq. 21.10.
Q.4 Ans. (c)
Given: Inlet and outlet velocity triangle of Francis turbine is shown in the figure below:
Vw1 = u1
V Vf1 = Vr1
1
Vr2 V2 = Vf2
u2
V12 V22
actual conversion of kinetic head 2g 2g
Blade efficiency = =
kinetic head available at inlet of the turbine V12
2g
V12 V22
= ......(i)
V12
Hm
g g HP
4 =
2 Dm
2
N 2P D 2P
Nm
2
147
Therefore, NP = Nm
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-990, 22.17.
Q.6 Ans. (c)
Given: Peripheral or tangential speed, u1 = u2 = 10 m/s
Water jet velocity, V1 = 25 m/s
Flow rate, Q = 0.1 m3/s
Density, = 1000 kg/m3
V1 = Vw1
u1 Vr1
60 =
u
120°
Vr2 V2
Vf2
u2 Vw2
Power developed by Pelton wheel means the shaft power. Since there is no mechanical loss, hence shaft
power is equal to the runner power. Runner power is equal to the work done per second by water on runner.
wQ
Therefore, power developed = Vw1 Vw 2 u ......(i)
g
From exit velocity triangle, Vw2 = Vr2 × cos – u2 (Vr2 = Vr1, since there is no friction)
= Vr1 × cos – u2 = (V1 – u1) cos – u2
= (25 – 10) × cos 60º – 10 = –2.5 m/s
9.81 0.1
from equation (i), power developed = 25 2.510 = 22.5 kW
9.81
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-924, Eq. 21.10.
Q.7 Ans. (a)
Given: Power generated, Pp = 300 kW
N p = 1000 rpm
H p = 40 m
Model testing head, Hm = 10 m, Scale is 1 : 4
Specific power is same for similar turbines
P P
Specific Power = 3 3
D2 H 2 D2 H 2
P m
3
2 3/ 2 2
D H 1 10 2
P m = PP m m = 300
DP HP 4 40
P m = 2.34 kW
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-990, Eq. 22.189.
= 0 × (W × Q × H)
= 0.9 × 9.81 × 10.1 × 24.5 = 2184.74 kW
Specific speed plays an important role for selecting the type of the turbine. Also the performance of a turbine
can be predicted by knowing the specific speed of the turbine. Specific speed is defined as the speed of the
turbine which is identical in shape, geometrical dimensions etc. with actual turbine but of such size that it will
developed unit power working under unit head.
N P
Therefore, specific speed Ns = ......(i)
H5/ 4
240 2184.74
= = 205.80 206.
(24.5)5 / 4
In equation (i), if P is taken in horse power (1 HP = 746 Watt) the specific speed is obtained in M.K.S. units.
But if P is taken in kilowatts, the specific speed is obtained in S.I. unit.
The type of turbine for different specific speed is given in following Table
S.No. Specific Speed
Type of Turbine
(M.K.S.) (S.I.)
1. 10 to 35 8.5 to 30 Pelton wheel with single jet
2. 35 to 60 30 to 51 Pelton wheel with two or more jets
3. 60 to 300 51 to 255 Francis turbine
4. 300 to 1000 255 to 860 Kaplan or Propeller turbine
Since the specific speed of the turbine is 206, therefore suitbale turbine is Francis turbine.
Reference: Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines, Dr. R.K. Bansal, Page-832, 18.1.
Q.9 Ans. (c)
Reciprocating pump - It is most common positive displacement pump. The positive displacement pumps
are those pumps in which the liquid is sucked and pushed due to the thrust exerted on it by a moving member,
which results in lifting the liquid to the required height.
Mycro-hydel Plant - The hydro plant producing up to 100 kW of power using natural flow of water. More
frequently Pelton wheel is used in micro hydel power plant.
Axial flow pump - An axial-flow pump consists of a propeller (an axial impeller) in a pipe. The main
advantage of an AFP is that it has a relatively high discharge at a relative low head. For example, it can pump
up to 3 times more water and other fluids at lifts of less than 4 meters as compared to the more common
centrifugal pump. These pumps have the smallest of the dimensions among many of the conventional pumps
and are more suited for low heads and higher discharges. In India, millions of smaller horsepower (6-15 HP)
mobile units powered mostly by single cylinder Diesel and Petrol engines are used by smaller farmers for
crop irrigation, drainage and fisheries.
