Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Formulas y Tablas
Formulas y Tablas
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Contents
Length and area ....................................................................................................................................................4
Surface area and volume.......................................................................................................................................5
Area approximations.............................................................................................................................................6
Trigonometry ........................................................................................................................................................7
Co-ordinate geometry .........................................................................................................................................10
Geometry ............................................................................................................................................................11
Algebra ...............................................................................................................................................................12
Sequences and series ..........................................................................................................................................12
Number sets – notation .......................................................................................................................................13
Calculus ..............................................................................................................................................................14
Financial mathematics ........................................................................................................................................16
Statistics and probability.....................................................................................................................................18
Units of measurement .........................................................................................................................................26
Common quantities, their symbols and units of measurement ...........................................................................28
Frequently used constants...................................................................................................................................33
Particle physics ...................................................................................................................................................34
Mechanics...........................................................................................................................................................36
Heat and temperature..........................................................................................................................................41
Waves .................................................................................................................................................................41
Electricity............................................................................................................................................................43
Modern physics...................................................................................................................................................45
Electrical circuit symbols ...................................................................................................................................46
The elements.......................................................................................................................................................51
.
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b h c
θ b
C h
a r
Perimeter = 2a + 2b C
Area = ah When θ is in radians: a
= ab sin C Length of arc = rθ Perimeter = a + b + c
1
Circle / Disc Area of sector = r 2θ 1
2 Area = ah
2
When θ is in degrees: 1
= ab sin C
r 2
⎛ θ ⎞
Length of arc = 2 π r ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 360° ⎠ = s ( s − a)( s − b)( s − c) ,
a+b+c
Length of circle = 2 π r ⎛ θ ⎞ where s = .
Area of sector = π r 2 ⎜ ⎟ 2
Area of disc = πr 2 ⎝ 360° ⎠
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h r
h
A
Curved surface area = 2 π rh Surface area = 4 π r 2
Volume = π r 2 h Volume = Ah , where A is the
4 2
Volume = πr area of the base.
3
Frustum of a cone
l h
h r
r h A
R
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Area approximations
Trapezoidal rule:
