Felidae

Felidae is a family of mammals in the order Carnivora,

colloquially referred to as cats, and constitutes a clade. A
member of this family is also called a felid.[3][4][5][6] The
term "cat" refers both to felids in general and specifically to
the domestic cat (Felis catus).[7]

The Felidae species exhibit the most diverse fur pattern of

all terrestrial carnivores.[8] Cats have retractile claws,
slender muscular bodies and strong flexible forelimbs.
Their teeth and facial muscles allow for a powerful bite.
They are all obligate carnivores, and most are solitary
predators ambushing or stalking their prey. Wild cats occur
in Africa, Europe, Asia and the Americas. Some wild cat
species are adapted to forest habitats, some to arid
environments, and a few also to wetlands and
mountainous terrain. Their activity
Felidae[1]
patterns range from nocturnal and
Temporal range:
crepuscular to diurnal, depending on Oligocene–Present,
their preferred prey species.[9] 25–0 Ma
PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K PN
g

Reginald Innes Pocock divided the

extant Felidae into three subfamilies:
the Pantherinae, the Felinae and the
Acinonychinae, differing from each
other by the ossification of the hyoid
apparatus and by the cutaneous
sheaths which protect their claws.[10] Clockwise from top
This concept has been revised left: tiger (Panthera

following developments in molecular tigris), Canada lynx

(Lynx canadensis),
biology and techniques for analysis
fishing cat
of morphological data. Today, the
(Prionailurus
living Felidae are divided in two viverrinus), European
subfamilies: the Pantherinae and wildcat (Felis
Felinae, with the Acinonychinae silvestris), ocelot
subsumed into the latter. (Leopardus pardalis),
Pantherinae includes five Panthera Asian golden cat
(Catopuma
and two Neofelis species, while temminckii), serval

Felinae includes the other 34 species (Leptailurus serval)

and cougar (Puma
in ten genera.[11]
concolor).
The first cats emerged during the
Oligocene about 25 million years Scientific class
ago, with the appearance of Kingdom: Animalia
Proailurus and Pseudaelurus. The Phylum: Chordata
latter species complex was
Class: Mammalia
ancestral to two main lines of felids:
the cats in the extant subfamilies Order: Carnivora
and a group of extinct cats of the Suborder: Feliformi
subfamily Machairodontinae, which
Family: Felidae
include the saber-toothed cats such
Fischer
as the Smilodon. The "false sabre-
von
toothed cats", the Barbourofelidae
Waldheim,
and Nimravidae, are not true cats,
1817
but are closely related. Together with
the Felidae, Viverridae, hyaenas and Type genus
mongooses, they constitute the
Felis
Feliformia.[7]
Linnaeus, 1758
Characteristics Subfamilies
Felinae
Pantherinae
†Machairodontin
ae

Skull of a lion from Kruger National Park †Proailurinae[2]

0:00 / 0:00

Domestic cat purring and meowing

Felidae ranges

All members of the cat family have

the following characteristics in common:

