13b.power Swing Detection1-2007

Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
Brief Introduction for Power Swing

Detection Methods
Kamin Dave
Application Engineer (Protective Relaying)
DOBLE ENGINEERING COMPANY
Doble Conference - 2007
Basic definitions:
¾ Power Swing: A variation in three phase power flow which occurs when
the generator rotor angles are advancing or retarding relative to each other
in response to changes in load magnitude and direction, line switching,
loss of generation, faults, and other system disturbances.
¾ Pole Slip: A condition whereby a generator, or group of generators,

terminal voltage angles (or phases) go past 180 degrees with respect to
the rest of the connected power system.
¾ Stable Power Swing: A power swing is considered stable if the generators

do not slip poles and the system reaches a new state of equilibrium, i.e. an
acceptable operating condition.
¾ Unstable Power Swing: A power swing that will result in a

generator or group of generators experiencing pole slipping for
which some corrective action must be taken.
for Energy Delivery
Power swing due to;
¾ Power system faults (System more affected on 3-ph
fault, so power gain is very less)
¾ Sudden changes to electrical power due to rejection of
load or generators
¾ These type of disturbances causes oscillation in
machine rotor angles (Load Angle = 900 or 1200) & can
result in sever power flow swings. Power swings are
variations in power flow that occur when the internal
voltages of generators at different network locations of
the power system slip relative to each other.
for Energy Delivery
Vector diagram: two machines
Two Machine Problem
E1 E2
ZS1 ZL ΙL ⋅ ZS1 Ι L ⋅ ZL ΙL ⋅ ZS2
ZS2
E1 E2 = E'2
UA UB UA UB
U'B
U'A
E'1
ϑ' ϑ
Ι 'L ΙL
Pmax = {(E1*E2)/X}*SIN(theta)
If the Load angle becomes too large, the system stability can be lost
Knowledge Is Power
SM
Figure:-1
for Energy Delivery
Power diagram:
Power Diagram
300
250
Pmax = {(E1*E2)/X}*SIN(theta)
200
Critical Angle
Power
150
Stability region
100
Stability limit
50
0
0 50 100 150 200
Rotor Angle
Angle in Degree
If the Load angle becomes too large, the system stability can be lost
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management Figure:-1A
for Energy Delivery
Power swing detection methods:
¾ Conventional “Rate of Change of Impedance”
(Dz/Dt) Methods:
¾ Concentric characteristic schemes.
¾ Continuous Impedance calculation schemes.
¾ Blinder Schemes:
1) Single Blinder
2) Double Blinder
for Energy Delivery
Conventional PSB detection methods:
¾ It measures the Positive sequence impedance
¾ During a system swing, the measured impedance
moves slowly on the impedance plane, and the rate of
impedance change is determined by the slip frequency
of an equivalent two-source system
¾ Travel Time (Delta-t) from one point to next point is to
differentiate between fault & swing.
¾ Travel time is more than set value then, distance relay
sense as swing.
¾ Travel time less than set value then, it sense as fault
for Energy Delivery
¾ Concentric circle characteristic schemes:
¾ It is simplest method to detect “rate of change of
impedance”
¾ Two impedance zones. Inner zone & outer zone
¾ Figure-3 shows, Relay indicates PSB when transition
time of impedance from outer zone to inner zone is
more than set value (impedance locus move slowly).
¾ PSB: Blocks the zones when swing is stable (Figure:-3)
¾ OST: Trip zones when swing is un stable (Figure-4)
¾ Major drawback of this characteristic is load
encroachment.
for Energy Delivery
Concentric characteristic scheme: MHO Circle
∆t
Set “Zin” & “Zout” on line angle Swing Locus
Stable Swing
∆t = time for transition of Z from outer to inner zone
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management Figure:-3
for Energy Delivery
¾ Example:
¾ Zout = 45 Ohms@75 degree
¾ Zin = 35 Ohms@75 degree
¾ Transition Time = 50ms
¾ Dz/Dt = (45 – 35) / 0.05 = 200 Ohms/second
¾ Relay Operates if Dz/Dt rate of fall is less than
set value
for Energy Delivery
∆t Un stable Swing
for Energy Delivery
∆t •R & X reach are

