GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA THE KARNATAKA REVENUE SURVEY MANUAL VOLUME 2 (Parr 2) j \ i BANGALORE : if PRINTED BY THE DIRECTOR OF PRINTING, STATIONERY AND PUBLICATIONS AT THE GOVERNMENT PRESSGOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA KARNATAKA REVENUE SURVEY MANUAL VOLUME 2 (Part IL)TABLE OF CONTENTS | VOLUME I Introduction Glossary of important terms Powers and duties of officers VOLUME II Survey instruments and their usagein Land Surveying Theodoliie Survey Field operztions in Original Survey (a) Determination of village boundary (b) Base Line (c) Roads (c) Formation of Survey Numbers (District minimumy (2) The measurement of fields andpteparation of R&cords. © Durable demarcation of fields. Cassification of sois, Phut Kharab Inspections of fied work Office check work and inspections thereof Printing of Meps Hiss Survey Record of Rights Assessment and Settlement of land Revenue Re-survey Rules and Ppreparajion of field Tecords. Maintnance of Land Records Meintanance of Boundary Marks Rules for the guidence. of Officers and Officials of the Department. : VOLUME IIT Repealed Acts FormsCHAPTER 4 CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS Is of Classification —In order to fix Land Revenue ment on lands, classification of soil of all lands with ct to their productive qualities is an essential prelimi- \ "Phe relative value of each class of land and its pro- iulive qualities were previously expressed in terms of Annas “Annas i.e., 100 per cent) and new in terms of percen- and it shall be fixed under the orders of the Director Survey, Settlement and Land Records with reference to he cricumstances of the different tracts of the State to which vey extends and to the nautre of the cultivation. The sult of classification shall be recorded in the following 6 and forms. (1) Prati Book, (2) Bagayat Takta, (3) Darwari, (4) Classes register, (5) Statement showing bifurcation of soil and water wessment, (6) Kayamdhar Takta, (7) Akarband. e words “ Classification Value ” and “Class of Land” ill have the same meaning as defined in clauses 7 and 8 pectively of section 2 of the K.L.R. Act, 1964. “ Classification Value” means the rleative valuation ( any class of land) as recorded in the survey records having regard to its soil, water and other advantages ; “Class of Land ” means any of the following classes of land, namely, dry land, wet land, garden land or plantation Ey ie sor = For purposes of Karnataka Land Revenue2; (a) ‘Dry land’ means— (i) land classified as dry land under any law tepealed by Section 202, or any law in force at any time before the com- Mmencement of the Act ; Gi) land in which wet ctops cannot be grown except, when irrigated by water obtained from any source of water which is the Property of the State Government i (6) “ Wet land ” means land in which wet crops can be grown by use of rain water or water obtained from an source of water which is not the Property of the State Govern. ment ; (c) “Garden land’ means land in which garden crops other than plantation Ctops can be grown, and shalt consist of dry garden land and wet garden Jand;; and (i) ‘dry garden Jand? means land classified as suck under any Jaw repealed by section 202 or any law in force at any time before the commencement of the Act, or gardem and in which wet garden crops cannot be grown except when irrigated by water obtained from any source of water which is the Pprdperty of the State Government ; Gi) ‘Wet garden land’ means land in which wet garden crops can be grown by use of rain water or wateir obtained from any source of water which is not the property of the State Government ; _ (d) “Plantation Land” means land in which a plan- tation crop, that is, cardamom, coffee, pepper, rubber or fea, can he grown. The ordinary terms applied to soils in this State, such as tegar, masab, lal, or red earth, etc., though useful is repre- sentiiiy certain characteristic features connected with the origin of the soils, do not convey so definite an idea of their Constituent parts and Properties as is needed for the pur- Poses ; for instance, tegard may sometimes be a stiff clayey soil, at others a light loam ; lai or red earth, may be either @ sandy soil a clayey soil, or a light loam ; and all these may have different productive powers. 3 Generally the nautre (series) of a soil was decided in _ Tx Madras by its colour, the class or grade by the proportion aki ts chiefly i and clay or by taking depth, and the sort e Pie cesticy of orgnic matter or the presence of other Viluiable or deleterious ingredients such as salts etc. F im. Physical properties of soils.—The dark-coloured soils, heat black, brown and dark-red, absorb more t ia ites grey and yellow, and are cone duen Ly, Hoe é i Ce ils throw back mo: while the light coloured soils reflect or his Is Sas soils ; and thus tend more to scorch up Nf BAN Gon then ; though, on the other hand, the ee ie is less rapidly evaporated from them than from the dark soils. i ils as regards 3. Colour has also a great influence upon soil as 1 their comparative retention of heat. A dark soil a fe absence of the sun’s rays, gives out or ceca pa a uch 9 i i loured one. US Si more quickly than a light colours NG Aaa anes more slowly than clay, and clay than a d NLonateeeis a atter. The consequence is that in dry os ic will begin to absorb the few long before the sant) ou tain vegetation, Is and thus may be enabled to sust n veg Blien wens f in the sandy soil may be languishing for if re : Genta eae the power of soils to retain heat is proportionate to their weight or specific gravity. 