TYPOID- is a bacterial infection transmitted by
contaminated water, milk, shellfish and other foods. It
is an infection of the GIT affecting lymphoid tissues of
the small intestines called Peyer’s patches.
CAUSATIVE AGENT: Salmonella typhosa,
Salmonella paratyphi
SIGN & SYMPTOMS:
1. Prodromal Stage- headache, fever,
anorexia, lethargy, diarrhea or constipation,
vomiting, abdominal pain, feeling of un
wellness
2. Fastigial Stage / Pyrexial Stage-the
following signs appear: ladder like curve of
tempt, splenomegaly ,Rose spots
(Pathognomonic sign of Typhoid fever)
usually occur between the second and fourth
week of illness.
3. Defervescent stage- fever gradually
subsides severity of previous conditions
,onset of complications
4. Convalescent Stage- gradual disappearance
of signs and symptoms
Incubation Period: 7 -14 days
Source of Infection:
 Feces, urine and vomitus of infected person
 Ingestion of shellfish (oysters) taken from
waters contaminated with sewage disposal
can be a source of infection.
DIAGNOSTIC TEST
 Clinical examination
 Culture of Blood, bone marrow, urine , stool
for S. typhi, rectal swab
 Serological Tests : Typhidot – confirmatory Muscle spasm & stiffness, difficulty of swallowing,
ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunoassay) difficulty of breathing and spine will arch backward
 Widal test
DIAGNOSIS: Physical Examination
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT &TREATMENT: TRETAMENT: Within 72 hours, administration of
Antibiotics- ampicillin, chloramphenicol(Drug of ATS, TAT or TIG, especially if no previous
choice for treatment of typhoid fever ), immunization
fluoroquinolone Amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin  Tetanus toxoid
NURSING MANAGEMENT  Antibiotic- Pen G
1. Isolation by the medical aseptic technique  Muscle relaxant
2. Maintain or restore fluid and electrolyte
NURSING MANAGEMENT:
balance by giving nourishing fluids in small
quantities at frequent intervals. Isolation
3. Monitor the patient’s vital signs. Protect the child from any stimuli
4. Prevent further injury (such as falls) of patient Administer oxygen if dyspnea and cyanosis occur.
with typhoid psychosis. For tetanic spams,
5. Maintain good personal hygiene and mouth Protect the child from falling
care. Note the number, duration and frequency
6. Cooling measures are necessary during the
of convulsion
febrile state.
7. Administer medication as prescribed Record any change in trismus or inability
Prevention: to swallow
1. Sanitary and proper disposal of excreta For inability to swallow
2. Enteric isolation IV therapy for nutrition and balance
3. Provision of adequate amounts of safe
Gavage feeding
drinking water supply
Accurate I and O
4. Education of the general public on the mode
of transmission Oral care
5. Immunization Prevention:
6. Handwashing Active immunization with TT, DPT
7. Avoid mode of transmission (Diphtheria, Pertussis, and Tetanus) vaccine;
8. Decontamination of water sources Passive immunization-TIG, ATS
TETANUS (Lockjaw)- serious infection; this
bacterium produces a toxin that affects the brain and
nervous system leading to stiffness in the muscles.
CAUSE: Clostridium tetani.
SIGN & SYMPTOMS: diarrhea, fever, and headache
MENINGITIS-inflammation of the meninges, which CAUSATIVE AGENT: Dengue virus- DEN-1, DEN-2,
2. Monitor patient's general condition.
cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. DEN-3, and DEN-4. Spread by Aedes mosquitoes
& Aedes albopictus 3. Provide tepid Sponge bath
CAUSATIVE AGENTS: SIGN & SYMPTOMS:
4. Encourage the client to drink water
 Meningococcus (Neisseria meningitidis)
 Streptococcus pneumonia 1. Sudden-onset fever 5. Explain to patients and families sign of
 Mycobacterium 2. Headache (typically located behind the eyes)
3. Muscle and joint pain bleeding, and immediately report if there
4. Rash is bleeding
SIGN & SYMPTOMS: Head ache (steady or
5. Chills (shivering)
throbbing) fever, Neck immobility , Positive Kernig’s 6. Facial flushing 6. Anticipation of bleeding: use a soft
sign, Positive Brudzinki’s sign, Photophobia 7. Loss of appetite
DIAGNOSTIC TEST: CT SCAN or MRI, BLOOD 8. Sore throat toothbrush, maintain oral hygiene, apply
TEST, CHEST X-RAY, LUMBAR PUNCTURE 9. Abnormal bleeding such as nosebleeds,
pressure take 5-10 minutes after each
bleeding gums and/or blood in your urine.
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT &TREATMENT: blood.
Penicillin G, Dexamethasone, Phenytoin, DIAGNOSTIC TEST: 7. Monitor signs of decreased platelets

NURSING MANAGEMENT:  Hematocrit, accompanied by clinical signs.

