IGC 2017 Abstracts

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FOREWORD
In the recent decades, India has experienced tremendous boom towards
urbanization resulting in rapid change in the socio-economic structure of the
country. In order to cater the needs of millions, engineering sector has been
flourishing beyond its limits. The need of the development has long crossed the
metropolitan city limits and has transgressed in the difficult terrains of the country.
As a consequence, natural and engineered technologies are continually evolving in
research and practice leading to opening up of several new vistas of
implementation, application and development. However, the need of the hour is not
only to quickly provide the short-term supplies and solutions, but also to present
long-term sustainable solutions to enhance the performance life of the adopted
developmental solutions. In this regard, it is also important to focus on the
culminating natural and anthropogenic disasters, and discover the channels to
tackle them. Since almost a hefty share of such disasters involves the geomaterials
such as soils, rocks and the present day advanced composite materials, it is
immensely important to visit the domain of geotechnical engineering with a critical
emphasis given to the sustainable approaches to natural and engineered
geotechnical technologies. These thought avenues have brewed the concept of
GeoNEst (Geotechnics for Natural and Engineered Sustainable Technologies) as
the theme of the Indian Geotechnical Conference – IGC 2017. In this regard, the
basic concept is presented as a congregation of several sub-themes, each of which
is targeted to a specific and important issue of geotechnical engineering in research
and practice for North-East India, as well as for the rest of the country.
The sub-themes comprising the crux of the conference are as follows:

 Geotechnical and geophysical investigations
 Foundations on difficult subsoils
 Slope stability, landslides and natural disaster mitigation
 Earth retaining structures
 Geoenvironmental engineering
 Behaviour of unsaturated soils
 Geohydrology, dam and embankment engineering
 Rock mechanics, tunnelling and underground structures
 Ground improvement techniques
 Geosynthetics engineering
 Soil dynamics and earthquake geotechnical engineering
 Transportation geotechnics
 Sustainable geotechnics
 Marine geotechnics
 Computational geomechanics and geotechnical modelling
 Uncertainties, risk and reliability in geotechnical engineering
 Forensic geotechnical engineering and case studies
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This extended abstract book titled Geotechnics for Natural and Engineered
Sustainable Technologies (GeoNEst) is the congregation of the expert deliberations
and the technical contributions made at the Indian Geotechnical Conference IGC-
2017 held on 14-17 December 2017 at IIT Guwahati, India. A total of 33 eminent
researchers and practitioners contributed to the fortification of the current state of
the art and practice, thus paving the avenues towards future research in the purview
of theme of the conference and its various crucial sub-themes. This book also
comprises of the extended abstracts from 346 Technical Contributions selected for
publication in the conference proceedings. The technical contributions comprise of
articles from the academic research background as well as from field and practical
applications.
The organizers render their heartfelt thanks to authors of the Keynote, Sub-theme
and Technical contributions and their efforts. They also sincerely express their
gratitude to the 272 reviewers from India and Abroad, who have spent considerable
time and effort at different stages of the screening to select the high-quality
technical contributions for the conference.
The organizers sincerely hope that the deliberations made during the conference
and the records thereof in the proceedings booklet will help to enrich the
knowledge of the geotechnical fraternity with the current state of research and
knowledge. It is also believed that the young and budding researchers will get
proper impetus and motivation to carry out high quality research in their future
academic or corporate careers.
A. Murali Krishna
Arindam Dey
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PREFACE FROM THE IGS PRESIDENT
The edited volume on “Geotechnics for Natural and Engineered Sustainable
Technologies: GeoNEst” is an outcome of the Indian Geotechnical Conference
held in Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati during 14-16 December 2017.
The compilation has excellent contributions in the area of sub-surface
investigations, modelling of soil structure interactions, use of EPS foam to reduce
lateral pressures, comprehensive characterization of municipal solid waste,
unsaturated soils, cracks and fractures in rocks, retrofitting of structures, failure
analysis of landfills, study of ground motions for intra-plate regions for earthquake
resistant design, uncertainties in site characterization using surface wave
techniques and their effects on ground response, impact of flooding on highways,
framework for sustainability and residence in Geotechnical engineering, case
studies on offshore geotechnics, forensic study on the causes of failure of stone
columns, runout of flow landslides, and geocell applications.
The contributions are timely and address contemporary issues and challenges in
geotechnical engineering. I congratulate the authors of articles, editors of the
volume for their initiative in bringing a very useful contribution to the
Geotechnical engineering practice.
Prof. G L Siva Kumar Babu

President
Indian Geotechnical Society
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PREFACE
Since the advent of soil mechanics as a separate discipline in Civil Engineering
(through the contribution of Terzaghi on effective stress concept), more and more
phenomena have come to light, which could not be explained by the basic laws of
mechanics and hydraulics. Greater industrialisation has led to land use irrespective
of its suitability. Therefore different ground improvement techniques have
evolved, resulting in the development of several techniques of handling soils
for desired purposes. One of the major areas of rapid development is
Environmental Geotechnique and other similar subjects of practical significance.
The Indian Geotechnical Society as part of their regular activity has been
organising regularly annual conferences since 1960 with the first Asian Regional
conference, organised at New Delhi. Different Local Chapters of the IGS have
taken responsibility of organising the annual conferences every year in the month
of December without fail. One such annual conference is being organised by the
Guwahati Chapter this year (2017).
The Organising Committee has deliberately chosen theme topics such as Geo-
Environmental Engineering , Ground Improvement Techniques, Soil Dynamics
and Earthquake Engineering, Behaviour of un-saturated soils, Geo- hydrology ,
Dam and embankment Engineering, Rock Mechanics, Tunnelling and
underground structures, Uncertainties risk and reliability in geotechnical
Engineering, Transportation Geotechnique, Computational Geo-mechanics and
Geotechnical modelling, Marine Geotechnique, Geo-Synthetic Engineering, along
with conventional topics such as Earth retaining structures, slope stability,
Foundations in difficult soils and Geotechnical and Geo-physical investigations.
This book will be useful reference material for both postgraduate courses and
further research programmes.
A. Sridharan, PhD (Purdue); DSc (IISc)

Formerly Professor of Civil Engineering,
IISc, Bangalore
President, IGS, 1997&1998
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IGC-2017 ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
PATRON Prof. S. Sreedeep, IIT Guwahati
Dr. Anil K Mishra, IIT Guwahati
Prof. Gautam Biswas
Director, IIT Guwahati Dr. T V Bharat, IIT Guwahati
Dr. Abhishek Kumar, IIT Guwahati
CHAIRMEN
Dr. Kaustubh Dasgupta, IIT Guwahati
Dr. A. Murali Krishna Dr. Bulu Pradhan, IIT Guwahati
IIT Guwahati
Dr. C Mallikarjuna, IIT Guwahati
Dr. Diganta Goswami
Chairman IGS Ghy Chapter (NE) Dr. Rishikesh Bharti, IIT Guwahati
Dr. Sandip Das, IIT Guwahati
ORGANIZING SECRETARIES
Dr. Anjan Kumar, IIT Guwahati
Dr. Arindam Dey Dr. Sandip Das, IIT Guwahati
IIT Guwhati
Hon. Secretary, IGS Ghy Chapter (NE) Dr. Hemant Kaushik, IIT Guwahati
Dr. Utpal Kumar Baruah Dr. Suresh Kartha, Tezpur University
Kamrup Polytechnic Dr. Rajib Saha, NIT Agartala
Mr. Sasanka Bora Dr. Abhijit Deka, CIT Kokrajhar
Assam Engineering College
Dr. Ajanta Kalita, NERIST
JOINT ORGANIZING Dr. Arjun Sil, NIT Silchar

SECRETARIES Dr. Sukumar Baishya, NERIST
Dr. Ravi K. Mr. B Goswami, SG Foundation, Ghy

IIT Guwhati Mr. Bhaskarjyoti Das, AEC, Guwahati
Dr. Arup Bhattacharjee Mrs. Indira G Baruah, AEC, Guwahati
JEC Jorhat
Mr. Dipjyoti Baglari, JIST, Jorhat
Dr. Malaya Chetia
Ms. Jumrik Taipodia, NIT Arunachal
Assam Engineering College
Pradesh
Mr. Tapas Das, NEIST Jorhat
ORGANIZING MEMBERS
Ms. Himadri Baruah, RGIST,
Prof. Binu Sharma, AEC, Guwahati Guwahati
Prof. A. K. Dey, NIT Silchar Mr. Samarjyoti Kalita, IIT Guwahati
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IGC-2017 ADVISORY COMMITTEE
LOCAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Prof. Subashisa Dutta Dr. Atul Bora

Head, Civil Engineering Department, Director ASTE
IIT Guwahati
Mr. Gokul Bayan
Prof. Chandan Mahanta NEIST
IIT Guwahati
Mr. J. C. Gogoi
Prof. Arup K. Sarma Practising Consultant, Guwahati
IIT Guwahati
Mr. Atop Lego
Prof. Baleshwar Singh PWD Arunachal Pradesh
IIT Guwhati
Mr. Harpal Singh
Prof. U C Kalita NFR Guwahati
Assam Downtown University,
Mr. Rajesh Dutta
Guwahati ASDMA, Guwahati
Prof. Bibha Das Saikia Mr. Raj Chakravarty
RGIST Guwahati NHAI, Guwahati
Shri. K. L. Das Mr. Shantanu Bhattacharyya
APCL PWD Guwahati
Prof. Gokul Sharma Mr. Debajit Das
Guwahati GMDA, Guwahati
NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Prof. Sivakumar Babu Prof. Manoj Datta

