Environmental control in metallurgical

industry, like blast furnace.

Submitted by:

AJAY KUMAR

SUHARTO CHATTERJEE

HARINANDAN KUMAR PASWAN

Of vocational training batch from
May 11, 2010 to June 24, 2010.

Shavak Nanavati Technical Institute

Jamshedpur

THE TATA IRON AND STEEL CO.

LIMITTED

CERTIFICATE

I hereby certify that the students SPECIFIED BELOW have

successfully completed their vocational training on
“ENVIROMENTAL CONTROL IN METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY, LIKE A
BLAST FURNACE” under my guidance, scheduled from 11 th May
2010 to 24th June 2010.

 AJAY KUMAR (METALLURGICAL & MATERIALS ENGG., NIT

DURGAPUR)

 SUHARTO CHATTERJEE (METALLURGICAL & MATERIALS

ENGG., VNIT NAGPUR)
 HARINANDAN KUMAR PASWAN (METALLURGICAL &
MATERIALS ENGG., VNIT NAGPUR)

Mr.Shambhu Nath

SR. MANEGER (A-F BLAST FURNACES)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We, Ajay Kumar ( Metallurgical Engg., NIT Durgapur ),
Suharto chatterjee ( Metallurgical Engg., VNIT Nagpur),
Harinandan Kumar Paswan ( Metallurgical Engg., VNIT
Nagpur) sincerely acknowledge the support that has
been extended to us by our project guide Mr. Shambhu
Nath. His timely advice, esteemed guidance and
experience has been a tremendous help.

We are grateful to Mr. Amit Kumar Singh (Head

Operations; A-F Blast Furnaces) for his valuable
suggestions and necessary guidance.

We also express our sincere gratitude to Mr.

Dipankar Gupta for his hearted help.

Working with TATA STEEL has been a wonderful

experience. We are sure that this work experience will help
us in the future.

Thanking you with warm regards.

 CONTENT
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 INTRODUCTION
 IMPORTANT AREAS OF BLAST FURNACE
PLANT
 OVERVIEW OF BLAST FURNACE PLANT
 RAW MATERIALS AND ITS SOURCES
 RAW MATERIAL REQUIRED FOR MAKING 1 TON
OF HOT METAL

 CROSS-SECTIONAL VIEW OF BLAST FURNACE

 FURNACE CONSTRUCTION
 BLAST FURNACE PROCESS
 BLAST FURNACE REACTIONS
 FACILITIES AT A-F BLAST FURNACE
 FORMS OF POLLUTION
  Iron & Steel Making Process and Air Pollutants
 POLLUTION IN BLAST FURNACE PLANT
 TYPES OF POLLUTION AND ITS CONTROL
 SUGGESTIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
IN IRON MAKING INDUSTRY

 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

 NOISE POLLUTION
 WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
 Measure taken to control environmental pollution
at A-F blast furnace

 IMPORTAN RECOMMENDATION FOR POLLUTION

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

 SUMMARY OF POLLUTIONT REATMENT

TECHNOLOGIES

 CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION

A Blast Furnace is a type of metallurgical furnace used for smelting to produce industrial
metals, generally iron. In a blast furnace, fuel and ore are continuously supplied through
the top of the furnace, while air (sometimes with oxygen enrichment) is blown into the
bottom of the chamber, so that the chemical reactions take place throughout the
furnace as the material moves downward. The end products are usually molten metal
and slag phases tapped from the bottom, and flue gases exiting from the top of the
furnace.

Blast furnaces are to be contrasted with air furnaces (such as reverberatory furnaces),
which were naturally aspirated, usually by the convection of hot gases in a chimney flue.
According to this broad definition, bloomeries for iron, blowing houses for tin, and smelt
mills for lead, would be classified as blast furnaces. However, the term has usually been
limited to those used for smelting iron ore to produce pig iron, an intermediate material
used in the production of commercial iron and steel.

IMPORTANT AREAS OF BLAST FURNACE PLANT

HIGH-LINE:- coke is transferred from the coke storage bin by the CT Car to the stock-
house. Sinter on the other hand is transferred from the sinter storage bin to the stock-
house by the Demag car except for F furnace, in F furnace sinter is transferred by
conveyer belt to stock-house. Most of the time iron ore and fluxes,(limestone,
pyroxinite, dolomite, quartzite) and nut Coke are brought from the flood loading
bunkers(FLB) situated at the extreme end of the high line, whereas in case of emergency
these raw materials are brought from RMH (Raw Material Handling) by the wagon and is
stored in different high line bins designated for different furnaces.

STOCK-HOUSE: - The major raw materials utilised in iron making are iron ore and coke.
Stock house at A-F Blast furnaces is having two types of charging facilities. At the A-D
blast furnaces charging is being done through Larry car and skip but in F blast Furnace it
is being done through the conveyors and skip. Larry car consists of two hoppers and a
load cell. The car collects material from the different bins and finally dumps it into the
skip. On the other hand at F Blast furnace raw materials are first collected into aweigh
hopper and then dumped into the skip. Another major difference of A-D blast Furnace s
with F Furnace is the screening of Ore and sinter. Also F blast furnace is having ESP
dedusting facilities whereas in other furnaces it is not.

STOVE:- The hot blast air is produced by passing cold blast air through preheated
chambers or ‘stoves’, and heating the air to above 1100°C. The stove is first heated up
by burning gas and combustion air within the chamber and allowing the heat to be
absorbed into the brickwork, or ‘chequerwork’. This mode is called on-gas. When
sufficient heat has been absorbed, the stove is put on-blast. In this mode, no
combustion takes place, but cold blast air is forced through the stove and absorbs the
heat to become hot blast. This is then mixed with cold blast to bring it to the right
temperature, and is then forced into the blast furnace via the tuyeres near its base.

COAL INJECTION: Coal injection is the most developed and well-established technology
for auxiliary fuel injection in a blast furnace. This is due to abundant availability of coal
for injection, uniform global distribution and coal, in association with oxygen enrichment
of blast, can replace a large quantity of coke and increase blast furnace productivity.