h
Area ≈
2
[ y1 + y n + 2( y 2 + y3 + y 4 + L + y n−1 )] y1 y2 y3 y4 … yn
h
or ≈ [first + last + twice the rest ]
2
h
Simpson’s rule:
h
Area ≈ [ y1 + y n + 2( y3 + y5 + L + y n−2 ) + 4( y 2 + y 4 + L + y n−1 )] , (where n is odd)
3
h
or ≈ [first + last + twice the odds + four times the evens]
3
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Trigonometry
Definitions 1
(cos A, sin A)
sin A 1
tan A = cot A =
cos A tan A
–1 A 1
1 1
sec A = cosec A =
cos A sin A
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cos 2 A = 1
2
(1 + cos 2 A)
sin 2 A = 1
2
(1 − cos 2 A)
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Co-ordinate geometry
Line
y 2 − y1
Slope: m =
x 2 − x1
( x1 , y1 )
Distance = ( x 2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y1 ) 2
⎛ x + x 2 y1 + y 2 ⎞ ( x2 , y 2 )
Midpoint = ⎜ 1 , ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
Equation of a line: y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) or y = mx + c
1
Area of a triangle with one vertex at the origin = 2
x1 y 2 − x 2 y1
⎛ bx + ax 2 by1 + ay 2 ⎞
Point dividing a line segment in the ratio a : b = ⎜ 1 , ⎟
⎝ a+b a+b ⎠
ax1 + by1 + c
Distance from a point to a line =
a2 + b2
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Circle
Equation of a circle, centre (h, k ) , radius r: ( x − h) 2 + ( y − k ) 2 = r 2
Geometry
Notation Vector operations
Line through A and B: AB v 1 = x1i + y1 j , v 2 = x 2 i + y 2 j
Line segment from A to B: AB Scalar product: v 1 ⋅ v 2 = x1 x 2 + y1 y 2
Distance from A to B: AB = v 1 v 2 cos θ
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Algebra
− b ± b 2 − 4ac
Roots of quadratic equation: x =
2a
n
∑
⎛ n ⎞ n − r r ⎛ n ⎞ n ⎛ n ⎞ n −1 ⎛n⎞ ⎛n⎞ ⎛n⎞
Binomial theorem: ( x + y ) n = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ x y = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ x + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ x y + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ x n − 2 y 2 + L ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ x n − r y r + L + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ y n
r =0 ⎝r⎠ ⎝0⎠ ⎝1⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝r⎠ ⎝n⎠
⎛a b ⎞ 1 ⎛ d − b⎞
Inverse of matrix A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ : ⎜ ⎟ , where det A = ad − bc
⎝c d ⎠ det A ⎜⎝ − c a ⎟⎠
n a (1 − r n )
Sn = [2a + (n − 1)d ] Sn =
2 1− r
a
S∞ = , where r < 1
1− r
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Calculus
Differentiation
f (x) f ′(x) Product rule Quotient rule
du dv
xn nx n −1 v −u
dy dv du u dy dx dx
y = uv ⇒ =u +v y= ⇒ =
1 dx dx dx v dx v 2
ln x
x
Chain rule
ex ex dy du dv
y = u (v( x)) ⇒ =
e ax ae ax dx dv dx
ax a x ln a
cos x − sin x Newton-Raphson Iteration
sin x cos x f ( xn )
x n +1 = x n −
tan x f ′( x n )
sec 2 x
x 1 Maclaurin series
cos −1 −
2 2
a a −x f ′′(0) 2 f ( r ) ( 0) r
f ( x) = f (0) + f ′(0) x + x +L + x +L
x 1 2! r!
sin −1
a a2 − x2 Taylor series
x a h2 hr
tan −1 f ( x + h) = f ( x) + hf ′( x) + f ′′( x) + L + f (r )
( x) + L
a a + x2
2
2! r!
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Integration
Constants of integration omitted. Integration by parts
f (x) ∫ f ( x)dx ∫ udv = uv − ∫ vdu
x n +1
x n , (n ≠ −1)
n +1 Solid of revolution about x-axis
1
ln x x =b
x
ex ex
Volume =
∫ π y 2 dx
x =a
1 ax
e ax e
a
ax
a x (a > 0)
ln a
cos x sin x
sin x − cos x
tan x ln sec x
1 x
(a > 0) sin −1
2 2
a −x a
1 1 x
(a > 0) tan −1
x + a2
2
a a
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Financial mathematics
In all of the following, t is the time in years and i is annual rate of interest, depreciation or growth, expressed as a
decimal or fraction (so that, for example, i = 0·08 represents a rate of 8%)1.
F
Present value: P = (F = final value. P = present value)
(1 + i )t
Depreciation – reducing balance method: F = P(1 − i )
t
(P = initial value. F = later value.)
i (1 + i ) t
R=A (R = repayment amount, A = amount advanced)
(1 + i ) t − 1
1
The formulae also apply when compounding at equal intervals other than years. In such cases, t is measured in the relevant
periods of time, and i is the period rate.
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where:
M is the number of advances
Ak is the amount of advance k
Tk is the time in years from the relevant date to advance k
m is the number of repayments
Rj is the amount of repayment j
tj is the time in years from the relevant date to instalment j.
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∑
The sample mean x is an unbiased estimator of the 2 2 (Oi − E i ) 2
population mean μ. The adjusted sample standard
χ -test: χ =
Ei
i =1
Σ( x − μ ) 2
deviation s = is an unbiased estimator
n −1
of the population standard deviation σ.