4. Excepting hard sand, all kinds of soils Ha the property of absorbing moisture from the air, and ies greatest in the clay soils, especilly me conten muh getable matter, which is a powerfu t. Bic otion of all soils is the greatest at first, and less as ome become more saturated with aerate eo apn f the sun, and this is ag evaporated by the heat of th 3 is i ting the night. Some soils, sucl as sai , en Bae the property of drawing up to the surface, by capil lary action, the moisture which lies below.? 5. The power of retaining moisture is a very valuable porperty of soils. Sands have the least power of retaining water and vegetable matter has the greatest power of holding it. Clays, also will retain a large quantity when they are fully saturated, but some of the soils give out the moisture they contain much more quickly than others. The degree of porosity or consistency of the ground, has much to do with the rapidity of drying in soils. Vegetable matter, which is loose in texture, gives off much more moisture in the same time than clays and thus dries sooner though, in the first instance, it absorbs more water than clay, when both are saturated. 6. Thus it will be seen that the more an earth weighs the greater also is its power of retaining heat; the darker its colour and the smaller its power of containing water; the more quickly and strongly will it be heated by the sun’s rays ; the greater its power of containing water, the more has it, in general, the power also of absorbing, from the atmosphere, moisture when in a dry, and oxygen when in a damp, state, and the slower it usually is to become dry, especially when endued with a high degree of consistency. 7. Nature or each series of soils will now be described separately : (i) Alluvial.—These soils are composed of alluvial deposits from rivers and are easily distinguished by their chocolate colour. They are “transported soils partaking therefore of the nature of every soil through which the river which deposited them passed in its course”. They are generally found in the deltas of the Cauvery, Krishna and Tungabhadra. The soils of the islands in the midst of Krishna or those lying between the rivers and their flood banks are also included under this head. The water spreads of ruined tank handed over to ryots on patta, as the accu- mulation of silt on them for a lengthened period can justly be considered to be a permanent agricultural benefit, not due to any expenditure of money or labour on the part of the ryot. Sites of ruined villages on which superior products, ‘such as tobacco, are grown, also come under this head. Gi) The regar series —All black soil, whatever may be 5 See a ‘ Aba i ‘igin comes under this head, its character being suc 1 as ie pat it easily distinguishable from other soils. ee aie fertility of the regar soil is_ ascribed to ats “Compo 4 ie ‘as much as it contains, besides a large propor tcay a i matter to which it probably owes its Colour a uy ay ie matter, so finely communicated as to be a4 le oo he supply of nourishment to vegetation by the ord inary P i = ges of chemical affinity and mechanical action, w! are constantly going on in plant life. i r ki a i Wied “ Masal or ere is another kind of regar soil cal b waa It is slightly reddish in colour, but not quite So red as the soils coming under the red ferruginous series a is it quite so black as the pure regar. It is of a ee our and very productive, and should not be confounded with soils of the red ferruginous series. iti i ies.—-This series has its jii) The red ferruginous series. e Pec ae in ferruginous sand stone, laterite, or ot rock. ‘The red colour is generally the result of iron, an the soil is easily distinguished from the Seon eee ols its general dryness and its natural want | ity, eee to the smaller proportion of organic matter and the absence of the richer mineral constituents of the regar soils already adverted to. (iv) The white and grey calcarious series.—The character of this series is determined by the substratum of lime, the properties of Beater absent a ils, owing to their having ved there f by eee earnie and other influences to ae a has been exposed. The chalk or lime gives Coy 0 this series of soils and also their name but thee our soe times verges into a darker shade ; hence the gener ge nation of the series “ white and grey calcarious ”. (vy) The arrenacous series The characteristic of this js flinty sand, which forms the basis of the soil in uae porder ing on the sea coast. Vegetation and cultivation a in places contributed much to the improvement of sandy soil¢6 by introducin, rtai i mj Ig Certain fertile elements int i roducin, 0 t it but their original character is still disceniee eee om, After determining the 2 general classes t i i pam tocidete r Ss to whicl areca Ppoonent patts of the same are to be ode “Iple ingredients of all soils are clay. sz ime j Vegetable, or other organic matter, aa ae Be od Foportions of these that the Settlement Departm nt b 1s general classification of soils, Pi ae Rep re caaiy of soils are derived from minerals a (c) The area to be classed as Bagayat was then fixed the permanent area plus a share of the Pherpali which vas not to exceed 1/3 of the permanent area and + of the Pherpali, whichever was less ; (d) The remainder of the pherpali area was then idded to the dry crop. To give a simple example of this process, suppose a survey number, the respective a areas Of the dry crop, permanent bagayat and pherpali within which were fixed by the suryeyor as follows : i Permanent bagayat 3 acres Dry crop Pherpali 5 acres 30 guntas ‘Then 1/3 ofthe permanent bagayat is 1 acre and 4 of the Pherpali is 15 gupntas. The latter area being less is added lo the permanent bagayat, which therefore becomes 3 actes, I> guntas, and remaining 15 guntas are added to the dry Top which