CAST HOUSE:- From the furnace, molten iron and slag is drained (cast) into a refractory
lined trough on the cast house floor. Using a skimmer, the slag is separated from the
molten iron. Molten iron is transported to the Steel Melting Shop (LD # 1 & 2) by rail
using torpedo ladles for processing, whilst slag is quenched with water to solidify the
material then stored as by-product. During the tapping, dust, Kish, and SO 2 are
generated. An extraction system is placed along the trough and pouring positions to
remove the airborne materials out of the plant and into dedusting equipment. The
efficiency of the dedusting equipment is reviewed from time to time

OVERVIEW OF BLAST FURNACE PLANT

RAW MATERIALS AND ITS SOURCES
1. ORE:

 IRON ORE

 SINTER

2. FUEL:

 COKE

 NUT COKE

3. FLUXES:

 LIME STONE

 PYROXINITE

 QUARTZ

 DOLOMITE

4. INJECTANTS:

 COAL/ TAR

RAW MATERIAL SOURCE COMPOSITION SIZE

Joda Iron=66,SiO2=1.40,Al2O3=1.90, Na2O=0.039, K2O= +10 mm to – 40 mm

0.008, TiO2 = 0.15
IRON ORE

Noamundi Iron = 67.26,SiO2= 0.94,Al2O3=1.40,P= 0.07, Na2O = +10 mm to – 40 mm

0.007,TiO2 = 0.14

Fe= 56.40,CaO= 10.00, +10mm (62-65%)

SINTER SP1 MgO= 2.8,Al2O3=2.7

Fe= 57,CaO= 9.5-10,MgO= 2.25-2.8,Al2O3=2.5-2.8, +10mm (68-72%)

SP2 SiO2=3.0-4.5
 C=82-84%Ash=16-18%,Moisture=4 - 6.5% +30 to –80 mm

COKE Stamp Charge

C=79-81%Ash=19-21%,Moisture=4 - 6.5% +30 to –80 mm

Top Charge

Dehradun, Ca O=50-53,MgO=1-2,SiO2= 1-2.5,Al2O3= 1.5, +35 to –75 mm

LIME STONE Gotan Fe2O3= 0.3-1.2

Sukinda SiO2=40% , Al2O3=1.5%, MgO=30% +35 to –75 mm

PYROXINITE

Local SiO2=96,Al2O3= 1.00, +10 to –50 mm

QUARTZ Fe= 2

RAW MATERIAL REQUIRED FOR MAKING 1 TON OF

HOT METAL:

FOR C FOR D FOR F

FURNACE FURNACE FURNACE
RAW MATERIAL
(Kg/THM) (Kg/THM) (Kg/THM)
 IRON ORE 515 450 530

ORE SINTER 1050 1150 1000

COKE 500 530 420

FUEL NUT COKE 60 30 44

LIME STONE Nil 15-16 Nil

PYROXINITE 15-20 25 15-20

FLUXES
QUARTZ 4-5 4-5 4-5

INJECTANTS COAL/ TAR 65 50 128

Remark:
C and F Furnace: 16-18% coke ash is used
D Furnace: 20% coke ash

ORE:

The most commonly used iron bearing minerals are:

 Hematite : Fe2O3 (70% iron)

 Magnetite : Fe3O4 (72.4% iron)

Reason of using hematite as a source of iron:

Hematite is used as a source of iron ore not only because it has the widest distribution in
the world but also because during transformation of hematite to magnetite, the
structural metamorphosis from hexagonal to cubic gives rise to volume expansion,
increased porosity, cracks and fissures. In fact, the reduction of hematite produces a
porous product and large surface area thus generated results in a much higher reduction
rate of hematite compared to magnetite.

SINTER:

Purpose of charging the sinter:

During mining and ore dressing operation, an enormous amount of fins (40-50 percent)
is generated. Since fins can not be charged directly in to the furnace mainly because it
can results in the choking of voids and thereby decreases the permeability of the bed.
Hence it is necessary to agglomerate them in to lumps which are performed
predominantly by sintering and pelletizing.

Advantages of sintering:
1. Agglomeration of fines in to large, strong and irregular porous lumps which gives
good bed permeability.

2. Calcinations of limestone outside the furnace save 50-60kg coke rate.

3. Agglomeration of fines into hard, strong and irregular porous lumps which give good
bed permeability?

4. Elimination of 60-70% of ore sulphur during sintering.

5. Elimination of moisture , hydrated water and other volatiles on the

6. Sinter stand with the cheap fuel.

7. Lower down the softening range.

8. Primary slag formed from fluxed sinter posses lower viscosity and

9. Liquids temperature and more uniform composition than in raw ores.

FUEL:

FUNCTION OF COKE IN THE BLAST FURNACE:

1. Act as a fuel by providing thermal requirements.

2. 2C+O2 =2CO -2300kcal/kg.C

3. Provides CO for the reduction of iron oxides.

4. Reduces oxides of metalloids.

5. It carburizes the iron and lowers the melting point.

6. It provides the permeability and the mechanical support to the burden.

INJECTANTS:

Blast furnace cannot be run without certain amount of coke because of its various
functions during the process. The efficiency of a blast furnace mainly depends on the
quality of coke used as a fuel. Since coke is a scare and dear commodity and
therefore attempts are made to reduce the coke consumption as far as possible. Fuel
injection is one of the methods to reduce the coke consumption. Fuel is injected
through tuyere. Fuel injected may be solid, liquid or gaseous. All these fuels are
hydrogen bearers and carboneous. Since these fuels are burnt incompletely to CO
and H2 before the tuyeres, the full calorific value is not obtained from them.
However, they all supply hydrogen which is a more potent reducing agent than CO
for the reduction of iron oxide at higher temperatures. They are used at ambient
temperatures and need a certain heat for dissociation of the C-H bond. Thus their
burning produces in the combustion zone a flame temperature which is lower than
that obtained from the burning of coke because the latter arrives in the zone
preheated to about 1400-15000C. As the flame temperature increases with the blast
temperature, a higher blast temperature can be utilized with the addition of such
fuels maintaining, at the same time, a constant flame temperature. A larger heat
input and better indirect reduction through hydrogen results in saving of coke in
addition to the carbon which is already present in each fuel
CROSS-SECTIONAL VIEW OF BLAST FURNACE
FURNACE CONSTRUCTION

Foundation: it is a massive steel reinforced concrete mass partially

embedded below the ground level.it should be sufficiently strong to
stand the loaded of blast furnace weight, it may be about 15m dia and
6-7m thick.

Hearth: carbon blocks are used in hearth construction along with water cooled plates to
protect the lining. In the hearth wall the tap hole is located 12-15cm in dia and 0.3-0.6 m
above the hearth bottom and a slag notch 1.2-1.6m above the iron tap hole.

Bosh: this is the zone where melting of the burden, except coke, takes place, top of the
bosh having the maximum diameter.

