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Classification of Refractories and Commonly Used Refractory Bricks
Classification of Refractories and Commonly Used Refractory Bricks
Refractories act as a thermal barrier between a hot medium and the wall of the containing vessel,
represent a chemical protective barrier against corrosion, ensure a physical protection, prevent the
erosion of walls by the circulating hot medium and act as thermal insulation for heat retention.
2.Alumina refractories – Alumina refractories contain alumina (Al2O3) which is one of the most
chemically stable oxides. Alumina offers excellent hardness, strength and spalling resistance. It is
insoluble in water, superheated steam and in most inorganic acids and alkalis. Alumina refractories
carry all purpose characteristics of fireclay refractories into higher temperature ranges which make
these refractories suitable for lining furnaces up to 1850 deg C. Alumina refractories have high
resistance in oxidizing and reducing atmospheres. With increase in alumina content, the
refractoriness of the high alumina refractories increases. These refractories are specified by the
amount of alumina in it. The 50 %, 60 %, 70 % and 80 % classes contain their respective alumina
content with an allowable range of +/- 2.5 %.
3.Silica refractories – Silica refractories are those refractories which contain at least 93 % silica
(SiO2). Silica refractories have the outstanding property of excellent mechanical strength at
temperatures approaching their actual fusion point. This property of silica refractories contrast that
of many other refractories which begins to fuse and creep at temperatures considerably lower than
their fusion points. The major drawback of silica refractories is that they are susceptible to spalling
at temperatures below 650 deg C. Temperature fluctuations above 650 deg C do not affect silica
refractory adversely and in this range it is classed as a good spalling resistant refractory. Silica
refractories need special precaution during heating and during cooling since it undergoes phase
changes. Silica refractories are not of practical use if the furnace is to cool down to room
temperature frequently.
5.Chromite refractories –Chromite refractories is along with chromite, magnesite at present. There
is diffrerence between chrome magnesite and magnesite chrome refractories. While chrome-
magnesite refractories usually contain 15 % to 35 % Cr2O3 an 42 % to 50 % MgO, magnesite-
chrome refractories contain at least 60 % MgO and 8 % to 18 % Cr2O3. Chrome magnesite
refractories are used for building the critical paths of the high temperature furnaces. These
refractories can withstand corrosive slags and gases and have high refractoriness. Magnesite
refractories are suitable for service at the highest temperatures an in contact with more basic slags.
These refractories has better spalling resistance than chrome magnesite refractories.
7.Fireclay refractories – Fireclay refractories are essentially hydrated aluminum silicates with
minor proportion of other minerals. The composition of fireclay refractories consists of SiO2 less
than 78 % and Al2O3 less than 44 %. Four standard classes of fireclay refractories are super duty,
high duty, medium duty and low duty. These classes cover the range from around 18 % alumina to
44 % alumina and from about 50 % silica to 80 % silica. Characteristically, fireclay bricks begin
to soften far below their fusion temperature and under load actual deformation take place. The
amount of deformation depends upon the load and once started this deformation is slow but
continuous process unless the load or the temperature is reduced. Due to this reason fire clay
bricks are not being used in wide sprung arches in furnaces operating continuously at high
temperatures.
8.Insulating refractories –Insulating refractories are high porosity refractories with low thermal
conductivity used to reduce the rate of heat flow and thus reduce heat losses by maximizing heat
conservation within a furnace. Insulating refractories are lighter with low densities.