The occurrence of parthenocarpy is mainly due to the distinction between two the reproductive strategies

namely sexual and asexual reproduction. Parthenocarpy and parthenogenesis are the two modes of asexual
reproduction in which parthenocarpy is formation of fruit from an unfertilized ovule in plants whereas
parthenocagenesis is the development of unfertilized ovum in animals such as insects, lizards. The reason for
the absence of parthenogenesis in higher animals may due to the adaptive role of parthenocarpy during plant
reproductive phase. … et al.,, suggested that evolution in MADS box TFs that are essential for ovule formation,
played a major role in seedless development of grapevines. It has been investigated that missense mutations in
the MADS box genes vvAGL11 played a pivot role in seedless grapevine development. Further epigenetic
regulation such as DNA methaylation and histone modifications of Type I MADS box genes during seed
development.

It has been hypothesized that polyploid nature of parthenocarpy and the haploid nature of parthenogenesis
might be the reason for frequency of parthenocarpy rather than parthenocagenisis.

Additionally, three tomato MADS-box proteins were found to repress transcription

following expression in a heterologous system, most likely through the direct recruitment
of histone deacetylases.Two barley Type I-like MADS-box genes were found to be targets of
epigenetic regulation by histone modifications or DNA methylation during seed
development,

because individuals developed from parthenogenesis are mainly haploid and incapable of
reproducing sexually both in higher animal and plant.

wild species suggests that seedlessness may have an adaptive role.

parthenocarpy is the formation of fruit from an unfertilized ovule in plants whereas
parthenogenesis is the development of an unfertilized ovum into a new individual in
animals such as insects, bee and some lower plants. These are two alternative
methods to avoid the fertilization in the production of the gametes. suggesting a
selective pressure for parthenocarpy during domestication and breeding and
adaptativeness of parthenocarpy. When seed set fails, the abscission of the flower is the
standard pathway to avoid the waste of resources in growing structures not fulfilling a
biological purpose. The occurrence and permanence of parthenocarpy in plant populations
is largely the effect of human selection that harnessed seedlessness as a commodity in fruit
crops.
Flower developing mads box and transcription factors evolution also place major role in
parthenocarpic fruit formation. The E genes, the so-called ‘bridging molecules’ or ‘glue’
proteins, are essential for higher-order complexes and ovule formation, acting with other
classes of genes in all floral whorls Ovules are complex structures that develop from the
placenta and are the precursors of seeds, and genes related to ovule formation have been
identified and studied in detail in Arabidopsis and petunia. Evolutionary and expression
analysis of a MADS-box gene superfamily
involved in ovule development of seeded and seedless grapevines. During the evolutionary
history of land plants, numerous gene duplications have occurred to allow for an easier
adaptation to dramatically changed environmental conditions . Polyploidy is a common
mode of evolution in flowering plants.
The major origin of seedless grapes is associated with a 4 missense mutation in the MADS-
box gene VviAGL11.The involvement of multiple proteins interacting in complexes can
buffer the consequence of loss of single components of the complex during evolution and
allows for a difference in expression of duplicated gene pairs. Additionally, three tomato
MADS-box proteins were found to repress transcription following expression in a
heterologous system, most likely through the direct recruitment of histone
deacetylases.Two barley Type I-like MADS-box genes were found to be targets of epigenetic
regulation by histone modifications or DNA methylation during seed development,

because individuals developed from parthenogenesis are mainly haploid and incapable of
reproducing sexually both in higher animal and plant.