Mantle and columns: the furnace structure above the bosh level is supported on a
heavily braced steel ring, it called mantle and it’s supported by heavy columns.

Stack: it is the frustum of a huge cone extending to 3/5 of the height. It’s increasing
diameter facilitating a uniform flow of the thermally expanding burden materials. The
fusion and consequent contraction of the slag and metal start in this region.

Tuyere: Immediately above the hearth are located tuyeres through which hot air blast is
blown for fuel consumption.

Bell charging: the double bell charging ensures continuous charging with minimum
exhaust gas leakage.

‘Bell-less Top’ charging: The charge distribution is superior and it removes the
disadvantage of leakage and erosion which occurs in bells due to exit gas pressure.
Off-takes: there are four exhaust pipes at the furnace top and these rises vertically up
above the furnace top and join to a bigger single pipe known as the down-comer which

Delivers gas to the gas cleaning system.

BLAST FURNACE PROCESS

Blast furnace is the “furnace used in Metallurgical process such as Smelting to reduce
industrial metals from its respective ore, generally iron ".

Blast furnace contains 4 zones where the different steps of reduction

of the iron take place and they are differentiated with respect to the corresponding
temperatures

1. Zone of Reduction:-
It is the zone where the Iron ore gets reduced to iron oxide at the temperature of 850ºc
3Fe2O3 +CO → 2Fe3O4 + CO2
Fe2O3 +CO → 2FeO + CO2

2. Zone of Slag formation:-

It is the zone where the slag is formed by the reduction of the Calcium Carbonate
(CaCO3) into Calcium Oxide (Cao). Then it combines with silicon (SiO 2) to form Calcium
Silicate (CaSiO3) at 1000ºc
CaCo3→Cao+co2
CaO + SiO2 →CaoSio2

3. Zone of Fusion:-
It is the zone where carbon (C) reacts with ferric oxide (FeO) to give Iron (Fe) at 1300ºc
FeO + 3C → Fe + 3Co
CO2 + C → 2CO

4. Zone of Combustion:-
It is the zone where the compressed air is passed in which carbon (C) and oxygen (O 2) to
form (CO2) carbon Di Oxide
C + O2 → CO2
Thus at the end of the process Iron (Fe) is got. This iron is also known as Cast Iron or Pig
Iron.

BLAST FURNACE REACTIONS

Primary Reactions

 Iron Ore Reduction

 Carbon Gasification, Heat Generation and Consumption

Secondary Reactions
 Degradation of Ore and Coke

 Slag-Metal Reactions in the Hearth

 Cycling Na, K, S, Si, Zn, etc.

The Blast Furnace

At500°C
3Fe2O3 +CO → 2Fe3O4 + CO2
Fe2O3 +CO → 2FeO + CO2

(progressive reduction of oxide feed)

At850°C
Fe3O4 +CO → 3FeO + CO2

CaCO3 →CaO + CO2

MgCO3→ MgO + CO2

(Calcination of fluxes)

At1000°C
FeO +CO → Fe + CO2

(indirect reduction)

At1300°C
CO2 + C → 2CO

At Equilibrium: Boudouard Equilibria

Forward Reaction: Solution Loss Reaction

Reverse reaction: Neumans Reversion

 At1900°C
C+O2→CO2
FeO +C → Fe + CO

(direct reduction)

FACILITIES AT A-F BLAST FURNACE

Furnaces Top Stock High Top Screening Cast Remarks

Charging House pressure House

A Double bell Larry car No Coke ND & D Trough

B Double bell Larry car No Coke Drainable Stopped due

to less
E Bell less top Larry car 0.5 PSI Coke ND & D Trough demand of
hot metal

C Gimbel top Larry car 0.7 Bar Coke Non Drainable+

SG
(first of its kind
in the world)

Presently in
D Double bell Larry car No Coke ND Trough+ SG
running
condition

F Compact Bell Conveyor Belt 0.83 Bar Coke, Ore & ND Trough+ SG
less top Sinter

FURNACE INNER WORKING TPD PRODUCTIVITY

VOLUME(m3) VOLUME(m3)
(t/m3/day)
A 1066 956 1500 1.41

B 742 674 1100 1.48

E 650 592 1500(1200) 2.3

C 1070 929 2000 2.2

D 1133 1012 1900 1.68

F 1816 1582 3900 2.4

 Output

Product BY Product BY Product

Hot Metal Slag BF Gas

Typical Analysis Typical Analysis Typical Analysis

C% -4.2- 4.5 CaO% -35.0- 37.0 CO% -20.0- 22.0

Si% -0.5-1.0 SiO2% -33.0-35.0 CO2% -20.0-22.0

S% -0.04- 0.08 Al2O3% -17.0- 20.0 H2% -3.0- 5.0

P%-0.170-0.210 MgO%-6.0-8.0 Dust content:

Ti%-0.06-0.09 K2O%-0.4-0.9 10 mg/Nm3

Fe%-94-95 FeO%-0.2-0.5 (After cleaning)

Temperature- 1470-1510
Deg C
 FORMS OF POLLUTION

Acid rain: SO2 and NOx generated in steel plants get absorbed by moisture in the
atmosphere and when it gets supersaturated, it falls in the form of rain. This ‘acid rain’
increases the acidity of soil and groundwater.

Toxic elements: Heavy elements such as Hg, Th and Pb are most toxic. Several other
elements, such as Cd, Bi, As, Cr, etc also have toxic effects. Many of these elements like
lead (which condenses in the upper area of the blast furnaces) and chromium (from
degradation of refractories) are generated in steel plants.

Particulates/Dust: Virtually all the iron processing steps (raw materials storage, sinter
plants, blast furnaces, etc.) generate particulates. Unless controlled they can enter the
lungs as dust to cause respiratory difficulties.

Gaseous and volatile compounds: CO and BF gas are highly toxic. They can prove
fatal if their concentration in air exceeds 1000ppm. Coke oven and by-products effluent,
such as ammonia, phenol, benzol, hydrocarbons, etc. can also be potential health
hazard.

Noise pollution: Excessive noise can cause hearing impairment, stress etc. And noise
levels above 75 dB are considered harmful. Blast furnaces, Oxygen plants, powerhouses,
etc. are areas where noise levels are high in steel plant.

