Air
Test
Review




1) Earth’s
atmosphere‐

Composition‐Composition of dry atmosphere, by volume
ppmv
Gas Volume
(N2) 780,840 ppmv (78.084%)
(O2) 209,460 ppmv (20.946%)
(Ar) 9,340 ppmv (0.9340%)
(CO2) 380 ppmv (0.0380%)
(Ne) 18.18 ppmv (0.001818%)
(He) 5.24 ppmv (0.000524%)
(CH4) 1.79 ppmv (0.000179%)
(Kr) 1.14 ppmv (0.000114%)
(H2) 0.55 ppmv (0.000055%)
(N2O) 0.3 ppmv (0.00003%)
(Xe) 0.09 ppmv (9 × 10−6%)
(O3) 0.0 to 0.07 ppmv (0% to 7 × 10−6%)
(NO2) 0.02 ppmv (2 × 10−6%)
(I) 0.01 ppmv (1 × 10−6%)
(CO) 0.1 ppmv (0.00001%)
(NH3) trace
Not included in above dry atmosphere:
(H2O) ~0.40% over full atmosphere, typically 1%-4% at surface

2) Pressure-
a) the force applied to a unit area of surface
b) Units- kPa, torr, mmHg, atm
c) Atmospheric pressure is the force per unit area exerted
against a surface by the weight of air above that surface in
the Earthʼs atmosphere.
d) A barometer is a scientific instrument used to measure
atmospheric pressure. It can measure the pressure exerted
by the atmosphere by using water, air, or mercury.
3) Gas Laws
 a) Boyle’s Law-p1v1=p2v2 one goes up one goes down (looks like decay
graph)
b) Charles law- v1/t1=v2/t2 both goes up (straight line graph)
c) GL- p1/t1=p2/t2 both go up (straight line graph)
d) Combined p1v1/t1=p2v2/t2
e) Celsius to Kelvin= c+273
4) Gas Density
a) Decrease temp, increase density- increase pressure, increases density
5) kinetic molecular theory
a) Gases consist of large numbers of molecules (or atoms, in the case of the noble
gases) that are in continuous, random motion. Usually there is a great distance
between each other, so the molecules travel in straight lines between abrupt
collisions at the walls and between each other. These collisions randomize the
motion of the molecules. Most of the collisions between molecules are binary, in
that only two molecules are involved.
The volume of the molecules of the gas is negligible compared to the total volume in
which the gas is contained. A common bond length between atoms is about 10-10
m or 1 Angstrom. Small molecules are therefore on the order of 10 Angstroms in
diameter, or less than 10-24 Liters in Molecular Volume, quite tiny indeed!
Remember, however that there can be a great many molecules in the sample of
gas, perhaps on the order of a mole, or 6 x 1023. So that when concentrations of
molecules exceed about 1 mol/liter, then the approximation that the volume of
ALL the molecules in the container is much less than the volume of the container
itself, fails. In the case of an ideal gas, we will assume that molecules are point
masses, i.e., the volume of a mole of gas molecules (as if they were at rest) is
zero, so molecular and container volumes never become comparable.
Attractive forces between gas molecules are negligible. We know that if these forces
were significant, the molecules would stick together. This happens when it rains and
gaseous water molecules stick together to form a liquid. Water vapor is a condensible
gas, and this shows us that gas molecules are sticky, but at a high enough temperature
they form only a permanent gas, because their stickiness can be considered negligible.
We will assume that in an ideal gas, molecular attractive forces are not just small, but
identically zero.
b) an ideal gas is considered to be a point mass -- a particle so small that the volume of
that particle is negligible. A real gas particle does have real volume. For an ideal gas, the
collisions between gas particles was said to be "elastic" -- no attractive or repulsive forces
exist, and thus, no energy is exchanged during collisions. For a real gas, collisions are
non-elastic.

6) Avogadro’s law
a) def- Equal volumes of ideal or perfect gases, at the same temperature
and pressure, contain the same number of molecules
b) 1mole= 22.4 L
7) STP
a) def- standard temperature and pressure
 b) STP corresponds to 273 K (0° Celsius) and 1 atm pressure. STP is
often used for measuring gas, density and volume.
8) Molar Volume
a) def- volume occupied by 1 mole
b) 22.4L= molar volume of gas
9) Electromagnetic spectrum
a) examples- radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-ray,
gamma ray
b) Wavelength-distance between tops of waves
c) Frequency- the rate of oscillation or number of waves passed, it is
directly proportional to energy and wavelength (if one is high so is the
other)
d) Amplitude- magnitude of a wave
10) Specific Heat Capacity
a) def- The ratio of the amount of heat required to raise the temperature
of a unit mass of a substance by one unit of temperature to the amount
of heat required to raise the temperature of a similar mass of a
reference material, usually water, by the same amount.
b) =MC
∆T