becomes 5 acres, It will be seen that according (o this system of calculation the bagayat area within such a litvey number is not a fixed, but, what may be called as floating ” area, comprising the average area which may be pected to be irrigated from the particular well. Below is given an example of the Classification system. scribed above in the case of a mixed number of motasthal d dry crop land. re Mixed Motasthal and dry crop. Dry Class Shares Annas 1 24 36 2 24 Bill Total 3 4 67 Kayam Bhagannas 15—044 45 Motasthal EXPLANATION Class Shares Annas 1 3 12—0 The explanation of the somewhat elaborate calculations 2 2 10—6 Which appear above is as follows : 3 2 24—0 4 1h 10—0 (i) The line drawn in the centre of the sketch (north- Well 1st Class — — —-- jouth) shows the boundary between the dry crop and motas- Total 10 44 56—6 Kayam Bhagannas 12—6 Area (by measurement) Bagayat—8 acres—Permanent 1 acre - Pherpali 7 acres Dry crop—10 acres Area (as finally settled) Bagayat permanent Add 1/3 from pherpali Total permanent Soil Classification Reduced Value A. G. Dry crop ao 1 © Add remainder Pherpali 6 27 Total =) lOemer Average bhagannas of dry crop ORG pS thal land, the area of the former being 10 acres and the litter 8 acres ; (ii) The soil classification value of both is first worked Out in the ordinary way, as shown " (iii) The total motasthal area of 8 acres, however, Included both the permanent bagayat (1 acre) and the Pherpali (7 acres). According to tule, therefore an area of Not more than 1/3 of the permane: nt bagayat=13 guntas is A. G. ansterred to it from the pherpali, making the total area of HO) Petmanent bagayat 1 acre 13 guntas ; 0 13 psec (iv) The remainder of the pherpali (6 acres 27 guntas) al MAS now to be transferred to dry crop. The classification blues of the original dry crop and of the pherpali transfer- Hel are not, however. the same and, for assessment purposes, itis fecessary to reduce them to one and the same measure, ib the same maximum rate has to be applied to their com- ined annas. This is done, as shown above, by finding out Hie assessment of both the dry crop and the pherpali accord- ig to their own classification at a maximum rate of Rs. 1 @., by multifying the dry crop area by 15/16 and the pher- | by 121/16 and dividing the total as: ili total areas of the two classes of land combined, which ives the average classification value of the whole in this ise at 14 annas. 150) 9 6 49 14 0 Th order to find out the assessment it may be noted, as the Il is 1st class assessed, it is necessary first to add to the Mil annas the additions due to the application of A.and B46 tables given separately. In this case, as the bhagannas of the motasthal area are 12-6 the additions to be made are : Rs. A. P. On account of ‘A’ table (Oma: 0 On account of ‘B’ table ee 0 4 0 Bringing the total clasification value ony Different systems were adopted in each of the Belgaum, Dharwar and Bijapur districts. BELGAUM 34. In this district the Jand under all wells, poth ist, 2nd and 3rd class, were classed in the same way ie., by the addi- tion of “ Position Class” to the soil annas according to the scale already given above. The difference between the three classes was made at the time of claculating the assess- ment. Nor was any difference miade between old and new bagayat which was assessed at exactly the same rate. DHARWAR 35. 1st and 2nd Class Wells —Land under these classes of well of which there are very few, were classed as dry crop, the different in value was allowed for in claculating the assessment. 3rd Class Wells : Old Wells —Lands under such wells were given “ Position Class” in accordance with the ordinary wells. New Wells.—The land was classed as ordinary dry crop without any addition to the classification. BIJAPUR 36. In this district two systems of classification were employed” URwWNE Of these 6 main jneads, there are 2 and 3 ; viz., the character of the water supply and the area irrigable. subjects differed considerably not only in different distriety but also at different times within the same district, AT (i) That described above in the case of Belgaum District. (ii) The system adopted through the medium of the ‘A and B Tables. Patasthal—The rating of patasthal land was for more of an individual and less of a mechani case with other classes of lands. land under each pat were fixed by the Superintendent person- ally on the spot after a careful consideration of a variety of circumstances bearing upon the question of what a suitable xate should be. soil, which was done according to the ordinary soil scale, the classification of patasthal land was really a process of collect: ing information from which the Superintendent could come to a conclusion as to the proper rate of assessment. jnformation so gathered by the Surveyor was embodied in the patasthal takhta or patasthal register and used by the Super- intendent for the purpose of assessment . ical matter than was the The assessments of the Tn fact, apart from the classification of the The ‘The main heads under which jnformation of this character was usually gathered were the following : The nature of the crops grown. “The character and duration of the water supply. The area irrigable. . The distance of the field from the pat. The cost of constructing the pat, and whether it was pakka or katcha and 6. The presence or absence of well assistance and the class of the well. the two which call for attention Tre system of dealing with these two i48 The System of Water Classification (a) The Patasthal Water Supply—The chief points to which attention was directed was the duration of the supply since the character of the crops grown depends mainly upon this factor, for this purpose therefore, the water supply of patasthal lands was divided into a certain number of classes accordingly. The System Adopted after 1877 Crops cultivable Superior kinds of garden pro- duce such as sugarcane, with a triennial or quadren- nial rotation of ranges, figs, grapes, plantations limes sweet or sour, or panrel, without any fear of diffici- ency of water. Some kinds as above, as also guavas pomegranates and ginner, but owing to insuffi- ciency of water supply the produce is inferior to’ that : of the Ist Class. 