Energy is a basic requirement for today's world.

Oil and gas are significant and

paramount components in the system of energy (Seljom and Rosenberg , 2011).Oil and Gas
sector plays a predominant role in the economy of any country. As from the earlier 20th
century, the coal was replaced by oil and gas as fuel so the demand for different types of
fuels obtained from this sector has been increased. The fuels obtained from this sector is
used from household purposes to industrial purposes so the oil and gas sector plays a
superior role in the economy of the world (Sherwani et al , 2017). Oil and gas industry
involves three operational sectors which are interlinked with each other i.e Upstream,
Midstream and Downstream sector. The upstream sector in the oil and gas industry involves
exploration and initial production states of the oil and gas industry. It majorly deals with
searching for underwater crude oil and natural gas field. Drilling and surveying field is used
to draw out oil and natural gas to the earth surface. The midstream sector in the oil and gas
industry involves production, storage and transportation to the downstream sector via
pipes, tanks, trucks or rail. The downstream sector of the oil and gas industry deals with the
refining of oil, purification and marketing (Arshad et al , 2018).Since a long time, the
demand for oil and gas has been increasing day by day. As the demand is increasing, the
availability of oil and gas from natural resources is decreasing which finally results in to
increase in the cost of oil and gas products. Apart from that the human safety and
environmental protection should also be taken into consideration for sustainable
development (Shukla and Karki , 2013).

Oil & Gas

Industrial
Operation

Upstream Midstream Downstream

Exploration Production Storage Transportation Refining Marketing

Figure 1: Oil and Gas Industrial Operation

Nowadays amelioration is a part of every invention and technology in

every field or industries. Nobody wants a graph of their progress like a straight line, they
except increasing curve. Coming to the oil and gas sector, earlier technology has adopted for
effective manufacturing of different hydrocarbon. With time, the source of technology for
the oil and gas sector have modified. Earlier the Research and Development (R&D) was
avoided by most of oil and gas industry. In future with the help of Artificial Intelligence in
the oil and gas sector will give better efficiency. The science of petroleum has developed
from rudimentary geology to elaborate supercomputer-based calculations and sub-surface-
3D views with the help of Artificial Intelligence and different type of advanced process we
can conserve natural resources and safety to the environment. There has been lots of
advancement such as Remotely Operated Vehicles(ROV), Supervisory Control And Data
Acquisition(SCADA), pyrolysis of oil sludge and many more. For example, pyrolysis of oil
sludge from refineries will give oil, water and solid waste. When the oil is completely
refined, the waste contains crude oil, water and solid particles. This mixture is known as oil
sludge is heated at a particular temperature, we can obtain a small amount of product. This
process is called pyrolysis. The product that obtained can easily be refined with the help of
the latest tools for pyrolysis the higher temperature can be maintained easily. This type of
technology is used to get fuel from sludge and oil-mud. This fuel obtained can be used in
combustion purpose in industries with the help of Beston distillation further we can obtain
diesel or petrol. In general, we can obtain 12.5 % oil an 16% water and 71.5 % solids.
(Tygel et al , 1995).

Artificial Intelligence is a particular branch of science which

deals with creating a computer system as a human brain. In the oil and gas industry mainly
Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), different types of logic such as fuzzy logic and intelligence
system. In ANN the artificial system is made as to the neuron of the human brain. Neurons
acts as sensors and signals are sent to the brain then brain will interpretate signals and at
perfect time it gives output. Similarly, with the help of artificial sensors, this concept is used.
This is an Artificial Neural Network. Signals are sent to the activation function with the help
of node and by interpreting the function of the signals to give desired output at a particular
time. In the figure 2 Vk is signals generated by sensors, Wk is weight and WkVk is activation
function. Hence, various type of sensors in the oil and gas industry would send a signal
about leakage and immediately steps would be taken with the help of ANN.

