Name: GLENDY D.

CASTRO
: LEVRA G. CONCILLES
Course and Section: BTLED- H E 1A
Instructor: MATTEW E. CAÑEDA, MAED
Topic: SETS AND OPERATION ON SETS

INTRODUCTION

Set theory is a branch of mathematical

logic that studies sets, which informally are
Objectives
collections of objects. Although any type of
object can be collected into a set, set theory At the end of the lessons the students
is applied most often to objects that are are expected to:
relevant to mathematics. The language of set
theory can be used to define nearly all a. Determine if a set is well
mathematical objects.The modern study of defined.
set theory was initiated. After the discovery of b. Write all the subsets of a given
paradoxes in naive set theory, such as set and label the subset as proper
Russell's paradox, numerous axiom systems or improper.
were proposed in the early twentieth century,
of which the, with or without the axiom of c. Given a universal set and some
choice, are the best-known.Set theory is subsets, fin a complement,
commonly employed as a foundational intersection or union.
system for mathematics, particularly in the
form of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the
axiom of choice. Beyond its foundational role,
set theory is a branch of mathematics in its
own right, with an active research community.
Contemporary research into set theory
includes a diverse collection of topics, ranging
from the structure of the real number line to
the study of the consistency of large cardinals
(Dedekind ,1870).

Set and Operation on Set

What is set?
-Set is a well defined collection of distinct object.
Ex:
1. The set of months with 30 days.
 2. The set of weeks in one month.
3. Or the set of days in a week.
There are two methods of writing sets.
1.Roster Method- the elements of the set are enumerates and separated by comma (,)
Ex:
The set of days in one week
A= {Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday}
2.Rule Method- a descriptive phrase is used to describe elements of the set.
Ex:
A= {X/X is a day in a week}
Cardinal Number (N)- is the number of elements in the set.

Ex:
N= { H,O,U,S,E}
The cardinal number is= S
Kinds of Sets
1.Finite set- is a set whose elements are countable.
Ex:
A= { L,O,V,E}
2.Infinite Set- a set of whose elements are uncountable.
Ex:
A= { 1,2,3.4,…………}
Empty Set/null set ( ø or { } ) – is a set with elements.
3.Subset- is a set A is subset of set B, of elements A and B.
Ex:
B= { 1,2,3,4,5,6 }
A= {2,4,6 }
Then A C B
Or. C= { A,B,C,D }
 D= { E, F }
Then D ø C
4.Equal sets- two sets A and B are equal if all elements in A are exactly the same in all
elements of the set.
Ex:
A= { A,T,E }
B= { T,E,A }
Then A=B
5.Equivalent Set- two sets are equivalent set if there exist A one to one correspondence
between the two sets.
Ex:
A= {1,2,3} 1 2 3

B= { A,B,C}
A B C
One to one set correspondence- is a pairing of two sets so that every element of one set
is paired with exactly one element of the other.
Ex: 1 2 3
ABC
Operation on Set
Universal Set (U) – any set that contains all the elements in the sets in the collection.
Ex:
U= { a, b, c, d, e……..z}
A= { a, e ,i, o, u }
B= { b, c, d, f….z }
Complement of a set- if A is subset of a given universal set then the complement of set
A is the set of all elements in U w/c are not in A.
Ex:
U= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
 A= {1,3,5,7,9} Then A’= {2,4,6,8,10}
B= {2,4,6,8,10} B’= {1,3,5,7,9}
The union of the sets A and B, is the set of elements that belong to A and B.
Ex:
A= { 1,2,3,4}
B={ A,B,C}
The intersection of A and B is the set of all elements that are common to both A and B.
Ex:
A= { e, f, g, h, I, s }
B= { f, h, k, m }
AՈB= { f, h }
Set difference of set A and B.
The set product of Cartesian product of two sets A and B is the set of all possible ordered
pairs (A and B)
Ex:
A= { a, b, c } B= { 1,2}
A X B={(A,1), (A,2), ( B,1), (B,2), (C,1), (C,2)}
B X A={(1,A), (1,B), ( 1,C), (2,A), (2,A),(2,C)}
1.If A = {2, 3, 4, 5} B = {4, 5, 6, 7} C = {6, 7, 8, 9} D = {8, 9, 10, 11}, find
(a) A ∪ B
(b) A ∪ C
(c) B ∪ C
(d) B ∪ D
(e) (A ∪ B) ∪ C
(f) A ∪ (B ∪ C)
(g) B ∪ (C ∪ D)