Solid wastes: Huge quantities of wastes are generated during iron making. Sinter fines,
coal dust, coke breeze, bag house dust, gas cleaning plant sludge, blast furnace slag, etc.
are the common solid wastes generated in steel plants amounting to approximately 1.5T
per tonne of crude steel made. Therefore, waste management is an important activity in
 steel plant. This not only includes safe disposal so as not to affect soil and groundwater,
but also includes converting the wastes into some useful commodity. Use of blast
furnace slag for cement making, recirculation of BOF slag in sinter plants, use of sludge
in making tiles etc. are good examples.

Iron & Steel Making Process and Air Pollutants

SOX

DUST
D
U
S HOT ROLLED STEEL
T

COLD ROLLED STEEL

 SINTERING
HOT ROLLING COLD ANNEALING
MACHINE
ROLLING
FURNACE

D
U
S
T DUST

BFG
COGG SOX

D
SOX U
S
DUST NOX T
CONVEYOR

SLAG

BOILER
FROM COKE OVEN

HOT STOVE PRE-HEATING

BLAST CONVERTER CONTINOUOUS
FURNACE
FURNACE CASTING
 POLLUTION IN BLAST FURNACE PLANT

SOURCE TYPES OF LOCATION

POLLUTION
1) Charging of Raw material in
Ground Hopper.

2) Magnetic Separator.
Dust Pollution
3) Storage silo.

4) Bag Filter.

5) Flame Front Equipment.

6) Bag Filter vent gate.

1)Chimney
Coal Injection
BF/CO gas 2) Leakage through BF gas
Conveying pipes.
 1)Screener

Noise Pollution 2)Blower fan and motor

3)Conveyor System

Heat Pollution 1)Supplying hot BF gas tube

1) Bleeder

2) Leakage through BF gas

Conveying pipes.

BF/CO gas

1) Pb-at upper part of blast

furnace.
Toxic Element
2) Cr-generated from
Blast Furnace degradation of refractories.

Noise Pollution 1) Hot blast from Tuyeres.

2) Severe noise in leaked

tuyeres.

Water pollution Open loop cooling system

arrangement in older furnaces.

1) Hot metal during tapping.

Heat Pollution 2) Slag in runners.

Dust Pollution 1) Evolution of fumes during

drilling.
Cast house
Solid Waste 1) Generated during Iron
making.
 Fumes generation and 1) Gas leakage through the
BF/CO gas tuyere stocks

2) Leakage through the trough

heating line.

3.) Fume generation in tapping.

4.)clay leakage

SOURCE TYPES OF LOCATION

POLLUTION
1) Loading and unloading of
coke by CT Car.

2) Loading and unloading of

Dust Pollution
sinter by DEMAG Car.

3) Unloading of ore and

High Line fluxes by wagon.

1) CT Car movement

Noise Pollution 2) DEMAG Car

3) Wagon
 1) During screening
operation

2) Charging of LARRY Car

3) Loading of skip from

Dust pollution
LARRY Car.
Stock House Noise Pollution 1) LARRY Car

1) Leakage through the Cold

blast and hot blast lines or
valves
Noise Pollution
2) Blower fan and motor.

3) During Blow off valve

operation.

1) Burning of (BF gas + CO)

with Air.

2) Leakage in Hot Blast

Stove Heat Pollution
pipes.

3) Radiation losses through

the heat carrying pipelines.

Toxic gas Pollution 1) Degradation of

CHEQUERS.

BF/CO gas 1) Leakage through BF gas

Conveying pipes.
SOURCE TYPES OF LOCATION
POLLUTION
1) During dust catcher
evacuation

2) Transfer of dust from

Dust Generation
pug-mill to dumper.
Dust Catcher
3. Transfer off dust from the
loading point to the
disposal area.

BF/CO gas 1) Leakage in dust catcher

valves.

2) Leakage of gas through

corroded shell

Water Pollution 1)Water slag interaction in

cast house

Noise Pollution 1)In pump house

2)Rotary Kiln
Slag Granulation Plant
Toxic Fumes 1)Near agitation tank pump
house

Soil Pollution 1)Deposits of slag granules

1) During spraying of water,

water droplets are cooled
Cooling Tower leading to heat transfer to
Heat pollution the atmosphere.
 TYPES OF POLLUTION AND ITS CONTROL

Air pollution and control

 Emission of particulate matter (dust)

 Emission of SO2

 Green house gas emissions

 Fugitive emission of suspended particulate matter from CHP, Wagon Tippler, C.T.
car, Demag car and ash pond.

Control
 EMISSION OF PARTICULATE MATTER (DUST):

In the Blast Furnace Operation huge amount of BF gas and dust is generated.
The dust laden BF gas which exits from the blast furnace enters the dust catcher
in which 60-70% dust is removed from the dust laden gas. The remaining dust in
the gas is removed in GCP.

The dust accumulated in the dust catcher is transferred to the dumper via Pug
mill with the help of pneumatic and hydraulic valves along with water (or
agglomeration of dust particles), this mechanism has been devised for efficient
disposal of dust with minimum dust pollution. Further the two valves and water
pipe is sealed from outside which further minimizes dust emission.

In High line, due to loading and unloading of raw materials by CT car, Demag car
and wagon generates huge amount of dust. The proportion of dust is reduced by
efficient mechanism of loading and unloading. While loading dust is minimized
by installing chute. While unloading of CT car and wagon dust is substantially
reduced as the opening gate is underneath the CT car and wagon on the other
hand in demag car unloading is done by the side gate.

In stock house dust is controlled by dust extraction system. Dust from the dust
extraction system is sent to ESP in case of F furnace, ESP and Bag Filter in case of
H furnace. In ESP dust is extracted by the ionizing the dust particles and
collecting the negatively charged dust particles on a positive electrode from
which dust is removed periodically.

In bag filter the dust is captured in the bag, from which dust is removed by N 2
purging. Dust from the ESP and Bag Filter is transferred to the dumper.

In F Furnace cast house dust is controlled by dust extraction system, same dust
collection mechanism follow as in stock house.

In coal injection plant, the coal fine laden gas pressure in the bag filter should be
optimum so that the bag filter vent gate does not open. If excess coal fine laden
gas volume enters the bag filter then the filters is unable to separate the coal
fines from the gas hence the vent gates automatically open to optimize the
volume and in turn Pressure for Efficient Coal Fine Separation. Thus the Opening
 Of The Vent Gate Should Be Prevented As It Releases Huge Amount Of Coal Dust
In The Atmosphere.