IISc Bangalore IIT Delhi
Late Prof. A. Srirama Rao Prof. K. G. Sharma
Kakinada IIT Delhi
Prof. N. Som Prof. J. T. Shahu
Kolkata IIT Delhi
Prof. A. Sridharan Prof. T. Ramamurthy
Bangalore Delhi
Prof. M. R. Madhav Prof. D. N. Singh
JNTU and IIT Hyderabad IIT Bombay
Prof. K. S. Rao Prof. B. V. S. Vishwanadham
IIT Delhi IIT Bombay
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Prof. Deepankar Choudhury Prof. S. V. Ramaswamy
IIT Bombay Chennai
Prof. G. V. Rao Prof. H. N. Ramesh
Hyderabad UVCE, Bangalore
Prof. P. K. Basudhar Dr. S. Sireesh
IIT BHU IIT Hyderabad
Prof. Sarvesh Chandra Dr. V. M. Sharma
GLA Mathura AIMIL, Delhi
Prof. D. K. Baidya Shri. M. D. Nair
IIT Kharagpur Kochi
Prof. Sujit K. Dash Dr. Anil Joseph
IIT Kharagpur Geostructurals, Kochi
Prof. S. R. Gandhi Dr. C. H. Solanki
IIT Madras NIT Surat
Prof. A. Boominathan Prof. C. N. V. Satyanarayana
IIT Madras Reddy
Andhra University, Vizag
Prof. K. Rajagopal
IIT Madras Shri. Jai Bhagwan
New Delhi
Prof. T. G. Sitharam
IISc Bangalore Dr. Manoj Verman
ISRM, New Delhi
Prof. G. Madhavi Latha
IISc Bangalore Prof. Chandan Ghosh
NIDM, New Delhi
Prof. Satyendra Mittal
IIT Roorkee Shri. Ravikiran Vaidya
GeoDynamics, Vadodara
Prof. N. K. Samadhiya
IIT Roorkee Shri. R. K. Kulkarni
Pune
Prof. Mahendra Singh
IIT Roorkee Dr. C. R. Parthasarathy
Sarathy Geotechnics, Bangalore
Prof. G. V. R. Prasada Raju
JNTU Kakinada
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IGC-2017 SUB-THEME COORDINATORS
Dr. P. Anbazhagan Prof. Binu Sharma

IISc Bangalore AEC Assam
Shri. I.V. Anirudhan Dr. Suresh A. Kartha
Geotechnical Solutions Chennai IIT Guwahati
Dr. Subhadeep Banerjee Prof. Mahendra Singh
IIT Madras IIT Roorkee
Dr. K. Muthukkumaran Prof. Sreedeep S.
NIT Trichy IIT Guwahati
Prof. Diganta Goswami Dr. Vidya Bhushan Maji
AEC Assam IIT Madras
Prof. Gautam Bhattacharya Prof. Satyendra Mittal
IIEST Shibpur IIT Roorkee
Prof. Deepankar Choudhury Prof. Ashim Kanti Dey
IIT Bombay NIT Silchar
Dr. Ravi K. Dr. Kousik Deb
IIT Guwahati IIT Kharagpur
Dr. Priyanka Ghosh Dr. Priti Maheswari
IIT Kanpur IIT Roorkee
Dr. Dasaka S. Murty Dr. Sumanta Haldar
IIT Bombay IIT Bhubaneshwar
Prof. B. D. Saikia Dr. Munwar Basha
RGIST Guwahati IIT Hyderabad
Dr. Anil Kumar Mishra Dr. Sarat Kumar Das
IIT Guwahati NIT Rourkela
Dr. S. Rajesh Dr. A. Murali Krishna
IIT Kanpur IIT Guwahati
Dr. P. Hari Prasad Reddy Prof. Sujit Kumar Dash
NIT Warangal IIT Kharagpur
Dr. T.V. Bharat Dr. Arup Bhattacharjee
IIT Guwahati JEC Assam
Dr. Malaya Chetia Dr. Rajib Saha
AEC Assam NIT Agartala
Dr. T. Thyagaraj Dr. Ravi s. Jakka
IIT Madras IIT Roorkee
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Dr. Abhishek Kumar Prof. Baleshwar Singh
IIT Guwahati IIT Guwahati
Dr. D. Neelima Satyam Dr. C.R. Parthasarathy
IIT Indore Sarathy Geotechnics Mumbai
Prof. Rajib Mallick Dr. Arindam Dey
WPI USA IIT Guwahati
Dr. S. Sireesh Dr. J.S. Vinod
IIT Hyderabad University of Wollongong Australia
Dr. Anjan Kumar Prof. Kaushik Bandhopadhyay
IIT Guwahati Jadavpur University Kolkata
Dr. Dipanjan Basu Dr. Utpal Kumar Baruah
University of Waterloo Canada Kamrup Polytechnic Assam
Dr. Prasenjit Basu Dr. R. Ayothiraman
IIT Bombay IIT Delhi
Dr. Umashankar B. Shri Ravikiran Vaidya
IIT Hyderabad Geodynamics Gujarat
Dr. Santiram Chatterjee Dr. Jay Kumar Shukla
IIT Bombay LnT Baroda Gujarat
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Indian Geotechnical Conference 2017 GeoNEst
14-16 December 2017, IIT Guwahati, India
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword i
Preface from the IGS President iii
Preface iv
IGC-2017 Organizing Committee v
IGC-2017 Advisory Committee

Local Advisory Committee vi
National Advisory Committee vi
IGC-2017 Sub-Theme Coordinators viii
Paper No. Title and Author Page No.
Keynote and Sub-Theme Lecture Contributions
K1 Geotechnics of Soft Ground 2

Madhav Madhira, Venkata Abhishek Sakleshpur
K2 Development of Underground Tunnel Construction Technology in Weak 2

Rock
Eun Chul Shin, Jeong Jun Park, Arum Lee
S1 Subsurface Investigation – Integrated and Modern Approach 3

Anbazhagan P
S2 Case Studies – Prediction of Offshore Jack-up Leg Penetrations 3

Parthasarathy C R
S3 Runout of Flow Landslides 3

J Kim, Z Q Liu, S Lacasse, S. Nordal, V. Thakur
S4 Determination of Anelastic Attenuation Factor (Q) and Decay Factor 4

(K) from Ground Motion Records of the Intra-Plate Region
Neelima Satyam, Shambhavi Dub, Raj Banerjee, Srijit Bandyopadhyay, G R
Reddy, Suzette Payne, Justin Coleman
S5 Retrofitting of N-W Corner of Kolkata High Court Heritage Building 5

through Micro Piles & Grouting
Satyendra Mittal, G L Sivakumar Babu
K3 Soil-Bentonite Cutoff Walls for Geoenvironmental Containment 5

Takeshi Katsumi, Atsushi Takai, Toru Inui
x
K4 Reliability and Accuracy of Seismic Tests in Geotechnical Site 6

Characterization
Sebastiano Foti, Federico Passeri
K5 Cascaded Recycle of Waste Tires – Some Novel Approaches towards 6

Sustainable Geo-Construction and Climate Change Adaptation
Hemanta Hazarika, Hidetoshi Yokota, Shigeki Endo, Tota Kinoshita
S6 Quantification of Soil State Variables Using Electromagnetic Methods 6

Alexander Scheuermann, Thierry Bore, Partha Mishra, Habibullah Bhuyan,
Guanxi Yan, Tilman Bittner
S7 Meethothamulla Landfill Failure Analysis: A Probabilistic Approach 7

B. Munwar Basha, K. V. N. S. Raviteja
S8 Modelling Soil-Foundation Interaction and Beyond 7

Subhadeep Banerjee
S9 Uncertainties in Site Characterization Using Surface Wave Techniques 8

and their Effects on Seismic Ground Response
Ravi S. Jakka, Narayan Roy
S10 Case Studies on Application of Grouting Methods 8

Madan Kumar Annam
K6 Static and Seismic Slope Safety Displacement Based Criterion for 9

Seismic Analysis
Sarada K Sarma
K7 On the Use of Scaled Model Tests for Analysis and Design of Offshore 9
Wind Turbines
Subhamoy Bhattacharya, Georgios Nikitas , Saleh Jalbi
K8 Geotechnical Challenges in Tunneling Through Weak Rocks 9

Mahendra Singh
S11 Climate change and integrity of earthen dams 10

Syed Ahmad
S12 Crack Initiation - Propagation and Failure Modes in Rocks 10

V B Maji, G Sivakumar
S13 Physico-Chemical Effects on Behaviour of Unsaturated Soils 11

T. Thyagaraj
S14 Assessment of Global Stability of Chenab bridge on Katra-Dharam 11

section of USBRL, J&K India using 3DEC
Jay Aglawe
xi
K9 Image Based Characterization Techniques for Geotechnical 12

