CHEMICALHYDROLOGY Permanent Hardness: If sulphates,

chlorides and nitrates of calcium or magnesium

Also called Hydrochemistry is the branch of
Hydrology which deals with the chemical
substances occurring in the Natural Water, and
their interactions.
are present in water, they can be removed at all by
simple boiling, therefore such water require
special treatment for softening.
Carbonate Hardness: Is equal to the
total hardness or alkalinity which ever is less.

River Non-carbonate Hardness: Is the

River is a natural flowing watercourse,
usually freshwater, flowing towards
an ocean, sea, lake or another river.
Spring
total hardness in excess of the alkalinity.
The chloride content of treated water to be
supplied to the public should not exceed a value
of about 250 ppm.

A spring is a point at which water flows from The presence of nitrogen in water may occur in
an aquifer to the Earth's surface. following reasons:
Reservoir Free Ammonia
A reservoir is, most commonly, an enlarged Albuminous
natural or artificial lake, pond or impoundment
created using a dam or lock to store water. Nitrites

Lake Nitrates

A lake is an area filled with water, localized in a Vapor Pressure

basin, that is surrounded by land, apart from any
river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain
the lake.
Ground Water
is the water found underground in the cracks and
spaces in soil, sand and rock.
Sea and Ocean Water
is water from a sea or ocean.
Wastewater can contain physical, chemical and
biological pollutants in any form or quantity and
cannot adequately be estimated without actual
measuring and testing.
Temporary Hardness: If
bicarbonates and carbonates of calcium and
magnesium are present in water, the water render
hard temporarily as this hardness can be removed
to some extent by simple boiling or to full extent
by adding lime to water.
the pressure of a vapor in contact with its liquid or
solid form.
Cohesion
the hydrogen bonds in water hold other water
molecules together.
Adhesion
Similar to cohesion, but adhesion is when the
hydrogen bonds in water allow for the water
molecules to be held to another subtances.
Heat of Vaporization
the quantity of heat that must be absorbed if a
certain quantity of liquid is vaporized at a
constant temperature.
Viscosity
Property of fluid having high resistance to flow.
DRAINAGE BASIN Tributary a small Stream/channel That flows of
the Main river
A drainage basin is an area of land drained
Watershed an area
by a river and its tributaries (river system). It
Of land drained by
includes water found in the water table and
a river and its
surface run-off. There is an imaginary line tributaries
separating drainage basins called a watershed.
Confluence the
It is sometimes called the “Catchment area” Point at which
and a tributary
from which all precipitation flows to a single meet
stream or set of streams.
River mouth the end of the river where the river
The drainage basin hydrological cycle involves Meets the sea. Sometimes this can result in a delta.
the circulation of water that evaporates from the
oceans, and other bodies of water through
precipitation and travels back into the water
supply.

Storage – water stored in the system

Interception
Vegetation
Surface storage
Groundwater storage
Channel storage
Transfers or Flows – water moving from one
place to another
Baseflow
Channel flow
Groundwater flow
Infiltration
Interflow
Percolation
Stemflow
Surface Runoff
Source the start of a river.
Usually high up in the hills
The origin of which is normally
a stream
 Water quality in freshwater ecosystems is
dependent to a great extent on biological
processes.
The importance of biological processes in nutrient
cycles in aquatic ecosystems is determined by
four major factors: temperature, light, nutrient
availability and water mass dynamics.

Hydrological

The quantification of the hydrological cycle of a

basin, should be a template for functional
integration of hydrological and biological
processes.
ECOHYDROLOGY

Ecohydrology is a scientific concept applied to Ecological

environmental problem – solving
The integrated processes at river basin scale can
it provides the tool to deal with aquatic
be steered in such a way as to enhance the basin’s
ecosystems degradation
carrying capacity and its ecosystem services.
Ecohydrology is based on a holistic approach to
Ecological Engineering
aquatic ecosystems that integrates hydrology and
biology for finding the most adequate solutions The regulation of hydrological and ecological
for the benefit of society and ecosystem processes, based on an integrative system
approach, is thus a new tool for Integrated Water
Basin Management.
Hydrology
Hydrology is the branch of science
concerned with the properties of the earth's water,
and especially its movement in relation to land.