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0 1
1 1 1
Poisson distribution:
2 1 2 1
−λ λr
P(r ) = e , λ = np 3 1 3 3 1
r! 4 1 4 6 4 1
μ =λ
5 1 5 10 10 5 1
σ= λ 6 1 6 15 20 15 6 1
7 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
Normal (Gaussian) distribution: 8 1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
( x−μ )2
1 −
2σ 2
9 1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9
f ( x) = e
σ 2π 10 1 10 45 120 210 252 210 120 45
Standard normal distribution: 11 1 11 55 165 330 462 462 330 165
1 12 1 12 66 220 495 792 924 792 495
1 − 2 z2
f ( z) = e 13 1 13 78 286 715 1287 1716 1716 1287
2π
14 1 14 91 364 1001 2002 3003 3432 3003
x−μ
Standardising formula: z = 15 1 15 105 455 1365 3003 5005 6435 6435
σ
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z1 − 1 z 2
∫
1
P ( z ≤ z1 ) = e 2 dz
2π −∞
-3 -2 -1 0 1 z 2 3
1
z1 0·00 0·01 0·02 0·03 0·04 0·05 0·06 0·07 0·08 0·09
0·0 0·5000 5040 5080 5120 5160 5199 5239 5279 5319 5359
0·1 0·5398 5438 5478 5517 5557 5596 5636 5675 5714 5753
0·2 0·5793 5832 5871 5910 5948 5987 6026 6064 6103 6141
0·3 0·6179 6217 6255 6293 6331 6368 6406 6443 6480 6517
0·4 0·6554 6591 6628 6664 6700 6736 6772 6808 6844 6879
0·5 0·6915 6950 6985 7019 7054 7088 7123 7157 7190 7224
0·6 0·7257 7291 7324 7357 7389 7422 7454 7486 7517 7549
0·7 0·7580 7611 7642 7673 7704 7734 7764 7794 7823 7852
0·8 0·7881 7910 7939 7967 7995 8023 8051 8078 8106 8133
0·9 0·8159 8186 8212 8238 8264 8289 8315 8340 8365 8389
1·0 0·8413 8438 8461 8485 8508 8531 8554 8577 8599 8621
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Degrees of
A = 0·995 0·99 0·975 0·95 0·05 0·025 0·01 0·005
freedom
1 0·0000 0·0002 0·0010 0·0039 3·8415 5·0239 6·6349 7·8794
2 0·0100 0·0201 0·0506 0·1026 5·9915 7·3778 9·2103 10·597
3 0·0717 0·1148 0·2158 0·3518 7·8147 9·3484 11·345 12·838
4 0·2070 0·2971 0·4844 0·7107 9·4877 11·143 13·277 14·860
5 0·4117 0·5543 0·8312 1·1455 11·070 12·833 15·086 16·750
6 0·6757 0·8721 1·2373 1·6354 12·592 14·449 16·812 18·548
7 0·9893 1·2390 1·6899 2·1673 14·067 16·013 18·475 20·278
8 1·3444 1·6465 2·1797 2·7326 15·507 17·535 20·090 21·955
9 1·7349 2·0879 2·7004 3·3251 16·919 19·023 21·666 23·589
10 2·1559 2·5582 3·2470 3·9403 18·307 20·483 23·209 25·188
11 2·6032 3·0535 3·8157 4·5748 19·675 21·920 24·725 26·757
12 3·0738 3·5706 4·4038 5·2260 21·026 23·337 26·217 28·300
13 3·5650 4·1069 5·0088 5·8919 22·362 24·736 27·688 29·819
14 4·0747 4·6604 5·6287 6·5706 23·685 26·119 29·141 31·319
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Units of measurement
Base units
The International System of Units (Système International d’Unités) is founded on seven base quantities,
which are assumed to be mutually independent. These base units are:
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Prefixes
Prefixes are used to form decimal multiples and submultiples of SI units. The common prefixes are:
The symbol for a prefix is combined with the unit symbol to which it is attached to form a new unit symbol,
e.g. kilometre (km), milligram (mg), microsecond (μs).