Set “Zin” & “Zout” on line angle
dependent on Z value
•Difficult to set on
Load Encroachment
Load
for Energy Delivery
Concentric characteristic scheme: Lens
Avoid mal operation during

load encroachment
Load
for Energy Delivery
¾ Concentric characteristic schemes:
¾ Polygon Characteristic concept is much more better
than concentric circle characteristic.
¾ Rset & Xset for out zone can able to set independently.
¾ Rset of outer zone can not reach in to Load region
for Energy Delivery
Concentric characteristic scheme: Polygon
Characteristic in relay type REL511
Polygon Characteristic for Power swing detection: Set R & X reach independently
Set “X” reach X

ZS1
Dz2/Dt2 Dz1/Dt1
Dz4/Dt4 2 1
ZL
2 4
3
6 5
Dz3/Dt3
ϑ0
0
ZS1 R
Zload
Inner boundary = Zin Outer boundary = Zout Set “R” reach

for Energy Delivery
Characteristic in relay type 7SA610
Polygon Characteristic: Set “R” reach according to Load Encroachment
Angle = 45o
Load Angle = 120o or 90o
∆Z
R reach reduce for

∆t = time for transition of Z from outer to inner zone Load encroachment
for Energy Delivery
Characteristic in relay type 7SA610
E1 > E2 X
ZS2
E1 = E2 B
ZL
ϑ' ϑ load point
A R
E1 < E2 ZLoad
ZS1
for Energy Delivery
Concentric characteristic scheme: Quadrilateral
Quadrilateral Characteristic: Set “R” reach according to Load Encroachment
Line Angle
Load
for Energy Delivery
Characteristic in relay type RELZ 100
Quad + Polygon Stable Swing

Z4(t4)
Z3(t3)
Z1(t1)
Z2(t2)
Unstable Swing
Zone 3 limit
Zout boundary
• Timer unit count to starts travel time when Power swing locus crosses Zout boundary
• Travel time (Delta T) more than set time, relay detect as a Power swing
Knowledge Is Power SM Figure:-11

for Energy Delivery
Characteristic in relay type P442
Line Angle

for Energy Delivery
Continuous Impedance calculation for PSB
detection methods:
¾ Scheme determine Power swing condition based on a
continuous impedance calculation. i.e for each 2ms or 5ms
step an impedance calculation is performed & compared with
the impedance calculation of previous 2ms or 5ms.
¾ This step value is depend on sampling freq. rate.
¾ The next impedance that should be calculated 2ms or 5ms
later is predicted based on impedance difference of the
previous measured impedances.
¾ Not required any delta impedance settings
¾ Require delta time settings
¾ Drawback is; if prediction is correct, then only distance prot.
consider as a traveling impedance & a power swing condition
is detected.
¾ For security reason additional predictive calculation is
required
for Energy Delivery
Continuous Impedance calculation for PSB
detection methods:
for Energy Delivery
Continuous Power calculation for PSB detection
methods: Polygon characteristic in relay type P437
X
Stable Swing
Setting Parameters:
•Rset
Zpos(t) •Xset
•Line Angle
Unstable Swing
-R R
-X Detect as Fault: Detect as Swing:

Zpos(t1) = 0 ms Zpos(t1) = 0 ms
Zpos(t2) < 40 ms Zpos(t2) > 40 ms

for Energy Delivery
Continuous Power calculation for PSB detection
methods: Polygon characteristic in relay type P437
¾ Relay measures the rate of change of Positive sequence