1. Infection control precaution until 24 hours
after initiation of antibiotic therapy
2. Assist with pain management and rest
3. Encourage the patient to stay hydrated
4. Ensure neurologic monitoring
5. Monitor daily body weight and I & O
Prevention:
 Antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis: Rifampin
(Rifadin), Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (Cipro),
Ceftrioxone sodium (Rocephin); Vaccination
(Meningococcal conjugated);
DEUNGUE- also known as breakbone fever, is a
mosquito-borne infection that can lead to a severe
flu-like illness
 CBC,
 Seroloy Test (MAC-ELISA –IgM antibody
capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(MAC- ELISA), &IgGELISA,
 Molecular testing (polymerase chain reaction,
PCR)
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT &TREATMENT:
Paracetamol for fever, pain relievers with
acetaminophen, rest, and Increase fluid intake
NURSING MANAGEMENT:
1. Monitor Vital signs and I & O
8. Give the medication as prescribe by the
physician
PREVENTION:
Health teachings about Do’s & Don’ts of Dengue
JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS - is an infection
of the Central Nervous System (CNS) caused by a
virus CAUSATIVE AGENT: (Flavivirus) transmitted
to the man by a mosquito.
SIGN & SYMPTOMS: headache, high fever, tremors,
nausea, vomiting, stiff neck, spastic paralysis.
DIAGNOSTIC TEST:
Serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to detect virus-
specific IgM antibodies
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT &TREATMENT:
Suramin -a drug used to treat trypanosomal disease,
and diethyldithiocarbamate have shown reasonably
good antiviral efficacy against Japanese encephalitis
virus in vitro
anticonvulsants for seizure control
NURSING MANAGEMENT:
1. Monitor Neurologic Status with GCS & Vital
signs
2. Provide security for patients by providing
assistance on the bed use the side rails
3. Increase patient awareness and sensory
function
PREVENTION: Prevent mosquito bites. Mosquitoes
bite during the day and night. Use insect repellent,
wear long-sleeved shirts and pants, treat clothing and
gear, and get vaccinated before traveling, if
vaccination is recommended for you.
CHIKUNGUNYA is an infection caused by
the chikungunya virus (CHIKV).
SIGN & SYMPTOMS :
Fever and joint pain. These typically occur two to
twelve days after exposure. Other symptoms may
include headache, muscle pain, joint swelling, and a
rash.
COMPLICATION-long term joint pain.
DIAGNOSTIC TEST:
 Reverse transcription–polymerase chain
reaction (RT-PCR)
 Enzyme-Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay
(ELISA) may confirm the presence of IgM and
IgG anti-Chikungunya antibodies.
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT TREATMENT:
 ibuprofen, naproxen, acetaminophen, or
paracetamol
 chloroquine phosphate- for Chikungunya
 Bed rest & Increase fluid intake
NURSING MANAGEMENT
1. Monitor Neurologic Status with GCS & Vital
signs
2. Administration of non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs help in relieving pain.
3. Antiviral drugs like acyclovir are also given
(but given only in complicated cases as
prescribed by doctor).
4. Fluid intake: Plenty of fluids intake helps in
keeping hydrated.
5. Infected persons should be isolated from
mosquitoes as much as possible in order to
avoid transmission of infection to other
people.
PREVENTION
1. Use insect repellent containing DEET,
Picaridin, oil of lemon eucalyptus on exposed
skin. Always follow the directions on the
package.
2. Wear long sleeves and pants (ideally treat
clothes with permethrin or another repellent).
3. Have secure screens on windows and doors
to keep mosquitoes out.
4. Additionally, a person with chikungunya fever
should limit his exposure to mosquito bites to
avoid further spreading the infection. The
person should use repellents when outdoors
exposed to mosquito bites or stay indoors in
areas with screens or under a mosquito net.
 RABIES- a contagious and fatal viral disease of dogs 1. Washing the wound thoroughly with soap and
and other mammals that causes madness and water
convulsions, transmissible through the saliva to 2. Provide wound care
humans. 3. Give Ainti-rabies vaccine as prescribe by the
physician
CAUSATIVE AGENT: Rabies Virus 4. Manage the patient with rabies:
SIGN & SYMPTOMS  Isolate the patient
Flu-like symptoms such as a fever, headache, muscle  Encourage family to provide care &
aches, loss of appetite, nausea, and tiredness. company
Neurological symptoms develop, including:  Give food if the patient is hungry
 irritability or aggressiveness  Keep water out of sight
 excessive movements or agitation
 Observe Universal precautions
 confusion, bizarre or strange thoughts, or
PREVENTION
hallucinations
 muscle spasms and unusual postures  Instruct to have regular antirabies vaccinations for
 seizures (convulsions) all pets and domestic animals
 weakness or paralysis (when a person cannot move  Provide educational information and awareness
some part of the body)
 extreme sensitivity to bright lights, sounds, or touch
DIAGNOSTIC TEST
 Serum and spinal fluid test
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT &TREATMENT
 Fast-acting shot (rabies immune globulin)
 Anti -rabies vaccines
NURSING MANAGEMENT