Figure 2: Typical Neural Network

Fuzzy logic is a mathematical language to describe data which are not discrete. In Boolean
logic, the output is given in discrete form only such as 0 and 1 or True and False. The
uncertainty of output with the deviation can easily describe with the help of fuzzy logic. For
example, the speed of a fluid in the pipeline can be described as follow:

𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑤 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 ≤ 40
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 − 40
{ , 𝑖𝑓 40 < 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 < 50
10
𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑡 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 ≥ 50

If the speed is greater than 50 it will give output as fast and if speed is less than 40 it will
give output as slow. As here fuzzy logic is used to know the degree of fastness, it can be
known by the above-given logic. For instance, the speed of the fluid at different lace in the
pipeline can be given by set U:{30,45,58} then the fuzzy set can be given as {(58,
fast),(45,0.5),(58, fast)}.In general fuzzy set is given by (given quantity, degree of
uncertainty). Apart from that some of the application are mentioned here. ROV(remotely
operated underwater vehicle) is a vehicle which is tied with the strong thing inside water. To
collect various type of data inside water the vehicle has a robot having a different type of
sensors. The movement of ROV can be mange with the help of various types of cables which
are used to communicate between ROV and supervisor. With the help of those cables the
electrical signals photo, videos and data signals are transferred between operator and TMS.
TMS is on the top of the ROV which decreases the effect of cable drag. Remotely he
Remotely operated an underwater vehicle has the latest technology with the proper light
system. It also consists of a high-resolution camera to study the various type of movement
of sea life and education related to geology. With the advancement in ROV technology, the
resent technology ideas are communicated ROV to give it's actual data to a more closer one.
Moreover, there would be a non-movable camera, a guide and a sample of water there are
also modern in ROV to measure the temperature at a particular time. There is also appliance
which can measure how deep the electromagnetic radiation(light) can go into sea and
appliance which can measure the clarity of the water. So with the help of ROV, we can easily
explore the ocean without actually being in the ocean. With the help of ANN there he has
been lots of advancement in the oil and gas industry. This advancement leads to the cost
efficiency of products, human safety, environment safety and many more things. The
pipeline regulation can be easily done using the computer with the help of SCADA
(Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) data such as pressure, flow rate and temperature
analysis of signal generated is done by the ciphering method to locate and detect the
leakage in the pipeline. SCADA is a computational method which uses the continuity
equation, momentum conservation, energy conservation, state balancing, volume-mass
equation to detect the leakage in the pipeline of oil and gas. There has been lots of
advancement in technology in the oil and gas industry. This advancement leads to the cost
efficiency of products, human safety, environment safety and many more things. The
pipeline regulation can be easily done using the computer with the help of
SCADA(Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) data such as pressure, flow rate and
temperature analysis of signal generated is done by the ciphering method to locate and
detect the leakage in the pipeline. sSCADA is a computational method which uses the
continuity equation, momentum conservation, energy conservation, state balancing,
volume-mass equation to detect the leakage in the pipeline of oil and gas (Garitano et al,
2011). There are several underwater vehicles used for exploration and surveying purposes.
ROV-A remotely operated underwater vehicle also referred to as ROV, is an underwater
vehicle which is usually tethered. The unoccupied vehicle is similar to a robot, which is fitted
out with sensors and sampling tools to collect various types of data. A network of cables is
utilized to establish a connection between the operator and the remotely operated vehicle,
which would enable the proper movement of the ROV. An underwater ROV is well-equipped
with modern technology and consists of a lighting system and a video camera, to record a
better subaquatic panorama and contribute to geology education and sea life learning. With
the incessant development in the arena of technology, latest technical concepts are being
imparted to remotely operated vehicle in order to amplify its original capacities to a greater
extent. Extra machinery can comprise of a static camera, a water sampler or even a
manipulator. Moreover, a remotely operated underwater vehicle can also incorporate
advanced instruments for appropriate measurement and evaluation of current
temperature, penetration of light and the water clarity (Rahimuddin et al, 2018).