 BLAST FURNACE GAS EMISSION

Blast furnace gas is generated in the blast furnace, rises and exits from the top.
There are four exhaust pipes at the furnace top and these rises vertically up
above the furnace top and join to a bigger single pipe known as the down-comer
which delivers gas to the dust catcher. The entire system is closed to prevent any
leakage of the harmful BF gas. The BF gas from the dust catcher is further
cleaned in the gas cleaning plant where water is injected which agglomerates the
dust thus almost completely separating BF gas from the dust. Some portion of
the BF gas is further used in the Stove and Coal Injection plant while the rest is
burnt. The burning of the BF gas in air leads to the conversion of poisonous CO
to non poisonous CO2. but this process results in unwanted heat being released
to the atmosphere.

 SAFE DISPOSAL OF SLAG:

Safe disposal of slag so as not to affect soil and groundwater also includes
converting the wastes into some useful commodity. Use of blast furnace slag for
cement making, recirculation of BOF slag in sinter plants, use of sludge in making
tiles etc. are good examples.

Water pollution

(A) First, the suspended matter: sinter plant dust, flue dust, steel plant dust and mill
scale. This is of variable grain size, but generally small—from 0 to 100 Jim—settling well
down to 10 Jim and containing much iron (30 to 60 per cent). This dust is collected,
treated and returned to the fabrication line, except that from blast furnace gas when it
contains elements which are harmful to the blast furnace, particularly zinc. Granulated
slag, soaked silicate, occurs in the form of grains a few millimeters in size, the bulk
density of which may be less than one.

(B) Oils are found in the water flowing out of rolling mills particularly and originate from
lubrication of mechanical elements. The oils should be separated, especially vegetable or
animal oils used in cold rolling mills which present very difficult problems for their
removal.

(C) In some particular manufactures (special cast irons, Spiegel cast iron, etc.), cyanides
occur in the flue dust waste, up to 100 mg/I and above. Cyanides are always present
anyway, but during normal operation the quantities are very low and oxidation is fast.

(D) In coke plant waste water phenols, cyanides, ammonia, etc. are found.

SUGGESTIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL IN

IRON MAKING INDUSTRY

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

 Control of Dust emission

 Control of green house gas emissions

 Control of SO2 Emission

Control of Dust emission

 During raw material acquisition the primary air pollutant emitted is particulate
matter. Particulate matter is also emitted from the handling, loading, unloading,
and transport of raw materials, such as coal, purchased from another source. In
certain areas, exhaust from portable equipment may also be a consideration. The
following methods are used to control particulate emissions generated from the
quarry and handling of purchased raw materials:
1.) Fabric filters (pulse-jet or reverse-air/shaker)
2.) equipment enclosures
3.) water sprays (with and without surfactants)
4.) enclosures
5.) silos (with and without exhaust venting to wind screens fabric filters)
6.) foams
7.) mechanical collectors bins
8.) chemical dust suppressants
9.) paving
 10.) Material storage buildings

11.) Bag filters,

12.) Wet scrubbers installed by the industries

 Fugitive dust is emitted from raw material feeders, stackers, blenders, reclaimers,
conveyor belt transfer points, and bucket elevators used for transferring materials
to the mill department from storage. Particulate emissions from the dry raw mills
and subsequent equipment occur during temporary failure or from improperly
designed or maintained seals.
The following devices are used to collect particulate matter in the raw mill and
raw mix storage areas:
1.) mechanical cyclones (usually used in series with another control)
2.) fabric filters (pulse jet or reverse air/shaker)
3.) electrostatic precipitators (rarely used)

 In the Iron and Steel Industry there are many sources of fugitive dust from
materials handling. Potential sources and causes of emissions include material
storage, conveying systems, slag dumping, flue dust handling, ore sizing and
fractionating, powder application and shakeout tables. Hatch designs dust control
systems, utilizing Clean Plan Design techniques, to maintain a clean and safe
environment. Techniques used include:

1.) Emission Inventories

2.) Close or remote capture
3.) Dust suppression techniques
4.) Process modifications to reduce emissions
5.) Collection system layout and design

 Dust that is collected by these means is restored to the process. For quarry
operations, newer plants typically can be use the pulse-jet fabric filters while
older plants employing the reverse-air or shaker-type fabric filters.

 Controlling particulate emissions from sources other than the kiln usually entails
capturing the dust using a hood or other partial enclosure and transporting it
through a series of ducts to the collectors. The type of dust collector used is based
on factors such as particle size, dust loading, flow rate, moisture content, and gas
temperature. The best disposal method for collected dust is to send it through the
kiln creating the clinker.
 Reciprocating grate clinker coolers most often employ fabric filters, but ESPs and
gravel bed filters are also used with a mechanical cyclone or multiclone dust
collector sometimes placed in front. Newer plants typically use pulse-jet or
pulsed-plenum fabric filters and older plants use reverse-air type fabric filters
which may simply be a smaller form of a kiln fabric filter. Gravel bed filters, we
can also use by the steel industry, contain quartz granules; contaminated gas
passes through this filter and the dust settles to the bottom of the bed.

Reciprocating grate clinker coolers most often employ fabric filters, but ESPs and
gravel bed filters are also used with a mechanical cyclone or multiclone dust
collector sometimes placed in front.

 Unloading of coal by trucks or wagons should be carried out with proper care
avoiding dropping of the materials from height. It is advisable to moist the
material by sprinkling water.

 Crushing and screening operation should be carried out in enclosed area.

Centralized de-dusting facility (collection hood and suction arrangements
followed by de-dusting unit like bag filter or ESP or equally effective method or
wet scrubber and finally discharge of emission through a stack) should be
provided to control Fugitive Particulate Matter Emissions. The stack should
confirm to the emission standards notified for de-dusting units. Water sprinkling
arrangement should be provided at raw material heaps and on land around the
crushing and screening units

 Enclosure should be provided for belt conveyors and transfer points of belt
conveyors. The above enclosures shall be rigid and permanent (and not of
flexible/ cloth type enclosures) and fitted with self-closing doors and close fitting
entrances and exits, where conveyors pass through the enclosures. Flexible covers
shall be installed at entry and exit of the conveyor to the enclosures, minimizing
the gaps around the conveyors. In the wet system, water sprays/ sprinklers shall
be provided at the following strategic locations for dust suppression during raw
material transfer:-Belt conveyor discharge/ transfer point-Crusher/screen
discharge locations
  Extensive plantation/Green belt shall be developed along the roads and boundary
line of the industry. A minimum 15 m width Green Belt along the boundary shall
be maintained. However, the green belt may be designed

Control of green house gas emissions

CO2 CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES

The idea of capturing CO2 from the flue gas of power plants did not start with concern
about the greenhouse effect. Rather, it gained attention as a possible economic source
of CO2, Especially for use in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operations where CO 2 is
injected into oil reservoirs to increase the mobility of the oil and, therefore, the
productivity of the reservoir.

