SIMPLE MACHINE

A machine is a device that helps make work easier to perform by accomplishing one or more of the
following functions:

• transferring a force from one place to another,

• changing the direction of a force,

• increasing the magnitude of a force, or

• increasing the distance or speed of a force.

• Two basic machines:

1. Lever
- pulley, wheel & axle
2. Inclined plane

- wedge & screw

A lever is a rigid bar that rotates around a fixed point called the fulcrum.

If F is nearer the L than the E, a small input force produce large output force.

3 Classes of Lever

Inclined Plane

• A flat surface with one end higher than the other.

• Used to move objects to a lower or higher place with less energy and force.

Wedge

• Used to push two object apart.

• Made up of two inclined planes that meet and form a sharp edge that can split things apart.

Screw

• An inclined planes that winds around itself.

Wheel and Axle

• Modification of lever

• Axle turns when you put force on the wheel.

Pulley

• Made up of wheel and rope

• Rope fits on the groove of the wheel.

SOUND

Sound is a form of energy that spreads out through space.

Origin of sound

- All sounds originate in the vibrations of material objects.

- The source of all sound waves is vibration.

- We describe our subjective impression about the frequency of sound by the word pitch.

- A young person can normally hear pitches with frequencies from about 20 to 20,000 hertz.

Sound waves with frequencies below 20 hertz are called infrasonic.

Sound waves with frequencies above 20,000 hertz are called ultrasonic.

Humans cannot hear infrasonic or ultrasonic sound waves. Dogs, however, can hear frequencies of
40,000 Hz or more. Bats can hear sounds at over 100,000 Hz

Propagation of sounds

Three elements that are necessary for sound production

1. The process starts with a vibrating source.

2. The energy is transmitted by the medium from the source to the receiver.

3. When the wave reaches the receiver, energy is transferred to the receiver in the form of wave
disturbance known as SOUND.

Factors affecting the Transmission and Propagation of Sound

1. Sound waves travels at different velocities depending on the medium: solid (fastest) , liquid (faster),
and gas (slowest)

2. Elasticity of the object.

A more elastic medium allows sound to travel quickly because when the particles are
compressed, they quickly spread out again.

3. Density of the medium

Sound travels more slowly in denser materials since the denser the medium, the more mass it
has in a given volume

4. Temperature

Sound travels more slowly at a lower temperature and faster at high temperature

Speed of sound in AIR is solved is solved using this equation:

V = 333 m/s + 0.6 m/s/° C (T)

V is velocity
Speed of longitudinal waves

Solid : v = √Y

Liquid and Gas: v = √β/ρ

Y – young modulus N/ m2 (substance’s resistance to being deformed elasticity)

Β - bulk modulus of elasticity (substance is a measure of how resistance to compression that substance
is.

Ρ – density of the medium.

• The intensity of sound waves decreases as the distance from the source of sound increases. The
relationship between intensity (I) and distance (d) is an inverse square relationship which follows
the equation I = P/(4•π•R2) where P is the power of the sound source, usually expressed in
Watts.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

• Machines can’t multiply work or energy, but they can multiply force. Mechanical advantage
measures how much a machine multiplies force.

• MA =Force machine exerts/Force you exert or W/P

Efficiency of Simple Machine

• The efficiency of a machine tells how much of the energy (work) that goes into the machine
actually does useful work.

• It is usually expressed as a PERCENT.

• Efficiency == (Eo/ Ei) x 100 %

Doppler Effect Phenomenon

▪ First explained in 1842 by Christian Doppler.

▪ Doppler Effect is the shift in frequency and wavelength of waves which results from a source
moving with respect to the medium, a receiver moving with respect to the medium, or even a
moving medium.

Characteristics of the Doppler Effect

▪ If two objects are approaching each other, or if an initial object is approaching a second standing
objects, the pitch is higher

▪ If two objects are moving apart, or if an initial object is moving apart from a second standing
objects, the pitch is lower.
Case 1: The source & the observer are both stationary

Case 2: When observer is moving towards the stationary source

Case 3: When observer moving away from a stationary source

Case 4: When the source is moving towards an observer at rest

Case 5: When the source is moving away from the observer at rest

Case 6: When both Source and observer moves towards each

other

Case 7: When both Source and observer move away from each
other

Case 8: When the Source is approaching the Stationary observer

and observer moving away from it

Case 9: When the Observer is approaching the Stationary source and

source moving away from it