Ecology
Ecology is the branch of biology that deals
with the relations of organisms to one another and
to their physical surroundings.

WHY DO BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES

HAVE TO BE INTEGRATED WITH
HYDROLOGY?

HYDROINFORMATICS
a branch of informatics which concentrates on the
application of information and communications
technologies in addressing the increasingly
serious problems of the equitable and efficient use
of water for many different purposes.
HYDROINFORMATICS: MANAGING WATER
RESOURCES
water-related decisions is difficult to test on large-
scale experiments, hence importance of
computer-based modelling and forecasting
control of water resources must be based on
optimal solutions
management of water needs a lot of data and
information from various sources
need for Computer-based modelling, Information
and Communication Technology (ICT) tools
HYDROINFORMATICS: DATA
Data are facts, numbers, images, or sounds that
may or may not useful for a particular task
Data + meaning= INFORMATION
Information is data organized in a meaningful
way that makes it useful for an end-user to
make decisions
Information + experience = KNOWLEDGE
Knowledge is combination of instincts, ideas,
rules, and procedures that guide actions and
decisions.
HYDROINFORMATICS: MODELS
Model is a simplified description of reality; an
encapsulation of knowledge about a particular
physical or social process in electronic form.
GOALS OF MODELLING ARE:
Understand the studied system or domain
(understand the past)
Predict the future
Use the results of modelling for making decisions
(change the future)
HYDROINFORMATICS: APPLICATION OF
MODELS
HYDROINFORMATICS: IMPORTANCE OF
MODELS
reduces complexity
encapsulates knowledge
provides a laboratory experience
refines tacit knowledge
enables reasoned intervention by humans
facilitates communication
assists education and training
HYDROINFORMATICS: PHYSICALLY BASED
MODELS
PHYSICALLY-BASED MODEL (also called
process, simulation, knowledge-based, numerical)
is based on the understanding of the underlying
processes in the system.
examples: river models based on main principles
of water motion, expressed in differential
equations, solved using finite-difference
approximations
HYDROINFORMATICS:DATA DRIVEN
MODELLING
Empirical involves mathematical equations that
are not derived from physical processes in the
catchment but from analysis of time series data.
Examples include the unit hydrograph method,
linear regression and ARIMA models. Recent
developments in computational intelligence, in
the area of machine learning in particular, have
greatly expanded the capabilities of empirical
modelling. The field which encompasses these
new approaches is called DATA-DRIVEN
MODELLING (DDM).
nuclear power plants and some medical facilities
represent a much larger health problem when
ingested in drinking water. The most common
forms of radionuclides found in water are: Radon,
Radium, Uranium, Alpha emitters Beta and
photon emitters.

SOURCES OF WATER
RAIN WATER

RIVERS

LAKES

WATER QUALITY STREAMS

refers to the chemical, physical, biological, PONDS
and radiological characteristics of water. It is a
measure of the condition of water relative to the USES OF WATER
requirements of one or more biotic species and
or to any human need or purpose. It is most DRINKING WATER
frequently used by reference to a set of
standards against which compliance, generally HOUSEHOLD WATER
achieved through treatment of the water, can be
assessed. The most common standards used to INDUSTRY
assess water quality relate to health
of ecosystems, safety of human contact, AGRICULTURE
and drinking water.
TRANSPORTATION
Chemical property- Deals with the chemical
substance occurring in the natural water and RECREATION
their interactions.
HABITAT FOR WILD LIFE
Biological water-are important factor that
determine quality of drinking water. It is more WATER POLLUTANTS
important than physical and
SEDIMENTS
chemical parameters in term of direct effect on
human health. NUTRIENTS

Physical Property-are determined by senses of TOXIC CHEMICALS

touch, sight, smell and taste. For example
PATHOGENS
temperature by touch, color, floating debris,
turbidity and suspended solids by sight, and taste SEDIMENTS
and odor by smell.
Is any solid matter eroded, transported, or
Radiological water- also known as radionuclides, deposited by flowing water.
occur naturally in very small amounts in the soil
in some locations in the world, but effluent from Valuable resources from our farm fields.
 Simply a SOIL. They can come from human sewage or raw
animal waste. If pathogens contaminate water
NUTRIENT POLLUTANTS
the tiny organism can kill.
NITROGEN

Natural components of manure

PHOSPHORUS

Human sewage

NUTRIENT POLLUTANTS

To much nitrogen in drinking water for

instance, babies under 6 months of age can
develop something call Blue baby syndrome.