Apparent Power:
¾ Delta-SPOS = (SPOS2 – SPOS1) / (SPOS2)
Let,
SPOS1 = Positive sequence Apparent Power at time (t1)
SPOS2 = Positive sequence Apparent Power at time (t1 + 40 ms)
for Energy Delivery
Pole Slipping:
¾ The loaded machine with normal excitation
runs out of synchronism with grid network.
During this condition, the generator stator as
well as field current varies heavily as the rotor
angle of machine varies cyclic with respect to
the EMF behind the source impedance of
network as seen from the generator terminal.
¾ If the slip freq. approaches natural shaft freq., torque
produced can break the shaft
¾ High stator iron flux can over heat the generator
stator core
for Energy Delivery
Pole Slipping:
¾ Following conditions may cause a generator to
pull out of step;
Operating in an under excited condition (e.g. machine
operates at high load with leading P.F. with relatively
week field)
System switching
AVR & speed controller response time sluggish (e.g.
direct connected machines are run in parallel with
strong grid & sudden outage of grid supplies draws
high inductive load or sudden thrown of dynamic
loads) during sudden system load variations
Faults
for Energy Delivery
Pole Slipping:
Power angle diagram

curve-A would then
become curve-B during
fault
for Energy Delivery
Pole Slipping:
¾Figure shows; critical

angle 118o.
¾If the fault were to
clear when rotor angle
less than 118o “area-B”
would exceed “area-A”
and decelerating
energy would exceed
the accelerating energy
and the machine would
not fall out of step
for Energy Delivery
Pole Slipping:
¾If the fault clears after

the rotor reaches 118o
the swing will continue
& machine will lose
synchronism
Swing calculation shows that the fault must clear

0.12 seconds (6 cycles) or less
for Energy Delivery
Pole Slipping:
¾Impedance locus analysis;
XT + Xsys G
Xsys
X”d XT
90o
90o X”d & Tdo”
X”d
X”d > (XT + Xsys) -------Æ Electrical centre below X-axis which
means locus moves from forth quad. To second quad.
for Energy Delivery
Pole Slipping:
¾ Impedance locus analysis for direct connected
machine; G
ZLoad
X”d
Xsys
Xsys
90o
90o
X”d
for Energy Delivery
Pole Slipping:
¾Impedance locus analysis;
XT + Xsys G
Xsys
X’d XT
90o
90o X’d & Tdo’
X’d
X’d > (XT + Zsys) -------Æ Electrical centre below X-axis which
means locus moves from forth quad. To second quad.
for Energy Delivery
Blinder Schemes: Single Blinder
¾ Blinder schemes:
¾ Single Blinder (one pair) scheme (Figure:-17):
¾ One sets of blinders: Resistive reach inner (RRI) & Resistive
reach outer (RRO)
¾ It can be used to restrict tripping of the distance relay for loads
outside of the blinders.
for Energy Delivery
¾ DR/DT schemes:
¾ Single Blinder scheme (Figure:-17):
¾ One sets of blinders:
¾ It can be used to restrict tripping of the distance relay for loads
outside of the blinders.
¾ If travel time is more than set time & it crosses blinder-1, a
power swing situation is detected further it crosses blinder-2
then it gives a tripping.
¾ Scheme is more suitable for out of step protection for
generators.
¾ Correct settings of blinder-2 & RRR are very difficult to set,
again it’s require high skilled expert to do grid analysis &
effect on machines.
for Energy Delivery
¾ DR/DT scheme:
¾ How to set timer?
¾ T = {(Critical load angle – Rotor angle)*Fn}/{(360)*(slip frequency)}
Where;
Critical load angle = 150 degree
Rotor angle = 90 degree
Fn = 50Hz
slip freq. = 4Hz
T = {(150 – 90)*(50)} / {(360)*(4)}
= 2.0833 Cycles
T = 2.0833 * 20 = 41.66ms
for Energy Delivery
Single Blinder Relay Type: ZTO 11
OST-REGION
Un stable swing
Stable swing
RRR
Blinder-2 Blinder-1
78 trip 78 pick up
RRR = Reverse Resistive Reach in Ohms

OST = Out of Step trip
for Energy Delivery
Single Blinder Rset is not adjustable in forward
direction
Un stable swing
Stable swing
MHO supervising unit