They are digitigrade, have five toes on their forefeet and

four on their hind feet. Their curved claws are protractile
and attached to the terminal bones of the toe with
ligaments and tendons. The claws are guarded by
cutaneous sheaths, except in the Acinonyx.[12]
They actively protract the claws by contracting muscles
in the toe,[9] and they passively retract them. The
dewclaws are expanded but do not protract.[13]
They have 30 teeth with a dental formula of 3.1.3.1
3.1.2.1 . The
upper third premolar and lower molar are adapted as
carnassial teeth, suited to tearing and cutting flesh.[14]
The canine teeth are large, reaching exceptional size in
the extinct saber-toothed species. The lower carnassial
is smaller than the upper carnassial and has a crown
with two compressed blade-like pointed cusps.[9]
Their nose projects slightly beyond the lower jaw.[12]
They have well developed and highly sensitive whiskers
above the eyes, on the cheeks, on the muzzle, but not
below the chin.[12] Whiskers help to navigate in the dark
and to capture and hold prey.[13]
Their skull is foreshortened with a rounded profile and
large orbits.[13]
Their tongue is covered with horny papillae, which rasp
meat from prey and aid in grooming.[13]
Their eyes are relatively large, situated to provide
binocular vision. Their night vision is especially good due
to the presence of a tapetum lucidum, which reflects light
back inside the eyeball, and gives felid eyes their
distinctive shine. As a result, the eyes of felids are about
six times more light sensitive than those of humans, and
many species are at least partially nocturnal. The retina
of felids also contains a relatively high proportion of rod
cells, adapted for distinguishing moving objects in
conditions of dim light, which are complemented by the
presence of cone cells for sensing colour during the
day.[9]
Their external ears are large, and especially sensitive to
high-frequency sounds in the smaller cat species. This
sensitivity allows them to locate small rodent prey.[9]
They have lithe and flexible bodies with muscular
limbs.[9]
The plantar pads of both fore and hind feet form
compact three-lobed cushions.[14]
 The penis is subconical and boneless.[12] Relative to
body size, they have shorter bacula than canids.[15]
They cannot detect the sweetness of sugar, as they lack
the sweet-taste receptor.[16]
Felids have a vomeronasal organ in the roof of the
mouth, allowing them to "taste" the air.[17] The use of this
organ is associated with the Flehmen response.[18]
The standard sounds made by all felids include
meowing, spitting, hissing, snarling and growling.
Meowing is the main contact sound, whereas the others
signify an aggressive motivation.[9]
They can purr during both phases of respiration, though
pantherine cats seem to purr only during oestrus and
copulation, and as cubs when suckling. Purring is
generally a low pitch sound of less than 2 kHz and mixed
with other vocalization types during the expiratory
phase.[19]

The colour, length and density of their fur is very diverse.

Fur colour covers the gamut from white to black, and fur
pattern from distinctive small spots, stripes to small
blotches and rosettes. Most cat species are born with a
spotted fur, except the jaguarundi (Herpailurus
yagouaroundi), Asian golden cat (Catopuma temminckii)
and caracal (Caracal caracal). The spotted fur of lion
(Panthera leo) and cougar (Puma concolor) cubs change to
a uniform fur during their ontogeny.[8] Those living in cold
environments have thick fur with long hair, like the snow
leopard (Panthera uncia) and the Pallas's cat (Otocolobus
manul).[13] Those living in tropical and hot climate zones
have short fur. Several species exhibit melanism with all-
black individuals.[9]

In the great majority of cat species, the tail is between a

third and a half of the body length, although with some
exceptions, like the Lynx species and margay.[9] Cat species
vary greatly in body and skull sizes, and weights:

The largest cat species is the tiger (Panthera tigris), with

a head-to-body length of up to 390 cm (150 in), a weight
range of at least 65 to 325 kg (143 to 717 lb), and a skull
length ranging from 316 to 413 mm (12.4 to 16.3 in).[9][20]
Although the maximum skull length of a lion is slightly
 greater at 419 mm (16.5 in), it is generally smaller in
head-to-body length than the former.[21]
The smallest cat species are the rusty-spotted cat
(Prionailurus rubiginosus) and the black-footed cat (Felis
nigripes). The former is 35–48 cm (14–19 in) in length
and weighs 0.9–1.6 kg (2.0–3.5 lb).[9] The latter has a
head-to-body length of 36.7–43.3 cm (14.4–17.0 in) and
a maximum recorded weight of 2.45 kg (5.4 lb).[22][23]

Most cat species have a haploid number of 18 or 19.