2. If A = {4, 6, 8, 10, 12} B = {8, 10, 12, 14} C = {12, 14, 16} D = {16, 18},
If A = {4, 6, 8, 10, 12} B = {8, 10, 12, 14} C = {12, 14, 16} D = {16, 18}, find
(a) A ∩ B
(b) B ∩ C
(c) A ∩ (C ∩ D)
(d) A ∩ C
(e) B ∩ D
(f)(A ∩ B) ∪ C
(g) A ∩ (B ∪ D)
(h) (A ∩ B) ∪ (B ∩ C)
(i) (A ∪ D) ∩ (B ∪ C)

3. If A = {4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22} B = {5, 9, 13, 17, 20}
C = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17} D = {6, 11, 16, 21} then find
(a) A - C
(b) D - A
(c) D - B
D-B
(d) A - D
(e) B - C
(f) C - D
(g) B - A
(h) B - D
(i) D - C
(j) A - B
(k) C - B
(l) C - A

More Practice Test on Operations on Sets

4. If A and B are two sets such that A ⊂ B, then what is A∪B?

5. Find the union, intersection and the difference (A - B) of the following pairs of sets.
(a) A = The set of all letters of the word FEAST
B = The set of all letters of the word TASTE

(b) A = {x : x ∈ W, 0 < x ≤ 7}
B = {x : x ∈ W, 4 < x < 9}

(c) A = {x | x ∈ N, x is a factor of 12}

B = {x | x ∈ N, x is a multiple of 2, x < 12}
(d) A = The set of all even numbers less than 12
 B = The set of all odd numbers less than 11

(e) A = {x : x ∈ I, -2 < x < 2}

) A = {x : x ∈ I, -2 < x < 2}
B = {x : x ∈ I, -1 < x < 4}
(f) A = {a, l, m, n, p}
B = {q, r, l, a, s, n}
6. Let X = {2, 4, 5, 6} Y = {3, 4, 7, 8} Z = {5, 6, 7, 8}, find
(a) (X - Y) ∪ (Y - X)
(b) (X - Y) ∩ (Y - X)
(c) (Y - Z) ∪ (Z - Y)
(d) (Y - Z) ∩ (Z - Y)
Practice Test on Operations on Sets
7. Let ξ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} and A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B = {2, 5, 7} show that
(a) (A ∪ B)' = A' ∩ B'
(b) (A ∩ B)' = A' ∪ B'

(c) (A ∩ B) = B ∩ A
(d) (A ∪ B) = B ∪ A
8. Let P = {a, b, c, d} Q = {b, d, f} R = {a, c, e} verify that
(a) (P ∪ Q) ∪ R = P ∪ (Q ∪ R)
(b) (P ∩ Q) ∩ R = P ∩ (Q ∩ R)

Answers for practice test on operations on sets are given below to check the correct
answers.
Answers:
1. (a) {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
(b) {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
(c) {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
(d) {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11}
(e) {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
(f) {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
(g) {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11}

2. (a) {8, 10, 12}

(b) {12, 14}
(c) ∅
(d) {12}
(e) d
(f) {8, 10, 12, 14, 16}
(g) {8}
(h) {8, 10, 12, 14}
(i) {8, 10, 12, 16}

3. (a) {4, 10, 16, 19, 22}

(b) {6, 11, 21}
(c) {6, 11, 16, 21}
(d) {4, 7, 10, 13, 19, 22}
(e) {20}
(f) {3, 5, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17}
(g) {5, 19, 17, 20}
(h) {5, 9, 13, 17, 20}
(i) {6, 16, 21}
(j) {4, 7, 10, 16, 19, 22}
(k) {3, 7, 11, 15}
(l) {3, 5, 9 11, 15, 17}
4. B
5. (a) {F, E, A, S, T}, {E, A, S, T}, {F}
(b) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}, {5, 6, 7}, {1, 2, 3, 4}
(c) {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}, {2, 4, 6}, {1, 3, 12}
(d) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, d, {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
(e) {-1, 0, 1, 2, 3}, {0, 1}, {-1}
(f) {a, 1, m, n, p, q, r, s}, {a, l, n}, {m, p}
6. (a) {2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8}
(b) d
(c) d {3, 4, 5, 6}
(d) d

7. (a) L.H.S. = R. H. S = {6}

(b) L.H.S. = R. H. S = {1, 3, 4, 6, 7}
(c) {2, 5}
(d) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7}

8. (a) {a, b, c, d, e, f}
(b) d
 References
Denton, L. (1989). Operation on sets, The symbol U is employed. Retrieved on June 5,
2019 from:https://confluence.ihtsdotools.org>mobile.

Vaught, N. (1979). An introduction to set theory and analysis. Retrieved on June 5, 2019
from:https://confluence.ihtsdotools.org>mobile.

Stillwell, J. (1986).Theory in sets and operation on sets. Retrieved on June 5, 2019 from: www-
history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk>References page 123-167.