Applications
Gali Madhavi Latha, Prashanth Vangla, Nimisha Roy
K10 Modelling and Behaviour of Geosynthetics Reinforced Foundation 12

Sarvesh Chandra
K11 Soil Structure Interaction Analysis of Pile Foundations Subjected to 12

Dynamic Loads
A Boominathan, Ramon Varghese, Srilakshmi K Nair
S15 Effect of Long-Term Performance of EPS Geofoam on Lateral Earth 13

Pressures on Retaining Walls
Satyanarayana Murty Dasaka, Vinil Kumar Gade
S16 Diverse Applications of Geocells for Highways - Two Case Studies from 14
the North East
Shahrokh P. Bagli
S17 Comprehensive Characteristics of Fresh and Processed MSW 14

Generated in Kanpur City
S. Rajesh
S18 Prospects and Challenges of Output and Performance Based Contracts - 14

A Geotechnical Perspective
Diganta Sarma
S19 Impact of Flooding on Roadways 15

Rajib Basu Mallick, Mingjiang Tao, Nivedya M K
S20 A Quantitative Framework for Sustainability and Resilience in 15

Geotechnical Engineering
Dipanjan Basu, Mina Lee
S21 Forensic Study on the Causes of Failure of Stone Columns under Water 16
Storage Tanks and Possible Remedial Measures
Kaushik Bandyopadhyay
K12 Addressing Sustainable Technologies in Geotechnical and 16

Geoenvironmental Engineering
Krishna R. Reddy, Girish Kumar
Technical Paper Contributions

Th01 - Geotechnical and Geophysical Investigation
Th01_037 Some Studies on Laboratory and Field Electrical Resistivities of Soils 18
Nimi Ann Vincent, R Shivashankar, K N Lokesh
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Th01_178 Prediction of Material Parameters Using Index Properties and Modeling 19

the Behaviour of Prototype Quarried Rockfill Material
N P Honkanadavar
Th01_179 Geotechnical Investigation across a Failed Hill Slope in Uttarakhand - A 20

Case Study
Ravi Sundaram, Sorabh Gupta, Swapneel Kalra, Lalit Kumar
Th01_211 Electrical Resistivity Studies on Lateritic Soils 21

Divya Nath, Nimi Ann Vincent, R Shivashankar, K N Lokesh
Th01_216 Uplift Capacities of Double-Plate Square Anchors at Shallow Depths in 22

Sand
Vidya Tilak B., Narendra Kumar Samadhiya
Th01_256 Index Properties and Compaction Characteristics of Soils 23

H S Prasanna, Anil M G , Praveen, Harshitha D
Th01_319 Soil characterization and stratification using seismic refraction test 24

Sourav Sarkar, Arindam Saha, Ashim Kanti Dey
Th01_381 Use of Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) for prediction of saline 25

water contamination
Soumitra Kumar Kundu, Arindam Saha, Ashim Kanti Dey
Th01_416 Effect of Saline Solutions on Strength of Clayey Soil Using Electro- 26

Osmosis Technique
R S Savliya, A J Shah
Th01_426 Experimental and Analytical Aspects of Active MASW Survey 27

Mustafizur Rahman, Dipjyoti Baglari
Th01_446 A New Travelling Pluviator for Preparing Uniform Sand Samples in the 28
Laboratory
Sayantan Chakraborty, Ashish Juneja, M E Raghunandan
Th01_453 Borrow Area Investigations for an Earthen Embankment Dam- A Case 29

Study
Vikas Kumar Jain, Mahabir Dixit, R Chitra
Th01_498 Effect of Test Setup Parameters on Surface Wave Dispersion 30

Narayan Roy, Ravi S Jakka, H R Wason
Th01_573 Effects of Source Characteristics in Passive Roadside MASW Survey 31

Dipjyoti Baglari, Arindam Dey
xiii
Th01_574 Impact of Offset on the Resolution of Dispersion Image in Active 32

MASW Survey
Jumrik Taipodia, Arindam Dey
Th01_616 Effect of Anisotropy on Stress-Strain & Pore Pressure Response of 33

Micaceous Sand under Undrained Compression Loading Conditions
P Seethalakshmi, Ajanta Sachan
Th01_659 Stability assessment of a cut slope and its stabilization aspects 34

Sandeep Kumar Mondal, Mithresh K P, Sreedeep S
Th01_730 A New Electric Miniature Cone to Prepare Laboratory Control Samples 35

Ashish Juneja, Anurag S Chafale, Rajendra Singh Bisht
Th01_760 Quality Inspection of Road Surface using Ground Penetrating Radar 36

Silky Agrawal, Amit Prashant
Th01_763 Influence of grain size and its distribution on the deformation modulus 37
and stress-strain characteristics of sands
K Sabarishri, K Premalatha, R Arivazhagan
Th02 - Foundations on Difficult Soils
Th02_076 Finite Element Modeling of Piled Raft Foundation in Clay Soil 38

Shivanand Mali, Baleshwar Singh
Th02_290 Effect of Fin Length and Fin Width on the Behaviour of Piles under 39
Combined Loading Conditions
Rekha Ambi, Jayasree P K, Unnikrishnan N
Th02_298 Comparison of pseudo-static and pseudo-dynamic analysis of ultimate 40

bearing capacity of shallow strip footing resting on layered soil
Litan Debnath, Sima Ghosh
Th02_378 Evaluation of Bearing Capacity for Skirted foundation on Sand 41

Kangkan Sarma, Nayanmoni Chetia
Th02_407 Pullout Behavior of Model Helical Anchor in Cohesionless Deposit 42

Neha Nasreen, Ashok Kumar Khan
Th02_492 Effect of Controlled Stiffness Inserts on the Behavior of Piled Raft 43

Foundation
Aswathy Ramesh, Bindu J
Th02_503 An Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Uplift Capacity of 44

Single Piles and Group Piles in Cohesionless Soil
Firoz Ali, Supia Khatun, Abraham Lincoln
xiv
Th02_516 Parametric Study on Behavior of Foundation Resting on Reinforced 45

Pond Ash Deposit
M V Ravi Kishore Reddy, Pradeep Kumar Ramancharla, Supriya Mohanty
Th02_524 The Bearing Capacity and Settlement Study of Eccentrically Loaded 46

Circular and Rectangular Footing on Granular Soil
Abraham Lincoln, Firoz Ali, Supia Khatun
Th02_560 Artificial Neural Networks Based Bearing Capacity Prediction for 47

Square Footing Resting on Confined Sand
T. Gnananandarao, R. K. Dutta, V. N. Khatri
Th02_602 Load Carrying Capacity of Laterally Loaded Batter Piles 48

Krishna M V Ratnam M, Neelima Satyam, Prabhakar Gundlapalli
Th02_698 Geotechnical Aspect for Design of Track Formation System for High 49
Speed Rail Lines on Alluvial Soil Deposited - A Review
Pawan Kumar, V. P. Singh
Th03 - Slope Stability, Landslides and Natural Disaster Mitigation
Th03_063 Assessment of Rockfall Activity along the Road Cut Slope in Himalayan 50
Region - A Case Study
Sahil Sardana, Manish Kumar Jha, A. K. Verma
Th03_096 A Study of the Stability of Waste, Sub-grade and Fines Dumps in a 51

Surface Iron Ore Mine
Mamta Jaswal, Phalguni Sen
Th03_119 Landslide hazard assemment of Mangan slope, Sikkim, India 52

Neharika Rao Ganta, Neelima Satyam
Th03_207 Effect of Climate Parameters on Slope Stability 53

Noorjahan Begum, Utpal Kumar Nath
Th03_223 Pseudo-Static Analysis of Slope considering Log Spiral Failure 54

Mechanism
Suman Hazari, Sima Ghosh, Richi Prasad Sharma
Th03_235 Evaluation of Permanent Displacement for Earthquake Induced 55

Landslides
Sangeeta Prajapati, B. K. Maheshwari
Th03_257 Slope stabilization at world highest railway arch bridge Udhampur 56

Barramula railway line project at Jammu and Kashmir
Hem Chandra Upreti, Srinivas Mantrala, Arvind Anand Pandey
xv
Th03_395 Probabilistic Stability Analysis Considering Multiple Triggering Factors 57

Pinom Ering, G L Sivakumar Babu
Th03_398 Parametric Studies of Soil Nailing Wall Using FLAC3D 58

Nabajyoti Sarkar, Arup Bhattacharjee
Th03_402 Stability Assessment of a Critical Slope Near Nathpa Region, Himachal 59

Pradesh, India
Barsa Acharya, Jagadish Kundu, Kripamoy Sarkar, Sowmiya Chawla
Th03_404 Strength Characteristics of Fly Ash Stabilized Soil Embankment and 60

Stability Analysis Using Numerical Modelling
Tarun Kumar Rajak, Laxmikant Yadu, Sandeep K. Chouksey, Sujit K. Pal
Th03_405 Experimental evaluation of raindrop splash erosion control in vetiver 61

protected soil slope using rainfall simulator
Donal Nixon D'Souza, A K Choudhary, P Basak, S K Shukla
Th03_447 Analysis of Effect of Reinforcement on Stability of Slopes with Marginal 62

Soil
Akshay Kumar Jha, Madhav Madhira, G V N Reddy
Th03_451 Rainfall Thresholds for Landslide Occurrence in Kalimpong using 63