Central and South American cats have a haploid number of
18, possibly due to the combination of two smaller
chromosomes into a larger one.[24]

Evolution

Feliform evolutionary timeline

Megantereon
model at
Natural History
Museum of
Basel

Model of
Smilodon
fatalis

Graphical
reconstruction
of an American
lion (Panthera
atrox)
The Felidae family is part of the Feliformia, a suborder that
diverged probably between 50.6 and 35 million years ago
into several families.[25] The Felidae and the Asiatic
linsangs are considered a sister group, which split between
35.2 to 31.9 million years ago.[26]

The earliest cats probably appeared between 35 and 28.5

million years ago. Proailurus is the oldest known cat that
occurred after the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event
about 33.9 million years ago; fossil remains were
excavated in France and Mongolia's Hsanda Gol
Formation.[7] Fossil occurrences indicate that the Felidae
arrived in North America earliest 25 million years ago. This
is about 20 million years later than the Ursidae and the
Nimravidae, and about 10 million years later than the
Canidae.[27]

In the Early Miocene between 20 and 16.6 million years

ago, Pseudaelurus lived in Africa. Its fossil jaws were also
excavated in geological formations of Europe's Vallesian,
Asia's Middle Miocene and North America's late
Hemingfordian to late Barstovian epochs.[28]
In the Early or Middle Miocene, the sabre-toothed
Machairodontinae evolved in Africa and migrated
northwards in the Late Miocene.[29] With their large upper
canines, they were adapted to prey on large-bodied
megaherbivores.[30][31] Miomachairodus is the oldest known
member of this subfamily. Metailurus lived in Africa and
Eurasia between 8 and 6 million years ago. Several
Paramachaerodus skeletons were found in Spain.
Homotherium appeared in Africa, Eurasia and North
America around 3.5 million years ago, and Megantereon
about 3 million years ago. Smilodon lived in North and
South America from about 2.5 million years ago. This
subfamily became extinct in the Late Pleistocene.[29]

Results of mitochondrial analysis indicate that the living

Felidae species descended from a common ancestor,
which originated in Asia in the Late Miocene epoch. They
migrated to Africa, Europe and the Americas in the course
of at least 10 migration waves during the past ~11 million
years. Low sea levels, interglacial and glacial periods
facilitated these migrations.[32] Panthera blytheae is the
oldest known pantherine cat dated to the late Messinian to
early Zanclean ages about 4.1–5.95 million years ago. A
fossil skull was excavated in 2010 in Zanda County on the
Tibetan Plateau.[33] Panthera palaeosinensis from North
China probably dates to the Late Miocene or Early Pliocene.
The skull of the holotype is similar to that of a lion or
leopard.[34] Panthera zdanskyi dates to the Gelasian about
2.55–2.16 million years ago. Several fossil skulls and
jawbones were excavated in northwestern China.[35]
Panthera gombaszoegensis is the earliest known
pantherine cat that lived in Europe between 1.95 and 1.77
million years ago.[36]

Living felids fall into eight evolutionary lineages or species

clades.[37][38] Genotyping of nuclear DNA of all 41 felid
species revealed that hybridization between species
occurred in the course of evolution within the majority of
the eight lineages.[39]

Modelling of felid coat pattern transformations revealed

that nearly all patterns evolved from small spots.[40]
Classification
Traditionally, five subfamilies have been distinguished
within the Felidae based on phenotypical features: the
Pantherinae, the Felinae, the Acinonychinae[10], and the
extinct Machairodontinae and Proailurinae.[2]

Living species

The following table shows the living genera within the

Felidae, grouped according to the traditional phenotypical
classification.[11] Estimated genetic divergence times of the
corresponding eight genotypical evolutionary lineages are
indicated in million years ago (Mya), based on analysis of
autosomal, xDNA, yDNA and mtDNA gene segments;[32]
and estimates based on analysis of biparental nuclear
genomes.[39]
Subfamily Pantherinae
Genus Species IUCN Red List status and distribution

Neofelis Gray, 1867[41] Clouded leopard (N. nebulosa) (Griffith, 1821)[42] VU [43]
[Lineage 1: 14.45 to 8.38 Mya] diverged 9.32 to 4.47 Mya

Sunda clouded leopard (N. diardi) (Cuvier, 1823)[44] VU [46]

diverged 2 to 0.9 Mya[45]

Panthera Oken, 1816[47] Leopard (P. pardus) (Linnaeus, 1758)[48] VU [49]

