_ THE KARNATAKA ENUE SURVEY MANUAL — \ id Sse aA reetas (22038) oe Leese gees = \FOREWARD The preparation of a revised Survey and Settlement Manual was sanctioned in Government Order No. RD it SYS 60, dated 27th April 1960, and accordingly the revised Suryey and Settlement Manual has been prepared pres- cribing therein a common procedure for all the integrating areas. It has been re-arranged by coliecting a considerable amount of material and designed with the main object of giving practical processes together with practical instruc- tions, Rules and Fundamental principles on which it has to be conducted to suit the immediate requirements of this Department. There is nothing in this Manual that could be claimed as original, for the subject dealt with here is but an already settled science on which could be found a number of valuable standard works by emminent ‘Authors. Some of the extracts are taken from the follow- ing publications -— 1, The Mysore Revenue Surveying Manual—Part if and Il of 1922. 2. The Bombay Survey and Settlement Manual— Volume I and If by Mr. R. G. Gordon, 1.C.S., 3. Manual of Land Surveying compiled by Mr. R. G. Gordon, 1.C.S., 1953 Edition. 4. Manual of Rules and standing orders relating to duties and Supervision of Land Records Establishment in the Bombay State, 1956 Edition. i 5. The Madras Survey Manual—Volumes I and I by Mr. F. P. Vincent Gompertz.6. The Coorg Revenue Manual—1954. 7. The Manual of Revenue Settlement Department, Madras 1952. g. The Hyderabad Survey and Settlement Manual. 9, Revised Hyderabad Manual (Manuscript) compiled by Sri Vasudeva Rao Deshpande, 1.A.S., Member, Revenue Appellate Tribunal. i : 10. Notes on Traverse Survey (Manuscript) Compiled by Sri Mohamed Kalimullah, BA, Superintendent of Land Records. 11. Land Revenue Acts and Rules of all the integrated areas. 12. Departmental Circulars and Orders of all the integrated areas. 13. Report on Settlement (Manuscript) by Sri K. M. Mirani, 1.A.S- . As a result of States Reorganisation, areas from five different States, i... Old Mysore, Madras. Bombay, Hyderabad, and Coorg have been merged to form the New Mysore State. As different procedures were prevailing in the integrated areas it was an urgent necessity to evolve a unified procedure in the form of a Manual for the entire State. The Survey and Settlement Department is one of the basic and important branches of the Revenue Department which has a very large establishment of over, (3,860) officials and the nature of work is highly arduous having enormous responsibility of safeguarding the interest of the cultivators as well as the Revenue of the State. In view of the basic nature of the work done, it was very necessary to have a uniform procedure for the Maintenance of Survey and Land Records. ii In view of these considerations, the then Government of Mysore on the tecommendation of the Commissioher for Settlement and Land Records, accorded sanction for the compilation of an up-to-date and unified Manual. A Special Officer was appointed to draft such Manual who toured in the selected Districts of the integrated areas to study the built-up records, circulars, instructions and to discuss the prevailing procedures with the local. Officers of the respective districts. A Committee of the following experienced Officers of the Department was constituted for compiling the Manual. i Chairman Sriyuths :— 1. Mohamed Kalimulla, B.A. $ i ! Land Records, Bangalore. 4 ‘ Nagas o Members 2. B. P. Patil, B. Com., C lidati Be, cis), , Consolidation Officer (Head- 3. H. S. Narasimha Murthy, B.A., Assistant Deputy Commissioner for Settlement, Rie pe 4. Prahlad Rao, B.A., Special Officer. The present Manual embodies the following Chapters :— Historical, Duties and functions of Officer, S' : 5 2 > TVey, Classification, Barsath work, Revision work, Suilenieie Maintenance work, Boundary marks and Hissa Survey. i At present there are different systems Present t > of Sur i Classification in the different integrated areas. vier methods are invariable, scientific and of Universal applica- tion, and there was, therefore, little opportunity for variation basically in the systems in different Surveys. In iiBombay, Hyderabad and Old Mysore areas, original survey has been completed by Cross-staff and Chain. In Bellary, South Kanara (Madras areas) and Coorg District the original survey has been completed by Theodolite and Chain (Khandam and Diagnal ofiset system). Now there js no original survey left in the new Mysore State (except about 1,000 Inam villages situated in Old Mysore. The survey work of Inam villages is under progress), ‘Thus it wili be seen_ that hereafter only Maintenance, Revision, Survey and Settlement works will be taken up. Since the rectification of survey records will have to be made on the basis of existing records ‘built up irrespective of the merits and demerits of the system, the details of the prevailing systems of survey in different areas have been explained for the guidance of the Staff. So far as the soil classification is concerned, this is by its mature variable, firstly as being essentially dependent upon local conditions, and secondly because, as the answers to the local problems had to be worked out on the spot, the method employed varied with different officers. The results of the combined influence of these variable physical and human, factors, therefore, was in classification systems of the different systems of present variety which is, it must be admitted causes confusion to those who have not been brought into intimate connection with the working of the survey system. The Revised edition contains all issued Circulars and subsequent orders, bringing uniformity, in major items of work. .Chief of them are:— 1, Powers and duties of Officers and Officials. 2, Definitions of technical terms. 3, Decentralisation of Survey records and preserva- tion of the same at District and Sub-Division Headquarters. iv Two-fold benefit will be achieved by this system. Firstly, the record will be within the easy reach of the ryois. Secondly, it will facilitate the departmental officers to function and dispose of the cases promptly. Thus the existing pendency of cases will be reduced. 4. Introduction of ‘A’ and © B’ Record system: Technical records will be preserved in the Survey Offices on the Bombay pattern. According to this system the present records of the villages will be sorted out in two parts viz, A and B list (pherists) and preserved in two separate buildings. If any record listed in any of the lists is damaged or lost, the same can be built up on the basis ‘of Record listed in other lists. 5, Introduction of Plane Table Survey.—According to Government Order No. RD 369 SST 58, dated dth pune 1959 all future survey will be undertaken by Plane ‘able. 6. The standard weights and measures.—In accord- ‘ance with the standard weights and measures Acts of 1956 final figures of area and measurements will be worked out in the standard weights and measures. 7. The dual control of Revenue and Land Records Department over the Taluk Surveyors will be abolished. All works relating to Survey, Hadhbust, Phodi, Mutation ete., will be allotted by single Agency at Sub-division level, ie., by the Assistant Director of Land Records of the con- cotned Sub-Division. The Tahsildar or Revenue Officer will hereafter intimate the Assistant Director of Land Records about the work to be done by the Land Records Department and the Assistant Director of Land Records will, in turn, ‘allot the work as per programme to the Taluk Surveyors vand get the work done expeditiously. Thus uniformity in procedure for disposing of the cases at Sub-Division level will reduce the pendenye and increase the out-turn of work of the Department. 8. The different form which are in vogue have been standardised, to save the duplication of printing of forms, VOLUME 1 labour and Government money. 9. The different procedures followed in the matter Paceag Fe of maintenance of Survey and boundary marks. under the: y ess provisions of different statutes in force in the integrated 2. Glossary of important terms areas, have since been made uniform in the entire State 8 Powers and duties of officers of Karnataka consequent on the enforcement of the y K.L.R. Act 1964 with effect from Ist April 1964, which had repealed these erstwhile enactments such as Madras Survey and Boundaries Act 1923, the Coorg Land and: Revenue Regulation 1898, the Mysore Land Revenue Code. 1888, and the Hyderabad Land Revenue Code 1898 and Bombay Land Reyenue Code 1879. R. Swankarappa, Director of Sur Settlement and Land Re TABLE OF CONTENTS , Page No. 1-89 08h 85100:+e nA CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL OLD MYSORE AREA Pre-survey period Highly interesting as the older history of land Setlement jn Mysore is, it cannot well find a place in this manual which must confine itself to an exposition of the system now in force. The ever changing constitutiox of the: country in earlier times, the Vicissitudes it was subject to, and the effects of those vicissitudes on land administration, have all to be passed over. A narration of even the remarkable effort of Dewan Purniah to establish the administration of land on an efficient survey of ould be out of place. The following paras of this chapter will however, depict very briefly the conditions that prevailed immediately before the existing system of setilement was inagurated : 2. In 1831, the British Government began. to administer the State on behalf of His Highness the Maharaja. The question was raised as to whether the unit of land settle- ments in Mysore should be the village and Zamindar as in the Punjab and North West Provinces, as then constituted or field and peasant-ryot as in the former Bombay and the ‘Madras Presidencies. The Government of India decided that the ryotwari system was the one well suited to thewants and traditions of the people. This was practically the system that was being followed in the past. The British Commissioners, after investigating into the tenures under which lands were held, removed a great many incongruities, and liberalised the old system in several of its details. The money rents were lowered in cases where the authorities were satisfied that they were pitched too high. The system of exacting the ‘khist’ before the harvest was abolished, and ryots were allowed to pay taxes in five instalments at periods fixed with reference to the harvest season. Where the Batayi system was in force, every effort consistent with the prescriptive right of the cultivator was made to convert the assessment into a money payment, and where it was still allowed to prevail, it was purified of its most vexatious characteristics. The ryots were thus to a great extent saved from the clutches of the professional money lenders, and from the harrassing periodical inspection of their crops and other vexatious interference with their cultivation. 3. The question of the miscellanéous sayar taxes was: a most difficult one, and did not for several reasons admit of being settled at once, although it was clear that most of them were inequitable. These taxes were abolished one after another as the finances of the State permitted, so that by the end of the year 1854, no less than 769 items of sayar taxation, yielding an income of about 103 lakhs, of rupees per year, were gradually swept away. Introduction of Revenue Survey and Settlement 4, Although a regular survey of all lands was felt to be absolutely necessary for the proper administration of land revenue, it was not possible to undertake the measure in' the early days of the British Commission, as the necessary funds could not be found for it. By the year 2 the State reyenue which had previously fallen to a fe level had improved and the time coincided ae ea renewal of the charter of the East India Company in 34, one result of which was that throughout India ne eS a strong move towards reform in every a aR : Naturally, the same attitude began to operate in the administration of Mysore, and reforms were begun in eyery possible direction. The system of land reieae demanded, of course, the primary attention of Government. i Gen 5, All lands in Mysore were classified as follows un the Budget system, according to the tenure on which they were held :— . Village Settlements Kayamgutta, or permanently settled villages, Jodi, or lightly assessed villages, Shraya, or villages on a progressive rental, Kalavadhi Ijare, or villages rented for 1 year. aes Individual Settlements “A, Government 1. Ryotwari, Kandayam, or assessed Government nds, 2, Batayi, or division of produce. , Inam (i) Village servants, (ii) Brahmins, Fakirs and Temples, and (iii) for the maintanance of topes, Chattrams etc. 3 {, Ardhamanya, or uttar, etc., lands granted to :—Lands were of three classes, ‘dry’ ‘wet’ or irrigated, and ‘garden’. The collections were being shown in the accounts as money payments and batayi. Attention was steadily directed to reducing the extent of land under the Batayi tenure by substituting money assessment wherever practicable. But it could not be completely abolished, as there was no means of equitably assessing the large, area held on this tenure under tanks. Enquiry proved aiso the existence of a great many discrepancies, and of fraud. In the neighbourhood of Bangalore the seat of the administration, the village Shanbhogs had succceded by ‘collusion with the taluk subordinates, in fixing 596 different rates of assessment on dry lands alone, while on the other classes of land, the assessment was so preposterously high as to demonstrate clearly the incorrectness of the land measurement, which was in terms of Bijawari ic. the area that can be sown with a certain quantity of seed. There were as many as 81 and 451 different rates of assessment per kudu of wet and garden land respectively. In the Chitradurga division, 465 rates on eleven classes of land formed the basis of land revenue. In the Nagar Division as it then existed, 147 rates on wet lands, varying from Rs. 163 to 7 annas per Kudu were found in one taluk. The assessment on supari garden in one village was Rs. 197 per Kandy, or more than Rs. 95 per acre. In the Ashtagram or Mysore Division there were 32 rates on dry, 5 on wet and 12 on garden lands. The soils had been divided into 19 classes. There were thus no prac- ticable and intelligible principles on which lands were on the other hand there was ample scope for and fraud which could not be easily detected. A large number of tenants had no claim to permanent occupancy, Owing to the want of adequate check on unauthorised occupation, Inamdars in several instances had encroached upon Government lands. 4 tin and the introduction of a regular Revenue Survey an Ment Hae became all the more Pie ee in ae interests of good revenue administration. Mr, Bowr , ng, the then Chief Soe ee ee ee 4 ment of India the meces od_for Pee Survey and Settlement for the purpose ete the respective rights of the Government and of eas Oe and for fixing an equitable and moderate asa nae the soil. The Government of India accorded t a si tion to the introduction into the State, of a Reyen Survey. j ae ee _ The next question was regarding the system a a agency to be employed for the purpose. Mr. EOE ae preferred the Bombay system for reasons summe oe a follows in his letter No. Gen. 3133-Rev. 130 date November 1864, to the Government of India: i i hat “T found that in Mysore which borders both on t (Bombay) presidency and on Madras, We es ante opportunity of comparing the method pursue ns ei i case. The difference is as follows. Under the ie Bt system, the survey, classification and settlement are a continuous links of one chain forged. under the eae of the same individual, whose interest it is to see dl at every successive link fits closely into its predecessor aay step being also carefully taken with advertance to is next one, There is no such close connection in the Madras system. The boundaries are fixed by one PoP the survey laid down by another and a settlement by a third, these several agencies not being under one res- ponsible Head. The survey, so far as I can judge. _is excellant, but the surveyor had not the power of al ne the boundaries, if incorrect. On the completion of t ie survey the work was taken up by the Settlement eee but I am given to understand that the agency employed, frequently temporary gumstas paid for the purpose, was So Dindifferent that the Settlement papers did not agree with the survey records and were of little value. I believe there js no doubt at any rate, that the Survey was much more carefully done than the Settlement ”. It was decided finally to adopt the Bombay system in preference to that of Madras, and the details were dis- cussed with, and arranged by Major W. C. Anderson, Superintendent, Southern Maharatta Country Revenue Survey, who was to supervise the Mysore operations as Survey and Settlement Commissioner. 