READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

1. Define the following:

a.) History
- is anything and everything that has happened in the past. “…Whatever happened.
It can include material normally studied under the heading of anthropology,
sociology, literature, music, art, science, whatever; if it happened in the past, it has
a history. It’s all of life - at least all of life up until the last few years/months/days.”
Owen, N. (2016, November 24) What is the definition of history? Retrieved from
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-definition-of-history
- Is the study of the past as it is described in written documents “Events occurring
before written record are considered pre-history. It is an umbrella term that relates
to past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization,
presentation, and interpretation of information about these events...” Roy, A. (2018,
August 29) What is the meaning of history? Retrieved from
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-meaning-of-history
b.) Historiography
- “the study of the development of historical method, historical research, and
writing.” Collins Dictionary, Online ed.
https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/historiography
- “the writing of history especially : the writing of history based on the critical
examination of sources, the selection of particulars from the authentic materials,
and the synthesis of particulars into a narrative that will stand the test of critical
methods” Merriam-Webster Dictionary, Online ed. https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/historiography
c.) Periodization
- “is the process or study of categorizing the past into discrete, quantified named
blocks of time. This is usually done in order to facilitate the study and analysis
of history, understanding current and historical processes, and causality that might
have linked those events.” Wikipedia (2019, July) Periodization.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodization
- “attempts to impart significance to the passage of time in history by identifying and
ordering chronological sequences (periods). As practiced by historians, it has a long
and varied history; as a subject of study, it commands neither a formal body of
knowledge nor systematic instruction. To the historian, although not to the
archeologist or anthropologist, periodization serves no accepted theoretical
function…” Gale, T. (2008) International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences.
https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/sociology-and-social-
reform/sociology-general-terms-and-concepts/periodization
d.) Primary Sources
- “directly report or describe other people’s experiences or worldviews”
Baraceros, E.L. (2017) Practical Research 1. Manila, Philippines. REX Book
Store
- “are those that provide first-hand accounts of the events, practices, or conditions…”
Brubaker, W.A. (2006, August 23) Module 1: What are the primary sources?
https://www.library.illinois.edu/village/primarysource/mod1/pg1.htm
e.) Secondary Sources
- “reports or describes other people’s experiences or worldviews. Secondary
sources of knowledge give the most number of materials such as the Internet,
books, peer-reviewed articles in journals, published literary reviews of a field,
grey literature or unpublished and non-peer reviewed materials like theses,
dissertations, conference proceedings, leaflets and posters, research studies in
progress, and other library materials.” Baraceros, E.L. (2017) Practical Research
1. Manila, Philippines. REX Book Store
- is any source about an event, period, or issue in history that was produced after that
event, period or issue has passed. [Anonymous] Writing on History.
https://qcpages.qc.cuny.edu/writing/history/sources/secondary.html
f.) Tertiary Sources
- “are sources that index, abstract, organize, compile, or digest other sources.
Some reference materials and textbooks are considered tertiary sources when
their chief purpose is to list, summarize or simply repackage ideas or other
information. Tertiary sources are usually not credited to a particular author.”
University of Minnesota Crookston. Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary
Sources. https://www.crk.umn.edu/library/primary-secondary-and-tertiary-
sources
g.) Internal Criticism
-