To date, all commercial CO2 capture plants use processes based on chemical absorption
with a Monoethanolamine (MEA) solvent. MEA was developed over 60 years ago as a
general, non-selective solvent to remove acid gases, such as CO 2 and H2S, from natural
gas streams. The process was modified to incorporate inhibitors to resist solvent
degradation and equipment corrosion when applied to CO 2 capture from flue gas. As
shown in Figure 2, the process allows flue gas to contact an MEA solution in the
absorber. A significant way to reduce cost in chemical absorption systems is to reduce
equipment size. By increasing the contacting efficiency between the CO 2 and the solvent,
equipment sizes can be reduced significantly. The MEA selectively absorbs the CO 2 and is
then sent to a stripper. In the stripper, the CO 2 -rich MEA solution is heated to release
almost pure CO2. The lean MEA solution is then recycled to the absorber.
Advanced coal power plants offer many new opportunities for CO 2 capture. One example
is to integrate CO2 capture with an integrated gasification - combined cycle (IGCC) power
plant IGCC plants first gasify the fuel to produce a pressurized synthesis gas (mainly CO 2
and H2 ). Next, for CO2 capture, after removal of impurities that might foul the catalyst,
the synthesis gas is reacted with steam in a shift reactor to produce CO 2 and H2 . The CO2
and H2 are then separated, with the hydrogen being combusted to produce CO 2 -free
energy. The CO2 stream is available for use or disposal. The partial pressure of CO 2 is
sufficiently large in an IGCC plant (as opposed to pulverized coal plants) to allow use of a
physical absorbent like Selexol (diethyl ether of polyethylene glycol), which greatly
reduces the energy requirements.

Currently, the biggest drawback to this approach is that IGCC power plants cost more
than conventional pulverized coal-fired power plants. However, it is expected that costs
of IGCC power plants will become competitive in the future.

The key challenge regarding CO2 capture technology is to reduce the overall cost by
lowering both the energy and the capital cost requirements. While costs and energy
requirements for today’s capture processes are high, opportunities for significant
reductions exist since researchers have only recently started to address these needs. The
following approaches appear the most fruitful:

 Implement the easy opportunities first, such as those in the natural gas industry
and
 Industries like ammonia and ethylene.

 Improve today’s commercially available chemical absorption processes. Key

research needs are to develop more energy efficient solvents and reduce
equipment size and cost.
 Use oxygen instead of air for combustion, producing a flue gas from which
CO2 is easily captured. Research needs include reducing oxygen costs,
addressing the problems associated with retrofitting existing plants, and
optimizing the efficiency of new plants.
 Integrate CO2 capture into advanced power plants, such as IGCC or fuel cells.
Research needs to address improved separation techniques (e.g., membranes),
improved shift catalysts, and heat and power integration.

Geological Storage Technology

Underground storage in geological formations is a major option for disposing of CO 2.

The main issues are uncertainties in the volumes available for storage, the long-term
integrity of the storage, and the costs associated with CO 2 transport to the storage site
and the storage operation itself. Storage integrity is important not only to prevent the
unintended return of CO2 to the atmosphere, but also for concerns about public safety
and the potential liability should there be a catastrophic release. CO 2 gas is heavier than
air and, if a large release were to occur, it could displace air at the surface and cause
asphyxiation.

The main options for underground storage are

 storage in active oil reservoirs

 storage in coal beds

 storage in depleted oil and gas reservoirs

 storage in deep aquifers

 storage in mined salt domes or rock caverns

Direct Utilization Technology

In a greenhouse gas-constrained world, it is likely that the industrial sector could reduce
its own CO2 emissions by identifying processes that produce relatively pure CO 2 streams
and then CO2 either capturing and sequestering CO 2 or strategically linking it to another
processing operation requiring CO2 as a feedstock.

There are numerous specific opportunities to reuse CO 2 in industrial processes, and

certain processes such as ethylene and ammonia production produce high concentration
CO2 streams that are often currently released to the atmosphere. The standard way of
producing hydrogen today is through steam reforming of methane which can be
regulated to produce a CO2 /H2 mixture which is easily separable.

CH4 + 2H2O = CO2 + 4H2

This CO2 could be sequestered or utilized in another process. With increasing interest in
the use of hydrogen as an energy carrier and fuel in the future, this CO 2 source is likely to
grow and create an opportunity for additional mitigation.

Even today, CO2 from ammonia production is often used as a feedstock for urea
production. Such streams would serve as a good feedstock for plastics production,
production of inorganic carbonates, etc. Industrial combustion processes, like power
plants, will have lower concentration streams of CO 2, making CO2 capture more
expensive as a way to mitigate emissions.

New applications might be found if further research is done on interesting potential

reaction pathways. Since CO is a very stable molecule, considerable energy is required to
transform it into products where the C-O bonds are broken, such as in recycling to fuels
as discussed in the next section. Transformation into carbonates, carbamates, or other

Carbonate minerals that can be returned to the environment. This concept really could
be

Considered as another form of geological storage.

Chemical conversion to fuels. Much interest has been generated in the possibility
of converting CO2 to a transportation fuel, such as methanol, using hydrogen.

CO2 + 3H2 = CH3OH + H2O

In this reaction, each molecule of CO2 is reacted with three molecules of hydrogen to
produce one molecule of methanol. But energy is required to produce hydrogen. The
most efficient pathway to hydrogen today is through steam-methane reforming (the
previous equation) which is about 80% efficient. Production from coal gasification is
about 50% efficient; production from electrolysis of water, about 30% efficient.
Although utilization does not seem to offer large scale opportunities for mitigation, it is
important to recognize that a large number of small uses can play an important part of
an

Overall mitigation strategy. Further, if CO2 can be used as a feedstock for useful products,
it provides a credit against capture costs and avoids incurring land or ocean storage
costs.

CONTROL OF SO2 EMISSION

SO2 is generated in the Blast Furnace by the combustion of coke and coal which contains
sulphur. SO2 gas usually subsequently forms white sulphate aerosols; also SO 2 gets
absorbed by moisture in the atmosphere resulting in Acid Rain. SO 2 is a component of BF
gas which exits the Blast Furnace and should be treated before BF gas is released in the
atmosphere.