Blinder-2 Blinder-1
78 trip 78 pickup
Mho supervising unit will restrict mal-operation of relay

for Energy Delivery
CEB + CEH Relays
Swing Locus
Blinder 1
XT+XS
Line Angle
Load Angle = 90o or 120o
X’d MHO supervising control
Swing Centre = {X’d + (XT + XS)} / 2

for Energy Delivery
Blinder Schemes: Double Blinder
¾ Blinder schemes:
¾ Double Blinder (Two Pair) scheme (Figure:-20):
¾ Two sets of blinders: Resistive reach inner (RRI) & Resistive
reach outer (RRO)
¾ Time Counter starts when the impedance vector crosses outer
limit (RRO) & stops when it crosses inner limit (RRI)
¾ If travel time is more than set time, power swing situation is
detected
¾ Scheme is applicable for independent of the distance zones
¾ Correct setting for Blinders are very difficult & it requires
good expert who can able to do power grid analysis.
for Energy Delivery
Double Blinders
Blinder-2 Blinder-1
Blinder-2 Blinder-1
for Energy Delivery
Double Blinders
SEL300G Relay
Blinder-2 Blinder-1
Blinder-1 Blinder-2
for Energy Delivery
Pole Slipping:
¾ Example to set Basic guide line for Pole slip
function;
Generator rating: 210MW, 9050A, 247MVA, 15.75KV,
Transient reactance (X’d) is 30.5% & Sub-Transient
reactance (X”d) is 21.5%
Generator transformer rating: 250MVA, 15.75/240KV,
%Z = 14%
System fault level = 10000MVA
CT ratio = 10000/5A
PT ratio = 15.75/0.110kV
Rate of Slip = 1600 degree/sec
System impedance angle = 75 degree
for Energy Delivery
Pole Slipping:
¾ Example to set Basic guide line for Pole slip
function;
Convert to all X value in to secondary ohms
% PU Primary Ohms Sec Ohms
X”dPU = 21.5%
X”dPrimary = (BaseKV2*X”dPU) / MVAbase
X”dPrimary 2
= (15.75 *0.215) / 247
X”dPrimary = 0.2159 Ohms
X”dsecondary = (0.2159)*(2000/143.1) = 3 Ohms
for Energy Delivery
Pole Slipping:
¾Example to set Basic guide line for Pole
slip function;
Convert to all X value in to secondary
ohms
X’dPU = 30.5%
X’dPrimary = (BaseKV2*X”dPU) / MVAbase
X”dPrimary = (15.752*0.305) / 247 = 0.3063 Ohms
X”dsecondary = (0.3063)*(2000/143.1) = 4.281 Ohms
for Energy Delivery
Pole Slipping:
slip function;
ohms
XT = 14%
X”dPrimary = (BaseKV2*X”dPU) / MVAbase
X”dPrimary = (15.752*0.14) / 247
X”dPrimary = 0.1406 Ohms
X”dsecondary = (0.1406)*(2000/143.1) = 1.96 Ohms
for Energy Delivery
Pole Slipping:
slip function;
ohms
Base KV = 15.75kV
System fault MVA = 10000MVA
Xsys-Primary = (BaseKV2) / Fault MVA
Xsys-Primary = (15.752) / 10000
Xsys-Primary = 0.0248 Ohms
Xsys-Secondary = (0.0248)*(2000/143.1) = 0.3466 Ohms
for Energy Delivery
Pole Slipping:
¾Blinder setting;
XT + Xsys
Xsys
X”d XT
270o
75o
X”d
Blinder setting Blinder setting
Electrical Centre at X = - 0.3467 Ohms

for Energy Delivery
Pole Slipping:
¾Blinder setting;
XT + Xsys
Xsys
X’d XT
270o
75o
X’d & Tdo’
X’d
Blinder setting Blinder setting
Electrical Centre at X = - 0.9872 Ohms
for Energy Delivery
Pole Slipping:
¾Mho unit setting;
XT + Xsys
Xsys
X’d XT
270o
75o
X’d & Tdo’
X’d
2*X’d = 2*4.28 = 8.56 Ohms
for Energy Delivery
Pole Slipping:
slip function;
Recommendation:
In-depth Transient stability study required
if observe the mal operation of relay during
normal condition. But, the study require
detail information of inter-connected
system & accurate system models which
are expensive.
for Energy Delivery
Pole slip detection method: Relay type REM54
• Scheme is applicable for Out of Step tripping of Generator