Nutrients are applied to farm fields to feed

crops.

They become a major problem when

precipitation washes nutrients of the land and
into water waste.

To much nitrogen into the water, the water

tends to turn green and algiblums.

TOXIC CHEMICALS

Commonly used in the manufacturers.

“mercury”, “PVC” are the toxic to the

environment and humans when they reach
certain levels.

Improper disposal leads to poor health of

us.

PATHOGENS

Is the most serious with our health.

Decease causing a bacteria and viruses.


HYDROLOGY?
Hydrology, scientific discipline concerned with
the waters of the Earth, including their occurrence,
distribution, and circulation via the hydrologic
cycle and interactions with living things. It also
deals with the chemical and physical properties
of water in all its phases.
WHAT IS GEOLOGY?
Geology is the scientific study of the Earth,
including the materials that it is made of, the
physical and chemical processes that occur on its
surface and in its interior, and the history of the
planet and its life forms.
Hydrogeology (hydro- meaning water, and -
geology meaning the study of the Earth).
Hydrogeology is the specialism within geology
concerned with underground water, its movement,
behavior and quality.
Hydrogeology is the field of geology that deals
with movement and distribution of underground
water in the rocks and soils of earth's surface
commonly in aquifers. As water is the most
important natural resource to mankind, it is
very important to know its distribution as well as
movement in order to protect this resource
WHAT IS GROUNDWATER?
Groundwater is the water found underground in
the cracks and spaces in soil, sand and rock. It is
stored in and moves slowly through geologic
formations of soil, sand and rocks called aquifers.
When rain falls, only a small portion of the water
flows across the ground as runoff and enters
streams or rivers. Much of this water remains
trapped in the soil and percolates (seeps) deep
into the ground and becomes groundwater. Once
surface water becomes groundwater it can remain
underground anywhere between a few days to
thousands of years.
WHAT IS SURFACE WATER?
Surface water is water on the surface of the
planet such as in a river, lake, wetland, or ocean.
It can be contrasted
with groundwater and atmospheric water. The
term stream is used here to represent all flowing
surface water, from brooks to large rivers.
SOIL MOISTURE
Most groundwater soak into the ground from
precipitation.
Zone of soil moisture is held by molecular
attraction on soil particles in the near surface zone
Used by plants
Evaporates directly back to the atmosphere
LOSING STREAM- lose water to the
groundwater system by outflow through the
streambed
Water table is lower than the stream surface
COMBINATION OF GAINING AND LOSING
STREAMS
A stream can gain in some sections and lose in the
other
POROSITY
The percentage of pore spaces in a rock or
sediment is called porosity
Depends on the size and shape of the grains, how
well they are sorted, and how tightly they are
packed
Poorly sorted sediments have a low porosity
Determine how much ground water can be stored
PERMEABILITY is the ability of a material to
transmit a fluid
Depends on the connectivity between pores
An aquitard is an impermeable layer that hinders
or prevents water movement
Example: Clay
An aquifer is a permeable rock strata or sediments
that transmits ground water freely.
Example: sands and gravel
A simple groundwater flow system
The force of gravity and pressure differences
move groundwater
Groundwater is replenished in areas of recharge
and flow back to the surface in a discharge area
MEASURING GROUNDWATER MOVEMENT
DARCY’S LAW is a measure of the volume of
water that flows through an aquifer, using the
hydraulic gradient, conductivity, and cross-
sectional area
HYDRAULIC GRADIENT is the water table