3} Till 15th of Two good garden crops, such March as chillies, potatoes, ratalu or bajri, with an after crop or wheat or vegetables or one good garden crop of turmeric. One good garden crop, such as groundnut or two inferior ‘ones, such as sajje, Indian corn, avare or hessru with an after crop of gram, Class Duration flow 1 Perennial ire} Till end of April 4 Till the 1st February 49 Class Duration flow Crops cultivable yatana, chanangi, coriander, menthe, lucerne or vege- tables . 5 Till the ist One good garden crop such December as rice or vegetables. 6 Till the 1st One inferior crop of tice or November any other ordinary crop aided by a pat. The determination of the Irrigable Area.—The pherpali system described under the head of “ motasthal ” is adopted case of patasthal. In its main details the system applied to patasthal lands was exactly the same as that for motasthal. wing, however, to the greater complexity of the patasthal ystem of irrigation the determination of the area which should be taken as irrigable was a far more delicate matter an in the case of motasthal. The illustration of patasthal classification is given in the ‘ollowing example : Mixed Dry Crop and Patasthal Dry crop Class Shares Annas 2 1 14 a 1 12 4 1 10 Ay 1 8 qatals adit panna aap Paras ne ee Water Class Soil Class Shares Annas Class Shares Annas 5 3) 15 6 1 6 fetage water » of 2 9 1. W.—P-4407—4 (c) The katcha map is placed over the Litho transfer paper so cut into proper size and the Litho transfer paper with the katcha map is secured to the Table using table-pins, The points should be pricked off number by number, care being taken to hold the pricking needle straight and to make the pricks not unnecessarily large or too minute ; (d) After this the katcha map is removed and pricks visible on the Litho-transfer paper are joined with reference to the katcha map. The enclosures thus formed are asgign- ed survey numbers serially as in the original, the figure being » placed as far as possible in the central position in each number. Then stones and bands are marked at the cor- ners and bends of the enclosures for demarcating the boun- daties ; (e) The topographical features, such as roads, Nalas, temples, houses, wells, forts, cart tracks foot paths, trees ete., should be exhibited in exactly the same position as they occupy in original ; (f) Temples, trees etc., should be drawn with their tops, correctly towards the north ; they should therefore be drawn after ruling the paper in the direction of north. No miscellaneous items such as buildings, trees, etc., should be shown in village sites, tank beds or roads. If a tank or a small number adjoins a village site, the boundary hedge may be shown in the latter. Tank bund is shown by draw- ing a thick line and it should be half a chain (164 feet in width) the width of the cart track drawn passing through the S. No. will be one chain or 10 annas (about 20 ft.) The lines should be firmly and clearly drawn not too fine or too close together. For drawing parallel lines such as roads and canals, a road pen should be used. When several lines of unifrom breadth have to be drwan as in the case of tanks etc., scales should be used ; (g) Cocoanut, coffee, cardamom, areca, date, tama- rind and forest trees, if any should be shown clearly as far as possible ; 5 in 95 (h) Streams running into and issui fi Meirson ig ing from tanks (i) Water running through sluices or trenched tank bur a should be considered as issuing from tanks and should be shown in thin lines, That which run into the t: Nould be shown in thick lines. nee il i (j) The names of the villages adjoining the boundaries ould be written on the map and the letters in order to be (iuiidistant, should be traced after dividing the space with a OMpass. All roads and foot paths cutting the left hand jue of the map should be indicated as leading “ from i lage” and those on the right as leading “to Village ”. (k) The name of the village, hobli or Revenue Circle, taluk and District should then be written in both Kannada ind English in bold and legible characters together with the ‘al arrow pointing to the north. The spelling of names [ villages, etc., should be in strict accordance with that laid ‘lown in the sanctioned list of villages which is in vogue in Revenue Department. When all the work is completed and before passing the Map on to the comparers (Tapasanidars), the map should be r “amined by the draftsman himself, who copied it, to see Whether it is according to the original. While copying the Map the draftsman should observe the rules regarding boundary marks described separately in this manual. eB (1) In case, portion of the original map is torn out d some of the survey numbers are not visible, boundaries of such survey numbers may be fixed on the basis of tippans on pakka map (fair copy). If the defects are few they May be rectified, or otherwise the map returned to the respec- live Office either for redrawal or for correction. 