Use of low-sulphur coals is quite common, but may result in reduced blast furnace
output, since these fuels frequently have lower heat content. Also coal cannot be
replaced in blast furnace technology. Since the price of SO 2 allowances is rising, Flue Gas
Desulfurization (FGD) technologies appears to be the best choice is becoming the choice.

Method Reaction By product

Activated SO2 + H2O+.5O2→H2SO4 H2SO4

carbon

Caustic soda 2NaOH+SO2→ Na2SO3 + H2O Na2SO4

Na2SO3+H2O+SO2→2NaHSO3

Ammonia 2NH4OH+SO2→(NH4)2SO3+H2O (NH4)2SO4

(NH4)2SO3+SO3+SO2+H2O→2NH4HSO3+H2

Slaked lime CaO+SO2→CaSO3 CaSO4

(Limestone – CaSO3+O2→2CaSO4
Gypsum
Process)
 AFTER BURNER

COOL-

ING
TOWER

ABSORBER
FLUE GAS

H2SO4
WATER GYPSUM
SEPARATOR

OXIDATION TOWER
LIMESTONE pH CONTROL

LIME TANK AIR

GYPSUM

Fig: Limestone and Gypsum Process

 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

RECYCLING

Granulated blast furnace slag has been used as a raw material for cement production
and as an aggregate and insulating material. And granulated slags have also been used
as sand blasting shot materials. Ground granulated blast furnace slag is used
commercially as a supplementary cementitious material in Portland cement concrete (as
a mineral admixture or component of blended cement).

DISPOSAL

It is estimated that a relatively small percentage (less than 10 percent) of the blast
furnace slag generated is disposed of in landfills.

MARKET SOURCES

Blast furnace slag materials are generally available from slag processors located near
iron production centers. Cements containing ground granulated blast furnace slag are
available from many producers of Portland cement or directly from ground granulated
blast furnace slag cement manufacturers. AASHTO M240 describes three types of
blended cements containing slag. (3) They include Portland blast furnace slag cement
(type IS), slag modified Portland cement (type I (SM)), and slag cement (type S). The
primary distinction among the three types is the percentage of slag they contain. Slag
cement may contain Portland cement or hydrated lime (or both) while the other two are
blends of Portland cement and slag only.

NOISE POLLUTION:
Noise health effects are both health and behavioral in nature. The unwanted sound is
called noise. This unwanted sound can damage physiological and psychological health.
Noise pollution can cause annoyance and aggression, hypertension, high stress levels,
tinnitus, hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and other harmful effects. Furthermore, stress
and hypertension are the leading causes to health problems, whereas tinnitus can lead
to forgetfulness, severe depression and at times panic attacks.
There are a variety of strategies for mitigating railway noise including: use of noise
barriers, limitation of vehicle speeds, use of traffic controls that smooth vehicle flow to
reduce braking and acceleration, and wheel design. Costs of building-in mitigation can
be modest, provided these solutions are sought in the planning stage of a railway
project.

Exposure of workers to Industrial noise has been addressed since the 1930s. Changes
include redesign of industrial equipment, shock mounting assemblies and physical
barriers in the workplace. Noise pollution can be reduced in blower house by installing
quieter motors and smoother fans. Noise from blow-off valve in stove area can be
reduced by improving its design.

WATER POLLUTION CONTROL

Importance of waste water considering the small quantity of water consumed, the waste
water from each plant has the same measured volume as the water which flows into the
plant. Because of partial and general recirculation, it is not possible to effect a
summation for the whole plant, and the recirculation rate defined by:

R = (Sum of the circulation water flow of network —draught flow) / (Sum of the
circulation water flow of network)

Effluent containing suspended matter (sinter plant, blast furnaces, steel plants,)

Conventional settling process in rectangular or circular tanks is used. Considering the

outputs, flocculation is only seldom used: withdrawal of sludge is performed by means
of pumps or, in the case of mill scale, by clamshells. The settled sludge is either
thickened or dried in vacuum filters, according to its final use.

Effluent containing oils

To collect current oils, the conventional processes of natural tiotation and collection by
mobile troughs are implemented. The reclaimed oils are generally incinerated. In the
case of cold rolling mill oils, there is not yet any satisfactory process. A flotation
technique by hydrogen micro-bubbles originating from electrolysis is being developed,
and a plant is in operation on an industrial scale.

Slag granulation effluent

An efficient and commonly used means consists in directing the granulation waste
waters into a filtering-bottom tank which removes the granulated slag grains whose bulk
density is lower or higher than that of water.

Blast furnace flue dust effluent containing cyanides

It is difficult to apply the conventional cyanide treatments as the outflows are large (400
to 1300 m3/h per blast furnace, depending on its size) and the water contains much
carbonate. If recycling is important with a passage across an atmospheric cooling agent,
one benefits by a natural elimination which is accelerated by the polyphosphates,
according to a process as yet unknown.

Coke plant effluent

Biological treatment coupled with the conventional settling tank seems to be the only
efficient process for coke plant wastes, but the investment and operating costs make
even those with the best intentions shrink from it. In several coke plants, these waters
were used for coke quenching by the wet method. Many drawbacks have contributed to
the abandonment of this way of operation. In conjunction with the Basin Agencies, the
iron and steel industry has resumed the study of biological processes, trying to find an
economically valid compromise.

MEASURE TAKEN TO CONTROL ENVIRONMENTAL

POLLUTION AT A-F BLAST FURNACE
 1.) provision of ESP,cast house and stock house in furnace

2.) Covering of iron in slag runner to prevent fume and dust generation during
tapping.

3.) Covering of blow box area to prevent in steam entering into the cast house due
to slag granulation.

4.) Evacuation of dust checker in closed container.

5.) Transfer of solid best or dust from loading point to unloading point in covered
dumper.

6.) Provision of closed loop water system in newly belt furnace.

7.) Provision of deducting fun at C blast furnace.

8.) Facilities of non-drainable cast able draft at cast house.

9.) Installation of turbo ventilator at C blast furnace cast to improve work

environment.

10.) Oxygenenrichment in C blast furnace stove to reduced BF and CO gas

consumption to reduced co2 emission.

11.) Covering of all open spaces in the surrounding area.

12.) Using unutilized spaces of blast furnace department for plantation.

IMPORTANT RECOMMENDATION FOR POLLUTION

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

Pig Iron Manufacturing

 Provision of knife like gate valve in all the dust catcher.