8. The Mysore Revenue Survey Department was then formally organised and operations were commenced in the Harihar Taluk in November 1863, with one measuring establishment under the charge of Leiutenant (the late Colonel) J. P. Grant, Assistant Superintendent. By this time, the Bombay system, as outlined by the illustrious authors of the Joint Report was in operation in Bombay Presidency for upwards of a quarter of a century, and had become so well developed in its details, that the rules and procedure followed in the Southern Maharatta Cou- ntry Revenue Survey were made applicable with but few modifications to the work carried out in Mysore. For an account of the course that led to this stage of develop- ment in the Southern Maharatta Country the reader is teferred to the Bombay Survey and Settlement Manual. 9. Progress of Revenue Survey and Settlement Opera- tions—Survey operations were, as stated in the Paras supra, commenced with one measuring establishment in 1863. A second measuring establishment was constituted in 1864, and the first classing establishment commenced its operations in the same year. In 1865, one more measuring establishment was added. The increasing number of field establishments, and the necessity to relieve the Scttlement Commissioner of minor details connected with the control .of field establishments, and the management of Settlements, 6 Necessitated the appointment of a Deputy Superintendent, and the late Colonel, J.P. Grant was promoted to the new post in December 1865. 10. Shortly after the commencement of survey opera- tions, a brief account thereof, which appeared in the State Annual Report for 1863-64, attracted the attention of the Government of India, who called for information on certain matters of detail connected with (i) the powers as Slirvey Officers in the disposal of cases of civil nature, rela- (ing to land tenures, (ii) the classification of soil into Glasses and (iii) the mode and the terms of settlement. The Chief’ Commissioner reported on these points at fufficient length, dwelling at the same time on the merits of the Bombay system, with which the Government of India were satisfied. : 11. One other important matter was decided in the course of this correspondence, and that was in regard to the period of survey guarantee. The Government of India decided that a thirty-year-period was just and equitable, considering the detailed and careful character of the setutiny enjyoned under the Bombay system. 12. The year from which settlements should take effect was also a question for consideration. At first, they were made to take effect in and from the year of announcement, and refunds were allowed to ryots who according to the old rates had paid more than the survey rates. After the settlement of the Chitradurga taluk, 1866-67, the system of refunds was put a stop to by the ruling that settlements should take effect in and from the year following that in Which they are announced. 3. 13, In 1865-66 the Chief Commissioner made a tour in the north-eastern portion of the State, with the special Object of observing the actual working of he Survey artment which had by that time handled six taluks. He Olnd that the work had been very carefully donc, and q . L.H.—P-4252—2 <3 1was convinced that the result was satisfactory both to the tyots and to the Government, the survey being minutely correct, the classification of soils accurate, and the settle- ment rates extremely low as compared on an average with the old rates, which only held good by reason of excess holdings enabling the ryots to spread a high rate of assess- ment over more land than their pattas entitled them to, 14. The Chief Commissioner was anxious to expedite the operations and complete them before handing oyer the administration of the Stata to His Highness the Maharaja; but this abject couki not be fulfilled, owing chiefly to the difficulty felt even at that time, in obtaining the services of qualified officers and men. A large por- tion of the State had been brought under settlement by the time of Rendition, but much also Temained to be done. The Department was continued and was headed by the Superintendent of Revenue Survey and Settlement to which place the late Col. J.P. Grant was raised, in lieu of the Survey and’ Settlement Commissioner. 15. During the earlier stages of survey operations, Act I of 1865 of the Bombay Government, was taken as a guide, and in 1869, it was formally introduced into Mysore, with the necessary alterations, under the Government of India Foreign Department Notification No. 83, dated 30th April 1869. This was superseded by the Mysore Land Revenue Code Regn. IV of 1888. 16. The measuring Operations were completed by the year 1890, and classing by 1895. The last taluk settled was Nanjangud in 1899. 17. The services of the Department were availed of by the Jahgirdars of Yelandur and Sringeri, and by many of the Inamdars, whose villages were surveyed and settled, without any cost to them, 18. Before concluding this chapter, a brief mention has to be made of the special remission of garden assess- 8 fhent made in the Malnad taluks of Sagar, Sorab, Nagar, Ananthapur, and Koppa. The assessing of gardens is one Of the most delicate of the Settlement operations, and in me Malnad, the matter was further complicated by the cumstance that while most of the gardens were heavily issessed under he older administrations, their produce, ipari, was subject to the Payment of a Sayar or Halat uty. This was the only impost remaining out of a large number of the kind which had been abolished one After another from time to time. The nature of ‘the tax self, and the past attitude of Government towards such es, clearly indicated that the Halat was bound to dis- fippear, while the Settlement Officer assessed the gardens On their merits. Some years after the Settlement the ryots began to feel that they were subjected to a double pays Ment, and prayed for relief. After a thorough and special investigation Government saw that the garden owners di¢ eed some relief, though they were not prepared to. forege © Sayar Revenue. They therefore thought of devisin Other, means, and the one that was hit upon was to remi portion of the assessment, up toa total limit oa 8. 75,000. The Survey Superintendent was called upon Io work out the scheme of remission. The task was Ihdleed a huge one as he had to fix the amount of remission idividually for each garden, which was tantamount to a eomplete reassessment of the gardens, more than 14,000 The result was that a sum of about Rs. 85,000 Wis Temitted in favour of the garden owners of the five Ny taalnad taluks. The sayar duty continued to be | and of course operated to neutralise the concession n by Government, thus provihg that the root of the Was not so much the higher rate of assessment as the Utself. The obnoxious tax was abolised in 1907, to ‘WS great satisfaction of the garden owners, 1 Revision Survey and Settlement.—Before the expiry | the period of thirty years, guaranteed at the original aidsettlement, in some of the early settled taluks of the Chitradurga District, the Superintendent of Revenue Survey raised the question of introducing revised settle- ments, Government were inclined more to continue existing settlements than to adopt a scheme of revision, and also thought that field operations were nunecessary for purposes of revision, as they considered the original operations to be sufficiently good and accurate. The Superintendent pointed out among other things that at least a reclassification of water supply to wet and garden lands was absolutely neces- sary in the interests of both the ryots and of Government as great changes had taken place by the improvement or deterioration of works of irrigation, though the soil need not be classed again. Pending orders on the general ques: tion of revision settlements, Government sanctioned the reclassification of wet and garden lands with special reference to the value assignable to the water supply enjoyed by them. (Government Order No. 4115-17-R. 1414, dated 5th November 1896). The work was accordingly under- taken and two classing establishments were deputed for it. 20. It was in 1900 that Government resolved to have a fresh revenue Survey (ordinarily called Resurvey) as pro- vided for in section 115 of the Land Revenue Code, and announced by Notification No. 3374-R.F.8-1900 dated 24th October 1900 ; _(i) that they directed a fresh Revenue Survey i.e, a .evision survey, and a revision of assessment in all taluks” of the state in which the periods of the original settlements had expired ; bs (ii) that the revision survey so directed shall comprise | only such remeasurement as shall be deemed absolutely necessary in order to correct omissions in the existing survey and to rectify changes in the boundaries of survey — fields which have for any reason occurred, or such re- measurement as may be necessary to effect sub division in ~ 10 the interests of the occupants and jand holders or under any of the rules under the Land Revenue Code, and; (iii) that the reclassification of lands shall be confined to the reclassification of wet and garden lands. 21. Rules were framed for carrying out the partial resurvey and reclassification operations in conformity with the intentions of Government and were approved of by Government in their orders Nos. 4250-8-R.F. 8-1900, and R. 168-77, dated 26th November 1900 and 15th July 1904, respectively . 22. As far as settlement is concerned the system prevail- ing in old Mysore areas is almost identical to that prevailing in Bombay State before 1956. ; BOMBAY KARNATAKA 1. System of Settlement.—In his book on “The Land Revenue in British India’, Mr. Baden Powell divides systems of settlement into three classes viz: 1, Settlements for single estates under one landlord. 2, Settlements for estates of proprietary bodies usually village communities. 3, Settlements for individual occupancies called the ryotwari system. 2 In the first two classes the settlement is made by Govern- ment with the landlord “ Village Community”, and the holders of individual occupancies are merely the tenants of these proprietors. Under the ryotwari system the settlement is made with the individual occupants who are themselves landholders and not tenants. Here the Zamin- dar is non-existant except in the case of a few isolated tenures, and it is the villager who is responsible for the land Revenue. i2. In the history Of assessment the final stage is the substitution of cash rates for payment in kind. The change can only come with the development of the -currency system, but once that has been brought about, every Government dealing with large areas will hasten on the substitution, both to save the cost and trouble of administration and also to put a stop to the numberless opportunities of fraud and speculation which the crop share system affords. A necessary concomitant of cash assessments is an accurate system of survey. The originator of the system of surveys and settlements which are the future of the Mogul period is said by Abu Fazal to have been Sher Khan, the conqueror of Humayun. It was the genius of Akbar, however, aided by his famous minister ‘Todar Mal, which brought the system begun by him to its fullest development. He first fixed the size of thé unit of measurement the bigha and then standardized the instruments of land measure- ments the “GAZ” or rod and the “Tenab” or chain. The whole of the cultivable lands of the empire, which included a great part of the Deccan were then measured in accordance therewith. The next operation was the settlement of the land revenue. The basis of the assess- ment was the division of soils into three classes by a system of classification. The average produce of each class was then ascertained and the average of these three amounts struck ; one-third of the total was then taken and the result converted into a money rate on average of 19 years’ prices and fixed as the standard of assessment. At the outset this assessment was made annually, but on account of the difficulty of obtaining the annual record of prices, it was in the end fixed for a term of ten years. 3,_ The account of Akbar’s system as given in the Ain-I-Akbari of which the above is a very brief summary is, it must be confessed, not very clear with regard to details 12 but the main points are obvious,viz; that the assessment was based upon a lan d ch assification and fixed for a term of years. The system was imitated by Akbar’s great con- temporary Malik Amber, the Adil Shahi dynasty of on by Akbar’s successors, 16: 4, Farming Sysiem.— Rao, however, the meth distinct turn for the the Abyssinian Minister of Ahmednagar, and was carried Jehangir and Shahjehan. Under the last Peshwa, Baji ods of administration took a worse. The ordinary revenues of the districts proved insufficient his wars and the extravagance was the introduction of the to meet the heavy cost of of the court. The result farming system. These changes were infact rather aggravations of the evils of the ancient system than any complete innovations. The Office of the Mamlatdar was the Peshwa’s attendants who put up to auction among were encouraged to bid high. Next year the same operation was renewed. and the district was generally transferred to a higher bidder. A man’s means of payment, not the land he occupied, were the scale on which he was assessed. 5, The above account relates to the Deccan only, and omits all consideration of Gujrat, the Konkan and Kanarese country. With regard to the history of the outlines are the same for the whole, assessment, the main Local Land measures ment, varied almost ryotwari system into Keynote of the new no changes, except for the 1 though as might be expected, details, such as those of and methods of calculating the assess indefinitely. Early British admini- strators of Bombay decided upon the introduction of the the newly acquired territories. The administration therefore were to” be Tow assessments accompanied tyotwari settlement. Early eformation of abuses, and by the introduction of the British administration was proved to be a failure. The main general causes of failure 13were partly administrative and partly economic ; the increase of the Maratha forces raised the demand for grain the decrease of the agricultural population reduced the supply, the result of course being a rise in price. In fact there is no doubt that the new system, though nomi- nally Ryotwari, was really the old system under a new name. ‘There was the absence of all correct accounts, due to the pernicious heritage of farming system which precluded all attempts at gaining accurate knowledge. True, the Kulkarni was usuaily read to produce accounts on demand but they were almost invariably false, and, as such, worse: than useless, as only calculated to deceive. Secondly there was the extra-ordinary variety of the land measures and methods of assessment which must have rendered the intro- duction of a real ryotwari system a matter of sheer impossi- bility without an accurate survey and radical changes in methods, 6. It early became evident that the only remedy for this impossible state of affairs lay in the introduction of a true system of Ryotwari settlement, based upon a proper land ‘survey, accompanied by an assessment of the land Revenue upon certain fixed principles understandable by the higher grades of Revenue Officers and the sweeping away of the unintelligible complications of the old system. i 7. In 1827 Mr. Pringle, the Assistant Collector at Poona was appointed as Special Officer and was placed on special duty to devise a system of survey and settlement for the Poona and surrounding districts, Mr. Pringle’s system comprised the main operations (1) a survey of all the cultural lands field by field and (2) an assessment of every field so measured. The measurement was done by chain (of 16 annas — 33 feet) and cross staff, and the standard of area was the English acre with its sub-division the Gunta, the Gunta being a square, the size of which equals one square 14 while ~ chain or 121 square yards, 40 guntas making ane acre. The second of these operatiins, viz. the field assessment, was a highly complicated measure which, it is exceedingly difficult to describe in a few words. In brief Mr. Pringle based his system on the theory that relative capacity of different classes of soils to bear assessment is in proportion to their average net produce, meaning by this expression the surplus of the gross produce which remains, after deducting the cost of cultivation. 8. By an extension of operations conducted on these principles over a wide area and by constant check and mutual comparison of the results with the figures of net produce, Mr. Pringle believed that he would be able to arrive at a standard rate by which the assessments could easily be regulated. They were then to be guaranteed for 30 years, the old system of annual settlements being of course, automatically done away with. The result of the survey and settlement conducted on these lines was a failure due to the impossibility of proper supervision, the extremely intricate nature of the inquiries, _ {he enhancements of the assessments and the occurrence of a series of famine years. ‘ 9, In 1836, finding the conditions of the Revenue administration going from bad to worse, and all attempts to make Mr. Pringle’s system a workable measure having “failed, Government came to the reluctant conclusion that ‘the whole operations would have to be commenced denovo ‘The success of the new system. inaugurated in Indapur by Goldsmid and Wingate was extraordinary. These results were due to mainly the following causes: H 1. The first principle and the foundation of success ‘as that of “ Moderation in demand ”. Boon 15 agg Shey —P-4252— oH pase Ong 1. H.