Bayesian Approach
Abhirup Dikshit, Neelima Satyam
Th03_474 Study of Mechanical Characteristics of Plants Root for Slope Stability 64

Tarun S, Naresh M, Uday K V, Manushree, Shyam Masakapalli
Th03_522 A Finite Element Approach of Stability Analysis of Over Burden Dump 65

Slope – A Case Study
Lalima Banerjee, Sowmiya Chawla
Th03_526 Breach Analysis of Embankments Using Fuse Plug Model 66

Deepak Kumar Verma, Baldev Setia , V.K. Arora
Th03_552 Importance of Spatial Variability on Probabilistic Slope Stability 67

Rubi Chakraborty, Arindam Dey
Th03_580 Landslide evolution through catastrophe theory based on planar–slip 68

slope model
Chiranjib Prasad Sarma, A Murali Krishna, Arindam Dey
Th03_633 3-dimensional slope stability analysis using Plaxis-3D 69

Pawan Kumar Singh, Himangshu Lahkar, Karam Vir Islary, Diganta
Goswami
xvi
Th03_675 Stability of Natural Slopes Considering Initial Stresses 70

Sukanta Dey, Gautam Bhattacharya, Robin Chowdhury
Th03_706 Landslide Predication by Remote Sensing and GIS and its Continuous 71
Monitoring by using WSN System- A proposal for Kumbharli Ghat,
Maharashtra
A A Bhondwe, S R Suryawanshi, P K Deshpande, U L Deshpande
Th03_711 An innovative pullout system for soil nails and anchors 72

Mahesh Sharma, Manojit Samanta, Shantanu Sarkar
Th03_713 Stability analysis of slope with different soil types and its stabilization 73
techniques
Hymavathi Jampani, Navya Bhupathi
Th03_733 Slope Stabilization & Rockfall Protection at Chenani Nashri Tunnel – A 74

Case Study
Lopamudra Dutta
Th03_756 Numerical Analysis of Rain-Induce Slope Stability 75

Adarsh S. Chatra, G R Dodagoudar, V B Maji, Ramanandan S, Sundaravel
V
Th04 - Earth Retaining Structures
Th04_045 Generalised Solution for Active Earth Pressure During Earthquake by 76

Graphical Method
Debarati Jana, B C Chattopadhyay, Joyanta Maity
Th04_140 Soil Arching on Piles supporting Deep Excavations 77

George Thakaran Idiculla, S Dasaka Murty
Th04_244 Optimization of Pullout Strength & Nail length Pattern using Finite 78
Element Approach
Animesh Sharma, P T Raju
Th04_322 Analysis of sheet pile wall under different loading conditions using 79
Finite Element method
Shivangi Saxena, Vijay Kumar
Th04_327 Critical Review of Earth Pressure Theory Considering Soil Arching 80

Shibayan Biswas, Deepankar Choudhury
Th04_418 Effect of Sheet Pile Wall Supported Excavation on Adjacent Structures 81

Aparna, Akhil Raj, N K Samadhiya
xvii
Th04_497 Parametric Study on Deformation Behavior of Earth Dam on Multi 82

Layered Soil Deposits under Seismic Loading
Pooja Ambarakonda, Supriya Mohanty
Th04_540 Corrosion of Steel in Mechanically Stabilized Earth Retaining Walls due 83

to Deicers
Prabir K. Kolay, Dipesh Tajhya, Vijay K. Puri, Sanjeev Kumar
Th04_581 Time Effect on Ground Deformation around Braced Excavation 84

Saptarshi Roy, R B Sahu, Kingshuk Dan, Dipanjan Basu
Th04_630 Effect of Test Box Dimensions on Axial Pullout Response of 85

Reinforcement
K P Bhargav Kumar, Sravanam Sasanka Mouli, Balunaini Umashankar
Th04_632 Optimization of support system for station entrance - A case study 86

Sohail Wajid, Anburaj C, Ahmed Shaz, Yeruva Ramanareddy
Th04_673 Numerical Analysis of Retention System and Validation of Design by 87

Real-Time Monitoring: A Case Study
Vimala Chinnasamy, Madan Kumar Annam
Th04_732 Effect of Arching on Passive Earth Pressure for Rigid Retaining Walls 88
Considering Rotation at Top
Puram Nagavalleswari, Nihar Ranjan Patra
Th04_758 A Case Study on Soil-Nailed Retaining Wall in Hilly Area 89

A Karthikeyan, Santosh Kumar Sahu, S Amuthan
Th04_762 Seismic Stability Analysis of Reinforced Soil Wall Using Modified 90

Horizontal Slice Method
Shantanu Patra, Partha Sarathi Nayek
Th05 - Geoenvironmental Engineering
Th05_001 A Hazard Ranking System for Landfill Rehabilitation in India 91

Naveen B P, Apoorva Goel
Th05_104 Influence of rice husk ash on the swelling and strength characteristics of 92
expansive soil
Anil Kumar Choudhary, J N Jha, Arpit Jain, Madhumita Mohanty
Th05_171 Infiltration characteristics of surface soil in Multi-layered cover system 93

Sudheer Kumar Yamsani, Sreedeep S
Th05_228 Chelating Agent- Aided Electrokinetic Extraction of Lead from High 94

Compressible Clayey Soil
Dewashish Mishra, R P Tiwari, Vijay Kumar
xviii
Th05_239 Development of Alternate Liner Material by Blending Fly Ash, Local 95

Soil and Bentonite
Vamsi Alla, Suvendu Kumar Sasmal, Rabi Narayan Behera, Chittaranjan
Patra
Th05_241 Geotechnical and Geoenviornmental Characterization of TTPS Pond 96

Ash and Its Utilization
Rabi Narayan Behera, Abhishek Kumar, Chitta Ranjan Patra
Th05_246 Physico-chemical analysis of soil affcted by dyes and pigment industries 97

Rima Shah, Manas Kumar Bhoi, H B Raghavendra
Th05_254 Stabilization of Thick Flyash Slurry Using Alkali Activation 98

Suresh Prasad Singh, Adiandra Mohanbabu, Himanshu Namdeo
Th05_282 Consolidation induced solute transport by finite volume method 99

Rakesh Pratap Singh
Th05_359 Mechanical Behaviour of Bentonite In Presence of Lead 100

Saswati Ray, Anil Kumar Mishra, Ajay Kalamdhad
Th05_376 Variation in the Geotechnical Properties of Biosolids upon Blending 101

with Fly Ash and Lime
Ajitha B Bhaskar, Sajna S, Kannan K
Th05_421 Stabilization of Red Mud Using Low Ash Coal Fly Ash 102
Shamshad Alam, Sarat Kumar Das, B Hanumantha Rao
Th05_433 Effects of Molding Moisture Content on Strength and Hydraulic 103

Properties of Pond ash-Bentonite Mixes
Suryaleen Rout, Suresh Prasad Singh
Th05_454 Improvement of Strength of Laterite Soil Treated With Ground 104

Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
Arijit Mandal, Ashok Kumar Khan
Th05_455 Stabilization of Dredged Chilika Sand with Biopolymer 105

Harishankar Jeevan Dash, Sarat Kumar Das
Th05_456 Influence of Salts on the Coefficient of Consolidation of Compacted 106

Bentonites
Jagori Dutta, Anil Kumar Mishra, Purabi Das
Th05_461 Influence of soil quality of Agricultural soil on Crop water 107

requirements
Pranita Kalita, Dikshita Dutta, Utpal Kumar Nath
xix
Th05_477 Critical Aspects Relating to Re-Use of Aged Municipal Solid Waste for 108
Geotechnical Purposes
Mohit Somani, Manoj Datta, G V Ramana, T R Sreekrishnan,
Th05_533 Experimental Investigation on Viability of Metakaolin based Lead 109

Contaminated Soil
Ashwini N Shetty, S K Palled, A M Hulabagali, V A Reddy
Th05_541 Experimental Observation of Breakthrough Concentrations of Pb, Na, 110

Ca, and K in Column Leaching of Refuse Soils from Boragaon Waste
Dumpsite
Suresh A Kartha, Heeralal Nandmehar
Th05_546 Assessment of Dispersion Characteristics of Red Mud Waste from 111

Physical Tests
N Gangadhara Reddy, B Hanumantha Rao
Th05_550 Influence of Paper Sludge on Volume Change Behaviour of Fly Ash- 112
Paper Sludge Mixtures
Archana Shaji, Sangeetha S
Th05_584 Remediation of Metal Contaminated Soil 113

Neelam Phougat, Mahabir Dixit, R Chitra
Th05_617 Influence of tyre chips on the behaviour of sand-bentonite mixture 114

Krishanu Mukherjee, Anil Kumar Mishra
Th05_645 Consolidation characteristics of bentonites in presence of salt solutions 115

Purabi Das, Jagori Dutta, Anil Kumar Mishra
Th05_660 Parametric Study for Stability of Liner Systems of Side-Slope Landfills 116
In Hilly Regions
Abinash Mahanta, Manoj Datta, G V Ramana
Th05_686 A study on Swelling, Compressibility and Permeability characteristics of 117

a bentonite-sand mixture
Binu Sharma, Smitakshi Sarma, Asuri Shridharan
Th05_701 Physico-chemical behavior of red earth contaminated with caustic 118

alkalis
P Lakshmi Sruthi, P Hari Prasad Reddy
Th05_716 Feasibility of Using MSW Incinerator Ash in Geotechnical Applications 119

