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SHREDDER MACHINE AND ECO-SYNTHETIC WOOD GENERATION


THROUGH THE REUSE OF PLASTIC SOLID WASTE:
AN ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE PROJECT

A Research presented to the Faculty of


Cardona Senior High School
Cardona, Rizal

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject


Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion
for Humanities and Social Sciences

CARL ADAM B. ESTACIO


JONSYRILL F. VILLARAN

JOJIMAR JULIAN
Research Adviser

February 2019
2

APPROVAL SHEET

This research entitled PLASTIC SHREDDER MACHINE AND ECO-

SYNTHETIC WOOD GENERATION THROUGH THE REUSE OF PLASTIC

SOLID WASTE: AN ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE PROJECT prepared

and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Inquiries,

Investigations and Immersion by Carl Adam B. Estacio, and Jonsyrill F. Villaran

is hereby recommended for approval and acceptance.

______________ MARIA VICTORIA I. SAN JUAN, M.A.T.


Date Adviser

Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Inquiries,


Investigations and Immersion by the Oral Examination Committee.

NERSON R. JULIAN, M.A.T. APRIL JOY V. RAMOS, M.A.T


Member Member

JOJIMAR SJ. JULIAN, M.A.T.


Chairman

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Inquiries,


Investigations and Immersion.

_________________ LUCILLIE P. ANGELES


Date Principal II
3

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The researchers extended their sincerest gratitude to the following for their

support and assistance in the success of this study.

MRS. LUCILLIE P. ANGELES, Principal, for her moral support in

conducting this study.

MRS. MA. VICTORIA I. SAN JUAN, Inquiries, Investigations and

Immersion Teacher, who shared her knowledge and time to enhance the study.

MR. JOJIMAR SJ. JULIAN, MR. NERSON R. JULIAN, and MRS. APRIL

JOY V. RAMOS for providing comments and suggestions for the improvement of

the research.

MRS. RACQUEL B. PUNZALAN, English Teacher; MRS. TERESA F.

CAMPO, English Teacher; MRS. APRIL JOY V. RAMOS, English Teacher;

MRS. MA. ANGELICA S. PADIN, Research Teacher; and MR. JOJIMAR S.J

JULIAN, Research Teacher, for the validation of our research questionnaire.

Special appreciation is also given to the respondents for sharing their time

and knowledge in the field for the success of this study.

The Researchers
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DEDICATION
This piece of work is dedicated first and
foremost to our God Almighty, for giving us
enough knowledge and for guiding us. To our
families & friends, for the support to our
research project.

Thank You and God Bless!

Carl Adam

Syrill
5

ABSTRACT

TITLE : PLASTIC SHREDDER MACHINE


AND ECO-SYNTHETIC WOOD
GENERATION THROUGH THE
REUSE OF PLASTIC SOLID WASTE:
AN ENVIRONMENTALLY
SUSTAINABLE PROJECT

NUMBER OF PAGES : 70

AUTHORS : CARL ADAM B. ESTACIO


JONSYRILL F. VILLARAN

TYPE OF DOCUMENT : RESEARCH PAPER

INSTITUTION : Cardona Senior High School

Executive Summary:

The population of the Philippines is rapidly increasing. According to

Worldometers, as of July 21, 2018, the population size of our country is

106,586,806 based on the latest United Nations estimates the consequent of

increasing population and developing technologies, triggers the negative impact

of garbage accumulation which affects different regions. At the rate the

metropolis is generating trash, the 3 landfills it is using would be rendered

unusable by 2037 at the latest, the MMDA report said. Currently, this is one of
6

our biggest environmental problems. As a matter of fact, the implementation of a

successful management system must include the population and be compatible

with the nature of every city, observing the peculiarities of each micro-region.

This issue must be in line with global trends, such as Circular Economy, the

Principle 3R's (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle), and the Patenting of Green

Technologies. This article aims to determine the acceptability of the developed

Plastic Shredder Machine and the mechanical properties of eco-synthetic wood

from the reused plastic solid waste. This study utilized the experimental -

developmental research design on making eco-synthetic wood through the reuse

of plastic solid waste materials. In this, the real possibility of using urban waste

and recycled plastic waste for the manufacturing of eco-synthetic wood

composites was observed. Therefore, the possibility of using urban waste and

recycled plastic waste for the manufacturing of eco-synthetic wood composites is

investigated as a potentially environmental sustainable project.


7

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

TITLE PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i

APPROVAL SHEET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

DEDICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x

LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

Chapter

1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Background and Purpose of the study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Hypothesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
Significance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
Scope and Limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
8

2. THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES

Research Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Subject of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Setting of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Source of data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Procedure of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Statistical Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

3. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Computed Weighted Mean on the Acceptability of Plastic


Shredder Machine as Revealed by the Respondents
in terms of Functionality, Safety and Maintenance,
Portability, Design, and Completeness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Composite Rank of the level of acceptability of Plastic


Shredder Machine in terms of Functionality, Portability,
Safety and Maintenance, Design, and Completeness . . . . . 57

The flexural strength and tensile strength of the eco-synthetic


wood from polyethylene plastics and wood based materials
in accordance to American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) standards for Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Significant Difference On The Flexural Strength and Tensile


Strength Of The Eco-Synthetic Wood From Polyethylene
Plastics And Wood Based Materials In Accordance To
American Society For Testing And Materials (ASTM)
Standards For Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Grams of polyethylene plastics were used in making


8 by 8 inches of eco-synthetic wood considering the
Results in accordance with American Society for Testing
and Materials (ASTM) standards for Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
9

4. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

APPENDIX

1. Gantt Chart of Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73


B. Questionnaire Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
C. Certificate of Content Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
D. Laboratory Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

CURRICULUM VITAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
10

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Ratio and equivalent grams of Polyethylene Plastics


and Wood-based Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

2 Computed Weighted Mean on the Acceptability of Plastic


Shredder Machine as Revealed by the Respondents
in terms of Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

3 Computed Weighted Mean on the Acceptability of Plastic


Shredder Machine as Revealed by the Respondents
in terms of Safety and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

4 Computed Weighted Mean on the Acceptability of Plastic


Shredder Machine as Revealed by the Respondents
in terms of Portability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

5 Computed Weighted Mean on the Acceptability of Plastic


Shredder Machine as Revealed by the Respondents
in terms of Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

6 Computed Weighted Mean on the Acceptability of Plastic


Shredder Machine as Revealed by the Respondents
in terms of Completeness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

7 Composite Rank of the level of acceptability of Plastic


Shredder Machine in terms of Functionality, Portability,
Safety and Maintenance, Design, and Completeness . . . . . . . 58

8 The flexural strength and tensile strength of the eco-synthetic


wood from polyethylene plastics and wood based materials
in accordance to American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM) standards for Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

9 Significant Difference On The Flexural Strength Of The


Eco-Synthetic Wood From Polyethylene Plastics And Wood
Based Materials In Accordance To American Society For
Testing And Materials (ASTM) Standards For Plastics . . . . . . 61
11

10 Significant Difference On The Tensile Strength Of The


Eco-Synthetic Wood From Polyethylene Plastics And Wood
Based Materials In Accordance To American Society For
Testing And Materials (ASTM) Standards For Plastics . . . . . . 62

11 Grams of polyethylene plastics were used in making 8 by 8


inches of eco-synthetic wood considering the results in
accordance with American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) standards for Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
12

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Waste Characterization per Barangay (kg) in


Cardona, Rizal 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2 Conceptual Model Showing the Bio-Synthetic Wood


Generation through the Reuse of Plastic Solid Waste:
An Environmentally Sustainable Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

3 Materials used on making Plastic Shredder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26


4 Plastic Shredder Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5 Tools used on making Eco-synthetic wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
6 Weighed materials needed on making Eco-synthetic wood . . . 40
7 Photographic representation on combining wood-based
materials and plastic on making Eco-synthetic wood using
Two-roll mill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
13

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter generally consists of the introduction, background and

purpose of the study, conceptual framework, statement of the problem,

hypothesis, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study and

definition of terms.

Introduction

The population of the Philippines is rapidly increasing. According to

Worldometers, as of July 21, 2018, the population size of our country is

106,586,806 based on the latest United Nations estimates. And as the population

our country is booming, the amount of waste is continuously increasing also,

especially on the urban areas.

According to the Senate of the Philippines, Metro Manila or the National

Capital Region generated the biggest volume of wastes followed by Region 4A –

CALABARZON, and Region 3.

It is very alarming because of the possible effects of the large amount of

solid waste to the health of the people and in the environment. Waste in landfills

emits various greenhouse gases like methane, and it contributes also to climate

change. So the government and different agencies made various ways to lessen

the problem that our country is facing today.


14

As researchers, they think of what way they can lessen the solid waste in

Cardona, Rizal through recycling of these unwanted materials. They conducted

this study with the primary aim to create and determine the mechanical

properties of eco-synthetic wood from the reused plastic solid waste.

Background and Purpose of the study

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2018 of United States defined

solid waste as any unwanted waste produced by daily human activities. It

includes industrial and commercial activities, mining, agricultural operations, and

from community activities.

The term solid waste do not refer only to those physically “solid” wastes

that people usually defined as firm of hard or the waste that they can hold or

touch. According to EPA, solid wastes are also in the form of liquid, semi-solid, or

contained gaseous material.