[Lineage 1]; 11.75 to 0.97 Mya[39]
diverged 4.63 to 1.81 Mya

Tiger (P. tigris) (Linnaeus, 1758)[50] EN [51]

diverged 4.62 to 1.82 Mya

Snow leopard (P. uncia) (Schreber, 1775)[52] VU [53]

diverged 4.62 to 1.82 Mya

Lion (P. leo) (Linnaeus, 1758)[54] VU [55]

diverged 3.46 to 1.22 Mya

Jaguar (P. onca) (Linnaeus, 1758)[56] NT [57]

diverged 3.46 to 1.22 Mya

Subfamily Felinae
IUCN Red List status and
Genus Species
distribution

Pardofelis Severtzov, 1858[58] Marbled cat (P. marmorata) (Martin, 1836)[59] NT [60]
[Lineage 2: 12.77 to 7.36 Mya] diverged 8.42 to 4.27 Mya

Catopuma Severtzov, 1858[58] Asian golden cat (C. temminckii) (Vigors & Horsfield, NT [62]
[Lineage 2]; 8.47 to 0.41 Mya[39] 1827)[61]

diverged 6.42 to 2.96 Mya; 4.58 to 0.03 Mya[39]

Bay cat (C. badia) (Gray, 1874)[63] EN [64]

diverged 6.42 to 2.96 Mya; 4.58 to 0.03 Mya[39]

Leptailurus Severtzov, 1858[58] Serval (L. serval) (Schreber, 1775)[65] LC[66]

[Lineage 3: 11.56 to 6.66 Mya]
 diverged 7.91 to 4.14 Mya

Caracal Gray, 1843[67] Caracal (C. caracal) (Schreber, 1776)[68] LC[69]

[Lineage 3]; 11.99 to 3.64 Mya[39]
diverged 2.93 to 1.19 Mya; 6.25 to 0.07 Mya[39]

African golden cat (C. aurata) (Temminck, 1827)[70] VU [71]

diverged 2.93 to 1.19 Mya; 6.25 to 0.07 Mya[39]

Leopardus Gray, 1842[72] Pampas cat (L. colocola) (Molina, 1782)[73] NT [74]
[Lineage 4: 10.95 to 6.3 Mya]; 5.19 to 0.93 diverged 2.70 to 1.18 Mya
Mya[39]

Andean mountain cat (L. jacobitus) (Cornalia, 1865)[75] EN [76]

diverged 2.70 to 1.18 Mya

Ocelot (L. pardalis) (Linnaeus, 1758)[77] LC[78]

diverged 2.41 to 1.01 Mya; 4.76 to 0.05 Mya[39]

Margay (L. wiedii) (Schinz, 1821)[79] NT [80]

diverged 2.41 to 1.01 Mya; 4.76 to 0.05 Mya[39]

Kodkod (L. guigna) (Molina, 1782)[73] VU [81]

diverged 1.48 to 0.56 Mya; 4.64 to 0.04 Mya[39]

Geoffroy's cat (L. geoffroyi) (d'Orbigny & Gervais, 1844)[82] LC[83]

 diverged 1.48 to 0.56 Mya; 4.64 to 0.04 Mya[39]

Oncilla (L. tigrinus) (Schreber, 1775)[84] VU [85]

diverged 1.48 to 0.56 Mya

Southern tigrina (L. guttulus) (Hensel, 1872)[86] VU [88]

diverged 0.8 to 0.5 Mya[87]

Lynx Kerr, 1792[89] Bobcat (L. rufus) (Schreber, 1777)[90] LC[91]

[Lineage 5: 9.81 to 5.62 Mya]; 8.67 to 2.39 diverged 4.74 to 2.53 Mya
Mya[39]

Canada lynx (L. canadensis) Kerr, 1792[89] LC[92]

diverged 2.6 to 1.06 Mya

 Eurasian lynx (L. lynx) (Linnaeus, 1758)[93] LC[94]

diverged 1.98 to 0.7 Mya

Iberian lynx (L. pardinus) (Temminck, 1827)[95] EN [96]

diverged 1.98 to 0.7 Mya

Acinonyx Brookes, 1828[97] Cheetah (A. jubatus) Schreber, 1775)[98] VU [99]

