Project in science

Submitted to:
ms. Roxanne timosa
science teacher
submitted by:
alyanna Pauline s.
saripa 10-quimbay
5 famous scientist in the
study of
electromagnetic waves
James Clerk Maxwell
(13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish[2][3] scientist in the field
of mathematical physics.[4] His most notable achievement was to formulate
the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation, bringing together for the
first time electricity, magnetism, and light as different manifestations of the
same phenomenon. Maxwell's equations for electromagnetism have been
called the "second great unification in physics" [5] after the first one realised
by Isaac Newton.
With the publication of "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field"
in 1865, Maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic fields travel
through space as waves moving at the speed of light.[6] He proposed that
light is an undulation in the same medium that is the cause of electric and
magnetic phenomena.[7] The unification of light and electrical phenomena
led his prediction of the existence of radio waves. Maxwell is also regarded
as a founder of the modern field of electrical engineering.[8]
He helped develop the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, a statistical means
of describing aspects of the kinetic theory of gases. He is also known for
presenting the first durable colour photograph in 1861 and for his
foundational work on analysing the rigidity of rod-and-joint frameworks
(trusses) like those in many bridges.

Michael Faraday

22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867) was an English scientist who

contributed to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. His
main discoveries include the principles underlying electromagnetic
induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis.
Although Faraday received little formal education, he was one of the most
influential scientists in history. It was by his research on the magnetic
field around a conductor carrying a direct current that Faraday established
the basis for the concept of the electromagnetic field in physics. Faraday
also established that magnetism could affect rays of light and that there
was an underlying relationship between the two phenomena.[1][2] He
similarly discovered the principles of electromagnetic induction and
diamagnetism, and the laws of electrolysis.
His inventions of electromagnetic rotary devices formed the foundation of
electric motor technology, and it was largely due to his efforts
that electricity became practical for use in technology.
As a chemist, Faraday discovered benzene, investigated the clathrate
hydrate of chlorine, invented an early form of the Bunsen burner and the
system of oxidation numbers, and popularised terminology such as
"anode", "cathode", "electrode" and "ion". Faraday ultimately became the
first and foremost Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution,
a lifetime position.

André-Marie Ampère

; 20 January 1775 – 10 June 1836)[2] was

a French physicist and mathematician who was one of the founders of the
science of classical electromagnetism, which he referred to as
"electrodynamics". He is also the inventor of numerous applications, such
as the solenoid (a term coined by him) and the electrical telegraph.
An autodidact, Ampère was a member of the French Academy of
Sciences and professor at the École polytechnique and the Collège de
France.
The SI unit of measurement of electric current, the ampere, is named after
him. His name is also one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower.
In September 1820, Ampère's friend and eventual eulogist François
Arago showed the members of the French Academy of Sciences the
surprising discovery of Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted that
a magnetic needle is deflected by an adjacent electric current. Ampère
began developing a mathematical and physical theory to understand the
relationship between electricity and magnetism. Furthering Ørsted's
experimental work, Ampère showed that two parallel wires carrying electric
currents attract or repel each other, depending on whether the currents flow
in the same or opposite directions, respectively - this laid the foundation of
electrodynamics.
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz

22 February 1857 – 1 January 1894) was a German physicist who first

conclusively proved the existence of the electromagnetic waves predicted
by James Clerk Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism. The unit of
frequency, cycle per second, was named the "Hertz" in his honor.[3]
In 1864 Scottish mathematical physicist James Clerk Maxwell proposed a
comprehensive theory of electromagnetism, now called Maxwell's
equations. Maxwell's theory predicted that coupled electric and magnetic
fields could travel through space as an "electromagnetic wave". Maxwell
proposed that light consisted of electromagnetic waves of short
wavelength, but no one had been able to prove this, or generate or detect
electromagnetic waves of other wavelengths. During Hertz's studies in
1879 Helmholtz suggested that Hertz's doctoral dissertation be on testing
Maxwell's theory. Helmholtz had also proposed the "Berlin Prize" problem
that year at the Prussian Academy of Sciences for anyone who could
experimentally prove an electromagnetic effect in the polarization and
depolarizatio n of insulators, something predicted by Maxwell's theory.