2. How the Map should be checked,—The draftsman to mn checking work of tapasani work is assigned, should examine the original map, go through all the remarksSS EETE~™~_-::———ht— 96. made on it to see whether corresponding corrections have been made in the copies and make alterations, if called for by a reference if necessary to the field records. Hesshould see whether the numbering and tracing of bands And stones, the bends and all miscellaneous work have been properly executed, whether the names villages on the boun- dary, the name of the village itself, Hobli, taluk and District have been written uD neatly are in order. Doubts arising while copying the map or at the time of tapasani should be referred first to the Durasti section ofthe respective Office, solution and corrections ; if any. The copies should be returned to the draftsman for corrections if any + all correc- tions should be attended to promptly on the receipt of maps. from Tapasanidars who will be held responsible for any mistake that may be found after the corrected copies leave their hands. The names of villages etc., should be entered in the issue register. The signature of ‘all concerned who attend the work should be affixed on the back of the originals. with dates in token of their having completed or examined the copies. The maps thus prepared and thoroughly checked are passed on to the section head for a genreal examiation after which they should be submitted to the ‘Technical Assistant for approval. After this the maps will be sent to the press for being printed. 3. Printing of Maps.—After_ the copies are approved, they should be sent to the Press for being printed, but before final copies are struck, a proof should be submitted by the printed tot he Head Draftsman. for approval. Tf the trans- ferred impression on the stone happens to be defective, such of the defects as could be easily mended on the stone must be so mended, but where this is not possible and copies of maps cannot be properly had, the defective impression should be fubbed out and order should be obtained for the preparation of another “ Press Copy of the map’. If owing. oF to the negligence t neglig or faulty drawi a awing of er, open does not come out well on oe Hea hes in eens r printing, the concerned should be a a ones again without any diary or “ Naeeete hee 4. The hea : r 4, ‘ad draftsman si ctigiaat ne an should check y i Fe inal maps, copies of which have Ben ts anit ae m to the records. eee San _ 5. The work done by in a diary on the pr ‘ each draftsman should handed over to the oe a Pe aay ey t > head draftsman at the beginni month followings The diaries after ee cue solidated ement should be prepared and sas utted to the Headquarter: cere aa quarters Assistant on or before 10th of every 6. Thirty five copi i adie: pies are printed of, ea i abe punted maps received from the eee ona ae ap Records once every fortnight. All maps ee ii ecelves ‘rom the press shoi b ered in the stock Register kept s uld fi 3 hi be entered s R 7. The price i : of printe: a eae eee Ob AR ite] maps are regulated by the +, ee he prices of maps should be denoted at the bottom of the copies prepared. the Head Draftsman sholld see that he Hee sme the prices are correctly noted. 5 8. Printed maps aps are supplied fr pba Bane B Supplied free to thi i ees a poe patties at the ies ce as of resettled or revised villages < in they re supplied free of cost at the first aie. ¢ ee ess ax rst time as shown ( eeecn ‘ = Qne copy to the village shanbog concerned A One copy to the Taluk Office. ; (3) One copy will be preserved in the Office of the Deputy Director of Land respective Div. t and Recor 8 i oe cords of the respective Division.98 (4) Rmaining copies will be sent to the Assistant Superintendent of Land Records concerned. 9, If the stock of maps is reduced to less than 5 in (ite) case of any village, steps ‘should be taken to replenish it by reprint. 40. Compilation and Printing of Taluk mdps.—(1) All the village maps relating to a particular taluk are .collected ‘Then village maps which are generally on the 1:5000 or 1:4000 scale, are taken and copied on a drawing sheet to the reduced scale 1:60,000 by pantograph. In these reductions are included the village boundaries and all topographical details except un important once such as wells and small ponds. Sinnilarly the adjacent villages are drawn to reduced scale and adjusted. (2) In cases in whicrh the draftsman who does the above work entertains doubts about the accuracy of the maps, he should submit them for the decision of the Head draftsman. The head draftsman examines all doubtful cases, tests the accuracy of the pantograph reductions and decides how the details should be drawn. (3) Thus by seduction and adjustment of all the villages, 4he taluk map is prepared. Then the names of the villages and hobli are written in, English, There after the following topographical and other details are exhibited in the map. (1) Hills, (2) Tanks, (3) Channels, (4) Canals. (5) Rivers, (6) Roads with mile stones, (7) Railways, (8) Streams, (9) Pravasi Mandirs) (10) Hospitals, (11) Police stations, (12) Market places, (13) Post Offices. ‘The smallest unit exhibited in a taluk map is a village with their code numbers or serial numbers of the list. However Jocations of hamlets are shown ‘by small circles writing their names. . Then boundary names ete., of the taluk and reference are written and scale is drawn. path 99 5. The taluk map thus i 1 (prepared is traced o: i clog atte paper using indian ink. Then he Ee ed with reference to the original i sent 1o Government press for bein, i ae ; t t ig printed by photo zi pie aoe copies are printed in respect eereactt taluk p and the”copies are available for sale in the office of the Director of S. pier of S.S. and Land Records Bangalore at the rates 11. Preparation of Districi istri : istrict Maps.