[Lineage 6: 9.20 to 5.27 Mya] diverged 6.92 to 3.86 Mya

Puma Jardine 1834[100] Cougar (P. concolor) Linnaeus, 1771[101] LC[102]

[Lineage 6] diverged 6.01 to 3.16 Mya

Herpailurus Severtzov, 1858[58] Jaguarundi (H. yagouaroundi) (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, LC[104]

[Lineage 6] 1803)[103]
 diverged 6.01 to 3.16 Mya

Otocolobus Ognev, 1928[105] Pallas's cat (O. manul) (Pallas, 1776)[106] NT [107]
[Lineage 7: 8.55 to 4.8 Mya]; 9.4 to 1.46 diverged 8.16 to 4.53 Mya
Mya[39]

Prionailurus Severtzov, 1858[58] Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus) (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, NT [109]
[Lineage 7]; 8.76 to 0.73 Mya[39] 1834)[108]

diverged 6.54 to 3.42 Mya

Leopard cat (P. bengalensis) (Kerr, 1792)[110] LC[111]

diverged 4.31 to 2.04 Mya

Fishing cat (P. viverrinus) (Bennett, 1833)[112] VU [113]

diverged 3.82 to 1.74 Mya

 Flat-headed cat (P. planiceps) (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827)[61] VU [114]

diverged 3.82 to 1.74 Mya

Sunda leopard cat (P. javanensis) (Desmarest, 1816)[115]

diverged 1.3 to 0.56 Mya[116]

Felis Linnaeus, 1758[117] Jungle cat (F. chaus) Schreber, 1777[118] LC[119]
[Lineage 8: 4.88 to 2.41 Mya]; 6.52 to 1.03 diverged 4.88 to 2.41 Mya
Mya[39]

Black-footed cat (F. nigripes) Burchell, 1824[120] VU [121]

diverged 4.44 to 2.16 Mya

Sand cat (F. margarita) Loche, 1858[122] LC[123]

diverged 3.67 to 1.72 Mya

 Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti) Milne-Edwards, 1892[124] VU [125]

diverged 1.86 to 0.72 Mya

African wildcat (F. lybica) Forster, 1780[126]

diverged 1.86 to 0.72 Mya

European wildcat (F. silvestris) Schreber, 1777[127] LC[128]

diverged 1.62 to 0.59 Mya

Domestic cat (F. catus) Linnaeus, 1758[117]

Phylogeny
The phylogenetic relationships of living felids are shown in
the following cladogram:[32]

ld
Felidae Panthera lineage
 
  Clouded leopard (N. nebulosa)
Neofelis  
    Sunda clouded leopard (N. diardi)
 
  Snow leopard (P. uncia)
   
Pantherinae     Tiger (P. tigris)
   
Panthera   Jaguar (P. onca)
   
    Leopard (P. pardus)
     
    Lion (P. leo)
 
Felinae Bay cat lineage
  Pardofelis Marbled cat (P. marmorata)
 
    Bay cat (C. badia)
  Catopuma  
    Asian golden cat (C. temminckii)
 
  Caracal lineage
  Leptailurus Serval (L. serval)
 
  Caracal   Caracal (C. caracal)
     
  African golden cat (C. aurata)
 
  Ocelot lineage
  Leopardus   Ocelot (L. pardalis)
     
    Margay (L. wiedii)
 
      Andean mountain cat (L. jacobita)
     
( )
   Pampas cat (L. colocola)
 
  Geoffroy's cat (L. geoffroyi)
   
      Kodkod (L. guigna)
   
  Oncilla (L. tigrina)
 
Felini Lynx lineage
    Bobcat (L. rufus)
 
  Canada lynx (L. canadensis)
Lynx  
      Eurasian lynx (L. lynx)
     
    Iberian lynx (L. pardinus)
 
  Puma lineage
  Acinonyx Cheetah (A. jubatus)
 
Puma Cougar (P.
    concolor)
   
  Jaguarundi
Herpailurus (H.
  yagouaroundi)
  Leopard cat lineage
   
  Otocolobus Pallas's cat (O.
  manul)
Prionailurus Rusty-spotted
    cat (P.
  rubiginosus)

      Leopard cat
      (P.