slope
HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY takes into
account the permeability of the aquifer and
viscosity of the fluid to determine how fast water
will flow through a medium
Q=KA
Q= discharge
h= elevation of water table
A= cross section area of aquifer
K= hydraulic conductivity
A well is a hole bored into the zone of saturation
Most common methods for removing
groundwater
DRAWNDOWN- as water is withdrawn from the
well, the surrounding water table is lowered
A cone of depression forms around well
An artesian well or spring is a system in which
ground water under pressure rises above the level
of aquifer
Water must be confined to an inclined aquifer
Aquitards must exist above and below the aquifer
to confine the aquifer
An aquifer confined by aquitards is called a
CONFINED AQUIFER
SPRINGS
Occurs where the water table intersects Earth’s
surface
Natural outflow of ground water
Can be caused by an aquitard creating a localized
zone of saturation that is called a perched water
table
HOT SPRING
Water in a hot spring is 6 to 9 degrees celcius
warmer than the mean annual air temperature of
the locality
The water for most hot springs is heated by the
cooling igneous rock
MINING GROUNDWATER
Treating groundwater as a non renewable
resource
In many places, the water available to recharge
the aquifer is significantly short of the amount
being withdrawn
Example: high plains aquifer
SUBSIDENCE
The ground sinks when water is pumped from
wells faster than the narural recharge processes
can replace it
SALT WATER CONTAMINATION
Excessive groundwater withdrawal causes
saltwater to be drawn into wells, thus
contaminating the fresh water supply
GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION
One common source is sewage
Extremely permeable aquifers (coarse gravel)
have such large openings that ground water may
travel long distance without being clean
Sewage often becomes purified as it passes
through a few dozen meters of an aquifer
composed of sand
SOURCES OF GROUNDWATER
POLLUTION
Gasoline Station
Factories
Septic System
Landfills
Chemical and Road salts
WAYS TO PROTECT GROUNDWATER
Manage Chemical waste
Fix the plumbing
Manage household waste
Maintain septic tanks properly
Avoid or reduce pesticide usage
HYDROMETEOROLOGY
BRANCH OF METEOROLOGY AND
HYDROLOGY THAT DEALS WITH
PROBLEMS INVOLVING THE
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE, WATER BUDGET,
AND THE RAINFALL STATISTIC OF
STORMS.
HYDROMETEOROLOGISTS MAINLY STUDY
BOTH THE ATMOSPHERE AND
TERRESTRIAL PHASES OF THE
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE, WITH EMPHASIS
ON THE INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEEN
THEM (I.E. THE TRANSFERS OF WATER
AND ENERGY BETWEEN THE LAND
SURFACE AND THE LOWER ATMOSPHERE)
ADDITIONALLY,
HYDROMETEOROLOGISTS ARE
INTERESTED WITH THE STUDY OF
NATURAL HAZARDS OF
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL ORIGIN( EX.
FLOODS) AND MITIGATION OF ITS EFFECT.
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL PROCESSES: WATER
CYCLE
THE HYDROMETEOROLOGY STUDIES THE
PROCESSES OF THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
THAT OCCUR IN
THE ATMOSPHERE (EVAPORATION,
CONDENSATION AND PRECIPITATION) AND IN
THE GROUND (RAINFALL INTERCEPTION,
INFILTRATION AND SURFACE RUNOFF) AND
THEIR INTERACTIONS. THE
HYDROMETEOROLOGY SCIENCE STUDIES THE
BEHAVIOUR OF HYDROLOGIC ELEMENTS,
SUCH AS RIVERS, PONDS AND DAMS.
A HAZARD IS ANY SOURCE
OF POTENTIAL DAMAGE, HARM OR ADVERSE
HEALTH EFFECTS ON SOMETHING OR
SOMEONE.
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARD IS CAUSED
BY RUNNING WATER AND ITS PROCESSES
(HYDRO) AND THOSE ASSOCIATED WITH
WEATHER PATTERNS (METEOROLOGICAL).
TYPHOON -AN EXTREMELY LARGE,
POWERFUL AND DESTRUCTIVE STORM THAT
OCCURS ESPECIALLY IN THE REGION OF THE
PHILIPPINES OR THE CHINA SEA. HURRICANE