—Dist: re drawn on scale 1:10000 or 1:50000 according a ie ae of the District. CMe aay (2) All the taluk may f i istri t ps of a particular Distri - peste are sao a Jali map is taken and nopied Shs fans hee ig the scale to 4 miles to an inch by P; Similarly the adjoining taluks th aa 1 i ere of are i adjusted on the drawing sheets. ‘Then the map ae is checked thoroughly. The instructions given in respect of taluk maps ly * i is” i wee ve ly * mutatis mutandis” to the compilation of The essential points of diffenrecs are noted below : (1) Names of only Taluk i rc written showing their eeadont ama st Paeen are (2) Village bounadires are ibii Pies a are not exhibited but taluk and 3 3) ahs Be map thus prepared is traced on a Be oth or tracing paper using Indian ink. After com- ae yen onenal, it is sent to Government press for being eee Pees mae 708 copies are printed and the e kept for sale in the office of the Director of and Land Records for sale is oer eee sale at fixed pii C ly Revenue Department on indent. iageescne "SUPE to 12. Preparation of Stat . : forecale cl Gui lester eh ne Map.—Skeletion map is drawr L.H.—P-4407—8100 i duction (in scale) and’ te map is prepared by re e aie of all the District maps of the State. ea aseys Gost given for preparing taluk and District maps to the compilation of State map. (3) The following details are exhibited in the State map : (1) District Boundaries (2) Taluk bounadries (3) Railways (4) Important roads (5) Rivers ‘ (6) Names of taluks, Districts and other important places. i dis sent to 1 the tracing of the map prepare nt Ane pies for being printed. corey wae eed i i ding to the requirements. ee eae ana Land Records will fix the number of copies to be printed. i ilable for sale ies of the State Maps will be availal : aa Ue ‘Ofte of the Director of Survey, Settlement and. Land Records, Banalore. 104 CHAPTER IX HissA Survey Measurement on the Phalani System The chain and cross-staft s measurement work and eye; thorough training therein, method viz., method is qui cross staff an Hence, it Possible. ystem is the foundation of all ry surveyor must receive a But there is another alternative Measurement on the phalani sfstem, This icker than detailed measurement by chain and id for all practical purposes is quite as accurate, must be employed in practical work as far as 2. The érinciples of the system is explained by an illustration. Let ABCD be the tippan of a Survey number (vide fig. ) and let it be supposed that according to the decree of a Civil Court it has to be divided into two parts in accordance with possession. On coming to the field the Surveyor or Revenue Inspector finds that the dividing line of possession runs from EtoF. He has therefore to divide up the field into 2 parts ABFE and EFCD and find the area of each.102 3. Now according to the method of chain and the cross staff he would first have to set up the old bass line AC and then take off-sets to the points F and B. He would later ‘on have to work out the area by Gunakar. According to the Phalani System however he would proceed as follows :— (1) In the leld he would take measurement from DE (which—say is 312 lines) and from CF (which say is 503 lines) only. (2) In the office he would draw a map of the number on a scale of 1: 1000 to the inch and plot in the measure- ments taken in the field. (3) Lastly in order to find the area he will use the Area Squate. This is a sheet of paper divided into small squares the side of which are each 1/5 inch. To find the area it is only necessary to superimpose the area square Over the scale drawn sketch and count the number of squares which the sketch covers. Now when the scale of the sketch is :—- Sketch s— 2000 links in each small square = 16 Ares = 3 Hectors each red—rectangle. 1000 links in each small square each red—rectangle. VW 4 Ares = 20 Ares 500 links in each small square = 1Ares = 1 Ares each red—rectangle. 250 links in each small square = gt Ares = 5 Ares each red—rectangle . Hence the number of squares covered by the sketch multi- plied according to the scale of sketch by the area per square given above will give the area of the plot. Applying the method to the number in question the area ig first superimposed upon the part ABFE. Then if the number of whole and practically whole squares be added 103 until they come to 20M There remain hi x jowever squares which have to be added together to ann squares, they come to approximately 6 hence the total number es peauates is ae ‘i The scale of the sketch is 250 links and value of each small sq i the area of ABFE is 10 Nc a pee ee The area square will now be moyed on to EF area arrived at in the same way, The number of ares will be found to be 51 and the area consequently 13 Ares. is ease two aise be added together they will be found Ares and to equal th tote a qu e area of the field as found by The foregoing example illustrates suffici inci 1 iently the principl of the system. —_ It is however necessary to as tS ‘aie detail regarding the methods to be employed. Measurement— Where the boundary marks of the survey number are in existence itis not necessary to fix the boundaries of the ae number according to the old tippan before measure- nt. 2. Where some of the boundary marks are either neces- sary or out of place it is only necessary to fix the marks which are essential for purposes of measurement.104 Vide figure in the Margin— Tf this No. has to be divided into 2 parts at FG then if the mark at B is out of place or missing it is not necessary to fix it nor again if E and D are in place and the direction of the boundary from E-A and D-C can be tracted in the fields is it necessary to fix the marks at A and C as the only measure- ments required are from EF and DG. Measurements on straight internal boundaries will be