)
 bengalensis)

Fishing cat
  (P.
  viverrinus)

Flat-headed
  cat (P.
  planiceps)

   
    Jungle cat (F. chaus)

  Black-footed cat (F.

  nigripes)

  Sand cat (F.

  margarita)

Chinese
  mountain cat
Felis   (F. bieti)
   
   
 
    African wildcat
    (F. lybica)
 
  European
  wildcat (F.
  silvestris)
 
 
  Domestic cat
  (F. catus)

Domestic cat lineage    

Prehistoric taxa
Proailurinae
Proailurus (Filhol, 1879)[129]
P. lemanensis (Filhol, 1879)
P. bourbonnensis (Peigne, 1999)[130]
P. major (Peigne, 1999)[130]
Pseudaelurus (Gervais, 1850)[131][7]
P. quadridentatus (Blainville, 1882)
P. guangheesis (Cao et al, 1990)
P. cuspidatus (Wang et al, 1998)
Sivaelurus (Pilgrim, 1910)
S. chinjiensis (Pilgrim, 1910)
Hyperailurictis (Kretzoi, 1929)
H. intrepidus (Leidy, 1858)
H. marshi (Thorpe, 1922)
H. stouti (Schultz & Martin, 1972)
H. validus (Rothwell, 2001)
H. skinneri (Rothwell, 2003)
Styriofelis (Kretzoi, 1929)
S. turnauensis (Deperet, 1892)
 S. romieviensis (Roman & Viret, 1934)
Miopanthera (Kretzoi, 1938)
M. lorteti (Gaillard, 1899)
M. pamiri (Ozansoy, 1965)
Pantherinae
Panthera
P. spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810)[132]
P. atrox (Leidy, 1853)[133]
P. fossilis (Reichenau, 1906)
P. palaeosinensis (Zdansky, 1924)
P. youngi (Pei, 1934)
P. gombaszoegensis (Kretzoi, 1938)[134]
P. shawi (Broom, 1948)
P. zdanskyi (Mazák, Christiansen & Kitchener, 2011)[35]
P. blytheae (Tseng et al., 2013)[33]
P. balamoides (Stinnesbeck et al., 2019)
P. leo
P. leo sinhaleyus
P. onca
 P. onca augusta (Leidy, 1872)
P. onca mesembrina (Cabrera 1934)
P. pardus
P. pardus spelaea (Bächler, 1936)
P. pardus
P. tigris trinilensis (Dubois, 1908)
P. tigris soloensis (Koenigswald, 1933)
Felinae
Felis
F. lunensis (Martelli, 1906)
Lynx
L. issiodorensis (Croizet & Jobert, 1828)
L. rexroadensis (Stephens, 1959)[135][136]
L. thomasi
Puma
P. pardoides (Owen, 1846)
P. pumoides (Castellanos, 1956)
Acinonyx
A. pardinensis (Croizet & Jobert, 1828)
 A. intermedius (Thenius, 1954)[7]
A. aicha (Geraads, 1997)
Sivapanthera (Kretzoi, 1929)
S. arvernensis (Croizet & Jobert, 1828)
S. brachygnathus (Lydekker, 1884)
S. pleistocaenicus (Zdansky, 1925)
S. potens (Pilgrim, 1932)
S. linxiaensis (Qiu et al., 2004)
S. padhriensis (Ghaffar & Akhtar, 2004)
Pratifelis (Hibbard, 1934)
P. martini (Hibbard, 1934)
Miracinonyx (Adams, 1979)[137]
M. inexpectatus (Cope, 1895)
M. trumani (Orr, 1969)
Diamantofelis (Morales, Pickford, Soria & Fraile, 1998)[138]
D. ferox (Morales, Pickford, Soria & Fraile, 1998)
Namafelis (Morales, Pickford, Fraile, Salesa & Soria,
2003)[139]
 N. minor (Morales, Pickford, Fraile, Salesa & Soria,
2003)