Solid waste can be classified as municipal solid waste, hazardous wastes,

industrial wastes, agricultural wastes, bio-medical wastes, and waste

minimization. Wastes are being classified according to their sources.

Garbage and solid waste problem is one of the environmental issues in

the Philippines. It is evident because of the large amount of wastes that our

country is producing every year, and poor solid waste management.

According to the senate of the Philippines (2017), solid waste

management is a serious problem in our country, most likely in urban places,


15

specifically its capital Metro Manila. Improper waste disposal, irregular and

ineffective collection of garbage and poor disposal facilities like Materials

Recovery Facility (MRF) are some of the major problems of poor solid waste

management in our country, thus affecting the environment and the health of the

people.

Based on the report of the National Solid Waste Management

Commission (NSWMC) about the waste generation of the Philippines in the year

2012 – 2016, as cited by the Senate of the Philippines, as the population

continuously increases, rapid economic growth, improvement of living standards,

and industrialization, the total generated wastes of the Philippines is also

increasing. The results of NSWMC showed that from 2012 with 37,427.46 tons

per day, it increased to 40,087.45 tons in 2016 with an estimated average per

capita waste generation of 0.40 kilograms per day, both rural and urban. Among

all the regions un the Philippines, Metro Manila has the largest waste volume of

9,212.92 tons per day in 2016, since it has a bigger population size,

establishments and due to modern lifestyle. It is followed by Region 4A with

4,440.15 tons per day (11.08%) and Region 3 with 3,890.12 tons per day

(9.70%).

Castillo (2013), asserted on her study entitled “Status of Solid Waste

Management in the Philippines” that solid waste management is a serious

problem that needs a serious solution, most likely in the developing countries like

Philippines. Because of the rapid population and economic growth, production of

products and generation of wastes, it contributes to the environment and


16

ecological issues in the country and the world. She concluded that the

Philippines is not efficient in attaining a clean environment and contribute more in

the emission of greenhouse gases in the country, through having an unhealthy

practices in solid waste management like burning plastics, littering and improper

waste segregation and disposal. She also stated that there is a low compliance

of the local government units regarding to Republic Act 9003 of the Ecological

Solid Waste Act of 2000.

Moreover, based on the results of the study of Matunog and Awa (2013)

about solid waste generation rate in Ozamiz City, Philippines, it revealed that the

households in Ozamiz City are the top contributors of bio-degradable waste,

mostly from low income households. It also showed that among the four

categories: bio-degradable wastes; recyclable wastes; residual wastes; and

special wastes, bio-degradable waste components contributed most to the waste

generation in Ozamiz City followed by residual wastes.

Moreover, according to Solid Waste Management of Cardona, Rizal

Cardona is a third-class municipality with a population of more or less 50,000. It

is divided by the geographical situation where 11 barangays are in the mainland

Cardona, while the rest of 7 barangays are in the island called Talim Island. Only

wastes from the mainland barangays are being collected by the two (2) dump

trucks alternately routing around. Barangays Sampad, Nagsulo, and Ticulio are

not routed due to its accessibility. Thereby, only eight (8) barangays are being

served by the truck. With the absence of industries and other commercial
17

establishments, most of the wastes commonly present in the area are household

wastes.

Figure 1
Waste Characterization per Barangay (kg) in Cardona, Rizal 2015

Figure 1 shows the waste characterization of the different barangays in

Cardona, Rizal in the year 2015.

Based on the data, Baranggay Looc generates most solid waste probably

due to its population, while the least generator is Barangay Nagsulo because of

its small population. Biodegradable and recyclable wastes are most common in

Barangay Looc with 1,922.87 kgs., and 1,178.06 kgs.per day. Residual wastes

comprise of almost 16% of the entire town. Special wastes accounted 0.56%

collected from Rural Health Unit only since the two private hospitals have their

own hauler of their hospital wastes.


18

Gallarpe (2017) concluded on his study entitled “Review on the Impacts of

Waste Disposal Sites in the Philippines” that based on the present status of

different disposal sites in the Philippines, the potential contamination of these

disposal sites may affect groundwater, soil, air, plants, and other living organisms

like animals and people, especially those who are near at the site. It may cause

also different diseases like gastrointestinal diseases, because of the use of the

contaminated water from the well near at the disposal site, upper respiratory and

skin diseases. Therefore, the poor solid waste in our country has an impact in the

environment and public health.

“The disposal and treatment of waste can produce emissions of several

greenhouse gases (GHG’s) which contribute to global climate change. The most

significant GHG produced from waste is methane. It is released during the

breakdown of organic matters in landfills. Other forms of waste disposal also

produce GHG’s, but these are mainly in the form of carbon dioxide.” (Toepfer

2002)

Shamimur Rahman, et.al, (2010) on their case study on the solid waste

management in Dhaka City in Bangladesh and its impacts on climate change

stated that Bangladesh is considered to be one of the countries that are

vulnerable to the impact of climate change. The waste generation amount in

cities like Dhaka City with a population of 13.5 million, is too much because of its

population size.
19

The results on their study showed that there are about 26.89 Giga gram

(Gg) methane (CH4) emitted from the solid waste generated at Dhaka City, year

2010. In fact, there is no emission of methane in Bangladesh from not burning in

any landfill site and the oxidation factor is zero.

In addition, according to Shamimur Rahman, et.al, (2010), “it is also from

the GHG emission calculation on the basis of IPCC Guidelinetier-1 that there are

20.5 Gg and 16.96 Gg methane emitted from the landfill site at Dhaka City for

1670 ton and 1375-ton municipal solid waste in 2005 and 2001.”

Furthermore, Perez (2011) said that the sources of the emission of

greenhouse gases are solid wastes, wastes from the industrial and domestic

sectors, and human sewage, for the waste sector, its emission of carbon dioxide

for the year 2000 is 11,556 Giga gram. Approximately 47% of the total emissions

is produced by solid wastes with 259 Gg of methane and 5,439 Gg of carbon

dioxide.

As of 2010, from 1990, the total greenhouse gas emissions in the world

increased by 31%, from 38,258 MtCO2 in 1990 to 49,329 MtCO2 in 2010. These

greenhouse gas emissions came from the energy sector with 35% contribution to

the greenhouse gas emissions in the world followed by industry sector with 18%

share, and 11% accounted from both agriculture and energy sectors. Other

contributors were transport (13%), buildings (8%), and waste (4%). It also

revealed that Philippines was ranked sixth in the highest greenhouse gas

emissions in Southeast Asia, with a share of 0.31% global greenhouse gas


20

emissions as cited by the Senate of the Philippines from European Commission

Joint Research Centre (JRC) / Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency

(PBL), Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), (2013).

On the other hand, our government has different ways on how to decrease

the greenhouse gas emission, and the rate of solid waste generation as well, like

recycling.

Likewise, according to Republic Act of 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000, Chapter lll, Article 4, Section 26-33, that DTI together

with different concerned sectors and agencies must conduct a study of existing

markets on their means of manufacturing recyclable materials. It also suggest to

require the manufactures to have an eco-label in the packaging of the products to

facilitate waste, recycling and reuse of these materials. In addition to that, there

must be programs about the separate collection of recyclable materials and toxic

components, prohibition on using non-environmentally or eco-friendly packaging

and recycling market development by means of making procedures and

strategies to market recyclable materials and develop the local market for recycle

goods. Correspondingly, the act encourages all local government units to have a

Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) in every barangay which is responsible in

sorting, segregation, composting and recycling solid wastes.

Singh, et.al, (2016) concluded on their study entitled "Recycling of Plastic

Solid Waste: A state of Art Review and Future Applications" that "decreasing the

use of virgin material and reusing the PSW will contribute towards the
21

sustainability of environmental and global warming situation. Land filling being

the easiest option to discard the PSW is continuously increasing the global

issues on the other hand increasing the space requirement. To reduce the

landfilling various technologies along with separation technique, reinforced

plastic material and applications of reinforced PSW have been discussed in this

paper. This paper contributes the various separation, identification technique for

PSW including froth flotation and MPS. Froth flotation method can handle high

amounts of PSW separation efficiency in single term and most commonly used.

Without separation of plastic material contamination of collected waste can

reduce the properties of bi-product."

Correspondingly, Acosta, et.al, (2012) stated that the Philippine National

Solid Waste Management Strategy (NSWMS) was established to address

different struggles and challenges faced by the Solid Waste Management (SWM)

implementors. This medium term plan together with the National Solid Waste

Management Framework (NSWMF) was designed to bring about concerted

efforts and convergence in the waste sector. According to their study, it was built

along the principle dimensions of scope of waste management activities; critical

actors and partners in implementing the activities; and the means for

implementing the solid waste management objectives.

In line with this, it also involves determining the gains, acknowledging the

challenges and re-configure strategies in municipal solid waste management

implementation as the National Solid Waste Management Strategy continue

develops. NSWMS is aiming a mechanism that will make NSWMS possible,


22

implement a better SWM, and mainstream cross-cutting policies and emerging

concepts into the Philippine SWM sector in a more strategies and well-

coordinated manner.

Moreover, the involvement of other key stakeholders in the planning

process makes it more realistic. Since it ensures the timeliness, practicality, and

balanced perspective on the solid plan. It also opens an opportunity for other

sectors to have a contribution on the planning process, the involvement of

emerging technologies and the importance of harmonizing policies on SWM. In

addition, it may bring on enhancing the Philippine Solid Waste Management

sector.