made as shown inthe Figure. In this example as GE is a straight interanal boundary, it is only necessary to measure BE, HA, AG and GF. 105 (4) Internal bends must be fixed from a base li i : e line which must rest on fixed points but otherwise must be that which enables the work to be done inthe qui i e eC quickest way in hte follow- 2g examples shown in the Figure Hiferenk ind of base lines are shown each of which is the most convenient for the Particular case. Ex. I. In this cashe the base line is the ee boundary of the number. Ex. 2. In thi ry h : de is case the No. to be divided into two parts along ACB. Here ries he line is taken along AB to fix the point C by an offset at D. At will be seen that it is not necessary to measure DB.106 Ex. 3. In this case the point is fixed by an offset from the boundary of the No. and the points D and E from Offsets. taken from the original offsets as a base line. 5. If the boundaries of the number are so covered with prickly pear or other obstruction that it is not possible ie measure along them, then if it is be possible measuremen' may be made on unobstructed ground parallel with the boundary line as shown in the figure. If in order to fix Cit is not possible to measure exactly, Aone AB, measurement may be made along the line DE parallel to AB. ce work.—In plotting it should be a rule to take the aa scale oratiet as the larger the scale the smaller fhe chance of error in calculating the area. The scale o! 20 chains to the inch must never be used. Plotting must be done very carefully as everything depends upon its accuracy. 2. In caleulating the area it must be remembered that if plotting has been Hehe correctly then the area of the whole number as worked out by area square must tally with that recorded in the survey records unless of course the letter are for some reason or other incorrect. 107 If therefore the difference between these areas work out to more than 5 per cent or the value of 4 small squares at the scale whichever may be least mistakes must be looked for either in the plotting or in the old Measurement as recorded in the tippan or in the calculation of area by the Survey. If the plotting is correct then the old Measurement should be mutually tested by means of the varga mul. If they are accurate then the area should be recalculated for mthe old tippan. A mistake is sure to be discovered somewhere. Praltical Application of the method.—To divide a number into two or more parts according to possession, E.G. under orders of the Civil Court, 2. This has already been described separately to divide: a number into three or more parts according to certain areas, e.g., according to the orders of a Civil Court or for purposes. of calculation. Let ABCDE, as shown in the figure, be a Survey No. whose area is 1 acre 35 guntas ; it is desired to divide it into-108, a 3 parts measuring, 20 guntas, 1 acre, 15 guntas respec- tively. To do this :— ; a a) Plot the number on a scale 23 chains as shown in the figure ; ‘ (b) Then in the area square lay down the required reas on the plotted sketch. F Viz., for 15 guntas 60 sugares ABFG— 1 Acre 160 square as GFHJ. 20 guntas 80 sqaures as JHCDE. (c) Next take off the distances along the bohndary by scale from AG, FJ, BF and FH. : (d) Lastly measdre these distances in the field and mark the corners so arrived at. Railway 3. To measure land to be taken up eg., for a toad ete., Example : Let AB CD, in the figure be a No. from which an areas as shown in red ink is to be taken up for a crailway : i: from E-F a) Measure from A-E (203 links) and (75 Cae set up base line from E-G, and fix points K and a there from as shown ; lastly measure D-G. (175 links) an G.H. (87 links) ; 1 109 (b) Plot these Measurements on a scale of 250 links ‘in the figure, and take out the area of the Land for the rail- ‘wayand of the remaining portions by area square. These will be found to be :— No. i AC 1S Ares Railway Jand AC 6 Ares No. 2 AC 26 Ares =0 47 Practical Measurement-—The practical measurement ‘work of the maintenance surveyors chiefly consists of the -of the following kinds :— 1. Partition with an application of in execution of a Court’s decree. 2. Fixing the position of missing marks in a Survey No. either on application of the Occupants or in the course of ‘ordinary work such repair of bonudary marks. 3. Boundary disputes, 4. Work relating to Acuqisition of land for public pur- ‘pose such as roads, schools, Dharmashalas fetes 5. Measurements of lands for non-agricultural purposes. 6. Measurements of lands to be given free cultivating out of unassessed waste numbers. 7. Measurement of alluvial lands formed on the bank of Nalas and either added to adjoining Nos. or formed into new numbers, In sending up the correspondence after disposal the Surveyor must of course attach kacha and pakka field mea- surement boogs (tippan) showing all the necessary details on the M.Bs. (tippans) all new boundary lines must be shown in red ink.110 In each case the following procedure must be adopted : 1. Partition of Application or Court's Decree (a) In partition cases the areas partitioned will usually be divided into pot hissas and not into fresh survey numbers . Hence boundary marks need not be rorrerted unless the parties desire that this should be done. (b) Measurement will in such cases be made according to the Phalani system described in the preceding paras ; (c) In the Katcha and pakka measurements book (tippan) the new boundaries will be shown in red ink and the pot hissa numbered from left to right and from north to: south. One tippan will be drawn for the whole number and not separate tippans for each pote hissa ; (d) If boundary marks are to be erected they must be put up on the spot and not left for the occupants to put up afterwards ; (e) In his forwarding endorsement the surveyor will state the number of days spent by him in the work and if hired Jabour has been employed will forward a muster roll signed by the Village Officers and by the payee. He will refer to and explain all discrepancies betwen the new and original’ measurements. 