—P-4252—3 Rae, ig, Sona dy2, An extension of the same principle was that the guarantee of the assessment for a long period of years. The adoption of such a period of guarantee for 30 years was now strongly urged by Wingate on the ground that the consequence would be a great stimulus to agricultural enterprise, as the ryot would get all the benefit of improve- ment made by himself to his holding over a long term, and this would encourage him to employ his capital in full security that the benefits would be ensured to himself. 3. The settlement of the assessment followed clear and simple lines. 4, The concurrent settlement of rights in land and the gradual introduction of one form of tenure. _ 5. The insistence from first to last upon direct and strict supervision of every operation by European Agency. Instead of trying to emulate Mr. Pringle’s “Tour deforce ” in taking the whole burden upon his own shoulders, the work was now to be done by small bodies of sub-ordinates. ___6. The stereotyping of the survey and settlement of oe boundaries by the erection of official boundary marks. 10. The duties of the first Survey Officers brought them into the most intimate and every day contact with the village life, and they regarded themselves, not simply as men engaged in technical and laborious operations, but as reformers in every sense of the word, The acre was adopted as the standard and the Kulkarni’s field as the unit of measurement. No maps were produced. Area of the field was ascertained and a descriptive record of their boundaries prepared. The assessment work was of course redone “ab initio”. The determination of the relative value of fields for assessment purposes was made to depend upon the factor of “natural fertility”. For this purpose 16 Soils were divided into three orders, viz. (1) Black (2) Red and (3) Gravelly. Hach of these orders was then subdivided into three classes. Each class of soil was then given an issessment rate per acre. These rates were expressed in Reas ”, a portuguese coin, 25 of which went to the anna. order to determine the assessment of any particular field in accordance with the specified scale, trial pits were first dug in various portions of the field and the quality, Hepth efc., of the soil examined in each. The average acre Yate was then found out by multiplying the shares of cach by its rate according to the scale, adding up the total dividing by the total number of shares. Multiplication he area would then give the assessment of the whole “1. Government had at first decided that the term for Which the assessments were to be guranteed should be ten s but Lieut. Wingate pleaded for a longer period. ‘ording to his argument a period of at least 30 years 5uld afford time for the renovation of the dilapidated urces of the country, and hold out to the cultivator a Tair prospect of obtaining and adequate remuneration for Iny outlay he may feel inclined to make in the improve- Ment of his estate. This argument proved successful and term of guarantee was fixed at 30 years—a period which subsequently accepted as the standard term for the liration of Bombay Settlements. The inconvenience of keeping merely a descriptive fecord of field boundaries soon became evident, and to this fas therefore superadded a rough sketch map showing the {lative position of the various fields within the village joundary. A, great stride forward was next made in 1839 [ the suggestion of Lieut. Davidson, when for the sketch Nap was substituted a scale map by plotting the individual fields to scale separately from the measurements and then 7,through the medium of anna scales, or, as by Lieut. Davidson, by first arranging the various combinations in order and then grading them in a scale from 100 down- wards according to the opinion of the Settlement Officer as regards their comparative value. 14, The last operation that remained was to determine the rates of assessment. Under the old Poona system this was not a separate operation, as the scale of classification and of assessment was one and the same. But by the new scheme, classification and assessment were divorced and became separate processes. The following procedure is given in a joint Report of Goldsmid and Wingate published in 1840. “The present condition of the agricultural classes, the state of particular villages, the amount of the Government realisations, the prices of produce, and similar considera- tions, compared with those of preceding years, afford us the chief ground work for determing satisfactorily what abatement or addition should be made to the existing Jumma. We also by a similar process arrive at an opinion of what the rates of different soils should be, and by applying these to the ascertained area and classification we find what, amount of Jumma these rates will produce. and by examining whether this is as much in abatement or excess of the existing Jumma as our previously formed opinions had led us to think necessary ; we are enabled to correct our first estimate of the appropriate amount of Jumma and thereby finally settle our rates”. The system outlined aboye is of a similar type to the Punjab system of “Aggregate to detail ”, according to which the Settlement Officers first settled the amount of assessment in gross for the whole area, and then distributed it in detail over the individual estates comprising it. 20 15. Joint Report—So far, however, no guiding princi- Ples had been laid down for the conduct of the survey and Settlement operations, which had consequently assumed a fomewhat desultory character under the direction of Individual Superintendents. It was only in 1847 that Government directed the three Superintendents Mr. Gold- Smid, Captain Wingate and Captain Davidson, to hold a Gonlerence at Poona “for the purpose of taking into ‘ideration the best means of bringing the somewhat ersified operations of the several revenue surveys of the sidency into conformity as far as practicable ” ‘and also ‘for ensuring the results of the surveys being turned to the est account and maintained in their original integrity in the future managements of the districts”. The result of their deliberations was the joint report which was a source Of plenary inspiration for the guidance of the extended “Operations. 6. According to the subject index of the above report, s divided into (11) main sections, but for the purposes the present chapter the subjects dealt with may be ided into the three main-heads of : A. The Unit of assessment B. The assessment of the Unit es The Tevenue system with special reference to the fenure as laid down in the joint rules. 4 ‘17, A. The Unit of assessment,—In all systems of Settlement, the question of the unit of assessment, is of Mindamental importance. In some systems there is a natural” unit ready at hand; thus, in the Land Lord ystem of Bengal such a unit is found in the “Estate Fin) b village system of the United Provinces and the Punjab § the “Village”. But this is not the case with the Byotwari system. The term “ Ryotwari” merely means 4l =that the state enters into direct relations with the cultivator ag regards the payment of land Revenue and, unlike other systems, contains no implications as to what the unit is to be. Two alternative systems are discussed in the Joint Report on the question of a unit. Firstly that of the assessment of “Holdings”, according to which the assess- ment is placed upon the whole of the area held by the occupant whether situated in one place or not, The second system is that of the so-called “Field” system, according to which the assessment is placed not upon “holdings” but upon individual “fields”, the village for the purpose being divided into separate parcels of land of — ‘a convenient size, each of which is assessed on its merits as a unit independently of the “ Holding ” in which it may be situated, Of these alternatives, the second is pronounced by for the superior. In laying down such aprinciple it was necessary to provide on the one hand that the area of the unit should not be too large for the individual cultivator to deal with single-handed, and on the other it should not be too small for survey and administrative purposes. The report finds such a principle in that of “the area that could be cultivated by a pair of bullocks, as farming cannot be prosecuted at all with a less number than this. This area would vary with climate, soil, description of cultivation, and methods of husbandry”. For the Deccan the standard was laid down as: ; 20 acres of light dry-crop soil 15 acres of medium dry-crop soil 12 acres of heavy dry-crop soil and 4 acres of rice land dry-crop soil. 18, B. Assessment of the Unit—The methods adopted for the guidance of the officers were: (a) to find and express the relative value of the Survey numbers by means of classification, and 22 (b) to fix the absolute rate of assessment in accordance therewith by maximum rates settled by the system of “Aggeregate to detail”. The system of classification con- notes :— Gi) The division of cultivated lands into classes (ii) An inquiry into the factors which go to make up the value of each such class ; and i (iii) The arrangement of a system of classification by “which to record the relative value of these factors for each particular field. 19. Cultivated lands are divided in the joint report into y main heads, viz., Dry-crop and Irrigated. The chief ors of value are stated to be 1, The quality of the soil; 2, Certain extrinsic circumstances ; and 3. Facilities for irrigation. , The system of soil classification, reeoommended for general se is substantially the same as that framed by Lieut. Davidson. The scale is divided into nine classes and the felative value of class in annas was from 16 to 2. 20, (b) Assessment—The report next turns to consider he best mode of fixing the absolute amount of assess- » This part of the report may be divided into the three heads of :— (i) Grouping (ii) The determination of the Aggregate; and (iii) The distribution of the Aggregate. ‘The instructions given in connection with grouping may summarized as follows: (a) The unit of settlement is to be the taluk. 23 1. .—P-4252—4(b) Where within the taluk there exist marked and permanent distinctions between different tracts such as call for a variation in the standard of assessment, the villages are to be divided into classes or groups to use the term usually applied; and (c) This division into groups is to be based upon considerations of a permanent character, chief of which are to be differences in 1. Climate ; 2. Proximity to markets ; and 3. Husbandry. The method to be used for determination of the aggregate is to obtain a clear understanding of the nature and effects of the past management of the district. The information thus collected and exhibited with that obtained by local inquiries into the past history of the district will generally enable us to trace the causes which have affected its past condition and a knowledge of these, aided by a comparison of the capabilities of the district which those of others in its neighbourhood, will lead to a satisfactory conclusion regarding the amount of assessment to be imposed. The final operation is the distribution of this aggregate over the various classes of Land and groups. Settlement Officers were merely directed “to fix the maximum rates for the different classes of cultivation when of course all the inferior rates will be at once deducible from the relative valves of the classification scale. 21. (c) The Joint Rules—The main object was the establishment and maintenance of the new system of occupancy. : 22. After the joint report.—The Publication of the joint report and the clear statement of principles and policy laid down therein led to a great development of the new survey system. Three years later the appointment was created of 24 4 Settlement Commissioner in general charge of the whole ‘operation under new survey system which was given. to nin Wingate. From that time, district after district was taken in hand until the whole of the British territory fad been brought under the operation of survey. But it was not till the year 1891 that work in the last {n-surveyed taluk-Devged of Ratnagiri was brought to a glose and the “original settlement” of the whole area finally completed. Long before that time, however, the _ period of 30 years Guarantee had expired for these taluks = to which Settlement had been first applied ; and henceforth "the original and revision settlements were proceeded pari 4 ! 23. “The traverse system” of village surveys was first adopted at the Revision Survey in 1868 but was afterwards \ pplied to all subsequent original surveys also. The main problems of the revision were, firstly to what extent were __fe-survey and reclassification necessary, and secondly, upon period of guarantee, with special reference to the possible tate of enhancement over the existing assessment and also fo the important question of the taxation of improve- ments effected during the currency of the expiring settle- 24, Revision Settlements—The Survey work done at Revision Settlements may be divided into the following nal settlement. (b) The measurements of sub occupances. (c) The splitting up of large survey numbers. (d) ‘The measurement of new classes of lands. (c) The introduction of new systems of measurements. Phalani system to the measurement of “Varkas” lands and (f) The correction up-to-date, of the survey record fenerally. Py25, Classification.—At the outset it was found necessary to re-do the whole work on-modern lines in the case of the taluks first settled, but subsequently a test of the original classification with corrections where needed. was found sufficient. Finally it was declared by law that, after a second general classification bad been carried out in any area, that classification should. be final and not subject to general revision in the future. The revision system of classification may be described under the following heads :— (i) The correction of inaccurate classification of Jands. (i) The recognition of additional factors of value, ii) Improvements in the soil scale, (iy) The taxation of improvements, and (vy) The distance from the village scale. The method of classifying Jands irrigable from wells in the Deccam, are of a somewhat complicated nature comprising as they do of the three following systems + In what districts System 1. Stara and Khandesh No special taxation of wells, Water facilities depending upon “Posi- tion” considered as an element of value and assessed by classifica- tion. Lands under old wells, i.e. those ‘assessed at the original settlement, taxed by slight additions made to soil annas under new wells %.€., those constructed subsequent to the original settlement assessed as dry crop. 3. Districts other than those In the case of all wells old and now under (1) with good slight additions to dry-crop annas command of wet soil sufficient to make up for the pre- water and extensive vious well assessment. irrigation. 9. The drier taluks of the Deccan. 26 a 26. Abolition of Patasthal assessment in certain tracts - 1905.—In the year 1905 the question arose as to how the “water rate was to be calculated by Collectors in, the case of Patasthal lands for which the permanent rate had been ‘abolished. After due consideration, Government came to ‘the important conclusion that “ the occasional assessment ‘of Patasthal lands in tracts where the rainfall is precarious is open to objection”. Such a system it was pointed out. would inevitably involve a large amount of annual inspec- ~ tion-and measurement which would give opportunities for " exactions by village officers and lower subordinates.. They therefore came to the conclusion that “In the opinion of Government, it would be far preferable to adopt a broad and liberal policy, and to abolish Patasthal assessment altogether in precarious areas. The sacrifice is not heavy ‘and the result will be a much needed stimulus to private “enterprise in the husbanding of the supply of minor rivers, streams, and nalas and the irrigation of the small areas ‘commanded by them. Tf the water is free every drop of it ‘will be utilized, the general value of the crop will be improved and possibly in times of scarcity employment will be provided both for making the small works required ‘nd for cultivating the irrigated crop”. Patasthal assessment was therefore, ordered to be ‘bolished in some of the taluks, As regards the taluks ‘ow transferred to Mysore State the following table may seen. Taluks in which patasthal Taluks in which pata- ds wholly abolished sthal is partially abolished | Districts All taluks Parasgad, Gokak Ron, Navalgund, Mundargi Petia, Gadag. "Bijapur Belgaum | Dharwar Athani, Sampagaon 2“For those parts on which the patasthal assessment is retained it will be necessary to provide a system of remis- sions in case of failure of water supply ”. 27. The Calculation of Pote-Kharab.