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The Laplace Transform and The IVP (Sect. 6.2)
The Laplace Transform and The IVP (Sect. 6.2)
Recall:
(a) L[a f (t) + b g (t)] = a L[f (t)] + b L[g (t)];
Homogeneous IVP.
Example
Use the Laplace transform to find the solution y (t) to the IVP
y 00 − y 0 − 2y = 0, y (0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 0.
(s − 1)
Solution: Recall: L[y ] = .
(s 2 − s − 2)
The partial fraction method: Find the zeros of the denominator,
(
1 √ s+ = 2,
s 2 − s − 2 = 0 ⇒ s± = 1 ± 1 + 8
⇒
2 s− = −1,
(s − 1)
Therefore, we rewrite: L[y ] = .
(s − 2)(s + 1)
Find constants a and b such that
(s − 1) a b
= + .
(s − 2)(s + 1) s −2 s +1
Homogeneous IVP.
Example
Use the Laplace transform to find the solution y (t) to the IVP
y 00 − y 0 − 2y = 0, y (0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 0.
(s − 1) a b
Solution: Recall: = + .
(s − 2)(s + 1) s −2 s +1
A simple calculation shows
(s − 1) a b a(s + 1) + b(s − 2)
= + =
(s − 2)(s + 1) s −2 s +1 (s − 2)(s + 1)
(
a + b = 1,
(s − 1) = s(a + b) + (a − 2b) ⇒
a − 2b = −1
1 2 1 1 2 1
Hence, a = and b = . Then, L[y ] = + .
3 3 3 (s − 2) 3 (s + 1)
Homogeneous IVP.
Example
Use the Laplace transform to find the solution y (t) to the IVP
y 00 − y 0 − 2y = 0, y (0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 0.
1 1 2 1
Solution: Recall: L[y ] = + . From the table:
3 (s − 2) 3 (s + 1)
1 1 1
L[e at ] = ⇒ = L[e 2t ], = L[e −t ].
s −a s −2 s +1
Homogeneous IVP.
Example
Use the Laplace transform to find the solution y (t) to the IVP
y 00 − 4y 0 + 4y = 0, y (0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 1.
Homogeneous IVP.
Example
Use the Laplace transform to find the solution y (t) to the IVP
y 00 − 4y 0 + 4y = 0, y (0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 1.
(s − 3)
Solution: Recall: L[y ] = .
(s − 2)2
This expression is already in the partial fraction decomposition.
Idea: Rewrite the right-hand side in terms of function in the table.
(s − 2) + 2 − 3 (s − 2) 1 1 1
L[y ] = = − = − .
(s − 2)2 (s − 2)2 (s − 2)2 s − 2 (s − 2)2
From the Laplace transforms table:
1 1
L[e at ] = ⇒ = L[e 2t ],
s −a s −2
n! 1
L[t n e at ] = (n+1)
⇒ 2
= L[te 2t ].
(s − a) (s − 2)
Homogeneous IVP.
Example
Use the Laplace transform to find the solution y (t) to the IVP
y 00 − 4y 0 + 4y = 0, y (0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 1.
1 1
Solution: Recall: L[y ] = − and
s − 2 (s − 2)2
1 1
= L[e 2t ], 2
= L[te 2t ].
s −2 (s − 2)
L y (4) − 4 L[y ] = 0.
4
s L[y ] − s 3 + 2s − 4 L[y ] = 0 (s 4 − 4) L[y ] = s 3 − 2s,
⇒
s 3 − 2s
We obtain, L[y ] = 4 .
(s − 4)
Non-homogeneous IVP.
Example
Use the Laplace transform to find the solution y (t) to the IVP
y 00 − 4y 0 + 4y = 3 sin(2t), y (0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 1.
Non-homogeneous IVP.
Example
Use the Laplace transform to find the solution y (t) to the IVP
y 00 − 4y 0 + 4y = 3 sin(2t), y (0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 1.
6
Solution: Recall: (s 2 − 4s + 4) L[y ] = s − 3 + .
s2 + 4
(s − 3) 6
Therefore, L[y ] = + .
(s 2 − 4s + 4) (s 2 − 4 + 4)(s 2 + 4)
From an Example above: s 2 − 4s + 4 = (s − 2)2 ,
1 1 6
L[y ] = − + .
s − 2 (s − 2)2 (s − 2)2 (s 2 + 4)
From an Example above we know that
1 1
L[e 2t − te 2t ] = − .
s − 2 (s − 2)2
Non-homogeneous IVP.
Example
Use the Laplace transform to find the solution y (t) to the IVP
y 00 − 4y 0 + 4y = 3 sin(2t), y (0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 1.
6
Solution: Recall: L[y ] = L[e 2t − te 2t ] + .
(s − 2)2 (s 2 + 4)
Use Partial fractions to simplify the last term above.
Find constants a, b, c, d, such that
6 as + b c d
= + +
(s − 2)2 (s 2 + 4) s 2 + 4 (s − 2) (s − 2)2
Non-homogeneous IVP.
Example
Use the Laplace transform to find the solution y (t) to the IVP
y 00 − 4y 0 + 4y = 3 sin(2t), y (0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 1.
a + c= 0, −4a + b − 2c + d= 0,
4a − 4b + 4c= 0, 4b − 8c + 4d = 6.
Non-homogeneous IVP.
Example
Use the Laplace transform to find the solution y (t) to the IVP
y 00 − 4y 0 + 4y = 3 sin(2t), y (0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 1.
Non-homogeneous IVP.
Example
Use the Laplace transform to find the solution y (t) to the IVP
y 00 − 4y 0 + 4y = 3 sin(2t), y (0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 1.
6
Solution: Summary: L[y ] = L[e 2t − te 2t ] + ,
(s − 2)2 (s 2 + 4)
6 h3 3 2t 3 2t i
=L cos(2t) − e + te .
(s − 2)2 (s 2 + 4) 8 8 4
2t 3 2t 3 i
L[y (t)] = L (1 − t) e + (−1 + 2t) e + cos(2t) .
8 8
We conclude that
3 3
y (t) = (1 − t) e 2t + (2t − 1) e 2t + cos(2t). C
8 8