3. Fixing the Position of Missing Marks (a) Tn this case the surveyor has only to fix the missing marks by means of the old measurement as already explained. (b) Where the work is done on application it must be carried out in the presence of the parties and their kabulayat (acceptance) taken ; (c) If there is no (dispute) no kacha or pakka tippans (final measurement books) need of course be sent; but if there be some dispute on the ground then kacha and pakka tippans must be sent showing the old boundary in black ink and the new or disputed boundary in red ink. 11 (d) If the work is done on application the usual details : 2 regarding the time spent on the work, the cost of labour ete , should be given 4. Boundary Disputes These will be settled in a similar manner. of the parties must invariably be taken. 5. Acquistion of Land for Public Purposes (a) In such cases the measurement i i s work r out according to the Phalani System. ae (b) In all cases where land is acquired for public pu new suivey numbers should be formed and eae arks erected exc.pt in the case of survey numbers, divided into two or more parts by railways, canal or red passing through it. The portions thus formed, should not be made into separate survey numbers. The road, canal, or railway should be treated as kharab H Speen ee et ‘ab and excluded from the old area 6. The kabulayet Measurement of land for non-agricultural purpose such as Bunyalow, Lime kilns, quarries, etc. (a) In this case the areas measured h: i ave to be made into separate survey numbers and boundary marks erected. (b) In making the measureme: i ( nt of the survey after frixin: the boundary of the number so far as is feet will measure that part only which is to be used for non-agricul- tural purposes according to the Phalani System. 2 (c) If boundazy marks are to be er hi _ () lary rected this shoul done there and then and not left to the mecipadt cea Pg afterwards. In his forwardin i s ! i endorsement the sur oust clarify that this has been done. omeoe (d) The kacha and pakka ti ippans (M.Bs. the boundary.of the old survey number in SE ink the new survey number in red ink. Houses, ete., should be coloured with red or blue penci istingui ge ee ae pencil so as to distinguish the aaV2 7. Measurement of Waste Land for Cultivation On receipt of sanction from revenue side with a rough sketch of the land (site plan) the surveyor shall measure the: land according to the phalani system and shall after measure- ment erect boundary marks then and there and not leave it to the occupants to erect them afterwards. In his forward- ing report he shall certify that this has been done. If delay occurs for any teason possession of the land shall not be given till the boundary marks are put up. 8. - Measurement of Alluvial Lands (a) Such lands are usually amalgamated with the adjoin- ing survey number. Hence the adjoining boundary of the number must be first fixed before the alluvial jand is measured. (b) Measurement should be carried out by chain and cross staff and boundary marks erected on the spot. In the tippans (M.Bs.) the boundary of the adjoining number should be shown in black ink and of the land newly added in red ink. The area should also be marked in coloured pencil. (c) The surveyor must note that according to Land Revenue Code, if the area of the alluvial land is less than one acre then the occupant has the right to the free use of it. In his forwarding report the surveyor or Revenue Inspector must call the attention of the Tahsildar or the Survey Officer to these rules if they apply to the particular case in point. (d) Tt may here be noted that a similar rule applies in case of diluvian e.g., where an occupant applies for reduc- tion of assessment because part of his number has been wasted away by a river or stream. In such a case he is not entitled remission unless the area washed away exceeds 1/2 acre or the area fixed under L.R. Rules of the respective area and in making his report the surveyor or the Revenue Inspe- ctor (as the case may be) should draw attention to such facts if they exist. 113 Note.—Where the boundaries are straighter curves are few and number of hiss as is below 5 in a survey number phalani method shall be adopted. If curves, are many and number of hiss as are more than 5 in number survey will be conducted by plane table. PROCEEDING OF THE GOVERNMENT OF MYSORE With regard to the introduction of Plane Table Survey issued through Order No, RD 369/SST/58, dated 11th May 1959 are copied below :— “As the existing method of measuring lands by chain and cross staff is wasteful and less accurate, immediate steps should be taken to train the surveyors in Survey by Plane Table. The batch of surveyors now undergoing survey training should be taught by plane table primarily. Ele- mentary knowledge of Survey by Cross Staff will be sufficient so as to enable them to interpret records of original survey which was done by chain and cross staff. Even the surve- yors now working in the Department should be trained in Plane Table Survey in suitable batches in each District. The scale of work to be turned out by Pote Hissa Surveyors is taised to 8 hissas per working day when the work is done on Plane Table Method. Where Surveyors use chain and cross staff, the scale is fixed at 5 hissas per day immediately and 6 hissas per day by next year. P-—4407 =