Furthermore, based on the findings in Margarita Paghasian's study entitled

"Awareness and Practices on Solid Waste Management among College Students

in Mindanao State University Maigo State of Arts and Trades" on 2017, she

found out that the level of awareness of the students in solid waste management

was high. However, in terms of students practices in solid waste management,

the student practiced segregation, reduce, reuse wastes, but they had fair

practices on recycling and proper disposal. She asserted on her recommendation

that the solid waste management programs should be intensified through

different campaigns and seminars with respect to solid waste management.

"Recycling is not very good in the Philippines. Another major reason we're

focusing on this is that with plastic there's no such thing as recycling- it's down

cycling. You melt it down, and it is transformed into another type of plastic. And
23

so on, until you get to a point where it can be used again. You have a lump of

plastic that is non-composted." as quoted by Ziggie Gonzales (2017). With his

statement, Ziggie Gonzales thinks of an idea on how he can use rubbishes

stuffed in plastic bottles into eco-bricks, as a way of upcycling plastics rather than

letting them leak back into environment. Unlike from usual hollow blocks or

bricks, bottle bricks won’t fall but will only shake in an earthquake. This was

proven since there was an existing study carried out in Bangladesh in 2016. The

study found out that the bottle bricks were twice strong as conventional concrete

cylinders.

According to Pauline Maceda's article (2018), she featured Green Antz

Company wherein they create eco-bricks made from plastic sachets mixed with

cement. A one eco-brick are composed of 100 plastic sachets. Moreover, plastic

sachets also help in increasing the bricks thermal insulating properties. Also,

unlike hollow blocks with a drab color of grey, Green Antz' eco-bricks have a

variety of types that can be used for various architectural design because of its

versatility.

Indeed, recycling solid waste materials can gives us an extraordinary

product that is more likely to be better than the commercially available of it.

Another example for this is the greener than green eco deck. According to Ethan

Allen, eco deck is an eco-friendly product made through the use of recycled

wood fibers, plastics, adhesives and stabilizers. With the help of technologically-

advanced manufacturing process, eco deck advance to a new level as it resists


24

warpage, splintering, rotting and even insect infestation that surely makes it work

better than the commercially available one.

Improvenet (2014) defined synthetic wood decking as the combination of

different materials such as wood fiber and plastics. This process is also called

composite decking. The mentioned materials are used to generate a decking

plank that requires less maintenance and is believed that it can be used for many

years compared to the life span of an ordinary wood. Composite decking can

resist different weather conditions that may result to cracking, warping, and

breaking. It can't be easily damage by insects like termites and doesn't need to

put water repellant or stain treatments because of its various properties.

Synthetic wood decking is usually made from polymers such as poly ethylene,

polyvinyl chloride and polypropylene.

According to Gardner, et.al, (2015), wood plastic composites are the

combination of wood-based materials like lumber, veneer, fibers, or particles and

polymers, through the process of extrusion, injection molding, and compression

molding or thermoforming.

Extrusion process, melt the polymer and undergo compounding process

that mixes the polymer together with the wood-based materials and additives.

After extrusion, the mixed materials were subjected to injection molding. It is

used to produce parts containing complex geometrics. The last process is the

compression molding or the thermoforming.


25

They asserted that "wood-plastic composite technology continues to

mature with improvements being made in manufacturing processes (extrusion,

injection, and compression molding); material advances in novel polymers

matrices treatments, and additives; profiles and parts for construction,

automobiles, and furniture; durability from weather, fire, and biological track; as

well as the development of product standards for building construction. New

developments are being made especially in the area of nano additives for WPC's

including nano cellulose. Patent activity in WPCs continues to increase with the

development of new product types and market application areas. "

Wood plastic composite (WPC) products became a hit since the first time

it has been marketed in the early 1990s as weather resistant decking. It evolved

rapidly into nailing, fencing, grim, automotive parts, and other applications.

Indeed, adding word to plastic caused benefits to the WPC, however, it is

technically demanding. According to K Hanawalt (2012), "wood is not the only

natural fiber used in plastics composites but it is the most common." Also, mixing

and extruding wood fiber in a plastic matrix demand an extra effort as it involves

formulation, drying, and extrusion temperature.

According to Akinfiresoye (2017), wood plastic composite is the product

of combining wood flour and plastic, thermoplastic resin, saw dust and chemical

additives, and it was made through the use of an extruder. The machine includes

melting and mixing chamber, extruding chamber, the frame and the discharging

chamber. It melts the recycled shredded plastics at 200°C before they mixed it

with wood flour.


26

As a solution to the mentioned problem caused by the solid wastes, this

study aimed to create and determine the effectiveness and efficiency of the

developed plastic shredder machine and the mechanical properties of eco-

synthetic wood from the reused plastic solid waste to help in decreasing the

generated solid waste in Cardona, Rizal.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework of the study utilized the Coombs' System

Approach which illustrate the variables and their interrelationship, whereas input,

process, output were indicated.

The first frame contains the input variables which consist of materials

needed in making plastic shredder machine and the eco-synthetic wood such as

scrap metals, motor, plastic solid wastes and wood based materials and other

laboratory devices used for testing.

The second frame shows the process of making plastic shredder machine

and the eco-synthetic wood which includes the collection and preparation of

materials, development of the plastic shredder machine and the eco-synthetic

wood, conducting survey, laboratory testing, and gathering and analyzing the

data.

The third frame shows the output of the study, the plastic shredder

machine and eco-synthetic wood generation through the reuse of plastic solid

waste: an environmentally sustainable project.


27

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Materials
needed in
 Collection and
making plastic
preparation of
shredder
materials
machine and
 Development
the eco-
of the plastic
synthetic wood
shredder
such as scrap
machine and Plastic Shredder
metals, motor, Machine and Eco-
the eco- Synthetic Wood
plastic solid
synthetic wood Generation Through
wastes and the Reuse of Plastic
 Conducting Solid Waste: An
wood based
survey Environmentally
materials Sustainable Project
 Laboratory
 Equipment and
Testing
tools in making
 Gathering and
bio-synthetic
analyzing the
wood
data
 Other
laboratory
devices

FEEDBACK
Figure 2
Conceptual Model Showing the Plastic Shredder Machine and Eco-
Synthetic Wood Generation through the Reuse of Plastic Solid Waste: An
Environmentally Sustainable Project
28

Feedback arrow represents the continuous flow of steps to determine the

acceptability of bio-synthetic wood from reused plastic solid waste through the

step by step procedure made. As the result, the diagram shows an indirect flow

whereas input, process and output are related to one another.

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to create and determine the mechanical properties of

eco-synthetic wood from the reused plastic solid waste.

Specifically, it sought answers to the following questions:

1. What is the acceptability of Plastic Shredder Machine as evaluated by the two

groups of respondents, the experts and the students based on the following

criteria:

1.1. Functionality;

1.2. Safety and Maintenance;

1.3. Portability;

1.4. Design; and

1.5. Completeness?

2. What is the flexural strength and tensile strength of the eco-synthetic wood

from polyethylene plastics and wood based materials in accordance to

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards for Plastics in

terms of :

2.1. 50% polyethylene plastics and 50% wood based materials;


29

2.2. 60% polyethylene plastics and 40% wood based materials;

and

2.3. 70% polyethylene plastics and 30% wood based materials?

3. Is there a significant difference on the flexural strength and tensile strength of

the eco-synthetic wood from polyethylene plastics and wood based materials

in accordance to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

standards for Plastics in terms of :

3.1. 50% polyethylene plastics and 50% wood based materials;

3.2. 60% polyethylene plastics and 40% wood based materials; and

3.3. 70% polyethylene plastics and 30% wood based materials?

4. How many grams of polyethylene plastics were used in making 8 by 8 inches

of eco-synthetic wood considering the results in accordance with American

Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards for Plastics in terms of

making:

4.1. 50 pieces;

4.2. 100 pieces; and

4.3. 150 pieces?

Hypothesis

The study tested the following hypothesis:

1. There is no significant difference on the flexural strength and tensile

strength of the eco-synthetic wood from polyethylene plastics and wood


30

based materials in accordance to American Society for Testing and

Materials (ASTM) standards for Plastics in terms of 50% polyethylene

plastics and 50% wood based materials, 60% polyethylene plastics and

40% wood based materials and 70% polyethylene plastics and 30% wood

based materials.

Significance of the Study

The aim of the study was to test the effectiveness and efficiency of the

developed plastic shredder machine and the mechanical properties of eco-

synthetic wood from the reused plastic solid waste to help in decreasing the

generated solid waste in Cardona, Rizal.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study aimed to developed and identify the acceptability of the plastics

shredder machine and the mechanical properties of the eco-synthetic wood as a

basis for an environmentally sustainable project. Moreover, its main purpose is to

make a sustainable project ad livelihood that will lessen the amount of plastic

solid waste in Cardona generated every day. The study was conducted at

Cardona Senior High School, Cardona, Rizal. It started on September 2018 to

January 2018. The gathering and drying of plastic solid waste samples was done

at Cardona, Rizal. The process of making eco-synthetic wood was conducted at

the Materials and Science Division of Industrial Technology Development

Institute (ITDI)Department of Science and Technology (DOST), Bicutan, Taguig

City. The researchers had chosen the place because it provides a good service

for the laboratory and experimental procedure. The Forest Product Research
31

Development Institute (FPRDI), Department of Science and Technology (DOST)

at University of the Philippines at Los Banos, Laguna also helped in the process

because of the actual testing of the mechanical properties which were done in

their laboratory. The development of the plastics shredder machine was done at

the welding laboratory of Cardona Senior High School.