Garima Gupta, Manoj Datta, G V Ramana, B J Alappat
Th05_722 Tolerable Limits of Organic Matter for Use of Soil as Construction 120
Material and Stabilisation of Organic Soils
Mahabir Dixit, R Chitra, Purabi sen, Mukesh Sarin
xx
Th06 - Behaviour of Unsaturated Soils
Th06_233 Impact of Measurement Methodologies Used for Establishing Water 121

Retention Characteristic Curve on Shear Strength of Fly Ash
A Prakash, B Panda, B Hazra, S Sreedeep
Th06_312 Reliability Analysis of Rainfall Induced Slope Failure Seattle Area near 122
Washington
A S S Raghuram, B Munwar Basha
Th06_396 Ageing effect on microstructure of compacted bentonite under various 123

applied suction
R Bag, K Rao Jadda, R Reddy Katipelly
Th06_593 Hysteresis in soil water characteristic curve of a highly plastic clay 124
Yagom Gapak, Tadikonda Venkata Bharat
Th06_618 Unsaturated Shear Strength of CH Combination Soil Using Matric 125

Suction and Conventional Shear Strength Testing
Saloni Pandya, Akash Sakkari, Ajanta Sachan
Th07 - Geohydrology, Dam and Embankment Engineering
Th07_067 Optimisation of Base Width of a Typical Concrete Gravity Dam Under 126
Different Seismic Conditions Using Static Seismic Loading
Sukanya Talukdar, Prasanna Kumar Khaund
Th07_277 Modelling of Infiltration for Different Types of Soil Conditions - 127

Guwahati
Gayatri Das, Mimi Das Saikia, U C Kalita
Th07_280 Modelling of Embankment Breaching With Special Reference to Barak 128

Valley, Assam
Korabi Das, Mimi Das Saikia, U C Kalita
Th07_284 A study on hydroelectric and irrigation potential of Dikhow river 129

Punit Al Barik, Mrinal Kanti Dutta
Th07_587 Response of Earth Dams to Toe Drain Clogging 130

Priyanka Talukdar, Arindam Dey
Th07_621 Study of Soil Water Characteristics or Unsaturated Curves of Different 131

Soil Strata, using FEMWATER
Karishma Chetia, Triptimoni Borah
Th07_717 Foundation Investigation of Cross Drainage works of Wainganga- 132

Nalganga Link Canal project, Maharashtra - A Case Study
Mahabir Dixit, Mukesh Sarin, C B Sarma, R. Chitra
xxi
Th08 - Rock Mechanics, Tunnelling and Underground Structures
Th08_052 Deformability Characteristics of Augen Gneisses 133

Bharti Chawre, Hari Dev, S L Gupta
Th08_083 Implication of uncertainties in in-situ stress measurement in rock-mass 134

Shashank Pathak, G V Ramana, Hari Dev, S L Gupta
Th08_097 Effect of geological strength index on factor of safety of jointed rock 135
slope
Abhishek Dixit, Arnab Kumar Pal, Amalesh Jana, S. Sreedeep
Th08_144 Stability analysis of rock slope using combined continuum interface 136
element method
Amalesh Jana, Arindam Dey, Sreedeep S
Th08_163 A methodology to model effective two dimensional plane strain analysis 137
of jointed rock slope
Anangsha Alammyan, Seema Pegu , Amalesh Jana, Sreedeep S
Th08_220 Stability assessment of a heavily jointed rock slope using limit 138
equilibrium and finite element methods
Aswathi C K, Amalesh Jana, Arindam Dey, Sreedeep S
Th08_271 Analysis of Offshore Rock Socketed Monopile Foundations 139

Nivya Basheer, Tanushree Chakraborty, Khalid Abdel-Rahman, Johannes
Albiker, Martin Achmus
Th08_288 Role of Empirical rock mass classification in evaluating stress induced 140
condition in the Himalaya
M Ghosh Roy, Imran Sayeed
Th08_301 Dynamic Response of Tunnel in Blocky Rock Mass with EPS Geofoam 141
as Seismic Buffer
Nishant Roy, Shiv Dayal Bharti, Rajib Sarkar
Th08_520 Stability assessment and designing of jointed rock slope using finite 142
element method
Kallam Naveen Reddy, Manash Jyoti Bora, Amalesh Jana, Sreedeep S, A
Murali Krishna
Th08_545 Challenges in tunnelling through a low cover zone for a railway project - 143
A case study
Venkata S Dronamraju, Sachin K Tripathi, Ram kumar
Th08_556 A comparative study of the laboratory parameters of dolomitic 144

limestone
Arup Bandyopadhyay, Sachin Gupta, S L Gupta
xxii
Th08_561 Stability of rock slopes in soft and stratified rock mass 145
Mithresh K Pushpan, A Murali Krishna
Th08_589 A numerical study on permeability evolution in porous sandstones 146

during cataclastic flow
Vaisakh T K, Arghya Das
Th08_746 Challenges & Learnings in Execution of Plug Construction of Dt-1 in 147

Tandem with Final Reservoir Impounding In Koldam Hep
Prashant Narayan Gaur, Vinod Kumar Mauriya
Th08_749 Analysis and Design of Lining of Canal Tunnel 148
Parameshwar Kumar Verma, A K Singh
Th09 - Ground Improvement Techniques
Th09_003 Effect of Curing on the Strength Development of Geopolymerized 149

Kaolinite Clay
Padmakumar C, Parvathi K, Jayasree P K, Leema Peter
Th09_023 Experimental Investigation of Lateritic Soil treated with Calcium 150

Lignosulfonate
A U Ravi Shankar, Panditharadhya B J, K Jaya Chandra Reddy, Amulya S
Th09_034 Numerical Analysis on Protection of Buried Pipelines using Geotextile 151

Reinforced Fly Ash Bed
Y Z Beju, J N Mandal
Th09_036 Behaviour of Cellular Reinforced Clean Sand Using Triaixial Tests 152
R S Dalvi, Niraj Sahare
Th09_039 Effect of Compacted Moisture Content Variation on Compressive 153

Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Cohesive Soil
Suchit Kumar Patel, Baleshwar Singh
Th09_041 Strength Characteristics of Fly Ash Stabilized Sandy Soil Reinforced 154
with Glass Fibers
Yachang Omo, Netung Tayeng, Ajanta Kalita
Th09_043 Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Load-Settlement 155

Behaviour of Stone Column Reinforced Fly Ash Backfill
Abhijit Anand, Rajib Sarkar
Th09_049 Experimental Model Study: Improvement of Peat Soil by Construction 156

of Floating Peat-Cement Columns through Application of Deep Mixing
Method
B Ramu, A Paul, Monowar Hussain
xxiii
Th09_064 Load carrying capacity response of reinforced sand with H-V Inserts 157
Prince Karandeep Singh Sandhu, Prashant Garg, Kulwinder Singh,
Jagadanand Jha
Th09_072 Comparison of Ground Improvement Using Coconut-Leaf Ash and 158

Lime with Fly Ash and Lime
Leonardo Souza, Pooja Arolkar, Purnanand Savoikar
Th09_094 A study on the performance of circular skirted foundation on medium 159

dense sand
Rishma Hussain, Nayanmoni Chetia
Th09_099 Influence of Waste Marble Dust on the Behaviour of Expansive Soil 160
Nitish Jauhari, Ajit Kumar
Th09_103 Nanomodification of natural weed to improve its efficacy as soil 161

reinforcing material
Gunendra Sharma, Chayanika Devi, Sanandam Bordoloi, Ankit Garg,
Sreedeep S
Th09_110 Jute Geotextiles for Mitigating Soil Related Problems Naturally 162
P K Choudhury
Th09_111 Cyclic loading responses of off-lane test track laid on expansive soil 163
subgrade
G Radhakrishnan, M Anjan Kumar, G V R Prasada Raju
Th09_114 Effects of Footing Width to Length Ratio on Critical Thickness of 164

Granular Fill over Soft Soil
Subinay Saha Roy, Kousik Deb
Th09_123 Improvement of Brahmaputra Silt For Embankment Construction 165

Kashmiri Deka, Arup Bhattacharjee
Th09_132 Statistical Approach for Three Dimensional Consolidation Using Saw 166
Dust Drain
R P Shrivastava, D T Shete, A V Shroff
Th09_158 Experimental Study on Bamboo-Jute Composite reinforced soft clay 167

Soundara B, Mehala S, Kiruba Shankar M, Kalyani B, Jayanthi V
Th09_176 Stabilization strategies based on mineralogical constituents 168

V Swaroopa Rani, V Ramana Murty
Th09_181 Laboratory Shear Strength Studies of Sand admixed with Building 169
Derived Materials
M Jayatheja, A K Suluguru, A Guharay, A Kar, N James
xxiv
Th09_182 Determination of Compacted Granular Layer Thickness on Soft Clay 170

using Odemark Method for Design of Shallow Foundation
P P Biswas, M K Sahis, A Sengupta
Th09_204 Improvement of Engineering Properties of Cohesive Soil using Brick 171