—In 1891 the following orders were passed defining the classes of Pote- Kharab and safeguarding the rights of occupants In certain cases connected therewith. “Lands classed as unarable and included in a survey number are of two. kinds :-— (i) Pote-Kharab, over which the occupant of the number in which it is included has the sole occupancy rights, such as patches unfit to bear assessment, farm buildings, threshing floors, etc. (ii) Pote-Kharab over which the occupant of the number in which it is included has the sole occupancy rights but which, being devoted to pub ic purposes, is the common property of the village community, such as tanks, burial grounds, places assigned to village potters to dig earth from, etc. « At the revision survey, it is the practice to exclude the second kind of pote-kharab, from the survey number in which it was included at the original suryey. Tn such cases it has been decided to enter the pote-kharab in the name of the occupant from which number it has been excluded and to record a note against it describing the purpose for which it is used by the village community, and prohibiting the cultivation thereof without the permission of the collectors”. ‘The current Government Orders are :—All improvements made by or at the expense of land holders more than 30 years before the expiry of a Settlement should be assessed at the revision of the Settlement. The period of expiry of a Settlement should be measured from the date on which the Settlement ceases to be in force. 28 In the revision settlements taken up after 1939, the rovements recorded at the last revision which were left sessed were brought under full assessment. New tice noticed at the last Settlement were, vhere- c classified and assessed as old rice and old garden and the favourable treatment given to new wells noticed at the Jast revision discontinued and those wells treated as old yells and classified accordingly. As regards cultivation of ‘the Pote-kharab similar actiop to assess it, was to be taken “here the improvement was noticed more than 30 years jefore the expiry of the current Settlement. 28. Assessment.—The task of the Settlement Officer at Revision was, in its essence exactly the same as that of his predecessor at the original Settlement. Before fixing the Maximum rates, the Settlement Officer considers what @irection the revision should take. For this purpose he Teviews fully every circumstance shown in the past revenue history—prices, markets, communications, rents, selling and letting and mortgage value of Jand, vicissitudes of season, and every other relevant fact indicating the incidence of the previous assessment and the economic condition of the tract, and upon this induction he bases his proposals for @nhancement or reduction of assessment as the case may It is a general rule of Bombay Settlements that except in special circumstances, the rates of enhancement at Revision are not to exceed in the case Oi . (i) a taluk or group of villages 33 per cent (ii) a single village 66 per cent (ii) an individual holding 100 per cent 29. The Gradual levy of enhancement.—The main auses of increase in the case of individual holdings are ated to be: ~ (a) the assessment of pote-kharab ; 2931. This system of relief was subsequently extended to all further revision settlements in Deccan and Southern faratha country by Government Resolution No. 2981, ed April 20th, 1886, and is generally known as the gatpuri Concession” from the taluk at the Revision Gettelement of which it was originated. The remissions _ ‘entailed were, it may be noted, granted upon the “ holding ”, ic, upon the revised as compared with the original assess- fent of all the lands standing in a ryot’s name in the Government books as a whole and not upon the assessment of individual survey numbers. (b) the assessment of encroachments; and (c) changes in the system of classification. In commenting upon these cases it is laid down that “In order. to prevent excessive individual increases the fixed standard of valuation must not be abandoned. It will always be optional with Government to remit wholly or in part or for a particular period such proportion of the increase in excess of 100 per cent as may seem necessary ”. it is clear that the system of relief fore-shadowed in these remarks was meant to apply only to cases in which the increase was over 100 per cent and it was apparently contemplated that increases falling short of this degree would be collected in full ab-inito. 30. The Igatpuri concession 1885.—Such a system was first brought into operation at the Revision Settlement of the Igatpuri Taluk of Nasik by the following orders of Government given in paragraph 11 of Government resolu- tion No. 3541, dated May 4th 1885 :— “The proposed rates are fully approved by all the officers who have expressed an opinion and they no doubt represent a very moderate assessment. The increase is in Ist year Ee 50 per cent many cases very considerable, and though the rates are approved it is a question whether es can be at once and, year a eb orice De soligcted in full without ee the domestic economy after which the full assessment is payable. of the ryots. His Excellency in Council is therefore j , i pleased to direct that, while ts akarbands should in all The ebovescares ann on ane dheldings : a cases be made out according to the full sanctioned rates, by portion chan aie cae oe bl eh art ae it should be notified that enhancement in excess of 4 annas ee pod, ae Part iat ae Reco a ra Lae Eee in the rupee or 25 per cent of the assessment on a holding Bien unless the transfer 1s on succession: will be remitted for the first two years and the revised settlement enhancement in excess of 8 annas in the rupee for the third and fourth years, and enhancement in excess of 12 annas in the rupee for the fifth and sixth years of revised settlement, so that the cultivators may adjust themselves to the increased payment by degrees”. 32. In the Kanara District a special system of concession for the villages below ghats is in force, which is as follows :— (1) In cases where the assessment on the cultivated ‘umbers in a holding in the same village amounted to Rs, 25 or more and the increase on the previous assessment fs not less than 30 per cent, then a partial remission of the increase is given as follows: % 33, History of the Settlement after 1892—With the Abolition of the Survey Department in 1892 and the close Of the technical operations the really important work of the Bombay system of Settlement was supposed to have come to an end. With the close of the Survey operations Si a TH. P. 4252—5the Survey number and pote-number scemed to have assumed their final shape as the unit of assessment ; with the completion of land classification ‘and the guarantee of its finality given by law the relative value of Survey numbers, interse, and so the distribution over them of future aggregates had been settled in perpetuily and the penefit of all prospective “ improvements » without extra taxation thereby assured to the cultivator . 34. The history of the last few years has, nevertheless, been fruitful in a fhumber of important changes, which have had considerable effect upon. both the survey number and its assessment. The most important of these changes from the fiscal point of view has been the introduction of a system of remissions and suspensions of Land Revenue as part of the ordinary administration of the districts. From a different stand-point, an almost equally impor series of changes have been those brought about by the introduc- tion of the Record of Rights. Originally introduced as a purely statistical document the Record has now, by the amendment to the Land Revenue Code made by Act IV of 1913, become the foundation of the occupancy system. ‘As such its effect has been felt rather in the lic 1 of tenure than in that of Survey and Settlement. Nevertheless it has had certain side effects upon the Survey system on account of the introduction of a mew unit of holding and assessment in the “sub division » the result of which will be the elimination of the Pote-number. A third change of a minor kind has been the introduction of a new system of calculat- ing the assessments, which has resulted in a large saving of time and expense at revision settlements. The last int calling for attention is the issue in 1913, of certain “ instructions _ for Settlement Officers > Jaying down the general principles upon which Settlement Officers are to 82 proceed in making proposals for Revisi Thus the following are the important a ee (1) The introduction of the “Sub-division” Glimination of the pote-number. De Oe (2) The New system of calculating assessments (3) The “Instructions for Settlement Officers » (4) The system of remissions and suspensions h MADRAS AREA In the earliest times the land Rey ied i shape of a proportion of the gross ee ears to the capacity of the different soils as well as th al vat the different products and was usually taken in ind. a (mount of the Government share was very fluctuati : tying from the traditionally one-sixth to tw fit Hee third or half of the gross produce. According to th ane “f “ ee e. Hine law-giver, the State Pall uke a rt, a tenth, or a t i Uifference of the soil and the Bone eee ae it ip . But there was really no limit to the aoe gue Ancient Village Setilements—In 5 an accountant, who. was required cee ee wing the extent of land held by each cultivator, hi Pits [ cultivation the area cultivated, its actual yield, th ae “was entitled to receive and the share paid iby ae h ) Government due, as well as an account of ae me enmstance or transaction in the village cone caetne ures under which the land was held. To ERT Off ge ee eee assigned the duty of receiv. i share due i 4 Ma iges were grouped into Le a tal 334, Colfection of land Revenue in kind.—The Govemn- ment dues were usually taken in kind. In times when the boundaries of fields were ili defined and the holdings were very small and intermixed, it was easter and less objection- able to divide the grain after it had been threshed out than to calculate money payments according to the extent and nature of the land actually cultivated. ‘The Government grain was stored in granaries in different villages until Sarkar Officers found it profitable to dispose of it. The first beginnings of a change from the levy of a share of the grain to the imposition of 4 fixed assessment on the land may fairly be traced to Akbar’s settlement which began in Northern India in AD. 1571. Before the assumption of the Government of the country by the British, there were no laws between the governing and the governed, the taxer and the taxed, except the rulers’ own will. The little we can Jearn of the internal economy of the country before the ‘advent of the British shows that the manner of the imposition of the revenue was most arbit- tary and its collection most iniquitious, The revenue administration was thus in the greatest disorder and was carried on without any system whatever. ‘The amount to be paid by each village was arbitrarily changed, and the demand increased without any ostensible reason. Districts (Zillas, Sarkars) over each of which, Officers with similar functions were appointed to receive the revenues and account for them. ‘The typical settlement in South ; India was either with the ryot or cultivator direct or with ee entire body of ryots in each village through the village Officers. Such was the prevailing aspect of the revenue adminis- tration in the Hindu Kingdom in South India. In North and South Kanara, the land tax was very light and the bulk of the revenue appears to have been directed for the royal ‘ Demesnes * and certain extraneous sources, such as import and export duties. Circumstances there were thus favourable to the growth of a landlord class. Elsewhere we find mention of land-lord class made in later times when the country was subject to the sway of the great Hindu Empire of Vijayanagar and when the produce was divided among cultivator, the Jand-lord and the state in the propor- tion of 4, 4 and } respectively. 3. Setélement of Harihar Roy—In his report on the Jand revenue of Kanara Mr. Thackeray states that the: Settlement made by Harihar Roy, Raja of Bijanagar, bet- ween the year of the Chsirtian Era 1334 and 1347 was i based on the rules prescribed by the Shastras and. that it divided the gross produce in the following proportions : To the Land Lord 74 ork or 25 percent 5. Acquisition of new territories in the South of Madras | To the Cultivator or Labourer 15 or 4 or 50 percent, State and Land tenures in these tracts, While the measures To the Sarkar Tk or 4 or 25 percent for the Settlement of the more ancient terriories of the Total %. 30. 100 percent company were in progress, NeW, territories were being added The Sarkar shi * arene Taian to Madras State and the question of land assessment came ¢ Sarkar share was again sub-divided as follows: up for discussion in connection with the part of the country Sarkar, one sixth of the gross aad: ceded to the English in the South. In 1792 the first war Devadayam, one-thirteenth inch with Tippu Sultan of Mysore placed a considerable tract Brahmadayam, one-twenticth . ale of country, comprising Salem, part of Madura and Malabar “Total ary in the hands of the British. The second war with Tippu 34 : 35added Canara and Coimbatore. According to a treaty made with the Nizam of Hyderabad in 1800 Bellary, Anantpur, Cuddapah districts and a portion. of the Kurnool district were ceded to the company in perpetuity. 6. In the tracts thus newly acquired, there were lands held by numerous chieftains (Paligars) and lands held direct from Government, ‘To settle these new districts several modes of settlement were tried as particularised below : (a) The Renting system (b) The Asara, Amani or Sharing system (c) The Vissabadi system : (d) Joint rents . (e) The Mukhta or fixed money village rents (f) The Olangu system (g). The Mottafaisal of the South (h) Tharaoor Sarasari settlement ~ ; (a) The Renting System.—Under this system villages were let on lease either to the highest bidder or to the culti- vators of the villages on a rental, fixed with reference to the average collections of past years. : (b) The Ashara; Amani or sharing system.—The Asara system was simply the conversion into Money of the Government share of the Cop, as ascertained by estimate or actual measurement. at the threshing floor. (c) The Vissabadi system—Was a distribution with the sanction of the Collector, of the total demand of the village on the lands of each tyot and was of two kinds viz; either annual or for a term of years. (d) The principle of the Joint-rent system was, that the whole body of cultivators were held jointly and “severally 36 tesponsible for the payment of the entire rent of the village, the details being adjusted by the villagers themselves, , (e) Under the Mukhta system the rent was, as in the vissabadi system fixed on the village as a whole on a “general considcration -of its Yesources. The tesponsibility ‘Of each ryct once fixed however, was not, as under the ‘Vissabadi and joint rent system, liable to be changed but Temained fixed as long as the system prevailed. ‘y.:, 2) The Olungu system.—which was confined to the District of Tanjore was based on a grain rent commutable into money every year at the current selling price, (g) Under the Mottafaisal system, a lumb money Assessment not liable to variation according’ to current Plices, is fixed on a village. This system prevailed only BW) The Thareo, er Sarasart system is a method of pettlement confined fo Canara, where it was introduced in 19. Under this settlement the demand was originally ased On the average collections realised from each estate “Bharti” Estates that is assessed according to the ‘Tharao’ and Sambharti’ estates that » estates bearing a less assess- ent than under the Tharao, Existing system of Setilement.—Rate of assessment Calculated on the basis of « net profit”, in place of a are of the “gross yield” which is the age old system in The Goverament of Madras had, as a matter Vision settlements and that the rates in force at present All the lands are divided into 37seventy “sorts ” based on the physical and chemical characs terstics of soils, their admixture in the various proportions “under each class of lands vatious grades, like, best, good, ordinary inferior and worst e to limit the number of standard crops, and to achieve certain uniformity mere local production fas been subordinated to the principle of general distribution. Ordinary crops are preferred to special products and food crops get priority to non-food crops. Determination of grain out-turns is done for each standard crop separately. A number of enquires are made in soils of different categories. Various classes and sorts of lands mentioned above, are then arranged under different ‘Tarams’. Under each Taram are included the various sorts of lands which produce the same net yield. For determining the commutation rates, an average of prices over a long series of years is struck. After all the above operations are completed the Govern- ment rate of assessment naturally follows, from the gross yields various deductions are made and 4 of the net produce is claimed as Government assessment. Various factors like communications, and supply of labour come into play for dry lands and in case of wet lands the quality and capacity of the irrigation source determine the ultimate productivity of a land. The Settlement Officers are required to take these factors into account and assign a particular group to each village. Under the Madras system of grouping each village is treated on its merits and a different grouping is possible and permissible for dry and wet lands. 