IS THE ATLANTIC COUNTERPART. TYPHOON
MOVES CLOCKWISE AND HURRICANE MOVES
COUNTERCLOCKWISE. THEY ARE
COLLECTIVELY KNOWN AS CYCLONE.
THUNDERSTORM - IS A WEATHER CONDITION
GENERALLY CHARACTERIZED BY HEAVY RAIN,
THUNDER AND LIGHTNING AND A POSSIBILITY
OF TORNADO.
FLASHFLOOD - A LOCAL FLOOD OF SHORT
DURATION GENERALLY RESULTING FROM
HEAVY RAINFALL IN THE IMMEDIATE VICINITY.
FLOOD - GENERALLY REFERRED TOO AS THE
RUNNING AND OVERLAYING OF WATER ON
LAND THAT ARE NOT ORDINARY COVERED BY
IT.
STORM SURGE - ESCALATING SEAWATER TO
THE COAST ABOVE NORMAL SEA LEVEL.
EL NIÑO - A FLOW OF UNUSUALLY WARM
WATER ALONG THE WESTERN COAST OF
SOUTH AMERICA THAT CAUSES MANY
CHANGES IN WEATHER IN OTHER PLACES.
LA NIÑA - LA NIÑA IS A CLIMATE PATTERN
THAT DESCRIBES THE COOLING OF SURFACE
OCEAN WATERS ALONG THE TROPICAL WEST
COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA. LA NINA IS
CONSIDERED TO BE THE COUNTERPART TO EL
NINO, WHICH IS CHARACTERIZED BY
UNUSUALLY WARM OCEAN TEMPERATURES IN
THE EQUATORIAL REGION OF THE PACIFIC
OCEAN.
THESE ARE CAUSES OF
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS:
THE TWO PRIMARY CAUSES ARE WATER AND
WIND.
WATER- PARTICULARLY PRECIPITATION.
PRECIPITATION, IN MANY DIFFERENT FORMS
AT THE UPSTREAM END LEADS TO FLOODING
WHEN IT IS TOO HIGH AND DROUGHTS WHEN
IT IS TOO LOW.
WIND - WIND SYSTEMS CAUSED BY
DIFFERENTIAL HEATING BETWEEN THE
EQUATOR AND THE POLES ASSISTED BY THE
CORIOLIS FORCE LEAD TO DIFFERENT FORMS
OF CYCLONES WHICH HAVE
UNCONTROLLABLE DESTRUCTIVE POWER.
ABNORMAL WEATHER AND CLIMATE PATTERNS
(MANY ATTRIBUTED TO CLIMATE CHANGE) IS
ALSO NOW BEING CONSIDERED.
THE IMPACT OF ANY HAZARD ARE A RESULT
OF PEOPLES VULNERABILITY - NOT
NECESSARILY THE HAZARDS STRENGTH.
REASONS WHY ARE SOME PLACES AFFECTED
MORE BY DISASTERS
 THE ECONOMY OF THE AREA
 RAPID URBANIZATION
 CHANGING RISK – RISING SEA LEVELS
MEAN THAT SAFE AREAS ARE NOW
PRONE TO FLOODING & STORM
SURGES. DEFORESTATION REDUCES
INTERCEPTION & INCREASES THE RISK
OF FLOODING.
 COST V BENEFITS – FOR EXAMPLE
BENEFITS OF FERTILE SOILS ON
VOLCANOES VERSES THE RISK OF
ERUPTION
LISTED BELOW ARE THE KEY AGENCIES:
NDRRMC
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
TO INCLUDE PAGASA AND THE PHILIPPINE
INSTITUTE OF VOLCANOLOGY AND
SEISMOLOGY (PHIVOLCS)
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND
NATURAL RESOURCES, TO INCLUDE THE
MINES AND GEOSCIENCES BUREAU (MGB) AND
NATIONAL MAPPING AND RESOURCE
INFORMATION AUTHORITY (NAMRIA)
DEPARTMENT OF IINTERIOR AND LOCAL
GOVERMENT
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WELFARE AND
DEVELOPMENT
OFFICE OF CIVIL DEFENSE
Several government agencies are
responsible for leading 11 emergency
response clusters:
Search rescue and retrieval (Armed Forces
of the Philippines)
Health – with sub-clusters on health services,
water sanitation, mental and psycho-social
support, and nutrition (Department of
Health)
Protection of internally displaced persons
(DSWD)
Coordination and management (DSWD)
Food and non-food items (DSWD)
Logistics – with sub-clusters on warehousing,
transport, and services (OCD)
Law and order (Philippine National Police)
Emergency telecommunications (OCD)
Education (Department of Education)
International humanitarian assistance
(Department of Foreign Affairs)
Management of the dead and missing (DILG)
ISOTOPE HYDROLOGYIsotopes are atoms of
the same element that have different
numbers of neutrons; that is, they have the
same number ofprotons (positive charge)
and electrons (negative charge), but differ in
molecular weight due to different numbers of
neutrons (neutral charge).
Isotopes in hydrology give a direct
insight into the movement and
distribution processes within the
hydrological system.
Water in its natural state contains
environmental isotopes and
conclusions may be drawn from their
abundance variations.