Definition of Terms

To have better understanding on the study, the following terms are hereby

defined conceptually:

Completeness.The state of the plastic shredder machine of having all the

necessary or appropriate parts.

Design. The look and function or workings of the plastic shredder

machine.

Eco-Synthetic Wood. A wood that is made from wood fibers and HDPE

plastics.

Flexural strength. This is a material property, defined as the stress in a

material just before it yields in a flexure test.

Functionality. The quality of the plastic shredder machine of being suited

to serve a purpose well.

High-density Polyethylene (HDPE) Plastic. This is a thermoplastic

polymer produced from the monomer ethylene. It is the type of plastic being used

in the study.
32

Plastic Shredder Machine. This is used for cutting the plastic in small

pieces to make waste management easier.

Portability. The ability of the plastic shredder machine to be easily carried

or moved.

Safety and Maintenance. The plastic shredder machine

remains safe and the maintenance operation is carried out safely.

Tensile Strength. The resistance of the eco-synthetic wood to break

under tension.
33

CHAPTER 2

THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, subject of the study, settings of

the study, sources of data, procedure of the study and statistical treatment.

Research Design

The study utilized three research methods, the Developmental,

Descriptive and Experimental method. According to Manuel and Medel (1998),

experimental research has the basic purpose of discovering the influence of one

or more facts on condition, group or situation. It described and analyzed

variables in carefully controlled conditions to determine how/why a particular

event occurs.

Likewise, Wikipedia (July 2015) explained that experimental method is an

orderly procedure carried out with the goal of verifying, refuting, or establishing

the validity of a hypothesis. Experiments provide insight into cause-and-effect by

demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated.

Experiments vary greatly in their goal and scale, but always rely on repeatable

procedure and logical analysis of the results. In experimental method, the

researchers control the allocation of a treatment to the research subject. Contrast

this with observational design where the researchers do not have this control.

Information from an experimental design is generally considered more

authoritative that information from an observational design.


34

The researchers utilized experimental method to determine the ideal

formulation of the eco-synthetic woods and mechanical properties of the wood.

On the same manner, the researcher’s utilized developmental research, as this

study opposed the simple instructional development includes systematic study of

designing and evaluating instructional programs, process and products that must

meet criteria of internal consistency and effectiveness.

Developmental research is particularly important in the field of instructional

technology. The researchers used developmental method as this study sought to

provide specific development to the subjected which is the plastic shredder

machine and descriptive to identify the acceptability of the product.

Subject of the Study

The subject of the study is the plastic shredder machine and the eco-

synthetic wood which was subjected for acceptability testing and mechanical

property testing.

Metal, textile, and wood fiber waste, it constitutes a major part of the

municipal solid wastes, and it originates from households, universities, schools,

or hospitals (hazardous and health-care waste). Other sources of solid waste are

industrial, commercial, construction demolition, furniture industry wastes, and all

business activities. Uncollected solid waste is associated with global challenges

and impacts.

Plastic waste is also a problem for municipal solid waste management.

The recycling process reduces the amount of waste going into landfills, and also
35

permits a reduction in the consumption of virgin material and resources used to

produce other materials (OKEYINKA, OLOKE, KHATIB, 2015; VAIDYA et al,

2016, AHMED, 2010].

Recycled plastic could be used as an input for the cycle production of new

products, which is the case for synthetic wood (VÉLEZ & VÉLEZ, 2017,

ROCHMAN, BROWNE, THOMPSON, 2013, YEH, AGARWAL, GUPTA, 2009)

Settings of the Study

There are three (3) sites which served as the place of the study. Solid

waste materials are from Cardona, Rizal where it is being collected.

Development of the plastics shredder machine was done at the welding

laboratory of Cardona Senior High School.

The process of making eco-synthetic wood was conducted at the

Materials and Science Division of Industrial Technology Development Institute

(ITDI)Department of Science and Technology (DOST), Bicutan, Taguig City. The

researchers had chosen the place because it provides a good service for the

laboratory and experimental procedure.

The Forest Product research Development Institute (FPRDI), Department

of Science and Technology (DOST) at University of the Philippines in Los Banos,

Laguna also helped in the process because of the actual testing of the

mechanical properties done in their laboratory.


36

Sources of Data

The researchers apparently used the analysis result of the mechanical

process from the Forest Product Research Development Institute, (FPRDI)

Department of Science and Technology (DOST) University of the Philippines,

Los Banos, Laguna.

Primarily, to determine the acceptability of the plastic shredder machine

Likert Scale below was used to interpret the result as evaluated by the groups of

respondents.

Procedure of the Study

A. Conduct of The Study

This part deals on the step by step procedure and process done in

conducting the study. The researcher used Gantt chart or schedule of activities,
37

which served as plan for the study. It also shows the duration of months in

covering the research study.

The study started in formulating the research title through the help of

information source such as books, magazine, articles and other related printed

local and foreign works that are suited and have relevance to the proposed title.

After the approval of the title, the researcher began working on the first

and second chapter of the research.

Upon completion of chapters one (1) and two (2), the research adviser

checked the chapters one and two and had given different suggestions for the

improvement of the study.

The generation of eco-synthetic wood through the reuse of plastic solid

waste materials and the laboratory testing of mechanical properties of the said

product were done.

Thereafter, all the collected data were analyzed carefully. Then, evaluation

of the results for which it is needed for the completion of Chapters three and four.

B. Conduct of The Experiment

For the proper conduct of the study, the following procedures had

transpired in the conduct of the experiment.


38

1. Materials used in the Study

The materials used in making the plastic shredder machine are metal

plate, angle bar, motor, bolt, welding rod, grinding disk, cutting disk, flat disk, drill

bit, nut, spacer, palm belt, pipe, bearings and acetylene tank. Other materials

used in the study included polyethylene plastics and wood based materials

(kusot).

The tools and equipment used in making eco-synthetic wood are scissors,

weighing scale, two-roll mill, compression machine, teflon and molder with a

thickness of 4 mm.

2. Making Plastic Shredder Machine

The researcher prepared all the materials needed in making plastic

shredder machine and ask for an assistance to the experts.

The researcher draws a triangular and curved shape that served as a

guide in making the blades and cut it using acetylene cutter. The researcher

used grinder to make the blade neat. The researcher weld the curved blades on

the pipe based on the desired length of the pipe. On the other hand, the

researcher weld the triangular blades on the other pipe, and made sure that the

blades are alternated and has a small space in it.


39

Figure 3
Materials used on making Plastic Shredder

The researcher made a plate that has the same length with the pipe and

has a space for the belt and washer. After that, the researcher weld it together

with the pipe with triangular blades and put the bearings to the pipe with curved

blades. The researcher put the bolt, and placed the washer on the other side.

And when the spacer and nut was putted on the pipe, the motor and belt were

assembled in the pipe.

Figure 4
Plastic Shredder Machine
40

3. Testing the Acceptability of the Plastic Shredder Machine

The researcher conducted a survey to the experts to test the acceptability

of plastic shredder machine as revealed by the respondents in terms of

functionality, safety and maintenance, portability, design, and completeness.

4. Preparation of the Materials in Making Eco-Synthetic Wood

As a second step, the researchers collected low density polyethylene

plastics and wood based materials at Cardona, Rizal.

The materials used in the study includes low density polyethylene plastics

and wood based materials (kusot). Other tools and equipment used in making

eco-synthetic wood are scissors, weighing scale, two-roll mill, compression

machine, teflon and molder with a thickness of 4 mm.

Figure 5
Tools used on making Eco-synthetic wood
41

A. Weighing of Low Density Polyethylene Plastics and Wood Based

Materials

Figure 6
Weighed materials needed on making Eco-synthetic wood

Based on the required weight of 230 g. of materials needed in making 8 by

8 inches eco -synthetic wood with a thickness of 4 mm as suggested by the

Science Aide from the Department of Science and Technology - Industrial

Technology Development Institute (DOST-ITDI) Material Science Division, the

researchers made three different formulations in making eco-synthetic wood as

presented in the table on the next page.


42

Table 1
Ratio and equivalent grams of Polyethylene Plastics and Wood-based
Materials

Polyethylene Plastics Wood Based Materials

Percentage (%) Grams (g.) Percentage (%) Grams (g.)

50% 115 g. 50% 115 g.

60% 138 g. 40% 92 g.

70% 161 g. 30% 69 g.

Afterwards, the researchers weighed the materials based from the given

formulation.

B. Eco-Synthetic Wood Generation Process

The weighed low density polyethylene plastics were put first at the Two-

Roll Mill within 5 minutes, and when the plastics were melted, the wood based

materials mixed together with it for another 5 minutes.