8. First attempts at Survey and Settlement.—In. several district of the Madras Presidency a registration and measure- ment of ands was undertaken during the first quarter of the 19th Century. ' 38 are also demarcated. In order - The account prepared therefrom which is called the “Paimash” consists of a list of lands described with refe- Tence to their relative position and their tenure at the time, find contains their approximate areas calculated from Measurements taken with a pole roughly in the direction of the cardinal points of the compass. The method of calcu- lation of areas, called the Khasra, was to multiply the mean of the north and south measurements by the mean of those Cast and west. No maps were plotted from the paimash measurements, Which were not only often inaccurate but also generally ip paiciont to enable boundaries to be located with any certainty. In 1853, under the orders of the Madras Government an experimental revenue survey was commenced in the South Arcot District. During the two succeeding years, the 5 Ibject of a general survey of the whole presidency was fully discussed, and in December 1856 the Court of Directors sanctioned a scheme submitted by the Govern- ment of Madras and strongly and unanimously recommen- ded by the Supreme Government. Shortly afterwards a Superintendent of Revenue Survey was appointed, and the Tequired establishment having been sanctioned, the revenue or cadastral survey of the Presidency was commenced in 1858. The object of Cadastral Survey in the Madras Presidency is the delimitation of the boundaries of villages and holdings and preparation of (1) village maps showing the boundaries of survey fields and important topographical details (2) large scale plans and (3) land registers giving the drea, assessment, nature of tenure and ownership of each 9. A resuryey is made when the changes in occupation find in the boundaries of field are too numerous to be deait 39 L.H.—P-4252--6with by ordinary Revenue Staff er when the previous survey is considered defective. A revision survey has been made in a few districts. The work done was the replacement of missing survey marks and the measurement of changes in occupation or in the physical features of the country. Revision surveys have been dis-continued in favour of resurveys. A map is attached showing the revision surveys and resurveys made up-to-date, and the areas in which re- surveys are in progress or are likely to be necessary. 10. The methods of survey adopted during the initial survey of the Presidency were: Khasra Triangles Plane Table Block Map Kallikote and Atagada . Theodolite combined: with Prismatic compass and Plane Table. : : 7. Diagonal and offset. 8. Punganur. Khasra followed from 1858 to 1865.—Boundarics only of quadrilateral survey fields measured. If shape was irregular, the field was divided into quadrilaterals or triangles and the sides of these measured. In some cases the diagonals of the quadrilaterals were also measured. Sub-divisions were measured by Settlement Department. Sketches of survey fields showing measurements were pre- pared but these were often incomplete. Village maps were prepared on a traverse basis. 40 NC 3A Triangles from 1866 to 1887.—Measurements were taken fom stone to stone to divide each survey field into trai- Wogles. In 1877 surveyors were permitted to take offsets fo stones at bends less than 50 links from a line between ~ One to other stones, but this was not done to any appreciable @xtent ; sub-divisions were measured by Settlement depart- Ment. Village maps were prepared on a traverse basis, Plane Table from 1887 to 1891.—So called because the traverse plotted skeleton village map was pricked off on to Sheets each containing about 160 acres on the 40 inches Scale, the size of a plane table head as used in the Madras rvey. The Plane Table was not used at all. Boundaries survey fields were sketched into this sheet as demarcation progressed. The sides. of the traingles formed by the theodolite stations were measured and offsets taken to all Were preserved in a a record called the sub-division interstitial field work. Block map from 1891 to 1896.—Theodolite stations were fixed at village trijunctions and at other points to form blocks of about 160 acres; these were plotted on the 40 itches scale. The blocks were divided into large triangles and the boundaries of survey fields and sub-divisions fixed by offsets taken from sides of the triangles. All the Measurements taken were entered on the block sheets. Village maps were formed by superimposing reductions of the block maps on the traverse skeletons. Kallikote and Atagada.—Followed during the Survey of the Kallikote, Atagada and Dharakota Estates, 1912-1917, fi modification of the Plane Table system. Each holding 41became a survey ficld, lines were Pun between. theodolite stations and offsets taken to all field bends. Field boundaries were not measured, Measurements were . recorded in Khandam sketches and in field books. Theodolite, Prismatic compass and Plane Table——Done in the Nilgiri district and in the Malabar, Wynaad, chiefly with the theodolite and chain supplemented with the plane table and prismatic compass. E Diagonal and Ofiset.—This is the method now employed during the survey and resurvey of Government lands. Punganur.—So called because first employed during the survey of the Punganur Estate during 1914 to 1916. The resurvey of the Government taluks of Tirevannamalai (North Arcot) and Repalle (Guntur) was done under this system and it is now generally employed for the survey of estates. Original survey of Bellary Disrtict was done under triangles, Plane Table systems whereas jn South Kanara District, Block map and Plane Table systems were adopted. With the exception of the block map surveys, which have been condemned and are to be done afresh, all these surveys are on a traverse basis, the traverses being connected with stations of the great trignometrical survey of India, and harmonized with reference to @ district origin. The maximum error possible in theodolite surveys is 6 feet a mile in co-ordinates; under the present system, each village boundary is traversed and a number of interior traverses run, dividing each village into sub circuits, called Khandams of from 100 to 250 actes. Bach traverse station is marked by a granite stone 3x 9’ x 9%, Bach Khandam is divided into survey fields generally of 5 acres in wet and 10 aeres in dry lands. 42 Field are measured by chainin; ijuncti ¢ , ig between trijunctions and offsetting all bends. Field bi i red as a check on the aa ES ee On completion of field measurement, li i D , lines are run bet- ween stations on village and Khandam rornrieerand me junctions on the boundaries offsetted. Village maps are eee seas nae plotting village and Khandam stations, e field trijunctic te ti ; fields from those tines! of ear eigen i 1D apenas of revenue records and registration in i normal course of revenue administration. Classification and registry of !ands, i , mnds.—The follor peer 2 See of revenue records and es et eyed and settled ryotwari and minor ina pee ae puncen which Govesiineie eds fined as Act VIII of 1923, is registered in pes papene TeEisiersy are minor fain eased is assessed or unassessed, forest and - peke cesued for public purposes. Freeholds which. ane : poe A a are seperately registered as such. Assessed s eparately registered as wet, dr i (or garden also in some. distri era eteeuatately r 0 icts).. Wet land is si | registered as single or double cr ands are further separately registered Hee SonuTpcontata i e they are held by sey t persons. And lastly, assessed lands of th er tine ” > as ie same de poe sail same holding are separately eoistored if ney pe oe tates of assessment. All these separatel poe ie lots are surveyed and mapped either as separate y fields or as separate sub-divisions of survey fields. 13. The system of revenue records and registration — 4313. Whe system of revenue records and registration.— The system of revenue records and registration comprises the maintenance : (a) of survey marks on the ground, (b) of an atlas of field maps, giving the measurernents to scale of each survey number and sub-division, Note.—In the case of districts surveyed on the “block map,” system, the karnams have been supplied also with ferro-prussiate copies of block maps showing all measurements. (©) of a village map which serves as a key to the field maps both in office and in the field, and (d) of village registers giving particulars of the description, classification and tenure of each survey number and sub-division. 14. Revenue Survey Marks.—The duties of Government officers and ryots in regard to revenue survey marks.—The duties of Government officers and of the ryots in regard to the preservation, repair and renewal of survey marks are laid down‘in the Madras Survey and Boundaries Act vee 1923 and in the legal rules issued under it in this ehalf. 15. Supply of copies of field maps.—Two sets of field measurement books besides the originals which are preserved in the Madras Record Office (now in the Central Survey Officer, Bangalore) are prepared in manuscript for every village. One set will be kept in the village in charge of the karnam and one in the taluk office. They will be kept up-to-date by the plotting therein of all changes sanctioned subsequent to their preparation in accordance with the rules prescribed therefor. Where five sets of ferro- prussiate copies have already been prepared, one of these 44 "sets will be kept in the taluk office and one in the village, both of which must be kept up-to-date. The remaining two copies will be available at the taluk office for sale to private parties. HYDERABAD KARNATAKA 1. Reforms introduced by Sir Salar Jung—Sir, Salar Jung became Prime Minister of Hyderabad in 1853- and during his long period of office several monumental changes were introduced. Of.such important changes, the abolition of the farming system was the most outstanding one. The annual enhancement of assessment and apportioning the increase of taxation among the cultivators was stopped and ‘orders were issued that the fixed rates were not to be increased. “The cultivated fields or the cultivators themselves were individually assessed and the assessment of any field or portion of it left uncultivated: from circum- stances beyond the ryots’ control was entirely remitted at each annual Jamabandi”. According to Sir Salar Jung’s scheme, the fields were to be measured demareated and tegistered and the assessments regulated according to the ‘bighas they contained. Each bigha comprises 3,600 sq. yards. The cultivators were granted proprietary possession ‘of their holding. “Each cultivator was also to be granted a qowl for a period of 3 years”. “The annual assessment , was to be fixed according to average payment of the past’ 0 years”. These important reforms led to a security of tenure of e cultivator and the area under occupation steadily creased. But there were still certain drawbacks. elds had not been accurately measured, the soils had not een classed according to their relative values and as a atural consequence it followed that the assessments were ery unequally distributed on the different holdings. 45In order to set right these drawbacks several Revenue Officers urged upon the Government the need for fixing proper assessment on lands. Government tried the experiment. of having some areas surveyed by patwaries. This experiment made matters worse. Government there- fore decided on introducing a regular survey and settlement into the State in 1875. . : INITIAL AND REVISION SETTLEMENT 2. Initial Settlement—A beginning of Cadastral Survey was made in 1875 (1285F). After several experiments it was decided to follow the ryotwari system of Bombay which contemplates direct dealings with each cultivating indivi- dual and discourages as far as possible the creation of middlemen proprietors. One of the essential preliminaries of ryotwari system is an accurate survey and soil classifica~ tion’ of each individual holding. The sole object was to secure a basis for assessing land revenue; and the method of survey was therefore made as simple as possible. The method of survey adopted is that of chain and cross staff. Before starting the survey of a village, a suitable base line js ranged ; and from this, offsets are measured to the several boundary marks of the holdings to be mapped. 3, Revision Settlement—On the expiry of the period of Initial Settlement the first taluk to be revised was Bidar - in 1904 (1314 Fasli). The system of Revision Settlement is based almost on Bombay system. The admitted principle of non-taxation of the improve- ments made, by and at the cost of royats, is being followed. closely at the time of revision settlement. Therefore reclassification of fields is prohibited strictly. Tt is only in cases of fresh phodi of unassessed lands assigned on patta by competent revenue authorities that soil classification in a settled village is allowed. t 46 First Revisi i Rt evision Settlement has been completed in all the Second Revision Settlement has been i of Raichur and Bidar Districts. SO aE ae 4, Changes made during Revisions, — (a) Enhancement of Bhagannas.— for the revision settlement oF the faliede Sein netSll tae after 1312 F. (1902). These rules directed correction in the soil classification Bhagannas and pani class of all initial settlement. Clear instructions were issued that ori inal classification should be corrected as per soil aecaeaiten rules of 1299 F. (1889). (Revision. settlement report of Bidar 1311 Fasli (1901) in Urdu by Shaikh Abdul Raheem. Superintendent Settlement—Page 4 Rule No. 3) There- fore in almost all the taluks revised after 1312 F (1902). changes in the soil classification bhagannas were made accordingly. In some taluks a partial test was taken of the soil classification bhagannas of initial settlement. The Bhagannas determined during such partial tests. it seems were almost eye-estimate (Nari). A difference between ect Nez Bhgeanns ang phagans of initial settlement. upto three annas in dry fields and o in irrigated ee ee cy ne anna in irrigated 5. Reelassification—De-novo soil _classificati conducted when the difference cues Mle peoriss ble limits. Not only were the bhagannas of initial settlement changed: according to the new annawise scales of soil classi- fication as modified by the Tetangana Committee, but 0 further changes were made in them as directed by the Settlement Commissioner on the following lines: . ee ae in the Bhagannas ranging from 47 L.H.—P-4252—7(b) Statusquo in the Bhagannas from 5 to 8; (c) Reduction in the Bhagannas below 5. A sliding scale (Jantri) was prepared for this purpose. 6, Further changes in the annawise scale of soil classi- fication —Revision Peat of 1327 fasli (1917) for Vaijaput Taluk of Aurangabad District is important in as much as it has further reduced the grades of soil classification from 9 to 7, eliminated Bhagannas one and two annas and fixed the minimum bhagannas at three annas only. This has been embodied in the Survey and Settlement Manual of 1323 Fasli -1913) and since then soil. classification, whenever necessary is being conducted on the scales of Bhagannas ranging from 16 to 3 annas fixed at 7 grades only. Altera- tions in the Bhagannas or reclassification of fields during revision settlement, has been strictly forbidden by the Government since 1323 fasli (1913). ignii i i Tari d.—The 7. Assigning pani class to Asmani Tari stopped. x former piace of assigning pani-class to Asmani ta irrigation by rain water has been, since 1323 fasli (1913) done away with. Such fields though classified as wet are treated and assessed as dry only. . 8 nges in Pani class of flow irrigation.—Pani class wuties oe ater of irrigation which was extended up ie five annas by the soil classification Rules of 1296 fasli fee ) has now, as per Survey and Settlement Manual in Ur ie . 1323 F, (1913) been sestricted to three annas only. The pani class assigned in the initial settlement for lands iE ted by kuntas in Abi and Tabi was fixed at 2 annas. a during revision settlement (Parkal) 1328 F. ee Re been raised to one anna in Tabi while pani class in Abi has been kept at 2 annas only. 48 9. Lift Irrigation.