Hans Christian Ørsted

often rendered Oersted in English; 14 August 1777 – 9 March 1851) was a
Danish physicist and chemist who discovered that electric
currents create magnetic fields, which was the first connection found
between electricity and magnetism. Oersted's law and the oersted (Oe) are
named after him.
A leader of the Danish Golden Age, Ørsted was a close friend of Hans
Christian Andersen and the brother of politician and jurist Anders Sandøe
Ørsted, who served as Prime Minister of Denmark from 1853 to 1854.
On 21 April 1820, during a lecture, Ørsted noticed a compass needle
deflected from magnetic north when an electric current from a battery was
switched on and off, confirming a direct relationship between electricity and
magnetism.[7]
His initial interpretation was that magnetic effects radiate from all sides of a
wire carrying an electric current, as do light and heat. Three months later
he began more intensive investigations and soon thereafter published his
findings, showing that an electric current produces a circular magnetic field
as it flows through a wire.[8] For his discovery, the Royal Society of
London awarded Ørsted the Copley Medal in 1820 and the French
Academy granted him 3,000 francs

What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of

Electromagnetic Waves
Advantages
One advantage to using an electromagnetic energy source is that, depending
upon the electromechanical device used, you don’t need an external electrical
source to generate electrical power. One example of this is an alternating-
current (AC) generator. When rotational mechanical energy turns a coil inside of
the generator, it exposes that coil to changes in magnetic field. Those changes
induce the production of alternating current voltage – voltage where the current
changes directions with a certain frequency – between the two output ends of
the coil. Since no other energy is required other than the mechanical motion of
the rotating coil, this type of device can be advantageous in situations where
there is a ready source of mechanical energy, such as a steam or gas turbine, or
a diesel or gasoline engine.

Disadvantages
Electromagnetic power sources may not be as useful, or can perhaps be
dangerous to use, under certain circumstances. For instance, if you need to
have a power source that must have a regulated current output, both AC and DC
power generators would need to be run at a non-varying speed. Further, while a
DC power generator produces electrical current that flows in one direction, the
electrical current is irregular. To regulate the current produced by a DC
generator, you would need additional electrical equipment, such as a battery, a
capacitor and an inductor, as well as electronic components called diodes to
ensure that the current stays within a regulated range.
Benefits
 sanitary and therapeutic properties have a marked effect on
architecture, engineering and public health and have done so
throughout history.
 UVC is germicidal, destroying bacteria, viruses and moulds in
the air, in water and on surfaces.
 UV synthesises vitamin D in skin, controls the endocrine
system and is a painkiller.
 Used in state of the art air-handling units, personal air purifiers
and swimming pool technology.
 Used to detect forged bank notes: they fluoresce in UV light;
real bank notes don’t. Used to identify items outside visible
spectrum areas, known as 'black lighting'.

Uses of Electromagnetic Waves

Quick revise
Introduction

 Wavelength of the ElectroMagnetic spectrum continually changes

 high frequency = short wavelength
 high frequency = high energy
 high energy = more dangerous

Radio Waves (communications)

 TV and FM radio (short wavelength)

 Direct line of sight with transmitter (do not diffract)
 Medium wavelength – travel further because they reflect from layers
in the atmosphere

Satellite signals (Microwaves)

 Frequency of microwaves pass easily through atmosphere and

clouds

Cooking (Microwaves)

 Microwaves are absorbed by water molecules.

 These water molecules become heated > heat food
 Dangers: microwaves are absorbed by living tissue Internal heating
will damage or kill cells

Infrared Radiation (remote controls, toasters)

 Any object that radiates heat radiates Infrared Radiation

 Infrared Radiation is absorbed by all materials and causes heating
 It is used for night vision and security cameras as Infrared Radiation
is visible in daytime or night-time
 Police use it to catch criminals, army use it to detect enemy
 Dangers: damage to cells (burns)