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Symbol for
Quantity Symbol SI unit Non-SI unit used
SI unit
concentration c mole per litre mol l–1 ppm; %(w/v), %(v/v)
critical angle C
density ρ kilogram per metre cubed kg m–3 g cm–3
displacement s metre m
dose equivalent H sievert Sv = J kg–1
electric current I ampere A
electric field strength E volt per metre V m–1 = N C–1
electronic charge e coulomb C=As
energy (electrical) W joule J=Nm kW h
energy (heat) Q joule J
energy (kinetic) Ek joule J
energy (potential) Ep joule J
energy (food) joule J kcal = 4182 J = 1 Cal
enthalpy h joule J
focal length f metre m
force F newton N = kg m s–2
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Symbol for
Quantity Symbol SI unit Non-SI unit used
SI unit
frequency f hertz Hz = s–1
half-life T1/2 second s
length (distance) l, s metre m
magnetic flux Φ weber Wb
magnetic flux density B tesla T = Wb m–2
magnification m
mass m kilogram kg tonne (t) = 1000 kg
mass number A
molarity mole per litre mol l–1
moment of a force M newton metre Nm
moment of inertia I kilogram metre squared kg m2
momentum p kilogram metre per second kg m s–1
permittivity ε farad per metre F m–1
periodic time T second s
power P watt W = J s–1
pressure P, p pascal Pa = N m–2 bar = 105 Pa
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Symbol for
Quantity Symbol SI unit Non-SI unit used
SI unit
refractive index n
resistance R ohm Ω = V A–1
resistivity ρ ohm metre Ωm
speed u, v metre per second m s–1 knot = 0.514 m s–1
sound intensity I watt per metre squared W m–2
sound intensity level I.L. bel (1 B = 10 dB)
–1 –1
specific heat capacity c joule per kilogram per kelvin J kg K
strain ε
stress σ Newton per metre squared Pa = N m –2
temperature T kelvin K
temperature t, θ degree Celsius °C
change in temperature Δθ kelvin K
tension T newton N
thermal conductivity k watt per metre per kelvin W m–1 K–1
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Symbol for
Quantity Symbol SI unit Non-SI unit used
SI unit
time t second s minute (min)
day (d)
hour (h)
year (y)
torque T newton metre Nm
velocity u, v metre per second m s–1
voltage V volt V = J C–1
potential difference
U-value watt per metre squared per W m–2 K–1
kelvin
volume V metre cubed m3 litre (l) = 1000 cm3
wavelength λ metre m
weight W newton N = kg m s–2
work W joule J=Nm
Young’s modulus E Newton per metre squared Pa = N m –2
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Particle physics
Mass Year of
Class Name Symbol Mean life
(mass of electron = 1) discovery
electron e 1 stable 1897
–3
neutrino ν < 10 stable 1956
Leptons + – –6
muon μ μ 207 2 × 10 s 1937
+ – –12
tau τ τ 3500 1 × 10 s 1975
+ – –8
pi meson π π 273 2.6 × 10 s 1947
Mesons πo 264 8.4 × 10–17 s 1947
+ – o
K meson K K K ≈ 970 ? 1947
proton p 1836 > 1032 y 1897
neutron n 1839 960 s 1932
lambda Λo 2183 2.6 × 10–10 s 1947
Baryons + – o –10
sigma Σ Σ Σ 2327 ~ 10 s 1953
chi Ξ+ Ξ– Ξo 2573 ~ 10–10 s 1954
– –10
omega Ω 3272 ~ 10 s 1964
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quark antiquark
u up ū
s strange s̄
t top t̄
d down d̄
c charmed c̄
b bottom b̄
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Mechanics
⎛u + v⎞
s= ⎜ ⎟t
⎝ 2 ⎠
distance
average speed =
time
Relative motion sbc = sb − sc
vbc = vb − vc
abc = ab − ac
Momentum of a particle mv
Newton’s experimental law (NEL) v1 – v2 = – e(u1 – u2)
Conservation of momentum m1 u 1 + m2 u 2 = m1 v 1 + m2 v 2
Impulse (change in momentum) mv – mu
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s
Angle in radians θ=
r
θ
Angular velocity ω=
t
Linear velocity and angular velocity v = rω
v2
Centripetal acceleration a = rω 2=
r
2 mv 2
Centripetal force F = mrω =
r
Gm1m2
Newton’s law of gravitation F=
d2
Force and acceleration F = ma
GM
Weight and acceleration due to gravity W = mg = Vρg ; g=
R2
4π 2 R 3
Period of a satellite T2 =
GM
Moment of a force M = Fd
Torque of a couple T = Fd
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Centres of gravity
3 r from centre
Hemisphere, radius r 8
1 r from centre
Hemispherical shell, radius r 2
1
Right circular cone h from the base
4
1 ⎛ x + x 2 + x3 y1 + y 2 + y 3 ⎞
Triangular lamina from base along median = ⎜ 1 , ⎟
3 3 3
⎝ ⎠
r sin θ
Arc, radius r, angle 2θ
θ
2r sin θ
Sector of disc, radius r, angle 2θ
3θ
Moments of Inertia
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2 2
Uniform solid sphere, radius r Diameter: mr
5
2
Parallel axis theorem I b = I c + m bc