—Irrigation under wells has since long been charged at wet rates of assessment. Originally all _ wells up to the depth of 4 yards were classed at 3 annas of paniclass. It was further reduced by six pies for every addi- tional depth of two yards. So a well of 8 yards depth was- assigned four annas pani class. Rules of soil classification 1296 F. (1886) determined pani class for all the wells having a depth upto 6 yards at 3 annas. It was reduced by six ‘pies for every additional depth of two yards and could be lowered upto five annas six pies also. The Settlement Manual of 1323 F. (1913) fixed the minimum pani class for wells at five annas only. In 1317 F. (1907) when the Hyderabad Land Revenue Act was passed a distinction was made between the wells sunk prior tio that year and subsequent to it. The former were called Government wells and ayacut (achkut} was determined under them according to the scales prescribed and the latter were called as new wells and no ayacut was determined under them ; but all irrigation under such new wells was both classified and assessed as dry. One of the recommendations of Wet Rate Committee constituted by Government in 1348 F. (1938) was to do away with such mbitrary distinction and give necessary concessions to the lands irrigated by wells. In 1949 through Circular -Nos, 4 ind 10 the Government solved this problem but substituted’ the distinction of “old and new wells” by another distinc- tion “wells within the ayacut and outside the ayacut”. the former were allotted fields for irrigation which were” sessed as wet ; and the lands under the latter were assessed dry at the highest existing dry rate obtaining in the lage. The Land Revenue Rules of Settlement (Annual mabandi) 1952 have completely remoyed the distinction tween wells within or outside the ayacut and have treated kinds of lift irrigation whether under wells or Bhudkies oth Kacha and Pucca) as dry only and assessed them the existing highest dry rate of the village concerned. ; 4910. Milewari Jantri—Distance of fields from village site had been one of the “ Extrinsic circumstances » affecting the value of lands. “'The importance of this factor is due to the consideration that, yalue, that which is situated in the neighbourhood cof the village site is more valuable than that at a distance for a variety of reasons, chief of which are the extra cost involved in watching and carrying the crops, the time lost in going - and coming etc.” (Bombay Survey and Settlement Manual by H. G. Gordon, 1.C.S., Vol. 1 page 97). Therefore the scale of distance from the village site which was obtained during initial Settlement from Bombay, was based on the principle that the field located at a distance from the village site between 14 to 14 miles should have their field bhag- annas only, as Kayam Bhagannas ; the field Bhagannas of such fields which were situated nearer to the village site than 14 mile were enhanced before they became kayam bhagannas and similarly tne field Bhagannas of fields situ- ated at a distance from the village site further than. 14 miles, were reduced before they were treated as kayam bhagannas. According to this scale, field of 16 annas valué situated adjacent to the village site was to have 18 annas as its kayam, bhagannas ; therefore it was called “ One rupee two annas Kayam Bhagannas Jantri ». Consequently the * Four Rupee Jantri” used for arriving at the Classer-Dar (Classcr rate) for irrigated fields, was based on the principle that an irrigated field having one anna pani class and 18 annas kayam bhagannas was to have Rs. 4 as classer Dar (Revision Report of 1328 F. (1918) for Parkal, pages 53-54). With the experience of its working upto 1302 Fasli (1892) both these jantries were replaced by the existing ~ One Rupee Kayam: Bhagannas ” Jantri and “Four Rupee” Jantri. Revision akar work is now being done according to these jantries only. 11, General Position Class Chadh, Nala Chadh and Gal Chadh—In 1328 Fasli (1918) Government deputed two iz 50 of to fields, otherwise of equal ” Superintendents of Settlement to Bombay and Madras— ‘Shri Darabji B. Chenoy to Bombay and Sri Masheeduddin to Madras—to study the systems of Survey and Settlement prevailing in those States, and submit proposals for the ‘improvement of and increase of efficiency in the working of the same here. In addition to the introduction of traverse Survey and establishments of Districts Survey and Land Record Offices, Sri Darabji B, Chenoy submitted his proposals to introduce the system of enhancing soil classification Bhagannas of fields by the application of General position class chadh, nala chadh and Galpera chadh. During the course of revision settlement the follow- ‘ing seven contravances were devised in Bombay State to enhance the classification Bhagannas and the resulting ‘assessment in Revision Settlement :— (1) Soil Chadh, (2) Alluvial Chadh, (3) Nala Chadh (within five chains of nala), (4) Well percolation class (5) “Water class Chadh, (6) Sub-soil Chadh and (7) General position class Chadh. Of these numbers 2, 3 and 7 were ‘selected for application here, according to their suitability in view of the local conditions. 12. Alluvial chadh was meant to be applied to such fields which were situated on the banks of rivers and big nalas which deposited gal silt in them during floods. The enhancement due to this chadh ranged from 2 annas to 6 annas according to the scales prescribed. Nala chadh was applicable to the fields which were within a range of 5 chains from the banks of perennial nalas. . The enhance- ent due to such chadh ranged from 6 pies to 2 annas ccording to the scales prescribed. General position calss Chadh was to be assigned to each and every ficld according to the location and level of the plot on the spot. The ‘enhancement due to the general position chadh ranged from 6 pies to 3 annas. Sri Darabji later on Darajung, the then 51‘ 13. Settlement of Ex-Jagir (Nonkhalasa) villages.— le ex-jagirs may be divided into two categories-first. big ®states such as Sarfe-khas, Paigha etc. the other miscella- Meous jagirs. While big estates had their own agencies for survey and settlement, small jagirs got their assess- Ments fixed arbitrarily. It was in 1950, that all the ex- [agirs were integrated into Diwani and the compulsory lrvey operation of these unsurveyed ex-jagir villages was Marted. Ex-jagir villages covered approximately 4 area Oi the Hyderabad State. Superintendent Settlement, introduced these enhancements in the classification of Bhagannas during 1327 F. (1917) in the Revision Settlement of taluks which were under progress then. Sri Mohd. Ali later on Mohd. Nawaj Jung the then Settlement Commissioner and Inspector General, Revenue Department opposed introduction of these enhancements on the principle that the reasons proposed for such chadhs were already considered duly. during the soil classification procedure itself and as such the proposed enhancement in the Bhagannas was more or less arbitrary and therefore not sufficiently justified. After necessary discussion with the retired Settlement Officers the Government decided to introduce these enhancements in 33 F. (1920). So during the process of Revision carried on since 1330 F. (1920) to 1349) F. (1939) the enhancement in the soil classification bhagannas were effected and the assessment was raised. Sri Jahangir Bahmanji Metha, the then Settlement Commissioner in 1348 F. (1938) represented strongly to the Government the injustice and the irregu- larity caused by the enhancement in Bhagannas due to these chadhs. ~The Government appreciated the argu- ments submitted by the Settlement Commissioner and decided once for all that all these chadhs should be dis- continued henceforth. So since 1349 F. (1939) no enhance- ment is being made due to these chadhs. 14. Reasons for the delay in the completion and mnouncement of the Revision Settlement.—There was NO uniformity in rates of assessment in all such ex-jagir Villages but disparity was found in majority of the cases. Ihe Government issued orders to the effect that top Miiority should be given to the ex-jagir villages and they ould be surveyed and settled as early as possible by Dtinging these rates on par with the adjoining Diwani or Khalsa villages, Tn compliance with these orders all the unsurveyed ex- gir villages were surveyed and their rates announced ier Police Action (1949). At Present there is no un- iitveyed village left out in Hyderabad Karnataka, Curtailed process of Revision Settlement.—There 0 adequate staff to attend to the Settlement of un- eyed Ex-Jagirs and revision of overdue taluks of Wani (Government) Since the state was losing lakhs of Pees per annum due to the incompletion of Revision, Government sanctioned the Proposal of the Depart- Hi to undertake the field revision operation of the over- Diwani taluks under “ Curtailed Process” system of Hon. According to this system unnecessary processes fegular revision were delected and it was confined to 33 i some taluks of Marathwada and Karnatak viz., Parbhani and Gangavathi, Revision was carried out with no process of revision settlement field work. In view of the agro--economic conditions and general prosperity of the royats enhancement from 6 pies to 3 annas per rupee of previous assessment, was effected during revisions and accordingly the maximum rates were increased propor- tionately. 52- survey of the agro-economic conditions of the tract and revision of the land revenue assessment rates. This it _ was thought could be speeded up by asking the Commis- sioner, his three Deputies and any other suitable officers of the Department, to immediately undertake extensive tours of the overdue taluks, have a complete study of the agronomic conditions there and submit their proposals for revision sttlement within shortest possible time. The Department was asked to be geared up so as to be able in any case to announce Revision Settlement before 1958-59. Acccordingly the reports were completed but could not be finalised due to the States Re-organisation. ions only, ‘Thus in the tuks of Aurangabad and 1p for Revision and the “Karnataka and Marathwada reg) year 1953-53 all the overdue tal Gulbarga Districts were taken w work was completed. f i v ” of Revision jnciples of “ curtailed | procedure” o! _Revis Se Field to field ipso He Sean g E ass was done ¢ of area of pote-kharab and pani c ass W: Boe Gna ee, 7 checking of only such fields which con! ain p i He pe Other items of routine procedure of Revi sion were to be followed: i i ‘é rk were also cur b) Considerable items of Akar work we tailed sont previous Kayam Bhagannas were not to a meddled with. All fields classified below 4 annas’ and pies were to be brought to that level. 17. Settlement Committee of 1954.-—From a pre nary review of the work done in the SE eae ment, during last 3-4 years it was PAU ‘ at a a considerable scope for improvement in the wor ne ¢ eee arte abas rar nie Seine An snior and experienced — ollicers ; 2 Pee Aiemnepartaet was formed to examine the Wore di the Department. The following are the recommendatio of this committee in this respect. a “ Bx-jagir settlement should be given the top priorit and ne ETA must be made tee ie oe of the current agricultural year. Every establis! ene the Department should be informed of this top DEY. a ‘ked to complete the process as early as possible ant pass on the village for the next stage. The Officers a cerned should be made personally responsible for dela’ 4 ja taluks rdue for tt In all the Marathi and Kannada taluks overd settlements the fevision work should be restricted to 54 The Taxation Enquiry Committee has also suggested ‘that the rates of land revenue over the entire area of the State should as far as possible be standardised and dis- “parties which have resulted not because of the difference in the agro-economic conditions but because of the differences in the system or the periods in which, the earlier settlements were made should be removed. The ex-jagir areas come under this category along with many other aiwani areas which to-day have considerable disparity of land revenue rates simply because their earlier settle- ments were made by different Officers and at different times when the prevailing prices were different. Removal of such disparities of assessment in ex-jagir or Diwani fireas has therefore to be an important aspect during the Tevision Settlement. The varying terms of settlements Would also come under scrutiny and the future terms Prescribed as far as possible uniformly for all the areas Of the State”. be 18. Record of Rights and Sub Division (Hi: i issa) S io ne of the recommendations of the Cee for’ the organisation of Settlemeni Department in 1328 fasli the introduction of Record of Rights onthe lines of 55 L.H.—P-4252-8B bay system. Sriatlistt der the Record of Rights Act ‘of 1346 “Jamabandi is based on occupancy rights and as per instruc+ tions laid down in the Manual of Record of Rights. “became necessary. The firs This work was taken up first in Marath= wada districts um ; t of Fasli, | However \a start was made in the the districts of Hyderabad Karnataka to train the village officers and Revenue Inspectors. After Police action in 1948, the Military Government repealed the Record of Rights Act of 1346 F. and replaced it by the Hyderabad Record of Rights in Land Regulation 1358 Fasli, on the Mysote system. Till 1954 no progress was made in this connection. Tt was in 1954 that under the instructions of the Central Government the census of the holdings of lands was taken up and the Record of Rights has been made the Record of Liabilities also. It has been integrated with Revenue accounts. According to it, the nominal pattedar has been eliminated and has ‘been replaced by ‘owner-occupant who has been made responsible for the payment of land Revenue. The present 19. With the completion of Record of Rights, measure- ment of Sub Divisions and apportionment of assessment + round of Hissa survey was not completed in this area. There has*been an enormous work of sub division survey'left ‘im atrcas, to be takeniup. Tt was only in 1956 that the erstwhile Government of Hyderabad had ordered to take up this work. : The principles of existing system of Hissa “Survey ate (a) Band map system of teasurement of hissas instead of regular detailed survey by cross staff and ‘chaitt (b) area to be worked out by area comb (c) No change is made in the extent of numberwise pote-kharab recorde in the Settlement papers. (d) “Apportionment of assess ment between the Hissas by rule of three. The total assessment of the $.No. will be tallied and (¢) Cost of Hiss; Survey will be recovered from the Hissadars as arreats 0 Tand Revenue according to the fees fixed. : 56 COORG __ 1. Coorg.—The: reyenne system, in Coorg is ryotwari, ile. Government deals with an individual, who is assumed to be acting on his own, account and mot to be a middle man. Accordingly a tyot who has acquired possession of land is allowed to retain it as long as he pays the Govern- ment dues. Even when he becomes a defaulter only such portion of his land is sold as is sufficient to cover the “amount due, 2. Notwithstanding the ryotwari system, there are numerous peculiar tenures whereby the revenue administ- ration is complicated. A detailed description of the vari- ous tenures is reiterated. Lands on which the land revenue has been wholly or partly assigned or released are divided into Umbli, Jama, Jahgir, Batmanya Sarvanya, Jodi ; Matt lands, Gaudumbli and Naimannu. These tenures are subject to the condi e ndition that they ma not be alienated without the writte: issi : anes D, pe algae permission of the Jama.—The Jama iemixe is, the princi i a te he principal special tenure n Coorg. It was orginally a military service tenure under _ which ‘land was held on pa: t i c. f c 1 yment of half a eideration of military or semi-military etic er be iz ee ee when demanded. Jama lands were granted largely y the Rajas and to a smaller extent by the British Govern- 4 pent ant 1895 when it was ordered by the Government c or at oe et OGG land should be given on this tenure. ute. saa mow become nominal, but the privi- Jahgir.—Jahgir land is held free of all assessment and ies eee by the Rajas in recognition of services ren- such grant so made comprise 587 acres of wet ih«ilar grants by the British Government in all bate 35, feeeeiie Perea of 1213 acres. This tenure is held in most cases in perpetuity and in a few cases for three generations Some Jahgirdars assignees of the full land revenue while the others (who owned the land under the Jama or Sagu tenure at the time of grant) are in absolute possession. Batmanya—Land was granted on Batmanya tenure by the Rajas to Brahmins and their lineal descendents | on condition of_ the performance of certain religious ceremonies. There are 55 such holdings covering an extent of 493.44 acres ‘of wet land held free of all ussess- ment. These are inalienable. It was decided in 1868 that this tenure involved an absolute surrender of Government right except in case of treason. All cases requiring special consideration were disposed of in 1904 in course of the inam tenure enquiry. Sarvamanya and Jodi Lands.—Lands were granted under the Sarvamanya and Jodi tenures between 1788 and 1839 for the benefit of religious institutions on-condition of the formance of religious ceremonies. The term Sarvamanya refers to lands of which the Revenue has been fully relinquished, while jodi relates to those of which only half the Revenue has been assigned. At the time of inam enquiry in the year 1904 there were in all 812 grants covering an extent of 3616 acres of wet land, representing an assignment of Land Reyenue toa tune of Rs. 6,090-13-4. Matt Land.—Matts are religious institutions for the residency of ascetics and were intended to give shelter to travellers of the Lingayet caste (Shivachars and Jangams) and also to other high caste people. These institutions were endowed with land for their maintenance by the Rajas of Coorg who were themselves Lingayets, The Mattadar 58 js merely the Manager of the endowment. The grants cover an area of 1229 acres of wet land and 225 acres of dry lands. These lands are free of all Land Revenue assess~ ments. They are also inalienable and are held conditionally upon the proper upkeep of the matt . 