• Pole slip detection = OMHO characteristic + Counter
• Counter count number of operation
• Reset time required to set properly other wise it will detect loss of field function
• Normally counter setting is 3 or 4
-R X R
X’d / 2
1
Counter Reset
2
XS Counter
Offset mho
characteristic
-X
Operating Region

for Energy Delivery
Pole slip detection method: Relay type REG 316
Pole-Slip Characteristic
TripÎ When Load angle is
7 More than Trip Angle
Tripping Angle
3
ZA
Warning Angle
1
X in Ohm
-7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 7
-1
ZC
-3
-5
ZB
-7
R in Ohm
for Energy Delivery
Pole slip detection method: Relay type REG 316
¾ System Load angle is more than set value with calculated slip
freq., relay will detect pole slip (Power swing)
¾ Relay calculating Freq slip based on T-Slip time (say 55 ms)
¾ Tripping Angle setting should be based on critical angle of
machine & it can be decided after transient stability study of
system
¾ Without system study, recommended angle setting is 120o
for Energy Delivery
DOBLE ENGINEERING PVT. LTD
305-SAKAR, OLD PADRA ROAD,
VADODARA-390 015, INDIA.
Cell: +91 94267 47545
PH: (+91)(265) 655 77 15 & Fax: (+91)(265) 235 62 85
E-MAIL: kdave@doble.com
Website: www.doble.com
for Energy Delivery

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Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

Brief Introduction for Power Swing

¾ Pole Slip: A condition whereby a generator, or group of generators,

¾ Stable Power Swing: A power swing is considered stable if the generators

¾ Unstable Power Swing: A power swing that will result in a

∆t = time for transition of Z from outer to inner zone

∆t = time for transition of Z from outer to inner zone

∆t •R & X reach are

∆t = time for transition of Z from outer to inner zone

Avoid mal operation during

Set “X” reach X

Inner boundary = Zin Outer boundary = Zout Set “R” reach

Load Angle = 120o or 90o

R reach reduce for

Quadrilateral Characteristic: Set “R” reach according to Load Encroachment

∆t = time for transition of Z from outer to inner zone

Quad + Polygon Stable Swing

Knowledge Is Power SM Figure:-11

Knowledge Is Power SM Figure:-12

-X Detect as Fault: Detect as Swing:

Knowledge Is Power SM Figure:-14

¾ Relay measures the rate of change of Positive sequence

¾ Delta-SPOS = (SPOS2 – SPOS1) / (SPOS2)

Power angle diagram

¾Figure shows; critical

¾If the fault clears after

Swing calculation shows that the fault must clear

90o X”d & Tdo”

90o X’d & Tdo’

RRR = Reverse Resistive Reach in Ohms

MHO supervising unit

Mho supervising unit will restrict mal-operation of relay

Knowledge Is Power SM Figure:-18

Load Angle = 90o or 120o

X’d MHO supervising control

Swing Centre = {X’d + (XT + XS)} / 2

Knowledge Is Power SM Figure:-19

 X”dsecondary = (0.2159)*(2000/143.1) = 3 Ohms

 X”dsecondary = (0.3063)*(2000/143.1) = 4.281 Ohms

Blinder setting Blinder setting

Electrical Centre at X = - 0.3467 Ohms

X’d & Tdo’

Blinder setting Blinder setting

Electrical Centre at X = - 0.9872 Ohms

X’d & Tdo’

2*X’d = 2*4.28 = 8.56 Ohms

• Scheme is applicable for Out of Step tripping of Generator

Knowledge Is Power SM Figure:-15

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X”dsecondary = (0.2159)*(2000/143.1) = 3 Ohms

X”dsecondary = (0.3063)*(2000/143.1) = 4.281 Ohms

2X’d = 24.28 = 8.56 Ohms