Figure 7
Photographic representation on combining wood-based materials
and plastic on making Eco-synthetic wood using Two-roll mill
43

After mixing the materials, it was placed at the molder with a teflon and

has a thickness of 4 mm and underwent compression at the Compression

Machine for 5 minutes, and cooled for 3 minutes. And then, the generated eco-

synthetic wood was removed at the molder.

Figure 8
Eco-synthetic wood

The process was done at the Department of Science and Technology -

Industrial Technology Development Institute (DOST-ITDI) Material Science

Division Bicutan,Taguig City Metro, Manila.

C. Mechanical Property Testing


44

The mechanical property testing of the eco-synthetic wood was done at

the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), Forest Products Research

and Development Institute (FPRDI), Los Banos, Laguna.

Statistical Treatment

The gathered data were subjected to statistical treatment and quantitative

description as a reference in the analysis and interpretation of data.

To determine the acceptability of plastic shredder machine as revealed by

the respondents in terms of functionality; safety and maintenance; portability;

design; and completeness, mean and rank distribution was used.

To determine the significant difference on the flexural strength of the eco-

synthetic wood from polyethylene plastics and wood based materials in

accordance to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standards For

Plastics, one way analysis of variance was used.

Quantitative description and interpretation was used to answer the

statement of the problem.


45

CHAPTER 3

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis and interpretation of

data, and implications based on the results to answer the problem of the study.

Acceptability of Plastic Shredder Machine as Revealed by the Respondents

The researcher-made evaluation instrument was used to evaluate the

acceptability of the project.

The five – point scale was used as a basis in determining the acceptability

of the plastic shredder and to interpret the results of the evaluation.

Table 2 on the next page shows the level of acceptability of plastic

shredder machine as perceived by the technology experts in terms of

functionality has an average weighted mean of 4.48 and verbally interpreted as

“Extremely Functional” (EF).

Items number 1 “The developed Plastic Shredder Machine operates what

it is supposed to perform” and number 5 “The Plastic Shredder Machine execute

accordingly” got the first rank with the weighted mean of 4.60 and verbally

interpreted as “Extremely Functional”, followed by item number 4 “The Plastic

Shredder Machine gives the desired output” got the second rank with the

weighted mean of 4.47 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Functional”.

Followed by item number 2 “The Plastic Shredder’s motor performed well” got

the third rank with the weighted mean of 4.40 and verbally interpreted as

“Extremely Functional”, followed by item number 3 “The Plastic Shredder’s blade


46

easily cut the plastics” got the last rank with the weighted mean of 4.33 and

verbally interpreted as “Extremely Functional”.

Table 2
Computed Weighted Mean on the Acceptability of Plastic Shredder
Machine as Revealed by the Respondents in terms of Functionality

Functionality Experts End Users

Mean VI Rank Mean VI Rank

1. The developed Plastic 4.60 EF 1.5 4.67 EF 1


Shredder Machine operates
what it is supposed to
perform.

2. The Plastic Shredder’s 4.40 EF 4 4.47 EF 3


motor performed well.

3. The Plastic Shredder’s 4.33 EF 5 4.27 EF 5


blade easily cut the plastics.

4. The Plastic Shredder 4.47 EF 3 4.40 EF 4


Machine gives the desired
output.

5. The Plastic Shredder 4.60 EF 1.5 4.53 EF 2


Machine execute
accordingly.

Average Weighted Mean 4.48 EF 4.47 EF

EF – Extremely Functional
On the other hand, the perception of the end users to the device in terms

of functionality has an average weighted mean of 4.47 and verbally interpreted

as “Extremely Functional” (EF).


47

Item number 1 “The developed Plastic Shredder Machine operates what it

is supposed to perform” got the first rank with the weighted mean of 4.67 and

verbally interpreted as “Extremely Functional”, followed by item number 5 “The

Plastic Shredder Machine execute accordingly” got the second rank with

weighted mean of 4.53 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Functional”, the

next item is number 2 “The Plastic Shredder’s motor performed well” got the third

rank with the weighted mean of 4.47 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely

Functional”. Item number 4 “The Plastic Shredder Machine gives the desired

output” got the forth rank with the weighted mean of 4.40 and verbally interpreted

as “Extremely Functional” and item number 3 “The Plastic Shredder’s blade

easily cut the plastics” got the last rank with the weighted mean of

4.27 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Functional”.

It shows that the Plastic Shredder Machine is extremely functional in terms

of the design of the product as revealed by the respondents.

This implies that the requirements of the experts and end users on the

Plastic Shredder Machine as far as functionality is concerned had been satisfied.

Table 3 on the next page shows the level of acceptability of plastic

shredder machine as perceived by the technology experts in terms of safety and

maintenance has an average weighted mean of 4.55 and verbally interpreted as

“Extremely Safe and Easy” (ESE).


48

Table 3
Computed Weighted Mean on the Acceptability of Plastic Shredder
Machine as Revealed by the Respondents in terms of Safety and
Maintenance

Safety and Maintenance Experts End Users

Mean VI Rank Mean VI Rank

1. The developed Plastic 4.53 ESE 3 4.60 ESE 2.5


Shredder Machine is easy to
maintenance.

2. The Plastic Shredder 4.47 ESE 4.5 4.53 ESE 4.5


Machine is safe to use.

3. The maintenance of 4.60 ESE 2 4.67 ESE 1


Plastic Shredder Machine is
not costly.

4. All of its parts are 4.67 ESE 1 4.53 ESE 4.5


properly insulated to avoid
possible electrical accidents

5. Replacement of the 4.47 ESE 4.5 4.60 ESE 2.5


defective parts are easy.

Average Weighted Mean 4.55 ESE 4.59 ESE

ESE – Extremely safe and easy

Items number 4 “All of its parts are properly insulated to avoid possible

electrical accidents” got the first rank with the weighted mean of 4.67 and

verbally interpreted as “Extremely Safe and Easy”, followed by item number 3

“The maintenance of Plastic Shredder Machine is not costly” got the second rank

with the weighted mean of 4.60 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Safe and

Easy”, followed by item number 1 “The developed Plastic Shredder Machine is


49

easy to maintenance” got the third rank with the weighted mean of 4.53 and

verbally interpreted as “Extremely Safe and Easy”.

Followed by item number 2 “The Plastic Shredder’s motor performed well”

got the forth rank with the weighted mean of 4.40 and verbally interpreted as

“Extremely Safe and Easy”, and number 5 “Replacement of the defective parts

are easy” got the last rank with the weighted mean of 4.47 and verbally

interpreted as “Extremely Safe and Easy”.

On the other hand, the perception of the end users to the device in terms

of safety and maintenance has an average weighted mean of 4.59 and verbally

interpreted as “Extremely Safe and Easy” (ESE).

Item number 3 “The maintenance of Plastic Shredder Machine is not

costly” got the first rank with the weighted mean of 4.67 and verbally interpreted

as “Extremely Safe and Easy”, followed by items number 1 “The developed

Plastic Shredder Machine is easy to maintenance” and five “Replacement of the

defective parts are easy” got the second rank with weighted mean of 4.60 and

verbally interpreted as “Extremely Safe and Easy”, the next item is number 2

“The Plastic Shredder’s motor performed well” got the third rank with the

weighted mean of 4.47 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Functional”. And

items number 2 “The Plastic Shredder Machine is safe to use” and number 4 “All

of its parts are properly insulated to avoid possible electrical accidents” got the

last rank with the weighted mean of 4.53 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely

Safe and Easy”.


50

It shows that the Plastic Shredder Machine is extremely safe and easy in

terms of the safety and maintenance of the product as revealed by the

respondents.

This implies that the requirements of the experts and end users on the

Plastic Shredder Machine as far as safe and easy as revealed by the experts and

the end users.

Table 4
Computed Weighted Mean on the Acceptability of Plastic Shredder
Machine as Revealed by the Respondents in terms of Portability

Portability Experts End Users

Mean VI Rank Mean VI Rank

1. The Plastic Shredder 4.73 EA 2 4.60 EA 2


Machine can be easily carry
and handle.

2. The Plastic Shredder 4.67 EA 3 4.73 EA 1


Machine is movable.

3. The Plastic Shredder 4.47 EA 4 4.47 EA 4


Machine can be easily
operate.

4. The Plastic Shredder 4.27 EA 5 4.27 EA 5


Machine is very convenient
to use.

5. The Plastic Shredder 4.80 EA 1 4.53 EA 3


Machine has a light weight.

Average Weighted Mean 4.59 EA 4.52 EA

EA – Extremely Acceptable
51

Table 4 shows the level of portability of plastic shredder machine as

perceived by the technology experts in terms of design has an average weighted

mean of 4.48 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Acceptable” (EA).

Items number 5 “The Plastic Shredder Machine has a light weight” got the

first rank with the weighted mean of 4.80 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely

Acceptable”, followed by item number 1 “The Plastic Shredder Machine can be

easily carry and handle” got the second rank with the weighted mean of 4.73 and

verbally interpreted as “Extremely Acceptable”. Followed by item number 2 “The

Plastic Shredder Machine is movable” got the third rank with the weighted mean

of 4.67 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Acceptable”, followed by item

number 3 “The Plastic Shredder Machine can be easily operate” got the forth

rank with the weighted mean of 4.47 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely

Acceptable” and item number 4 “The Plastic Shredder Machine is very

convenient to use” got the last rank with the weighted mean of 4.27 and verbally

interpreted as “Extremely Acceptable”.