 Flue dust to be collected separately in a sealed bunker and then evacuated in a

close dumper.

 Installation of dedusting system in Hatch pits.

  Use of conveyor system instead of Larry car in stock house.

 Providing dust extraction system in all stock houses.

 Using conveyor system for transfer of material from highline bunker to the high
line bins. This will the movement of CT car, demag car and wagons which will
ultimately result in less noise and dust pollution.

 Provision of degusting system near slip pit in all stock houses.

 Making alternate arrangement to reduce noise pollution blow off valve.

 Pipe conveyor maybe used instead of flat conveyor to reduce dust generation.

 Proper care should be taken during assembling of tuyeres stacks to prevent hot
blast leakage.

 Improve blast furnace efficiency by using coal and other fuels (such as oil or gas)
for heating instead of coke, thereby minimizing air emissions.

 Recover the thermal energy in the gas from the blast furnace before using it as a
fuel. Increase fuel efficiency and reduce emissions by improving blast furnace
charge distribution.

 Improve productivity by screening the charge and using better tap hole
practices.

 Reduce dust emissions at furnaces by covering iron runners when tapping the
blast furnace and by using nitrogen blankets during tapping.

 Use pneumatic transport, enclosed conveyor belts, or self-closing conveyor belts,

as well as Wind barriers and other dust suppression measures, to reduce the
formation of fugitive dust.

 Use low- NOx burners to reduce NOx emissions from burning fuel in ancillary
operations.

 Recycle iron-rich materials such as iron ore fines, pollution control dust, and scale
in a sinter plant.

 Recover energy from sinter coolers and exhaust gases.

 Use dry SOx removal systems such as caron absorption for sinter plants or lime
spraying in flue gases.

Liquid Effluents
Over 90% of the wastewater generated can be reused. Discharged wastewaters should in
all cases be less than 5 m3/t of steel manufactured and preferably less than 1 m3/t.

Solid Wastes
Use blast furnace slag in construction materials. Slag containing free lime can be used in
iron making. Blast furnace slag should normally be generated at a rate of less than 320
kg/t of iron, with a target of 180 kg/t. The generation rate, however, depends on the
impurities in the feed materials. Slag generation rates from the BOF should be between
50 and 120 kg/t of steel manufactured, but this will depend on the impurity content of
feed materials. Zinc recovery may be feasible for collected dust.

SUMMARY OF POLLUTION TREATMENT

TECHNOLOGIES

Air Emissions
Air emission control technologies for the removal of particulate matter include scrubbers
(or Semi-dry systems), bag houses, and electrostatic precipitators (ESPs). The latter two
technologies can achieve 99.9% removal efficiencies for particulate matter and the
associated toxic metals: chromium (0.8 milligrams per normal cubic meter, mg/Nm 3),
cadmium (0.08 mg/Nm3), lead (0.02 mg/Nm 3), and nickel (0.3 mg/Nm3).Sulphur oxides
are removed in desulphurization plants, with a 90% or better removal efficiency.
However, the use of low-sulphur fuels and ores may be more cost-effective. The
acceptable levels of nitrogen oxides can be achieved by using low-NOx burners and
other combustion modifications. For iron and steel manufacturing, the emissions levels
presented in Table 1 should be achieved.
Table 1. Load Targets per Unit of Production, Iron and Steel Manufacturing

Parameter Maximum value

PM10 100 g/t of product (blast furnace,

basic oxygen furnace); 300 g/t from

sintering process

Sulphur oxides For sintering: 1,200 g/t; 500 mg/m3

Nitrogen oxides For pelletizing plants: 500 g/t; 250–

750 mg/Nm3; for sintering plants:

750 mg/Nm3

Fluoride 1.5 g/t; 5 mg/Nm3

Wastewater Treatment
Wastewater treatment systems typically include sedimentation to remove suspended
solids, physical or chemical treatment such as pH adjustment to precipitate heavy
metals, and filtration.

Solid Waste Treatment

Solid wastes containing heavy metals may have to be stabilized, using chemical agents,
before disposal.
Top-Pressure Recovery Turbine Plant (TRT)

A top-pressure recovery turbine plant is installed in the downstream of gas-cleaning

equipment for a blast furnace. There are two types of gas-cleaning equipment: a wet
type that uses water and a dry type that does not use water. After dust is collected by
either of them, blast furnace gas is led to the turbine and drives it while expanding from
around the furnace top pressure to atmospheric pressure. The power generated by the
turbine is transferred to the generator and converted to electric power. In conventional
practice, the energy of blast furnace gas was wasted by pressure reduction at a septum
valve. It is now recovered as electric power, realizing significant energy saving.

Fig: Flow of dry-type Top-Pressure Recovery Turbine Plant (TRT)

 Fig: Flow of wet-type Top-Pressure Recovery Turbine Plant (TRT)

Features
1.) Energy-saving equipment used for a blast furnace of a steel plant.

2.) Power-generating equipment furnished with a function to control the top pressure of
a blast furnace.

3.) Power is generated by driving a turbine using blast furnace gas generated in a blast
furnace.

4.) No fuel is needed for power generation.

5.) No fuel is burned; hence, no CO2 or other greenhouse gases are generated.
6.) Contributes to CO2 reduction in accordance with the power generation volume.
7.) Generates less noise in comparison with a conventional septum valve, contributing
to the improvement of the environment around a blast furnace
8.) No sophisticated technology is needed for operation and maintenance, which can
easily be performed by blast furnace operators and maintenance personnel.

9.) Only small amounts of water, nitrogen, etc. are required for operation, which can
easily be covered by existing equipment for a blast furnace.

This devise is already installed in G & H Blast Furnace and we recommend installing it in
F Furnace.
CONCLUSION
The production and control practices that will lead to compliance with emissions
guidelines have called for, installations of pollution control devices namely dust catcher,
ESP, bag filter, etc. Tata steel has gone a long way to make it a Green Industry. With
mercury rising day by day, Global Warming is a matter of huge concern as it challenges
the very existence of biosphere. Also the industrialization of modern world has been
contributing to air and water pollution which have adverse effect on life on Earth. A lot
of research is going on to introduce economically viable green technology and. if the
industries adopt these green technology then we can expect to see a better world in the
near future. Although new technologies has been adopted at TATA STEEL to keep the
environmental pollution under control still a lot is required to be done in this area. More
greenery may be provided in and around the plant as well as township to make the
environment pollution free.