Perpendicular axis theorem IZ = I X + I y
Hooke’s law F = – ks
2
Simple harmonic motion a=–ωs
1 2π
T= =
f ω
s = A sin (ω t + α )
2 2
v = ω ( A 2 – s2)
l
Simple pendulum T = 2π
g
I
Compound pendulum T = 2π
mgh
Work W = Fs = ∫ Fds
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Mass-energy equivalence E = mc 2
W
Power P= = Fv
t
power output × 100
Percentage efficiency
power input
σ
Young’s modulus E=
ε
F
Stress σ=
A
Δl
Strain ε=
l
m
Density ρ=
V
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F
Pressure p=
A
Pressure in a fluid p = ρgh
Thrust on an immersed plane surface T = A pcentroid
Boyle’s law pV = constant
Waves
Velocity of a wave c = fλ
fc
Doppler effect f ′=
c±u
1 T
Fundamental frequency of a stretched string f =
2l μ
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1 1 1
Mirror and lens formula = +
f u v
v
Magnification m=
u
1
Power of a lens P=
f
Two lenses in contact P = P1 + P2
sin i real depth
Refractive index n= =
sin r apparent depth
1 c1
n= =
sin C c2
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Electricity
1 q1 q2
Coulomb’s law F=
4 πε d 2
F
Electric field strength E=
q
W
Potential difference V=
q
Ohm’s law V = IR
RA
Resistivity ρ=
l
Resistors in series R = R1 + R2
1 1 1
Resistors in parallel = +
R R1 R2
R 1 R3
Wheatstone bridge =
R2 R4
Joule’s law P = RI 2
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q
Capacitance C=
V
Aε 0
Parallel-plate capacitor C=
d
1
Energy stored in capacitor W= CV 2
2
Power P = VI
Magnetic flux Φ = BA
Vi N p
Transformer =
Vo N s
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Modern physics
Energy of a photon E = hf
2 1
Einstein’s photoelectric equation h f = Φ + mvmax
2
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Switches
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Power
Resistors
variable resistor
fixed resistor preset variable resistor potential divider
(rheostat)
thermistor
light-dependent resistor
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Capacitors
Diodes
Meters
Ω
voltmeter galvanometer ammeter ohmmeter
oscilloscope
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Amplification
amplifier
npn-junction transistor pnp-junction transistor light-sensitive transistor (block symbol)
Audio
Lamps
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Other devices
M
inductor with
motor heater inductor ferromagnetic core
Logic gates
NOR
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The elements
Periodic table of the elements
1 18
1 2
H He
1.008 2 13 14 15 16 17 4.003
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.941 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg A1 Si P S Cl Ar
22.99 24.31 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.87 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.41 69.72 72.64 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (97.90) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 (209.0) (210.0) (222.0)
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut* Uuq Uup* Uuh Uus* Uuo
(223.0) (226.0) (227.0) (261.1) (262.1) (266.6) (264.1) (277.0) (268.1) (271.0) (272.2) (285.0) (289.0) (289.0) (293.0)
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Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
375.7 502.9 538.1 658.5 761.0 770.0 760.0 840.0 880.0 870.0 890.1 1007 589.4 715.6 703.0 812.1 890±40 1037
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut* Uuq Uup* Uuh Uus* Uuo
380.0 509.3 499.0 580.0 –– –– –– –– –– –– –– –– –– –– ––
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1 18
1 2
H He
2.20 2 13 14 15 16 17 ––
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
0.98 1.57 2.04 2.55 3.04 3.44 3.98 ––
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg A1 Si P S Cl Ar
0.93 1.31 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1.61 1.90 2.19 2.58 3.16 ––
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
0.82 1.00 1.36 1.54 1.63 1.66 1.55 1.83 1.88 1.91 1.90 1.65 1.81 2.01 2.18 2.55 2.96 ––
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
0.82 0.95 1.22 1.33 1.60 2.16 2.10 2.20 2.28 2.20 1.93 1.69 1.78 1.96 2.05 2.10 2.66 2.60
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
0.79 0.89 1.10 1.30 1.50 1.70 1.90 2.20 2.20 2.20 2.40 1.90 1.80 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.20 ––
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut* Uuq Uup* Uuh Uus* Uuo
0.70 0.90 1.10 –– –– –– –– –– –– –– –– –– –– –– ––
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