On the other hand, the perception of the end users to the device in terms

of portability has an average weighted mean of 4.59 and verbally interpreted as

“Extremely Acceptable” (EA).

Item number 2 “. The Plastic Shredder Machine is movable” got the first

rank with the weighted mean of 4.73 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely

Acceptable”, followed by item number 1 “The Plastic Shredder Machine can be

easily carry and handle” got the second rank with weighted mean of 4.60 and
52

verbally interpreted as “Extremely Acceptable”, the next item is number 5 “The

Plastic Shredder Machine has a light weight” got the third rank with the weighted

mean of 4.53 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Acceptable”. Item number 3

“. The Plastic Shredder Machine can be easily operate” got the forth rank with the

weighted mean of 4.47 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Acceptable” and

item number 4 “The Plastic Shredder Machine is very convenient to use” got the

last rank with the weighted mean of 4.27 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely

Acceptable”.

It shows that the Plastic Shredder Machine is extremely acceptable in

terms of the portability of the product as revealed by the respondents.

This implies that the requirements of the experts and end users on the

Plastic Shredder Machine as far as portability is concerned had been satisfied.

The Table 5 on the next page shows the level of acceptability of plastic

shredder machine as perceived by the technology experts in terms of design has

an average weighted mean of 4.49 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Better”

(EB).

Item number 5 “The components of the plastic shredder machine have

been checked for quality” got the first rank with the weighted mean of 4.67 and

verbally interpreted as “Extremely Better”, followed by item number 4 “Different

parts of plastic shredder machine are proportion to each other considering the

scale ratio and space relationships” got the second rank with the weighted mean

of 4.53 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Better”.


53

Table 5
Computed Weighted Mean on the Acceptability of Plastic Shredder
Machine as Revealed by the Respondents in terms of Design

Design Experts End Users


Mean VI Rank Mean VI Rank

1. The device cannot harm 4.47 EB 3.5 4.53 EB 3


because it doesn’t have sharp
edges.

2. All components of plastic 4.33 EB 4 4.47 EB 4


shredder machine are fair to each
other serving equal visual weight.

3. Agreement and order of the 4.47 EB 3.5 4.40 EB 5


materials used in the
constructions and development of
plastic shredder machine is
observed.

4. Different parts of plastic 4.53 EB 2 4.67 EB 1


shredder machine are proportion
to each other considering the
scale ratio and space
relationships.

5. The components of the plastic 4.67 EB 1 4.60 EB 2


shredder machine have been
checked for quality.

Average Weighted Mean 4.49 EB 4.53 EB

EB – Extremely Better

Items number 1 “The device cannot harm because it doesn’t have sharp

edges” and number 3 “Agreement and order of the materials used in the

constructions and development of plastic shredder machine is observed” got the


54

third rank with the weighted mean of 4.47 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely

Better”, followed by item number 2 “All components of plastic shredder machine

are fair to each other serving equal visual weight” got the last ranked with the

weighted mean of 4.33 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Better”.

On the other hand, the perception of the end users to the device in terms

of design has an average weighted mean of 4.53 and verbally interpreted as

“Extremely Better” (EB).

Item number 4 “Different parts of plastic shredder machine are proportion

to each other considering the scale ratio and space relationships” got the first

rank with the weighted mean of 4.67 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely

Better”, followed by item number 5 “The components of the plastic shredder

machine have been checked for quality” got the second rank with the weighted

mean of 4.60 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Better”. Item number 1 “The

device cannot harm because it doesn’t have sharp edges” got the third rank with

the weighted mean of 4.53 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Better”,

followed by item number 2 “All components of plastic shredder machine are fair

to each other serving equal visual weight” got the fourth ranked with the weighted

mean of 4.47 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Better”. Item number 3

“Agreement and order of the materials used in the constructions and

development of plastic shredder machine is observed” got the last rank with the

weighted mean of 4.40 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Better”.


55

It shows that the Plastic Shredder Machine is extremely better in terms of

the design of the product as revealed by the respondents.

This implies that the Plastic Shredder Machine is better as revealed by the

experts and the end users.

Table 6 on the next page shows the level of acceptability of Plastic

Shredder Machine as perceived by the Technology Experts in terms of

completeness that has an average weighted mean of 4.57 and verbally

interpreted as “Extremely Acceptable” (EA).

Item number 4 “The developed product contains correct and reliable

information that you need about the Plastic Shredder Machine” got the first rank

with the weighted mean of 4.73 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely

Acceptable”, followed by item number 2 “The developed product covers all the

aspects of the projects” got the second rank with the weighted mean of 4.67 and

verbally interpreted as “Extremely Acceptable”.

Item number 5 “The developed product includes self-containedness,

accuracy, robustness/integrity and consistency” got the third rank with the

weighted mean of 4.60 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Acceptable”,

followed by item number 1 “The developed product covers all the features

needed” got the forth rank with the weighted mean of 4.53 and verbally

interpreted as “Extremely Acceptable”. Item number 3 “The developed product

presents information about the detail” got the last rank with the weighted mean of

4.33 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Acceptable”.


56

Table 6
Computed Weighted Mean on the Acceptability of Plastic Shredder
Machine as Revealed by the Respondents in terms of Completeness

Completeness Experts End Users

Mean VI Rank Mean VI Rank

1. The developed product 4.53 EA 4 4.47 EA 3.5


covers all the features
needed.

2. The developed product 4.67 EA 2 4.60 EA 2


covers all the aspects of the
projects.

3. The developed product 4.33 EA 5 4.27 EA 5


presents information about
the detail.

4. The developed product 4.73 EA 1 4.67 EA 1


contains correct and reliable
information that you need
about the Plastic Shredder
Machine.

5. The developed product 4.60 EA 3 4.47 EA 3.5


includes self-containedness,
accuracy,
robustness/integrity and
consistency.

Average Weighted Mean 4.57 EA 4.49 EA

EA – Extremely Acceptable

On the other hand, the perception of the end users to the product in

terms of completeness has an average weighted mean of 4.49 and verbally

interpreted as “Extremely Acceptable” (EA).


57

Item number 4 “The developed product contains correct and reliable

information that you need about the Plastic Shredder Machine” got the first rank

with the weighted mean of 4.67 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely

Acceptable”, followed by item number 2 “The developed product covers all the

aspects of the projects” got the second rank with the weighted mean of 4.60 and

verbally interpreted as “Extremely Acceptable”. Items number 1 “The developed

product covers all the features needed” and number 5 “The developed product

includes self-containedness, accuracy, robustness/integrity and consistency” got

the third rank which is equal with the weighted mean of 4.47 and verbally

interpreted as “Extremely Acceptable”, followed by item number 3 “The

developed product presents information about the detail” got the last rank with

the weighted mean of 4.27 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Acceptable”.

It shows that the Plastic Shredder Machine is extremely acceptable in

terms of the completeness of the product as revealed by the respondents.

This implies that the Plastic Shredder Machine is acceptable as revealed

by the experts and the end users.

Table 7 on the next page shows the level of acceptability of plastic

shredder machine in terms of functionality, portability, safety and maintenance,

design, and completeness.


58

Table 7
Composite Rank of the level of acceptability of Plastic Shredder Machine in
terms of Functionality, Portability, Safety and Maintenance, Design, and
Completeness

Mean Rank Verbal Interpretation

Functionality 4.48 5 Extremely Functional

Safety and 4.57 1 Extremely Safe and Easy


Maintenance

Portability 4.56 2 Extremely Acceptable

Design 4.51 4 Extremely Better

Completeness 4.53 3 Extremely Acceptable

It could be noticed from the table that safety and maintenance ranked first

with a weighted mean of 4.57 and has a verbal interpretation of “Extremely Safe

and Easy”, followed by portability with a weighted mean of 4.56 and a verbal

interpretation of “Extremely Acceptable” in second rank. Next is completeness

with a weighted mean of 4.53 and verbal interpretation of “Extremely

Acceptable”, followed by design with a weighted mean of 4.51 and verbal

interpretation of “Extremely Better” and last is functionality with a weighted mean

of 4.48 and a verbal interpretation of “Extremely Functional”.

Flexural Strength and Tensile Strength of the Eco-Synthetic Wood from


Polyethylene Plastics and Wood Based Materials In Accordance to
American Society for Testing And Materials (ASTM) Standards for Plastics

Table 8 on the next page shows the flexural strength and tensile strength

of the eco-synthetic wood from polyethylene plastics and wood based materials
59

in accordance to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards

for plastics.

Table 8
The flexural strength and tensile strength of the eco-synthetic wood from
polyethylene plastics and wood based materials in accordance to American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards for Plastics

Mechanical Properties
Formulation
Flexural Strength Tensile Strength

50% polyethylene Plastics 17.7585 7.2773


and 50% wood based
materials
60% polyethylene Plastics 22.2313 10.7663
and 40% wood based
materials

70% polyethylene Plastics 17.3124 9.4089


and 30% wood based
materials

It means that the flexural strength of the eco-synthetic wood using the

formulation of 50% polyethylene Plastics and 50% wood based materials has an

average modulus of rupture (MOR), MPa, 17.7585. However, the formulation of

eco-synthetic wood with 60% polyethylene Plastics and 40% wood based

materials has an average modulus of rupture (MOR), MPa of 22.2313. While the

eco-synthetic wood with 70% polyethylene Plastics and 30% wood based

materials has an average modulus of rupture (MOR), MPa, 17.3124. Therefore,

the formulation, 60% polyethylene Plastics and 40% wood based materials has

the highest flexural strength.