Backward curved vanes - A series of backward curved vanes/blades is mounted on the impeller of the
centrifugal pump.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-1016, 1061,
Section-23.1, 24.3.
Q.10 Ans. (b)
It is an axial flow reaction turbine, which is suitable for relatively low head and hence requires a large quantity
of water. It was developed by Austrian professor Victor Kaplan in 1913. The head ranges from 10 to 70
meters and used where power developed ranges from 5 to 120 MW.
The difference of pressure or pressure drop between the inlet and the outlet of the runner is called reaction
pressure, and hence thses turbines are known as reaction turbines. Thomson, Francis, Propeller and Kaplan
are some important reaction turbines.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-935,
Section-22.18.
149
12
Centrifugal Pump
Year 1994
151
Chapter-12
Answer
1. Ans. (a) 2. Ans. (c) 3. Ans. (b) 4. Ans. (a) 5. Ans. (a)
6. Ans. (a) N Q
7. Ans .( 3 / 4 )
Hm
Chapter-12
Answer & Explanations
Q.1 Ans. (a)
Column I Column II
P. Centrifugal compressor 2. Surging
Q. Centrifugal pump 3. Priming
R. Pelton wheel 4. Pure impulse
S. Kaplan turbine 1. Axial flow
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-919 & 1061, 21.4
& 24.4.
Q.2 Ans. (c)
1m
1
NPSH: Net positive suction head is defined as the absolute pressure head at the inlet to the pump minus the
vapour pressure head (in absolute units) corresponding to the temperature of the liquid pumped, plus the
velocity head at this point
Or
NPSH may be defined as the head required to make the liquid to flow through the suction pipe to the impeller.
2
P2 Pa PV VS
Thus, NPSH = ...................... (i)
g g g 2 g
where,
P2 = Gauge pressure at the inlet of pump
Pv = Vapour pressure of the liquid in absolute unit
Pa = Atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa)
Vs = Velocity of flow in suction pipe = 3 m/s
At 65º C,
Vapour pressure, P v = 25 kPa
Specific volume, w = 0.001020 m3/kg
Therefore, mass density of water at 65ºC
1 1
= = 980.39 kg/m3
w 0.001020
Now given that at suction nozzle (at point 1)
P 1 = 200 kPa (Gauge pressure)
V s = 3 m/s
Applying Bernoulli’s equation at section (1) and (2)
P1 V12 P V2
Z1 = 2 2 Z2
g 2 g g 2 g
But V1 = V2 = VS and Z1 = 0 (Taking (1) as datum)
153
Z2 = 1 m
P2 200 103
= 1
g g
200 103 P P V2
So from equation (i) NPSH = 1 a V S
g g g 2 g
P1 P
From question, 5 3 = 5 2 3
D N D 2N
Therefore, P2 = 8P1
Reference: Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines, Dr. R.K. Bansal, Page-881, 19.22.
N Q
Q.7 Ans.
H m 3/ 4
Speed at which a geometrically similar centrifugal pump runs discharging 1 m3 of volume running under a
head of one meter is called specific speed of the pump.
N Q
Specific speed, Ns =
H m 3/ 4
where, N = Speed of pump in rpm
Q = Discharge from the pump in m3/s
Hm= Manometric head of the pump in ‘m’
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-1078, 24.36.
155
13
Compressible Flow
Year 2000
Year 1999
2. An aeroplane is cruising at a speed of 800 km/hr
at an altitude, where the air temperature is 0oC.
The flight Mach number at this speed is nearly
(a) 1.5 (b) 0.254
(c) 0.67 (d) 2.04
Chapter-13
Answer & Explanations
p
Sonic velocity is denoted by ‘C’ which is given by
s
where, p = pressure intensity
= desntiy of the liquid
Reference: Fluid Mechanis, R. K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page-723, Equation 15.29.