3 Gaudumbli and Naimannu.—Gaudumbli and Naimannu Jands are village service inams. The former refers to lands held by patels as such and the latter refer to lands held by Kuluvadis, ic. village watchmen. Both tenures are inalienable and attached to the permanent holder of the office. Umbli—Lands were granted under the Umbli tenure for past meritorious services. They were originally assessed. at 1/10, 1/4 and 3/10 of the ordinary sagu rate and carty the same service obligations as Jama lands; the grants are perpetual and the jands are inalienable. Their Land Reyenue assessment is fixed in perpetuity. Such lands were granted by Rajas and by the British Government the latter in consideration of the supression of the South Cafara rebellion in 1837. Alienated banes and hitlumanedalas.—The term “Aliena- ted bane” or “Alienated Hitlumanedala” refers to bane Jand or hitlumanedala which has been alienated apart from the wet land to which it was originally attached. Such land is liable to assessment from the date of alienation and the rights of the holder in timber are the same as in the case of bane. In other respects it is held on the sagu tenure. Sagu Lands “ Redeemed” or “ Unredeemed ”.— Sagu are classified as redeemed or unredeemed according as the timber rights have been paid for by the occupant or not. 2 59planted and vegetables were grown. The land revenue ‘assessment was, therefore, as was natural) imposed only upon the wet lands, or rice fields. In that part of Coorgito the North and East which is outside Coorg proper a similar arrangement in the way of assessment prevailed, though in this, tract, owing to,a slightly drier climate and a more ‘open country, other crops than rice were cultivated toa small extent. In this tract the “Wargs” or holdings consisted aot only of rice fields but also of * Banes”’ lands attached thereto. So these blocks contained wet or rice Jands and also dry land (i,¢. sloping lands, part forests, part ughtly cultivated) ip about ‘equal proportions. “The Fassessment was, however, based as in Coorg proper, upon an estimate of the yield of rice land only. Nothing -being charged on account of the yield of the dry cultivation, except when such dry crop i cultivated separately from. the mice land. To qualification; the statement that’in Coorg, serally nothing was charged in the shape of land’ Revenue 3...The bane question peculiar to Cosrg De ae . a very complicated one also: ‘The tenure gents igh bane Jands are held gradually Ber see a pe Slats ; tl country tothe present state whic! Gb er by the great change of circumstances. r seth : changes which have conpligated Mia nl aes ca Rid i th indusir ected with Co! slantations. growth industry connected wit! ee ee ee resulted in the great increase inva y nf {lage i i i he introduction.oL BEY and of tiniber thereon. Owing:to.t lu 05) Met fhe’ inerease of population and the opening of roads. 4, Coorg has a long the suramit of the Wesin SA and an undulating country of densely woo! oe Ne eae slopes, intersected by small swampy valleys mos' ae a have been conyerted into, Tic fields. These © mo fag divided into plots, of various Ss known as “Wi ei » ee - cae See a atti hana” or fee of one rupee in 42. Grazing rate—An asses F ssment of 4 an: imposed upon forest land used only for Pena n : thea Purposes in Coorg District. s - 43. G-Line: Lambi—Base Line. 44. Gomal.—Lands set apart for grazing purposes. 45. Goshwar—An abst f assessment of mene, papas betpurpose 46. Gramathana.—Village site. 47. Group.—Grou roup. ip means all lands in th i ee oiieee a ie hee or an nice hae or sufficient i pect of the factors enumerated ee eee KL R ct 1964, to admit icati ndard rates. of the application to them of the same 75 Ne en ae ty hus ih ae ee58, Jodi—A favourable rent or light assessment the proportion of which to the full rates varies in Coorg District. However Jodi pertaining to grants to Major religious Institutions and the allowance of the assessment was 50 per cent. in © tion ‘du.—Forest land granted in connection, Me a free of revenue by the eultiv cattle sheds and garden so long the wet land. 48.g(a) a wet holding, to be as a site for houses, js not separated from ) Yiduvali.—Holding. 59. (a) Jama Malles.—are portions of the reserve forests tern ghats in which the heriditary right of grow- ing cardemoms on the indigenous system is admitted. These mallas have been separately resettled. i itorial jurisdiction of a obli_The normal territorial of Ae aetior variously known as Nad, Revenue Circle or Firka. (6) Wanti holas.—-In the North Eastern tract inferior dry Jands known as “Wantiholas ” which are cultivated once in three or more years were formely allowed to be held free of assessment but in the summary settlement a nominal rate of three annas per acre was imposed. It is possible that the grant of these lands originally resembled the grant of banes in South Coorg and it is not worthy that in the adjoining Manjarabad portion of Mysore State dry lands known as “ Vanti” were granted in former times on very easy terms as a means of the cultivation of abandone wet lands. 60. Jama.—Land Revenue Demand. 61. Janthri—Ready Reckoner of assessment. 62. (a) Kabja Possession, Kabjedar-Occupant. (b) Kandaya.—Assessment (Land Revenue). 63. (a) Katcha.—Rough. (6) Katri—Inter section point of fields junction. 64. Khariff—Autumn harvest. 65. (a) Khasra.—List of fields—Field Register. (b) Khalsa.—Government . 66. Khandam.—Part. , 1 dl ions of bane itiumanedalas and Uruguppes.—Portions of bane ite Bava allotted for dwelling places and farm ite are known as <47itthu Manedals”, while land set apar a collective village site is termed “ Uruguppe pe 51. Holas or Sariges.—Assessed dry lands in Coorg District are known as Hola or Sarige. 2 52, Hudbust.—Fixation of boundary. 53, Hath.—A cubit measured from the elbo to the tip of the middle finger 18” or 45 cm. see . ag |. Inamdar.—When a person's name 1s ener Boe tent records as holding Imam lands he is called th Inamdar of that land. 55, Jahagir.—An estate held free of payment to Gover! ment in the shape of Land Revenue. 56. Jama Bane—Bane attached to Jama wet land. half | 57. Jama Land.—Wet land assessed at one normal (sagu) rate of assessment (Coorg District) . 71667. Karda or Khatedar—-Signifies the occupant or the eldest or principal of several joint occupants, whose name is authorisedly entered in the Government records as holding unalienated land whether in person or by his co- occupant, tenant, agent, servant or other legal representa- tives. 68. Kumsi—Signifies land on the mountain slopes in the Malnad on which the jungle is cut down and burnt previous to land being sown. These are cultivated only one or two years, and then allowed to lie waste, until the jungle grows up again. 70. Kurayu, Gerekadu and Hullugavalu—tn order to 76...Kuravu, Gerekadu and Hullugavalu.—In order to protect the margins of wet lands from ingression of cattle, damage by overhanging branches of trees. etc., the Rajas granted the adjoining narrow strips of highlying land, 5 to 10 metres wide, under the name of “ Kuravus”, free of assessment. No such grants were specified for the wargs in Coorg proper, but it is an established custom that each wet land can claim a “Gerekadu” which indicates a narrow strip of high land not more than 5 metres in breadth and adjoining wet land. In the sampajinad below the ghats, grazing lands, known Hullugavalus were granted by the Rajas under similar circumstances. 71. Khsetra—The measurement sketch of a number drawn to scale. 72. Khsetra Book.—The measurement book containing such khsetras. 73. Kammi Jasti Patrike—Statement showing the varia- tions in extent and assessments prepared at the time of Durasti. 2 74, WKayam dara Takta——A statement showing the bhaganna of a holding, the rate applicable to it and the assessment leviable on it. 75. Land Records.—Means records maintained under the provision of or for the purposes of, the Karnataka Land Revenue Act 1964. The term includes survey records, the record of rights and the village records. 76. Lambi.—Base line. 77. WLaWvani Paisal Patrik.— Record of the final settle- ment of each survey number in the village. 78. Mafii—Revenue Free.— 79. Malguzari—Land Revenue Demand. 80. Mauza—Mouje—Village . 81. Minjumla.—Part out of a whole. 82. (a) Misrit Shet.—is land containing more th: of the three kinds of crops, viz., dry, cea paen ee (b) Motasthal.—Lands irrigated by Moats (Lift). 83. Mahewar.—Statement showing ¢ mance of the Surveyors. ne 84. Mutation.—As understood i i i Fe eter nN in this department is a 85. Mutation Phodi. ~divisis a F transfer of Right —Sub-division of lands as a result 86. Malli.—Value of trees standing on agricultural land. 87. Nahje—Nanie i : Pocsion tha anje is the equivalent of vernacular 88. Neemtana.—Inspection. 89. NirsardiiWater rate. 7999. Pakka Book.—Field Book. 94, Patta.—Certificate of title. 92, Patwari—Shanbhogue, Kamam or Talathi—a Village Accountant. 93. Parampoke—means rocky portions of Jand void of earth, which cannot be ploughed if and on which even grasé does not grow, and also Jand which in consequence of being with thick jugle cannot be cultivated. 94, Paradi Land.—Certain lands surrounding houses within a village site. 95. Pot.—Water course. 96. Patasthal—Lands irrigated by flow irrigation canals, tanks etc. 97, Paisari Land,—All waste and forest lands which are declared to be the property of the Government and which have not been notified as protected forests of as forest reserved. 98, Patel—The headman of a village. 99. Pattadar—The registered holder of a land. 100. (a) Phot-Kharab.—Means a piece or pieces of Jand classed as unarable and included in a survey number. (b) Pherpali—Rotation. © Phahnisystem.—Measurement adopted in main- tenance stage for effecting sub-divisions. 401. Punje.—The equivalent of vernacular expression Khushki. 80 402. Pahanisud.—A survey statement showing old and new susvey numbers, names of fields, description of tenure and names of occupants. 493, Phodi.—Sub-divided fields. 404, Rabi,—Spring harvest. 405. Rozmama.—Daily diary of a Surveyor. 406. Runéhi.—An offset. 407. Rujuwath Gunakar.—Calculation. of area by com> partments. 408. Revenue Survey.—By this it is meant the Survey i of any land in any part ‘of the state undertaken with a view | to the settlement of the Land Revenue and to the recording and presentation of Rights connected therewith or for any other similar purpose. 109. RevVision Survey.—Survey operations conducted at the instance of Government at any time after original survey. 410, Representative Village—Means a village selected by the settlement officer for the purpose of holding a local enquiry. 111. Salesal—Year to year. 112. Sanad.—A deed of grant. 113. Schadda.—Trijunction point of three villages. 81114. Survey Number.—Means a portion of land of which the area and other particulars are separately entered under an indicative number in the land records. 415. Sub-division of a Survey number.—Sub-Division of a survey number means a portion of a survey number of which the area and assessment are separately entered in the land records under an indicative number subordinate to that of the Survey Number of which it is a portion. 116. Sagu Assessment.—The full or ordinary assessment of wet land-but, priveleged tenures have for various reasons been so freely granted in the past that the sagu tenure only represents 43 per cent of the total holdings. 117. Saguvali—Cultivation. 148. Shet—All lands held by one khatedar and enclosed within a continuous line of boundary. 119. Settlement—Means the result of the operation in a taluk or part of a taluk in order to determine the Jand revenue assessment. 120. Standard Rate—Means with reference to any particular class of land in a group, the normal assessment per acre of land in that class of sixteen annas classification value, 121.—Survey Mark.—A mark or object erected made employed or specified by a Survey Officer to indicate or determine or assist in determining the position or level of any point or points. 122. (a) Tabi—Land irrigated in hot (summer). (b) Termim.—Correction, 82 123, Talepariges.—Water springs under which lands are cultivated by taking water. 124, Tippan.—The sketch of a number not drawn to scale but showing the measurements. 125. Tippan Book.—The book containing tippans. 126. Traverse Book.—A record prepared at the time of conducting suryey by Theodolite. It gives the details of base lines on which the survey is conducted. aph paper by means 127. Tale Square—Scale drawn sd to scale is com- of which the area of piece of land pixts puted: 128. Theodolite stone on station.—it is a survey mark fixed for the purpose of running a traverse. 129. Urudves.—In_ the north eastern part of Coorg, where no banes were allotted, the system as allowed to graze their cattle in and take firewood and timber for agricultural purposes from communal lands known as “ Urudves” i.e., village forests. 130. Urambals and Mandus.—Urambals and Mandus are communal village lands reserved for panchayat meetings and for dancing on festival occasions, the villagers have the tight of grazing thereon. 131. Udafa.—The term Udafa means a non-contiguous survey number which cannot be found in its serial order on the map of a village. 132. Umbli Lands —Inam lands given to persons from whom generally some service real or nominal, is expected. by aga 193433. Varga Mul.—Square roots. i apezia into which _ Vasala.—The triangles and trapezia into Wi) fay numbers are divided for the purposes of calculation of area. Vagal ; fTset_ passing 5, Wazai Vasala—A vasala due to an OHSe. | g ide the number and which has to be deducted in mak: ing out the area. i eC i l_particu- e Vasulbaki.Statement showing the full et . each occupants’ entire holdings under the old and new systems. 137. Wahivat.—Enjoyment. 438. Wat Hukunm Bagayet.—Diy Jand where coconuts are grown without irrigation. 139. Warg-—A holding of wet land. 440. Wargdar.—A holder of a warg- 141. Zonal.—Means a local area comprising a Taluk | a fect err Te opinion. ok thereat ot one meat of 2 officer authorised by it in this behalf is continguous and homogeneous in respect of (1) Physical configuration, (2) Climate and Rainfall, (3) Principal Crops grown in the area, (4) Soil characteristics. CHAPTER Il POWERS AND DUTIES OF OFFICERS Duty of a Government Servant as a Citizen: Every Government servant is a Citizen as well as an Official. Even if the duties enjoined on him by his own Department are not directly connected with village improve- ment, he may be in close contact with villagers and thereby have greater opportunities of doing good than some of those whose special work. falls clearly within the ambit of wny scheme for village improvement. The nature of work in the Survey, Settlement and Land Records Department being what it is, the officials in this Department have adequate opportunities of getting into touch with the villagers and so are well equipped to associate themselves in any scheme of improvement of the village. It is necessary to bear in mind in this context that Government Officers should do their utmost to elicit the interest and co-operation of the villagers themselves. They can do this best by seeking to carry the villagers with them in all matters by which it is proposed to improve the condition of life in the village and not by doing anything that would amount to going against their own wishes or inclinations. No improvement that is a result of force from out-side is likely to be permanent. The scope for contact with the villagers available for the local officers of the Survey, Settlement and Land Records Department should be utilised for discussing proposed improvements and undertakings with the villagers of ex- plaining their advantages to them and of considering the: 85gers themselves may put forward, assembled in a Chavadi or i i i i hem. ey the village and talk things over to them et ihe es the villagers that the more they do for them ives, the more the Government will be prepared to do for them and for their village. suggestions which the villa; if they meet the villagers Duties of the Director of Survey, Settlement and Land Records. ; Head of the Departmeni the duties of the Director ae broadly Tecate under the following Heads (1) As Controlling, Supervising and Co-ordinating Officer . (2) As Appellate Authority. s Controlling and Supervising Officer, the Director has ae ick the RenonGr es Government and their eee are properly implemented in the actual administration ol the units committed to his charge. He is in this respect required to control and Supervise the work of the Officers in his charge and at the same time has to work as a sort of Liaison Officer between Government and not only his Officers but also the Divisional Commissioners and Deputy Commissioners in matters concerning Land Records. He is to be in constant touch with the working of the various units in his charge, so that new ideas that have proved successful in one District could be adopted in others and faulty procedures which have crept in anywhere is eliminated. The Co-ordination extends to the inter-relation of the Survey, Settlement and Land Records, Department with other Departments of the Government im general and. the Revenue Department’ in particular, In the field of Co. ordination with the Revenue Department the Director has 86 got to aid and advise the Divisional Commissioners and the Deputy Commissioners in the work of the maintenance of the Record of Rights and the Revenue Registers, to check the Settlement work and to advise the Government on technical matters of Survey and Settlement. The Director is also responsible for the maintenance of records relating to lands that have been surveyed and assessed, for the up-to-date maintenance thereof by causing through the sub-ordinate Officers correction of clerical trrors etc., and also incorporation in Land Records of changes in Boundaries, Areas, Tenure and assessments even of Sub-Divisions of S. Nos. etc. It is the duty of the Director to see that the Annual Administration Report on the activities of the Survey, Settlement and Land Records Department is compiled and sent to the Government. As Appellate Authority he has powers of hearing appeals and Revision petitions etc., to the extent that the Karnataka Land Revenue Act 1964 has empowered him. Duties of the Joint Director of Land Records The Joint Director of Land Records is a Non-T.A.S., Officer in the senior scale of Class-I, service. He is not only- a Sub-ordinate of the Director of Survey, Settlement and Land Records, but also an adviser to the Divisional Commissioner in matters relating to Land Records and the maintenance of Record of Rights. in his Division. He is _ the Chief Controlling and Supervising Officer at the level of the Division. As Chief Controlling Officer he is required to be in constant touch with the fuiictioning of the Offices in his charge, so that he could not only remove imbalances in the L.H.