60

On the other hand, the tensile strength of the eco-synthetic wood using

the formulation of 50% polyethylene Plastics and 50% wood based materials has

an average tensile strength (MPa) of 7.2773. However, the formulation of eco-

synthetic wood with 60% polyethylene Plastics and 40% wood based materials

has an average tensile strength (MPa) of 10.7663. While the eco-synthetic wood

with 70% polyethylene Plastics and 30% wood based materials has an average

tensile strength (MPa) 9.4089. Therefore, the formulation, 60% polyethylene

Plastics and 40% wood based materials has the highest tensile strength.

This result was supported by the study of T. S Bindusara et. al (2018)

stated that the tensile behavior of laminate with different orientation is high and

high flexure behavior of laminate with symmetrical arrangements is noted.

Table 9 shows the significant difference on the flexural strength of the eco-

synthetic wood from polyethylene plastics and wood based materials in

accordance to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards for

plastics.

Significant Difference on the Flexural Strength of the Eco-Synthetic Wood


from Polyethylene Plastics and Wood Based Materials In Accordance to
American Society for Testing And Materials (ASTM) Standards for Plastics

Table 9 shows that the flexural strength of the eco-synthetic wood has a P

– value of 0.00533 which is less than 0.05 level of significance. Therefore, the

null hypothesis is rejected with a verbal interpretation of not significant.


61

Table 9
Significant Difference on the Flexural Strength of the Eco-Synthetic Wood
from Polyethylene Plastics and Wood Based Materials In Accordance to
American Society for Testing And Materials (ASTM) Standards for Plastics
Source of Verbal
Variation SS df MS P-value Ho Interpretation
Between
Groups 44.40008 2 22.20004
Within Groups 9.399635 6 1.566606 R NS
Total 53.79971 8 0.005333

This result was supported by the study of Vineta Srebrenkoska et. al

(2009) stated that flexural strength of the composites produced from neat and

recycled pp was similar, although a significant increase of flexural modulus was

found for the recycled-pp kenaf fiber composites.

Table 10 shows the significant difference on the tensile strength of the

eco-synthetic wood from polyethylene plastics and wood based materials in

accordance to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards for

plastics.

Table 10
Significant Difference On The Tensile Strength Of The Eco-Synthetic Wood
From Polyethylene Plastics And Wood Based Materials In Accordance To
American Society For Testing And Materials (ASTM) Standards For Plastics

Source of Ho Verbal
Variation SS df MS P-value Interpretation
Between
Groups 18.56012 2 9.280062
Within Groups 7.536361 6 1.25606 R NS
Total 26.09648 8 0.0240846
62

The table shows that the tensile strength of the eco-synthetic wood has a

P – value of 0.0240846 which is less than 0.05 level of significance. Therefore,

the null hypothesis is rejected with a verbal interpretation of not significant it

means that there is no significant difference on the tensile strength of the eco-

synthetic wood from polyethylene plastics and wood based materials in

accordance to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards for

plastics.

This result was supported by the study of Terciu, O. M et. al (2012) stated

that the experimental research results and aspects of mechanical characteristics

of composite materials reinforced with wood sawdust, subjected to tensile stress.

Sawdust, as wood waste resulting from sawing, is an important material

resource, natural and renewable.

Table 11 on the next page shows the grams of polyethylene plastics were

used in making 8 by 8 inches of eco-synthetic wood considering the results in

accordance with American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards

for plastics.

Grams of polyethylene plastics were used in making 8 by 8 inches of eco-


synthetic wood considering the results in accordance with American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards for Plastics

Table 11 shows that in terms of the formulation 50% polyethylene Plastics

and 50% wood based materials, in every 50 pcs. of 8 by 8 inches of eco-

synthetic wood, there’s a total amount of 5,750 grams or 5.750 kilograms that will

be lessened on the amount of plastic solid waste collected. Meanwhile, in every

100 pcs. of 8 by 8 inches of eco-synthetic wood, there’s a total amount of 11,500


63

grams or 11.5 kilograms that will be lessened on the amount of plastic solid

waste collected.

Then, in every 150 pcs. of 8 by 8 inches of eco-synthetic wood, there’s a

total amount of 17,250 grams or 17.25 kilograms that will be lessened on the

amount of plastic solid waste collected.

In terms of the formulation 60% polyethylene Plastics and 40% wood

based materials, in every 50 pcs. of 8 by 8 inches of eco-synthetic wood, there’s

a total amount of 6,900 grams or 6.9 kilograms that will be lessened on the

amount of plastic solid waste collected. Meanwhile, in every 100 pcs. of 8 by 8

inches of eco-synthetic wood, there’s a total amount of 13,800 grams or 13.8

kilograms that will be lessened on the amount of plastic solid waste collected.

Then, in every 150 pcs. of 8 by 8 inches of eco-synthetic wood, there’s a total

amount of 20,700 grams or 20.7 kilograms that will be lessened on the amount of

plastic solid waste collected.

In terms of the formulation 70% polyethylene Plastics and 30% wood

based materials, in every 50 pcs. of 8 by 8 inches of eco-synthetic wood, there’s

a total amount of 8,050 grams or 8.05 kilograms that will be lessened on the

amount of plastic solid waste collected. Meanwhile, in every 100 pcs. of 8 by 8

inches of eco-synthetic wood, there’s a total amount of 16,100 grams or 16.10

kilograms that will be lessened on the amount of plastic solid waste collected.

Then, in every 150 pcs. of 8 by 8 inches of eco-synthetic wood, there’s a total

amount of 24,150 grams or 24.15 kilograms that will be lessened on the amount

of plastic solid waste collected.


64

Table 11
Grams of polyethylene plastics were used in making 8 by 8 inches of eco-
synthetic wood considering the results in accordance with American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards for Plastics

Concentration Number of eco-synthetic wood


50 pcs 100 pcs 150 pcs
Grams Kilograms Grams Kilograms Grams Kilograms
50% polyethylene
Plastics and 50%
wood based 5,750 5.750 11,500 11.500 17,250 17.250
materials
60% polyethylene
Plastics and 40%
wood based 6,900 6.900 13,800 13.800 20,700 20.700
materials

70% polyethylene
Plastics and 30%
wood based 8,050 8.050 16,100 16.100 24,150 24.150
materials

This result was supported by the study of Jefferson Hopewell et. al (2009)

stated that recycling is one strategy for end-of-life waste management of plastic

products. It makes increasing sense economically as well as environmentally and

recent trends demonstrate a substantial increase in the rate of recovery and

recycling of plastic wastes.


65

CHAPTER 4

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter deals with the summary of findings, conclusions drawn based

from the data obtained and recommendations offered.

Summary of Findings
Based on the analysis of data and results obtained, the following findings

are hereby summarized:

2. Acceptability of Plastic Shredder Machine as evaluated by the two groups

of respondents, the experts and the students based on the following

criteria.

1.1In terms of functionality having an average weighted mean of 4.48, it

shows that Plastic Shredder Machine is extremely functional in terms of the

design of the product as revealed by the respondents. This implies that the

requirements of the experts and end users on the Plastic Shredder Machine

as far as functionality is concerned had been satisfied.

1.2 In terms of safety and maintenance having a weighted mean of 4.57, it

shows that the Plastic Shredder Machine is extremely safe and easy in terms

of the safety and maintenance of the product as revealed by the respondents.

This implies that the requirements of the experts and end users on the Plastic

Shredder Machine as far as safe and easy as revealed by the experts and the

end users.
66

1.3 In terms of portability having a weighted mean of 4.56, it shows that

the Plastic Shredder Machine is extremely acceptable in terms of the

portability of the product as revealed by the respondents. This implies that the

requirements of the experts and end users on the Plastic Shredder Machine

as far as portability is concerned had been satisfied.

1.4 In terms of the design having a weighted mean of 4.51, it shows that

the Plastic Shredder Machine is extremely better in terms of the design of the

product as revealed by the respondents. This implies that the Plastic

Shredder Machine is better as revealed by the experts and the end users.

1.5 In terms of the completeness having a weighted mean of 4.53, it

shows that the Plastic Shredder Machine is extremely acceptable in terms of

the completeness of the product as revealed by the respondents. This implies

that the Plastic Shredder Machine is acceptable as revealed by the experts

and the end users.

3. Flexural strength and tensile strength of the eco-synthetic wood from

polyethylene plastics and wood based materials in accordance to

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards for Plastics.

2.1 In terms of flexural strength, the most desired formulation of eco-

synthetic wood is 60% polyethylene Plastics and 40% wood based materials

having an average modulus of rupture (MOR), MPa of 22.2313.


67

2.2 In terms of tensile strength, the most desired formulation is 60%

polyethylene Plastics and 40% wood based materials having an average

tensile strength (MPa) of 10.7663.

4. Significant difference on the flexural strength and tensile strength of the

eco-synthetic wood from polyethylene plastics and wood based materials

in accordance to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

standards for Plastics.

