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A Novel Transient Current-Based Differential Algorithm For Earth Fault Detection in Medium Voltage Distribution Networks
A Novel Transient Current-Based Differential Algorithm For Earth Fault Detection in Medium Voltage Distribution Networks
Fig. 4. The waveforms of the residual voltage and the residual currents for ∑i
k =1
r ,k
faulted and healthy feeders, for one period (20 ms for 50 Hz) after the fault Ir = ( for each feeder ) (3)
incidence, (8 ms incidence time, 10 Ω fault resistance and 80% fault distance). N
40
where:
Faulted Healthy Voltage (kV) ir,k is the instantaneous residual current at sample k calculated
30
Current (A) Currents (A) from (2).
20 N is the number of samples in the polarity window.
10
0
The operating signal of the proposed differential algorithm
is equal to the absolute value of the difference between the
-10
feeder residual current and the background residual current;
-20 summation of other feeder residual currents (the summation is
Polarity window
-30 equal to zero in fault condition). To improve the performance
of the proposed differential algorithm, a percentage restraint
-40
7 8 9 10 11 12 technique will be applied. The absolute of the difference will
Time (ms) be divided by the total absolute value of all feeder residual
Fig. 5. The transient period for the waveforms shown in Fig. 4. currents (i.e. summation of the absolute values of all feeder
residual currents) as follows:
Healthy Feeders
I r − I r ,back
K= × 100 ( 4)
Background I r ,total
Irb Network
143 km where
66/20 kV
∆/Y I r ,back = ∑ I r ( for other feeders) (5)
Differential Technique I r ,total = ∑ I r ( for all feeders) (6 )
Ce
66 kV Faulted Feeder, 41 km
Supply
Ir Fault In faulty condition, the values of the differential factor K
Measuring Point
Point
are different for healthy and faulty feeder. For faulty feeder the
average value of K is always equal to 100%. The polarities, in
the polarity window, are taken into account leading to strong
algorithm; which achieved by the minus sign in (4). For faulty
feeder, the polarity of the background residual current will be
Fig. 6. The flow of the earth fault residual currents, during a single-phase to
ground fault, through the earth capacitance of the background network. opposite to the polarity of the feeder residual current, and
hence the result of the difference gives value equal to two
From Fig. 6, it can be shown that the residual current for the times the feeder residual current value. Also, the total sum of
faulted feeder (Ir) is equal to the residual current of the the absolute values of the residual current for all feeders gives
background network (Irb); summation of residual currents of value equal to two times the feeder residual current value, and
other healthy feeders, but in case of a healthy feeder, the then the value of K should equal to 100%. For healthy feeders,
summation of other feeders gives an unequal result. Hence, the the average value of K mainly depends on the number of
differential technique can be used here for fault detection. The background network feeders and its lengths with respect to the
input and output currents are the feeder residual current and faulted feeder.
125
For the simulated system shown in Fig. 3, with comparable
feeder lengths, the average value of K is equal to 25% but this Faulty Condition
value may change with different network configurations. For 100 value
Differential Factor
example, for nine feeders network, the average value of K will
equal to 12.5%, this is better for selectivity but on the other 75
hand for three feeders network the average value of K will Setting Factor = 62.5%
Calculate:
Ir (feeders 1-5)
(in polarity window) Feeder 1 (41 km) Load 1
No
Transient
Detection
Fault
Yes Fault
Resistance
No
Diffe. Factor
K > Ksetting
Confirm Polarity
Fig. 11. The ATPDraw circuit of the simulated unearthed medium voltage
system:
Yes
Feeder is faulted
Suitable
Trip action
End
Fig. 10. The main steps in the programming process for the proposed transient
current differential algorithm.
Fig. 12. The used TACS objects in ATPDraw.
VI. BIOGRAPHIES
1.1 m 1.1 m
Mohamed F. Abdel-Fattah was born in Qualiobia,
1.1 m Raven Egypt on June 11, 1972. He is a lecturer and
d= 10.11 mm researcher at Zagazig University, Egypt. He received
8.1 m r= 0.536 Ω/km his B.Sc. with distinction and first class honors,
Soil resistivity: 250 Ωm M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from Zagazig University
(Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical
Power and Machines Engineering) in 1995, 2000
and 2006, respectively. He is a member of IEEE.
Currently, he is a Post-Doctoral Fellow at Helsinki
University of Technology (TKK), Department of
Electrical Engineering, Espoo, Finland.
His main research interest is protection of electrical power systems
Fig. 13. The configuration of the feeders.
including fault diagnosis and location of high-voltage transmission lines,
transient and ultra-high-speed protective schemes and compensation of the
high resistance effect in earth faults. (e-mail: mohamed.abdel-fattah@tkk.fi ,
V. REFERENCES mohamed.f.abdelfattah@ieee.org).
[1] M. Lehtonen and T. Hakola, Neutral Earthing and Power System
Matti Lehtonen (1959) was with VTT Energy,
Protection - Earthing Solutions and Protective Relaying in Medium
Espoo, Finland from 1987 to 2003, and since 1999
Voltage Distribution Networks, Vassa, Finland: ABB Transmit Oy,
has been a professor at the Helsinki University of
FIN-65101, 1996.
Technology (TKK), where he is now head of Power
[2] L. Prikler and H. Høidalen, “ATPDraw User’s Manual”, SINTEF
Systems and High Voltage Engineering.
Energy Research, TR A4790, Nov. 1998.
Matti Lehtonen received both his Master’s and
[3] M. F. Abdel-Fattah and M. Lehtonen, “A Transient Fault Detection
Licentiate degrees in Electrical Engineering from
Technique with Varying Fault Detection Window of Earth Modes in
Helsinki University of Technology in 1984 and
Unearthed MV Systems”, Power Quality and Supply Reliability, 6th
1989, respectively, and the Doctor of Technology
international conference (PQ2008), Pärnu, Estonia, August 2008.
degree from Tampere University of Technology in
[4] R. Kaczmarek, W-Y. Huang and P. Bastard, “Equivalent Circuit
1992.
Application to a Phase to Ground Fault Detection in Distribution
His main activities include power system planning and asset management,
Networks Without Voltage Measurements”, SUPELEC, France, 2004.
power system protection including earth fault problems, harmonic related
[5] S. Hänninen, M. Lehtonen, T. Hakola, E. Antila, J. Ström and S.
issues and applications of information technology in distribution systems (e-
Ingman, “Characteristics of Earth Faults in Power Systems with a
mail: matti.lehtonen@tkk.fi ).
Compensated or an Unearthed Neutral”, CIRED 97, June 1997.