Asilifelis (Werdelin, 2011)[140]

A. coteae Werdelin, 2011
Leptofelis (Salesa et al., 2012)
L. vallesiensis (Salesa et al., 2012)
Pristifelis (Salesa et al., 2012)
P. attica (Wagner, 1857)
Katifelis (Adrian, Werdelin & Grossman, 2018)[141]
K. nightingalei (Adrian, Werdelin & Grossman, 2018)
Machairodontinae
Tchadailurus (Salesa et al., 2012)
T. adei (Bonis et al., 2018)
Tribe Metailurini:
Metailurus (Zdansky, 1924)[142]
M. major (Zdansky, 1924)
M. mongoliensis (Colbert, 1939)
M. ultimus (Li, 2014)
M. boodon
 Adelphailurus (Hibbard, 1934)
A. kansensis (Hibbard, 1934)
Stenailurus
S. teilhardi
Dinofelis (Zdansky, 1924)[29][143]
D. aronoki
D. barlowi
D. cristata
D. darti
D. diastemata
D. paleoonca
D. petteri
D. piveteaui
Yoshi (Spassov and Geraads, 2014)[144]
Y. minor (Zdansky, 1924)
Y. garevskii (Spassov and Geraads, 2014)
Tribe Smilodontini:
Megantereon (Croizet & Jobert, 1828)
M. cultridens (Cuvier, 1824)
 M. nihowanensis (Teilhard de Chardin &
Piveteau, 1930)

M. hesperus (Gazin, 1933)

M. whitei (Broom, 1937)
M. inexpectatus (Tielhard de Chardin, 1939)
M. vakshensis (Sarapov, 1986)
M. ekidoit (Werdelin & Lewis, 2000)
M. microta (Zhu et al., 2015)
Smilodon (Lund, 1842)
S. populator (Lund, 1842)
S. fatalis (Leidy, 1869)
S. gracilis (Cope, 1880)
Paramachairodus (Pilgrim, 1913)
P. maximiliani
P. orientalis
P. transasiaticus
Promegantereon (Kretzoi, 1938)[142]
P. ogygia (Kretzoi, 1938)
Rhizosmilodon (Wallace & Hulbert, 2013)
 R. fiteae (Wallace & Hulbert, 2013)
Tribe Homotherini:
Homotherium (Fabrini, 1890)
H. latidens (Owen, 1846)
H. serum (Cope, 1893)
H. ischyrus (Merriam, 1905)
H. venezuelensis (Rincón et al., 2011)
Amphimachairodus (Kretzoi, 1929)[142]
A. giganteus (Kretzoi, 1929)
A. kurteni (Sotnikova, 1992)
A. kabir (Peigné et al., 2005)
A. coloradensis (Anton et al., 2013)
A. alvarezi (Ruiz-Ramoni et al., 2019)
Nimravides (Kitts, 1958)[142]
N. catacopsis (Cope, 1887)
N. pedionomus (MacDonald, 1948)
N. thinobates (MacDonald, 1948)
N. hibbardi (Dalquest, 1969)
N. galiani (Baskin, 1981)
 Xenosmilus (Martin et al., 2000)
X. hodsonae (Martin et al., 2000)
Lokotunjailurus (Werdelin, 2003)
L. emageritus (Werdelin, 2003)
L. fanonei (Bonis, Peigné, Mackaye, Likius,
Vignaud & Brunet, 2010)

Tribe Machairodontini:
Machairodus (Kaup, 1833)[142]
M. aphanistus (Kaup, 18329
M. horribilis (Schlosser, 1903)
M. robinsoni (Kurtén, 1975)
M. pseudaeluroides (Schmidt-Kittler 1976)
M. alberdiae (Ginsburg et al., 1981)
M. laskerevi (Sotnikova, 1992)
Hemimachairodus (Koenigswald, 1974)
H. zwierzyckii (Koenigswald, 1974)
Miomachairodus (Schmidt-Kittler 1976)
M. pseudaeluroides (Schmidt-Kittler 1976)

See also