3.1 In terms of the flexural strength of the eco-synthetic wood has a P –

value of 0.00533 which is less than 0.05 level of significance. Therefore, the

null hypothesis is rejected with a verbal interpretation of not significant it

means that there is no significant difference on the flexural strength of the

eco-synthetic wood from polyethylene plastics and wood based materials in

accordance to American Society for Testing And Materials (ASTM) standards

for plastics.

3.2 The tensile strength of the eco-synthetic wood has a P – value of

0.0240846 which is less than 0.05 level of significance. Therefore, the null

hypothesis is rejected with a verbal interpretation of not significant it means

that there is no significant difference on the tensile strength of the eco-

synthetic wood from polyethylene plastics and wood based materials in

accordance to American Society for Testing And Materials (ASTM) standards

for plastics.
68

5. Grams of polyethylene plastics were used in making 8 by 8 inches of eco-

synthetic wood considering the results in accordance with American

Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards for Plastics in terms

of making 50 pcs., 100 pcs., and 150 pcs.

4.1 The most desired formulation is 60% polyethylene Plastics and 40%

wood based materials, in every 50 pcs. of 8 by 8 inches of eco-synthetic

wood, there’s a total amount of 6,900 grams or 6.9 kilograms that will be

lessened on the amount of plastic solid waste collected. Meanwhile, in every

100 pcs. of 8 by 8 inches of eco-synthetic wood, there’s a total amount of

13,800 grams or 13.8 kilograms that will be lessened on the amount of plastic

solid waste collected. Then, in every 150 pcs. of 8 by 8 inches of eco-

synthetic wood, there’s a total amount of 20,700 grams or 20.7 kilograms that

will be lessened on the amount of plastic solid waste collected.

Conclusion

Based on the findings of the study, the acceptability of plastic shredder

machine as revealed by the respondents is extremely acceptable in terms of

functionality, safety and maintenance, portability, design, and completeness.

This implies that the Plastic Shredder Machine is acceptable as revealed

by the experts and the end users.

Based also on the findings of the study, the formulation of 60%

polyethylene plastics and 40% wood based materials in making eco-synthetic

wood has the highest flexural strength and tensile strength. Since it is the most
69

suggested and acceptable formulation in making eco-synthetic wood, there’s a

total amount of 6,900 grams or 6.9 kilograms that will be lessened on the amount

of plastic solid waste collected. Meanwhile, in every 100 pcs. of 8 by 8 inches of

eco-synthetic wood, there’s a total amount of 13,800 grams or 13.8 kilograms

that will be lessened on the amount of plastic solid waste collected. Then, in

every 150 pcs. of 8 by 8 inches of eco-synthetic wood, there’s a total amount of

20,700 grams or 20.7 kilograms that will be lessened on the amount of plastic

solid waste collected.

The researchers also found out that there is a significant difference on the

flexural strength and tensile strength of the eco-synthetic wood from polyethylene

plastics and wood based materials in accordance to American Society for Testing

and Materials (ASTM) standards for plastics.

Recommendation

Based on the analysis and interpretation of the gathered data, the

following recommendations are formulated:

1.Test the other mechanical properties of the eco-synthetic wood.

2. Try other formulation to enhance the mechanical properties of the eco-

synthetic wood.

3.Use another kind of materials in making eco-synthetic wood.

4. Enhance the plastic shredder machine.

5. Conduct further study to enhance the acceptability of the said project.


70

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73

APPENDIX A

Gantt Chart of Activities

November 2018 – February 2019

Activities November December January February March

Planning

Formulating the
problem

Title Defense

Survey of related
literature

Development of
Chapter 1and 2

Construction of the
Product and
questionnaire checklist

Laboratory Testing and


Gathering of data

Interpretation of the
gathered data

Accomplishment of
Chapter 3 and 4

Oral defense

Finalization of the
result
74

APPENDIX B

PLASTIC SHREDDER MACHINE AND ECO-SYNTHETIC WOOD


GENERATION THROUGH THE REUSE OF PLASTIC SOLID WASTE: AN
ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE PROJECT

Name: ____________________________________ Student


Teacher

Direction: Put a check (/) on each box that best describe the design,
completeness, portability, safety and maintenance, and functionality of the plastic
shredder machine, five (5) as the highest, and one (1) as the lowest.

5 4 3 2 1
Functionality

1. The developed Plastic Shredder Machine


operates what it is supposed to perform.

2. The Plastic Shredder’s motor performed


well.

3. The Plastic Shredder’s blade easily cut


the plastics.

4. The Plastic Shredder Machine gives the


desired output.

5. The Plastic Shredder Machine execute


accordingly.

5 4 3 2 1
Safety and Maintenance

1. The developed Plastic Shredder Machine


is easy to maintenance.

2. The Plastic Shredder Machine is safe to


use.

3. The maintenance of Plastic Shredder


Machine is not costly.

4. All of its parts are properly insulated to


avoid possible electrical accidents
75

5. Replacement of the defective parts are


easy.

5 4 3 2 1
Portability

1. The Plastic Shredder Machine can be


easily carry and handle.

2. The Plastic Shredder Machine is


movable.

3. The Plastic Shredder Machine can be


easily operate.

4. The Plastic Shredder Machine is very


convenient to use.

5. The Plastic Shredder Machine has a light


weight.

Design 5 4 3 2 1
1. The device cannot harm because it
doesn’t have sharp edges.

2. All components of plastic shredder


machine are fair to each other serving equal
visual weight.

3. Agreement and order of the materials


used in the constructions and development
of plastic shredder machine is observed.

4. Different parts of plastic shredder


machine are proportion to each other
considering the scale ratio and space
relationships.

5. The components of the plastic shredder


machine have been checked for quality.
76

1
5 4 3 2
Completeness

1. The developed product covers all the


features needed.

2. The developed product covers all the


aspects of the projects.

3. The developed product presents


information about the detail.

4. The developed product contains correct


and reliable information that you need
about the Plastic Shredder Machine.

5. The developed product includes


accuracy, robustness/integrity and
consistency.
77

APPENDIX C

Republic of the Philippines


Department of Education
Region IV-A CALABARZON
Division of Rizal
District of Cardona
CARDONA SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Cardona, Rizal

Certificate of Content Validation


This is to certify that the questionnaire of the study entitled “PLASTIC
SHREDDER MACHINE AND ECO-SYNTHETIC WOOD GENERATION
THROUGH THE REUSE OF PLASTIC SOLID WASTE:AN
ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE PROJECT” underwent face validation of
the following experts:

Name Date Signature

_____________________ _________________ ________________

_____________________ _________________ ________________

_____________________ _________________ ________________

_____________________ _________________ ________________

_____________________ _________________ ________________


78

APPENDIX D

FOREST PRODUCT RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE


LABORATORY RESULTS
79
80

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name: CARL ADAM B. ESTACIO


Nickname: Billy
Birthday: November 25, 2000
Place of Birth: Cardona, Rizal
Address: 0008 F. Nido St. Dalig, Cardona, Rizal
Mother’s Name: Dyesebel B. Estacio
Father’s Name: Rocky C. Estacio
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Elementary: Mariano C. San Juan Elementary School


2012 - 2013

Junior High Bernardo F. San Juan National High School


School: 2016 - 2017

Senior High Cardona Senior High School


School: 2017 - 2019
ORGANIZATIONS

PRO: YES-O of Bernardo F. San Juan National High School


2014-2015
Vice President: YES-O of Bernardo F. San Juan National High School
2015-2016
President: YES-O of Bernardo F. San Juan National High School
81

2016-2017
Secretary: Interact of Bernardo F. San Juan National High
School
2016-2017
Vice President: YES-O of Bernardo F. San Juan National High School
2017-2018
President Elect: Interact of Bernardo F. San Juan National High
School
2017-2018
President: Interact of Cardona Senior High School
2018-2019
82

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name: JONSYRILL F. VILLARAN


Nickname: Jai
Birthday:December 16, 2001
Place of Birth: Cardona, Rizal
Address:Looc, Cardona, Rizal
Mother’s Name: Jannie F. Villaran
Father’s Name: Sammy Villaran
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Elementary: Looc Elementary School


2013 - 2014
Junior High Bernardo F. San Juan National High School
School: 2014 – 2018

Senior High Cardona Senior High School


School: 2018 - present
ORGANIZATIONS

Vice President: YES-O of Cardona Senior High School


2018 -2019
President Elect: Interact of Cardona Senior High School
2018 -2019
83

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name: JOJIMAR SJ. JULIAN


Nickname: Joji
Birthday: October 09, 1987
Place of Birth: Cardona, Rizal
Address: 151 Provincial Road Looc, Cardona, Rizal
Mother’s Name: Lilibeth Sj. Julian
Father’s Name: Macario P. Julian
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Elementary: Looc Elementary School


1999-2000
Junior High Cardona National High School
School: 2000-2004
College University of Rizal System
Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Physics
2007-2008
Graduate School: University of Rizal System
Master of Arts in Teaching Science
2013-2014
Graduate School: Southern Luzon State University
Doctor of Philosophy in Science Education
42 Units
WORK EXPERIENCE
84

Classroom Teacher : San Francisco Parish School


Teacher : Bernardo F. San Juan NHS
Teacher : Cardona Senior High School
Part Time Instructor : University of Rizal System

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