Dust as Admixture
Silpi Sikha, Prasanna Kumar
Th09_214 Study on Stress- Strain Behavior of Marine Clay Replaced With Sodium 172
Lignosulfonate and Cement
Anita Susan Mathew, Amal P Sasi, Aswthi S Nair, Abhishek Nair V, Sowmya
V Krishnankutty
Th09_225 Field Studies of Model Flexible Pavements Laid on Lime And 173
Metakaolin Treated Expansive Soil Subgrades
D Venkateswarlu, M Anjan Kumar, G V R Prasada Raju, D S V Prasad
Th09_227 Swell Characteristics of Expansive Soil Reinforced with Polyester Fibres 174
Subhasish Pasupalak, Abdhesh Kumar Sinha
Th09_234 Design of rigid pavement on expansive soil after stabilizing with lime 175
Sharma Hari Ballabh Dutt, R P Tiwari, Vijay Kumar
Th09_252 Bearing Capacity Improvement of Incompetent Foundation Soil for a 176

Reinforced Earth Wall
Vikas Pratap Singh
Th09_253 Stabilization of Sedimented Flyash Deposits Using Chemical Columns 177

Aparupa Pani, Suresh Prasad Singh
Th09_281 Mechanical Behavior of Lime Stabilized Dredged Soil 178

Obaid Qadir, B A Mir
Th09_283 A Comparative Study of Geotechnical Behaviour of Pond Ash Using 179

Lime and Cement
Amit Gaurav, Rakesh Pratap Singh
Th09_285 Experimental Investigation and Microstructural Analysis of Nano- 180

Chemically Treated Soil
Sandeep Singh, Chandra Bogireddy, C H Solanki, S A Vasanwala
Th09_287 Effect of Alkali Activated Fly Ash on the Strength of Clayey soil 181
R R Pandya, A J Shah
Th09_302 A Numerical Investigation on Bearing Capacity of Isolated Footing on 182

Fiber Reinforced Sands
Rajeswari J S, Rajib Sarkar, Nishant Roy, S D Bharti
xxv
Th09_308 Laboratory Investigation of Lateritic Soil treated with Terrasil and 183
Cement
A U Ravi Shankar, Panditharadhya B J, Rahul Saini, Amulya S
Th09_310 Performance study of Geopolymerized Black Cotton Soil Admixed with 184
Cement Kiln Dust
Prathap Kumar, Sapna Devendra
Th09_311 Behavior of Footings Resting on 3D Reinforced Trenches 185

Hema M, Unnikrishnan N
Th09_330 Shear Strength Behaviour and Regression Analysis of Cement Stabilized 186
River Bed Material for Use in Subgrade
Champakali Das, Ambarish Ghosh
Th09_338 Influence of Cement and Polyester Fibers on Compaction and CBR 187
Value of Clayey Soil
Avinash Bhardwaj, B S Walia, Abhishek
Th09_340 Use of Green Binders in Improving Problematic Expansive Soils 188

K Ramu, R Dayakar Babu
Th09_344 Effect of Fibre Reinforced Lime-Stabilized Fly Ash on the Unconfined 189
Compressive Strength of Clayey Soil
G Sridevi, A Shivaraj, G Sudarshan
Th09_356 Influence of fiber on strength characteristics of clayey soil 190

Subhradeep Dhar, Arindam Sarkar, Monowar Hussain
Th09_358 Behaviour of Skirted Foundations in Granular Fills Overlying Clayey 191

Subgrade
Neelima P, Bindu J
Th09_360 Empirical Relationships to Assess MDD, OMC, UCS and Compression 192
Index of Soil-Fly Ash
Subhra Das, Sujit Kumar Pal
Th09_383 Biocementation in Marine Clays: Effect on Grain Size Distribution 193

Bindu J, Kannan K, Sajna S
Th09_385 Synthesis and Characterization of Geopolymer Grout Material 194

Subhashree Samantasinghar, Suresh Prasad Singh, Prasadsubash Palsule
Th09_386 Enhancement of Index and Engineering Properties of Expansive Soil 195

using Chopped Basalt Fibers
A B Aravalli, A M Hulagabali, C H Solanki, G R Dodagoudar
xxvi
Th09_400 Alkali Activated Binder treated Jute Reinforced Soil: A Preliminary 196
Study
S Gupta, A GuhaRay, A Kar, V P Komaravolu
Th09_419 Stabilisation of Kaolinite Clay by using Terrazyme 197

Elsa Jacob Joseph, Sayida M K
Th09_435 Effect of Slenderness Ratio on the Behavior of Encased Stone Column 198
Preetynanda Nanda, Indraneel Sengupta, Suresh Prasad Singh
Th09_436 Load Tests on Strip Footing Resting on Prestressed Geotextile- 199

Reinforced Ferrochrome Slag
Anil Kumar Choudhary, Ujjawal Prakash, Sanjay Kumar Shukla
Th09_459 Effect of Lime-Mud on Consolidation Characteristics of Soil 200

Sujay Choudhury, Pranjal Baishya, Sasanka Borah
Th09_464 Improving Load Carrying Capacity of Copper Tailing by Waste Tire 201
Chip Reinforcement
Gourav Gill, Ravi Kant Mittal
Th09_525 Parametric Study on Seismic Behavior of Black Cotton Soil Reinforced 202
With Granular Column
Chamala Surendra Reddy, Supriya Mohanty
Th09_572 Effects of Delay Time on Plasticity and Compaction Characteristics of 203

Lime Modified Expansive Soil
Soumya Prakash Sahoo, Suresh Prasad Singh, Ritesh Das
Th09_578 FEM analysis on improved performance of soft clay foundations using 204
reinforced Granular pile with sand pad
Partha Basu, N K Samadhiya
Th09_579 Role of Gliment as an additive on the CBR Behavior of Kerewa Soils 205
M Y Shah, B A Mir, Abid Ahmad Sofi
Th09_584 Biostabilization of Geomaterial 206

Marlina Gowalla, G Kalyan Kumar, Amitava Bandhu
Th09_588 Effect of Lime and Calcium Chloride on Rice Husk Ash Stabilized 207
Expansive Soil
Eswara Reddy Orekanti, G Padmaja, C Saraswathi, C Sarala
Th09_594 Numerical Analysis of EAFS column Using PLAXIS 2D 208

Riya Robert, Annie Joy
xxvii
Th09_607 Characteristics of Fly Ash Mixed with Locally Available Soil of 209
Kokrajhar
Samaina Brahma, Souravjyoti Deka, Umaliu Rongmei, Nabajyoti Bayan,
Shafi Kamal Rahman
Th09_615 Quantification of Sulphate Induced Heave in Lime Stabilized Soil 210

Arvind Kumar Jha, P V Sivapullaiah
Th09_627 An Experimental Study of Granular Anchor Piles 211

Mohit Kumar, Ashish Gupta, Vishwas A Sawant
Th09_636 A Study on Compaction and Strength Properties of Shedi soil Treated 212
with Rice Husk Ash, Carbide Lime and Sodium Chloride
H N Ramesh, B V Manjunatha
Th09_656 Optimal Foundation Solution for Storage Terminal in Mangalore 213

Tanmay Gupta, Valluri Sridhar, Madan Kumar Annam
Th09_663 Strength and Durability of geopolymer stabilized soil 214

Sreelakshmi S, E Krishnaiah, G Kalyan Kumar
Th09_666 Effect of Polypropylene Fiber Reinforcement on Cement Stabilization of 215

Local Red Soil in Silchar Area
Raja Sarkar, Debjit Bhowmik
Th09_700 Strength and Compaction characteristics of Biologically Stabilized Soil 216

Divya Vishwanath, Asha M Nair, Sreelakshmi G
Th09_761 Influence of Quarry Dust and Tile Waste on Geotechnical Properties of 217
Expansive Soil
D S V Prasad, M Anjan Kumar, G V R Prasada Raju
Th10 - Uncertainties, Risk and Reliability in Geotechnical Engineering
Th10_086 Reliability Analysis for Settlement Calculation of Surface Strip Footing 218
under Different Soil Conditions using Fuzzy Sets Theory
Rajarshi Pramanik, D K Baidya, Nirjhar Dhang
Th10_118 Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines for System Reliability 219

Analysis of Slopes
Subhadeep Metya, Gautam Bhattacharya, Tanmoy Mukhopadhyay, Sondipon
Adhikari
xxviii
Th10_420 Effect of Uncertainty in Soil Type on Seismic Site Response 220

Aniket Desai, Ravi S. Jakka
Th10_532 Effect of Probability Density Functions on Reliability analysis of 221

Flexible Pavements
Pranav R T Peddinti, Sireesh Saride, B Munwar Basha
Th10_558 Influence of Geotechnical Uncertainties and Design Traffic load on 222

Total Thickness of flexible pavement
Amit Srivastava, Vaishali Sahu
Th10_734 A Statistical Approach to Bearing Capacity of Reinforced Foundations 223

Arindam Dey, Prabir K Basudhar
Th11 - Geosynthetics Engineering
Th11_095 Behavior of Geogrid-Reinforced Railroad Ballast in Direct Shear 224

