RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The author begins data processing by separating residual and regional anomalies using a technique called
Multiscale Gravity Anomaly. This technique is applied using the concept of wavelet transformation
(MAWT) by Spector and Grant (2015). The results of the separation of anomalies are depicted in the power
spectrum graph in Figure 6. The more slope of the main spectrum gradient, the gravitational anomaly
from the shallow depth is increasing. Conversely, the graph will show the anomaly of the deeper zone if
it has a steeper gradient. With multiscale gravity anomaly technique, researchers made anomalous
models for 1 Km depth (Figure 4a), 3 Km (Figure 4b), 8 Km (Figure 4c), 15 Km (Figure 4d), and 26 Km (Figure
4e). Figure 4a shows the presence of high frequencies in gravitational anomalies which are mostly
controlled by surface lithology, such as igneous outcrops and young layers. Figures 4b and 4c illustrate
anomalies originating from the upper crust. The presence of mineral-carrying granite is indicated by a low
anomaly pattern in both of these images. This anomaly can be one indicator to delineate granite buried
beneath the surface. However, it should be noted that low anomalies can also be associated with local
sedimentary strata that are Mesozoic - Cenozoic, so special treatment is needed before delineating
granite lithology.

Meanwhile, deeper granite intrusion, seen in the residual anomaly with depth of 15 km, with the direction
of NE-SW. The source of granite intrusion turns out to be from the lower crust, depicted in a 26 km depth
anomaly pattern (Figure 4e). This anomaly pattern illustrates the size of granite which is quite large.
Meanwhile, Figure 4f shows the superposition of all gravity anomalies, both residual and regional
anomalies. This image can be the basis for estimating the depth of the Moho layer in the study area.

The second technique carried out by the author is the Multiscale Edge System (Figure 6). In this method,
the author applies the directional gradient method combined with the results of multiscale gravity
anomaly. The author delineates the orientation of the anomaly which can be seen from the results of
multiscale gravity anomaly in figure 4a-4e. In general, it can be seen that the gravity anomaly from a depth
of 3 km to 26 km shows a pattern trending southeast (NE) and southwest (NW). This pattern is related to
fractures and weak zones due to subduction of the NW oceanic plate, and collections between the Tibet
Plate and the Yunan Plate (NE direction) in the Nanling Range region. The more shallow, the fracture
distribution will look more dense and the shape will become more fragmented. Due to the regional
tectonic conditions, the alignment of granite outcrops follows the direction of the weak zone line, namely
NE and NW. Therefore, the presence of mineral deposits in the Nanling Range is generally located in the
same orientation. From the results of the multiscale edge system, it can be seen that most mineral
deposits lie in the lineament of gravity anomalies. Mineral deposit clusters are generally found in the
lineament intersection area, so the area should be considered in the process of mineral exploitation. The
author interprets lineament fracture and faults in the deeper area (15-26 km) functioning as magma paths
and magmatic fluid towards the upper crust. The lineament fracture in the shallow area (3-8 km) is the
location of deposited economical minerals.

The presence of the W-Sn mineral is generally associated with acidic granite in Nanling District. For this
reason, as an additional effort to explore the existence of source minerals, the author tries to explore the
intrusion area of granite that is buried and not visible on the surface. For this purpose, the authors
analyzed the boundaries of these buried granites through both 2D models and 3D models. 2D analysis is
implemented using singularity analysis techniques (Chen et. Al., 2015), with the aim of obtaining high-
resolution images to interpret the existence of buried granites (Figure 8). In singularity analysis, areas with
low density are indicated by α> 2. Through this concept, researchers plot 2 contour clusters to estimate
the presence of buried granites (Figure 8b). After overlaying the contour results with the geological map
and mineral distribution coordinates, it was found that there were more W-Sn mineral deposits in the
buried granite area, and more W-Sn mineral clusters were found in small granite outcrops (for example,
areas XQQ / Xianghualin, Qitianling, and Qianlishang). However, this finding still needs to be validated by
other geophysical methods such as the MT or seismic method.

Meanwhile, 3D inversion is done by focusing the research targets in the XQQ area. Inversion is carried out
by first reducing the regional effect due to the Moho discontinuity, with mesh cells measuring 2.5 x 2.5 x
2.5 km. Based on rock density statistics in the previous sub-section, the authors chose the range of
contrast density constraints between -0.1 g / cm3 to 0.1 g / cm3. The lateral results of the inversion
process are depicted in Figure 10b, with the initial model in Figure 10c, and Figure 10d as the residual
anomaly between 10c and 10d. The 3D inversion results from this study can be observed in Figure 10e, by
visualizing the XQQ area granite pluton which can be seen from Figure 10f. The 3D model in Figure 10e
shows that granite outcrops under the XQQ surface are characterized by negative density contrast. There
are also contrasting features of positive density that characterize the presence of Palaeozoic sedimentary
strata (host rock). The presence of a negative density contrast indicates that the XQQ pluton extends to a
depth of> 15 km. From the results of 3D visualization, it is seen that granitic plutons are likely to connect
to the depths of the middle crust to the lower crust. Qitianling granite extends to a depth of> 30 km (Moho
depth), and its existence has been proven by Li et.al (2014) through seismic surveys. Zhao et.al. (2012)
have explained the process of granite formation under the Qitianling area with a series of geochemical
studies of the isotope area of the Nanling Range

In addition to estimating the distribution of granite, the authors also tried to analyze the relationship of
granite in the Nanling Range with the Moho discontinuity zone. The surface depth of the Moho layer in
the Nanling Range ranges from about 39 km. Moho variations are calculated using the Parker-Oldenburg
method. Regional gravity anomalies that describe the trend of Moho discontinuities are obtained using
the MAWT method, by removing low-frequency (residual) anomalies. Based on Moho's topographic map
(Figure 11), it can be concluded that most of the granite outcrops are in the Moho depression area, while
some granitic plutons are distributed in the Moho lifting region. Interesting conclusions from the analysis
of the Moho layer on the distribution of granite are: 1). The Moho uplift area (Hengyang, Jian, Ganzhou),
is less associated with W-Sn polymetallic mineral deposits because there is very little amount of granite
in this area; 2). The mantle depression area (Yuechengling mountainous region, Zhuguangshan) shows
little presence of W-Sn deposits at the edges, but these deposits are rarely found in the middle; 3). The
presence of W-Sn deposits is evident in the middle Moho variation zone (35 km depth), as in the CCL Fault.
This intermediate variation zone is an area that allows the development of faults and fractures, so that
magma and mineral ore mineral fluids can intrusion towards the crust surface, to form granite or mineral
deposits of W-Sn.

CONCLUSION

1. Gravity surveys can be a good method of analyzing the geological structure associated with W-Sn
polymetallic deposits in the Nanling Range.
2. Advanced gravity data processing methods (MAWT, singularity analysis, 3D inversion) can help
analyze geological features, such as multiscale edge systems, 2D and 3D models of buried granites,
and topographical conditions of the Moho layer.
3. W-Sn polymetallic mineralization in the Nanling Range is controlled by lineament faults or
subsurface fractures, presence of buried granites, and Moho variation zones.