—P-4252—10 87deployment of staff under orders of the Director but also take measures to rectify defective functioning of any of these offices, As Head of the Division he is accountable to the Director of Survey, Settlement an$ Land Records and through him to the Government in the achievement of progress, especially of items of work that have to be attended to over time-bound programmes. The Joint Director has to conduct annual inspections of the Offices in his charge as well as field and dafter inspec- tions in the manner required by the Government or the Director of Survey, Settlement and Land Records through Circulars issued from time to time. ‘This apart, it is his duty to conduct periodical inspections of the Land Records and Record of Rights branches of the Taluk Offices and bring to the notice of the Deputy Commissioners of Districts and the Divisional Commissioner, deficiencies in their functioning. He has to provide all the data in respect of his Division that the Director of Survey, Settlement and Land Records will require for compilation of Annual Administration report of the Department of Survey, Settlement and Land Records. The Joint Director of Land Records is also an appellate authority and has powers of hearing appeals and revision petitions to the extent the Karnataka Land Revenue Act 1964 has empowered him. Duties of the Deputy Director of Land Records The Deputy Director of Land Records who is a Class I Officer in the Junior Scale and whose jurisdiction extends to one or more Districts (normally two) has both Statutory and Administrative Powers. 88. His Statutory Powers are defined _ Revenue Act 1964. ned by the Karnataka Land His Administrative Power, i Plsvin wea $ can be classified under the (1) Record of Rights. (2) Supervision of Training Classes, (3) Preservation of the Survey Records. (@) Controlling and Su ervisil ck Assistant Director of Land Recordin he Shake ee \(5) Organising original item, f Pen eetent en g) s of Survey work and Statutory Powers The Statutory Powers of a Deputy Dir Records enable him not only to Se Te ae section 56 of the Karnataka Land Revenue Act. 1964 oi also to approve Kammi Jasti Patrikas and order correcti of Clerical etors under the Provisions of Rule 36 if re Karnataka Land Revenue Rules 1966. oe Administrative Powers On the administrative side he is not minis d 's not only to act withi the broad guide-lines mentioned above ie ies a wy e work and getting them executed, He is D n , answer: Joint Director of Land Records in the ee ee Progress of yarious items of Survey and mintenance wor He has got to undertake inspect; spections in hi charge as per quotas Prescribed by the une a 89 rinfime to time as also field and dafter inspections as well as scrutiny of technical records on the basis of percentages Prescribed by the Director of Survey, Settlement and Land Records from time to time. In matters concerning the relaying of boundaries (H.B.) of duly constituted holdings, his decision is final. He has to undertake verification of Survey Records in the offices in his jursdiction as per quotas fixed from time to time by the Director of Survey, Settlement and Land Records and has to arrange under orders of his higher authorities for the re-writing or re-construction of torn or missing Survey Records, promptly. It is the duty of the Deputy Director of Land Records to assist the Deputy Commissioners of the Districts in his charge in the formulation of proposals for chalking out decennial programmes for the renewals of and repairs to boundary marks. The Deputy Director of Land Records should undertake inspections of the Dafters of Village Accountants with a view to bringing deficiencies in their work relating to up- ating of Record of Rights to the notice of the Deputy ioners of the Districts in his charge and to have I visits to Taluk Offices with a view to ensure that ) arise due to certification 1s Incorporated in fhe concerned Land Records of the village maintained in Taluk Office with the utmost promptitude. to undertake periodic: sof R.R. B 90 Duties of an Assistant Director of Land Records As the ground level Officer, the Assistant Director of Land Records has a very heavy responsibility in org nising all items of original and maintenance work assign to his units. ant Director of Land Records is therefore n 1s a proper preservation of the Sur Records. The Assistant Director of Land Records is therefore to undertake annual inspections of the Survey Records as Per quotas to be fixed by the Director of Survey, Settlement and Land Records from time to time and take action under orders of his superior Officers to get missing and torn Survey Records Te-constructed and re-written, The next pre-requisite for achievement of adequate pro- gress in the chalking out of programme of work both of Surveyors as Well as Supervisors, He Should be guided in this, by the Circular instructions issued from time to time by the Director of Survey, Settlement and Land Records. The third important re luirement is a thorough check of ae dafters of his Sine with a view not Daly to see aa they attend to their Work promptly but also to ensure ot they get adequate guidance in the disposal of important an neal Tecords. The source of this guidance should pera y the Assistant Director of Land Records himself ane the nature of work involved permits, the atin Assistant Director of Land Records should inspect lt le Tegisters Prescribed for the Supervisors in his charge ‘ Hee ma month and Satisfy himself that they are discharging cir duties adequately and in the manner laid down for them, e All the registers Prescribed for hj ; 2 ‘ s office should also b mspected by the Assistant Director of Land Recents 91petween the First and 5th of every month in order to ensure that these registers are maintained upto date. ‘ The Assistant Director of Land Records is required to attend jointly with the Assistant. Commissioner of the Sub-Division to inspections of the Land Records and Record of Rights Branches of the Taluk Offices and make use of such inspections not only for bringing the deficiencies iced during his periodical visits to the Taluk Offices) yorking in matters concerning Land Records to 2 of the Assistant Commissioner but also for getting through the re-conciliation of the figures of pendency of the various types of phody records as between the registers of his office and those of the Taluk Offices. He should undertake thorough inspections of the field work of the Surveyors in his charge as per percentages prescribed by the Director of Survey. Settlement and Land Records from time to time. A fair percentage of these inspections should include the overcheck of the inspections undertaken by the Supervisors. In the office on the Technical sidé, the Assistant Director of Land Records should not only attend to the percentage scrutiny of the check work undertaken by the reserve surveyours or Mappers as the case may be, but also to the approval of day to-day changes in respect of mutation cases as enjoined by Rule 36(4i) of the K.L.R. Rules 1966. He is empowered to sit in judgement over the relaying by the Surveyors in his charge of the boundaries of duly constituted holdings (H.B.) on receipt of applications for such action from any aggrieved parties and on payment of the fees prescribed by Government from time to time. 20 Sub-Assistant Superintendent of Land Records rative : 1. The Sub-Assistant Superintendent will be in charge of the Survey Office and will act generally under the orders of the Assistant Director of Land Records. 92 2. He will be in charge of the Survey Records and he is xésponsible for their proper maintenance and safe custody. 3. He will be responsible for proper disposal of all correspondences in the survey office in respect of all technical and administrative matters and will scrutinise and initial all papers put up for the signature of the Assistant ‘Assistant Director of Land Records. 4, He will be responsible for proper distribution of measurement work to the field surveyors and correction work to the office Surveyors under the general instructions of the Assistant Director. 5. He will be responsible for submission of all prescribed periodicals to higher offices on or before the due dates. 6. He will be responsible for proper recovery of copying fees and maintenance of the accounts thereof. _ 7. He will sign. all certified copies of records issued to the public on payment of fees under the rules and also copies issued for official use. 8. He will be responsible for maintenance of accounts of village maps kept for sale and recovery of cost thereof and maintenance of accounts thereof. He will also be responsible for the proper maintenance of accounts of village maps supplied free of cost as per rules. 9, He will be responsible for watching the daily punctual office attendance of all the subordinates and to bring to the nctice of the Assistant Director of Land Records any lapses for suitable action. 10. In the absence of the Assistant Director of Land Records on tour it is his duty as the senior most 93Assistant to attend promptly to all urgent matters and to take suitable action as is necessary under the rules and bring the same to the notice of the Assistant Director after his return to headquarters. 11. He will also carry out other instructions issued from time fo time by the Assistant Director of Land Records in the official work in the interest of proper fune- tioning of the office. Technical 1. Ag an officer in charge of the Survey Records, it will be his duty to see that they are maintained properly and in a systematic manner with due care for cleanliness and their safe custody. 2. He will be responsible for all work connected with the correction of records for the purpose of up-to-date cases are issued to the Surveyors that— 3. For the purpose of maintenance, it will be his duty to keep close watch over disposal of correction records as per circular orders issued by the Director or Joint Director of Land Records from time to time. 4, Tt is his duty to satisfy himself before measurement cases are issued to the Surveyors that— (a) Measurement fees laid down by Government orders. are duly recovered. (b) Adequate Court fees stamp is affixed. (c) Record of Rights extracts are enclosed wherever necessary. ____(d) the applicant is the holder or is the person directly interested in the land to be measured in hudbust cases. 94 5. It is his duty to satisfy himself before accepting the: survey records from the executive staff that they are complete in all respects and fit for lodging in the village dafter. Any omissions noticed should be got supplied. ns _ 6. He may also be required to check field work in important and special works specially entrusted by the Joint Directors of Land Records according to the exigencies of the volume and nature of work. However as ihe Sub- Assistant Superintendent is not primarily an executive officer, the occasions for utilising his services for field work will be few and far between. His deputation to fieid work will always be with the prior permission in writing of the Joint Directors of Land Records concerned. Duties of Supervisor Ane will be entrusted with any of the following Original Be Cues in Agricultural lands, Village sites ; sotalol sor aiion.. and field measurement in cases Supervisory 1. Charge of a group of Surveyors in origi ; © of in original and His surveys and maintenance. a _ 2. Every Supervisor should be fully conve; ith the details of the above items of work and Site ee sions of Karnataka Land Revenue Act 1964, the rules there under and orders bearing on them. ? 95ee 17. The Supervisor should maintain a personal note book in which he should record the result of “ Field test Abstracts of the work done by each Surveyor should be: as also dafter check” of each Surveyor allotting separate prepared in the form enclosed. Pages for each Surveyor. This should be produced before 13. (b) The Supervisor should maintain a check register the Inspecting Officer. in the form enclosed wherein entries regarding the records. issued to and obtained from each of the Surveyor of his Duties of Surveyors group-should be made. Suitable number of pages should be allotied in this check register to each surveyor of his A Surveyor whether Fi group. This is extended to have a close watch over the is a Survey Officer within prompt recovery of ‘he diary claimed records from the Karnataka Land Revenu Surveyors. The Supervisor should s¢e that there should not be any undue deiiy on the part of any Surveyor of his group in returning the diary claimed records by him”. rst Division or Second Division the meaning of Section 18 of the ] e Act, 1964. The determination of boundaries done by him under the provisions of the Act have therefore Statutory significance and importance, It is in the circumstances imperative that he should discharge his duties with th a 14. During the remaining part of the month, he should mee, ae spend not less than 15 days on tour and test of field work at 10 per cent. He should submit a tour programme in the form enclosed. For every field inspection made he should record specifically the correctness or otherwise of the work tested ; if it is found incorrect he should correct it on the spot and record accordingly. He is liable for dis- plinary action, if the percentage test falls short’ of the pres- cribe limit. _ A First Division Surveyor has to items of survey work like Cadastral Survey of Unsurveyed villages and City Survey work as also to items of main- tenance work considered by the Assistant Director of Land _ Records as difficult and complicated. : attend mainly to original Items of work like land acquisition and interstate boun- dary verification, could come within the above category. 15. The diary of the Supervisor in the prescribed form The field verification records could also come within this for the month should be submitted to his immediate superior “category. officer before the 5th of the following month, s 3 Me ion Surveyor is normally to attend to ae ae ae Tor AGH gee Toe ce are poutine item of maintenance work and where by virtue of : 2 i us experience and aptitude found. to be fit, to original “Certified that all the Surveyors in my group have subs tems of work like cadastral Survey also. ¥. mitted the diary claimed records for the quarter ending in A a complete form and I have satisfied myself that the claims Whether in the field or in the office made in the dairies of the respective months have been iicnd to their w. substantiated by the records which I have scrutinised and: W the Assistant Director of Land R found to be in accordance with the Departmental spect 7 fications ”. ; Com the Surveyors should ‘ork as per Programmes to be approved ecords, 98They should, while to be prescribed from to time by. ment, endeyour to attend realisation that the scal that are required of disposal of as many records as poss as is warranted that their approach to their job. that the scales of work presct! schedule that will enable them t keeping an should be work also in the same month. scrupulously avoid the tendency diary-claimed records. - the registers prescribed to them. make them available to the Supervi Officers for inspections whenever as ; prescrib them and They sho eye the: the Head of the Depart to their work with the full ed are only the minima. that therefore it is the ible and as systematically ‘on the scales of work. motivating factor im The Surveyors should remember jbed for them cover a field. ‘o complete the scriptory Therefore they should of belated submission of ald maintain properly, all from time to time al sors and other higher ked for. WD P-4252—13-8-84 ..