Conditions
Kumari Sweta, S K K Hussaini
Th11_248 Bearing capacity improvement of sand using geocell reinforcement 225

Abhinandan Jaswal, K S Gill
Th11_249 Combined effect of geogrid and waste plastic reinforcment on bearing 226
capacity of sand
Alok Sharma, K S Gill, J N Jha
Th11_250 Estimation of Deformation Moduli of Reinforced Foundation Beds from 227

Load Tests
M Hari Bhargav, M R Madhav, V Padmavathi
Th11_293 Analysis of reinforced foundation bed 228

Kota Vijay Kiran, Madhira R. Madhav
Th11_294 Effect of Configuration of Geosynthetic on the Behaviour of Foundation 229

Beds
Jayamohan J, Sruthy S, Sanchia Maria Morris, Adithya Mohan, Aswathy
Nair, Arya Darsan, Vaishnavi
Th11_339 Impact of Prestressed Geosynthetic Reinforced Sand Bed on the 230

Performance of Square Footing
S D Konnur, P G Rakaraddi
Th11_361 Experimental Investigation on the Behaviour of Geogrid-Reinforced Soil 231

Slope under Strip Loading
Tapan Kumar Nayak, Koushik Haldar, Debarghya Chakraborty
xxix
Th11_392 Experimental and numerical studies of eccentrically loaded strip footing 232
by using PLAXIS
R Sahu, C R Patra, B P Sethy
Th11_409 Laboratory evaluation of erosion control using coir geosynthetics 233

M V S Sreedhar, C Prashanth Kumar, Parimi Thrimuti Raju,
Th11_431 3D Numerical Analysis of Embankments supported by Ordinary and 234

Encased Granular Columns
J Jayapal, K Rajagopal
Th11_465 Evaluation of Effect of Stiffness and Orientation of Reinforcement on 235

the Shear Strength of Sand
Rufaidah Shah, B A Mir
Th11_489 Wetting and drying path behaviour of Geosynthetic clay liner 236
V Khan, S Rajesh
Th11_559 Dynamic Response of the Machine Foundation Resting on Geocell 237

Reinforced Soil Beds
H Venkateswarlu, A Hegde
Th11_613 Effectiveness of geofoam inclusion in reducing vertical deformation of 238

buried structures
Vinil Kumar Gade, Satyanarayana Murty Dasaka
Th11_670 Anti-Erosion Works along the Left Bank of Jiabharali River, Assam 239
Manish Gupta, Suresh Maurya, R Chitra
Th11_757 Properties of Rock Flour of Different Parent Rocks and Suitability as 240
Fill Material in Reinforced Soil Structures
C N V Satyanarayana Reddy, S Srikanth Reddy, S G Narayana Reddy
Th12 - Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering
Th12_016 Liquefaction Susceptibility of Sagada River Sand Using Shake Table 241
Sasmita Sahoo, Anshuman Das
Th12_020 Soil-Raft Foundation-Structure Interaction Effects on Seismic 242

Performance of Multi-Story MRF Building with Vertical Irregularity
Anuj K Chandiwala, S A Vasanwala
Th12_057 Use of Rayleigh Damping in Geotechnical Finite Element Analysis: An 243

Evaluation
Sukumar Baishya, Talkeshwar Ray
xxx
Th12_058 Liquefaction Potential of soil by Empirical and Computational Method 244

Based on SPT-N value-A Case Study of Lucknow City
Prashant Patel, Vijay Kumar
Th12_073 Seismic ground response analysis and pore pressure evaluation at 245
selected locations of Jorhat city
Sarfaraz Ahmed, Arup Bhattacharjee
Th12_100 Seismic Performance of Traditional Stilted Houses of North-East India 246

Chayanika Das, Atanu Kumar Dutta
Th12_115 Advanced Non-Linear Finite-Element Model for Site Response Analysis 247
of a Saturated Layered Soil Profile
Begum Emte Ajom, Arup Bhattacharjee
Th12_148 Development of seismotectonic model for central Gujarat region 248

Payal Mehta, Tejaskumar P Thaker, H B Raghvendra
Th12_162 Frequency-dependent impedance functions from full-scale field tests on 249

a block foundation
Abhishek Anand, Prishati Raychowdhuri, Samit Raychoudhuri, Prabhakar
Gundlapalli
Th12_164 Dynamic Behaviour of Isolated Footing on Dry Cohesionless Soil 250

Saurabh Kumar, Pradipta Chakrabortty
Th12_169 Effect of Soil Heterogeneity on Dynamic Response of Saturated 251

Cohesionless Soil
Somya Shrivastava, Pradipta Chakrabortty
Th12_170 Assessment of Ground Vibration due to Installation of Pile Casing-A 252

Case Study
Rituparna Dey, Vinoth B, Ambarish Ghosh
Th12_200 Effect of Frequency of Loading on Pore Pressure in Solani Sand 253

Aparna Kanth, B K Maheshwari
Th12_203 Frequency-Amplitude Response of 2 x 2 Group Pile: Theory versus 254

Experiment
Amar Sankar Pal, Dilip Kumar Baidya
Th12_259 Evaluation of Hysteretic Damping of Sand at Large Shear Strains using 255
Cyclic Triaxial tests
Shiv Shankar Kumar, A Murali Krishna, Arindam Dey
xxxi
Th12_267 Liquefaction Evaluation by Standard Penetration Test method 256

Comparative Study of 3 sites of Uttar Pradesh one each of Zone III, IV
and V
Anurag Kapoor
Th12_270 Poisson's Ratio of soils using Resonant Column Apparatus 257

Pankaj Rana, B K Maheshwari
Th12_300 Effects of Engineering Design Parameters on Elastic Soil-Structure 258

Interaction Response of Moment Resisting Framed Structures
Viswajit Anand, Satish Kumar S R
Th12_304 Seismic Base Isolation using Soft Clay 259

Tarun Semwal, Ashim Kanti Dey
Th12_315 Liquefaction Potential Assessment of an Institute Campus 260

Nishant Nilay, Pradipta Chakrabortty
Th12_316 Small Strain Dynamic Behavior of Sand and Sand-Crumb Rubber 261
Mixture in Dry Condition
Sukanta Das, Debjit Bhowmik
Th12_317 Dynamic soil structure interaction of earthen dam with and without 262
geotexitile
Sreedevi G, Shivraj S Antaratana, Sudarshan G Gouda
Th12_325 Dynamic Behavior of Pile Supported Machine Foundation with 263

Different Pile Configuration Parameters
Yati R Tank, Aditya Bhatt, Hitesh K Dhameliya, Akhilesh R Tank
Th12_328 Effect of Strain Localization on Narrow Backfilled Width Retaining 264

Walls Subjected to Seismic Loading
Shaikh Moin Ahmed, B Munwar Basha, Arif Ali Baig Moghal
Th12_336 Effect of Frequency on Dynamic Soil Properties using Cyclic Triaxial 265
Apparatus
Shahbaz Alam, Bal Krishna Maheswari
Th12_379 Liquefaction Characterization for the Soil of Champaknagar Village in 266

Tripura
Suman Nath, Sanjay Paul
Th12_388 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis of Vishakhapatnam 267

Swathi Priyadarshini Putti, Neelima Satyam D
Th12_478 Application of GIS in Liquefaction Susceptibility Mapping of Fine 268

Grain Soil for Agartala City
Shuvankar Das, Sima Ghosh, N Bhaskara Rao
xxxii
Th12_502 Quantification of Seismic Hazard for Mangalore Region 269

Shreyasvi C, Katta Venkataramana
Th12_548 Large Strain Cyclic Properties of Dry Sand-Rubber Tyre Shreds 270
Mixtures
B R Madhusudhan, A Boominathan, Subhadeep Banerjee
Th12_559 1D Nonlinear Seismic Site Response Analysis of a Typical Location at 271

Guwahati City, India
Madhulatha Boga, Devdeep Basu, Arindam Dey
Th12_576 Site response study of a deep basin contagious to active region- an 272
application to Punjab-Haryana region
P Anbazhagan, Ketan Bajaj
Th12_577 Numerical Study of Pile group with Different Spacing in Layered soil 273
under dynamic conditions
Ganesh Kumar, Manojit Samanta, Pankaj
Th12_587 Non-Linear Impedances of Pile-Soil Foundation System 274

Dharmi Chand, Rajib Saha, Sumanta Haldar
Th12_589 Bending Response of Pile Foundations during Partial Liquefaction 275

Pradeep Kumar Dammala, A Murali Krishna, George Nikitas, Subhamoy
Bhattacharya, Piyush Mohanty, Mehdi Rouholamin
Th12_591 Estimation of probable financial loss occur due to future earthquakes in 276
the Shillong Plateau
Olympa Baro, Abhishek Kumar
Th12_594 Liquefaction Study of River Channel Deposit in Kolkata City 277

Abhishek Mondal, Sanjay Prasad, Narayan Roy, Ramendu Bikash Sahu
Th12_598 Influence of Soil-Piled Raft-Structure Interaction on Seismic Behaviour 278

of Asymmetric Structure
Tanumoy Bhattacharjee, Rajib Saha
Th12_610 Site Classification of the Strong Motion Stations of Uttarakhand, India, 279
based on Generalized Inversion and Horizontal to Vertical Spectral
Ratio Methods
Harinarayan N H, Abhishek Kumar
Th12_617 Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis of Mawphu Dam 280