The environmental isotopes
are a subset of the isotopes,
both stable and radioactive,
which are the object of isotope
geochemistry.
They are primarily used as tracers to see
how things move around within
the ocean-atmosphere system,
within terrestrial biomes, within the
Earth's surface, and between these broad
domains.
The stable isotopes are excellent
indicators of the circulation of water,
while the radioactive isotopes are of
special value in detecting the
residence time, assuming no
contamination of the water has
occurred.
Common stable isotopes include
2H/H, 18O/16O, and 13C/12C. These
isotopes occur naturally in the
environment, but their natural
abundance differs with
different environmental conditions.
Environmental tracers are isotopes or other
tracers that are widely
distributed in the Environment
specifically in hydrosphere.
It can be natural or anthropogenic.
Transient Tracers
Geochemical Tracers
Groundwater age is defined as the amount of
time that has elapsed since a particular water
molecule of
interest was recharged into the subsurface
environment system until this molecule
reaches a
specific location in the system where it is
either
sampled physically or studied theoretically for
age-dating.
WHAT IS SURFACE HYDROLOGY ?
is a field that encompasses all surface waters of
the globe (overland flows, rivers, lakes, wetlands,
estuaries, oceans, etc.). This is a subset of the
hydrologic cycle that does not include
atmospheric, and ground waters.
Is the study of moving water found in rivers, open
channels, lakes, and runoff across the open
surface
Watershed
The total land area that drains to a common
point
It is also called as river basin, drainage basin, or
catchment
Three Simple Rules
Surface water generally flows at right angles
(perpendicular) across contour lines
Ridges are indicated by the highest elevation
contour line
Drainages are indicated by contour lines pointing
downstream
Overland Flow
Rain falls onto vegetation, and then to the
ground.
Interception is lost in the vegetation
Throughfall makes it to the ground
Stemflow runs down the vegetation
Water reaching the ground can:
Accumulate in depressions
Soak into the ground (infiltration)
Flow across the surface as overland flow
Two distinguishable sources.
Rain falling on already saturated soil has no
option but to run off.
The rate of interflow entering a saturated area
from upslope exceeds the capacity for interflow
to leave the area by flowing downhill through the
soil.
Rivers
Components of a River - profundal: near the bottom in the deeper parts
Gradient: the slope or fall of the river, usually
Headwaters: source of the river
Tributaries: smaller streams that combine a decreases as the river gets larger.
confluence Thermal Cycles
Upstream vs. Downstream: related to the flow of - epilimnion: near the surface, warm in summer
direction - hypolimnion: near the bottom, cold in summer
Thalveg: main part of river channel - Thermocline : boundary between epi- and
Hyporheic Zone: shallow groundwater flow hypolimnion
below the river bed - Lake turnover: in fall when epi- and hypolimnion
Types of Rivers mix
Ephemeral: flows only during storms Seiche
Intermittent: flows seasonally - Wind driven water level fluctuations
Losing stream: loses flow to groundwater
Gaining stream: gains water from the subsurface
Gradient: the slope or fall of the river, usually
decreases as the river gets larger.
Lakes
Any body of water (other than an ocean) that is
of reasonable size, impounds water, and moves
very slowly
Types of Lakes
cirques: formed in mountains by glaciers
pluvial: formed in deserts
kettles: formed by buried glacial ice that melted
Lake Productivity
oligotrophic: very low productivity, clear
eutrophic: very high productivity, green
Ecologic Zones
- littoral: along the shoreline
- limnetic: near the surface in the deeper
parts