P R Seal, P Sultana, A K Dey
Th12_620 Assessment of Liquefaction Induced Lateral Spreading of a site at 281

Tripura after 3rd January 2017 Tripura Earthquake
Moumita Chakraborty, Rajib Saha, Sumanta Haldar
xxxiii
Th12_654 Finite Element Study on the Seismic Response of Geo-Isolated RC 282

Building
Dhanya J S, A Boominathan, Subhadeep Banerjee
Th12_684 Liquefaction study of subsurface soil in part of Silapathar (Dhemaji) 283

Utpal kr Baruah, Jasmina Saikia
Th12_693 Cyclic Behavior of Fly Ash and Shredded Tyre Chips Mixed Fly Ash 284
Partha Sarathi Parhi, Thejesh Kumar Garala, Balunaini Umashankar
Th12_699 Effect of Erroneous Estimation of Small Strain Shear Moduli on Seismic 285
Response of an Earth Dam
Sayantan Chakraborty, Jasaswee T Das, Aritra Banerjee, Anand J Puppala
Th12_702 Shortcomings in the Seismic Site Classification Provisions of 286

IS 1893-1:2016
Ravi Kant Mittal, Sanket Rawat, Aniruddha Tangirala
Th12_703 Determination of Rayleigh Phase Velocity of Soil Using Rayleigh Wave 287
Equation
Sandeep M N, Beena K S
Th12_708 Assessment of Liquefaction Potential Using Empirical Equations and 1D 288

Ground Response Analysis for Agartala City
Khalid Bashir, Chayan Bhaumik, Rajib Saha
Th12_728 Effect of Far Field Soil Reaction on Seismic Response of Integral 289
Abutment Bridge
Atop Lego, Anjan Dutta, S K Deb
Th12_729 Nonlinear Static Behaviour of RC-Building Frame with Soil Structure 290
Interaction Effects
Nishant Sharma, Kaustubh Dasgupta, Arindam Dey
Th12_730 Behaviour of Laterally Loaded Bridge Piles In Sand 291

Benazir Fatima Ahmed, Kaustubh Dasgupta, Arindam Dey
Th12_735 Effect of gradation on dynamic response of pond ash embankment 292

S. Rahitya, N R Patra
Th12_737 Active and Passive Surface Wave Technique for Site Characterization at 293
Archeological Site of Gol Gumbaz Vijayapura, South India
Shivkumar G Patil, G R Dodagoudar, Arun Menon
Th12_755 Effect of Shape of Footing on Coefficient of Elastic Uniform 294

Compression of Fine Sand
C N V Satyanarayana Reddy, G V Usha Rani, M Nagalakshmi
xxxiv
Th12_765 Seismic Response of Resilient Bridge Pier on Pile Foundation 295

Rajesh R Rele, Pradeep K Dammala, Stergios A. Mitoulis, Subhamoy
Bhattacharya
Th13 - Transportation Geotechnics
Th13_033 Mitigation of ground-borne railway vibrations using geosynthetics: 296

State of the art
M Roshan Khan, Satyanarayana Murty Dasaka
Th13_048 Estimation of settlement of surrounding soil of tunnel due to train 297

movement
Dharmendra Singh, Anupam Rawat, Vijay Kumar
Th13_077 Factors Influencing Structural Evaluation of Base and Subbase of 298

Flexible Pavement by Falling Weight Deflectometer – A Review
R R Pai, S Patel, J T Shahu
Th13_109 A Parametric Study of Ballasted Railway Track under Static and 299
Moving Loads
Priya Pandey, Prishati Raychowdhury, Sarvesh Chandra
Th13_236 Prediction of Elastic Modulus Of Soil Subgrade From Its Various 300
Engineering Properties
Setu Ghosh, Tufan Datta, Bikash Chandra Chattapadhyay
Th13_307 Reliability Study on Fatigue Life of Flexible Pavement with the 301
Simultaneous Variation of Temperature and Mix Design of Bitumen
Saurav Pal, Pritam Aitch
Th13_354 Performance Evaluation of Lime Stabilized Sub-Grade Soil Using Light 302
Weight Deflectometer
Sumit Bisht, Subhradeep Dhar, Monowar Hussain
Th13_463 A 3D Finite Element Model for Simulating Response of Sand-JGT-Sand 303

Reinforced Rural Road
Souvik Patra, Ashis Kumar Bera
Th13_480 Guidelines for Sustainability Practice in Design of Highway Fill of 304

Black Cotton Soil: A Case Study
V P Singh, Roop Kishor, Vishal Kumar Soni, Sumit Gupta, Sumeet Kumar
Sinha, Sudhir Kumar Sah
Th13_531 Strength assessment of high percentage RAP stabilized with low calcium 305
Indian fly ashes as a pavement base material
Maheshbabu Jallu, Sireesh Saride
xxxv
Th13_555 Effect of Flooding on Structural Aspect of Pavement under Varying 306

Subgrade Types
Ankit Gupta, Nivedya M K, Rajib B Mallick
Th13_565 Correlations to Predict Resilient Modulus for Stabilized Reclaimed 307

Asphalt Pavement Materials
Deepti Avirneni, Pranav Peddinti, Sireesh Saride
Th13_593 Evaluation of Interface Shear Properties of Asphalt layers Reinforced 308

with Geosynthetic Interlayers
Vinay Kumar V, Sireesh Saride
Th13_623 Behaviour of clayey soil mixed with randomly distributed waste plastic 309
milk packet
Arindam Saha, Bikash Chandra Chattopadhyay, Joyanta Maity
Th13_709 Design of Geocell Reinforced Unpaved Pavement for Low Traffic 310
Volume
Prasath S B, A Murali Krishna
Th13_764 Use of Artificial Neural Network to monitor pavement structural 311

strength during adverse weather conditions
Nivedya M K, Rajib B Mallick, Cesar Tirado, Cetare Ghahri Saremi, Soheil
Nazarian
Th14 - Sustainable Geotechnics
Th14_051 Treatment of Dispersive Soil by Using Flyash (FA) and Granulated 312
Blast Furnace Slag(GBFS)
Samaptika Mohanty, Nagendra Ray, Suresh Prasad Singh
Th14_061 Geotechnical aspects for the protection of sustainable development 313

G S Vyas, R S Dalvi
Th14_084 Swelling, Shrinkage and Compaction Characteristics of Expansive Soil 314

Treated with Waste Recycled Product
Anil Kumar Choudhary, Tanmaya Kumar Sahoo, J N Jha, S K Shukla
Th14_481 Behaviour of Glass Fibre Reinforced Blast Furnace Slag-Based 315

Material under compressive loading
Daipayan Mandal, B Ram Rathan Lal, K Shankar
Th14_543 Behavior of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) using Bamboo Geogrid 316
Dulal Chandra Saha, J N Mandal
Th14_544 Finite Element Analysis of Embankment using Tire Crumb Rubber 317
S K Ahirwar, J N Mandal
xxxvi
Th14_712 Contribution of microbe-induced intergranular cementation in age 318

related strength gain
Saswati Ghatak, Debasis Roy
Th14_736 Biocemented Granular Sands 319

A Juneja, T Aishwarya, A A Kumar, C F Christy
Th15 – Marine Geotechnics
Th15_081 Large Deformation Finite Element Modeling of Uplift Response of 320

Buried Oil and Gas Subsea Pipelines
Subhrajit Moitra, Santiram Chatterjee, Deepankar Choudhury
Th15_091 Numerical Investigation of the Vertical Capacity of Monopod Bucket 321

Foundation Embedded in Sandy Soil
Tanmoy Kumar Deb, Baleshwar Singh
Th15_198 Comparison of Two Common Methods For Analysis of Group Effect 322
For Laterally Loaded Offshore Piles
Rupam Mahanta, R K Ghanekar, Balram Nayak
Th15_199 Back Analysis of Pile Driving Data of Two Offshore Platforms From 323
West Coast of India
Rupam Mahanta, R K Ghanekar, Sriharsha Gamidi
Th15_202 Lateral Load Carrying Capacity of Skirted Foundation on Sand 324

T Prasanth, P Rajendra Kumar
Th15_217 Significance of Site Specific Stiffness Parameters on Settlement 325

Behaviour of Rubble Mound Breakwater Constructed on Soft Marine
Clay
Tanusree Samanta, J S Edlabadkar, M V Chhatre
Th15_222 Global Instability of Breakwater Foundation Caused by Earthquake 326

and Tsunami: Centrifuge Model Tests
Babloo Chaudhary, Hemanta Hazarika, Akira Murakami, Kazunori
Fujisawa
Th15_331 Investigation on the behaviour of suction caisson in soft clays 327
Anatt Joy, Sandeep M N
Th15_424 Load Carrying Capacity of Skirted Foundation on Sand 328

T Prasanth, P Rajendra Kumar
Th15_733 Geo Acoustic Inversion Method for Analyzing Impact Due to Sediments 329
on Underwater Channel
Annalakshmi G, Sakhtivel Murugan S
xxxvii
Th16 – Computational Geomechanics and Geotechnical Modelling
Th16_026 Analysis of Non-Prismatic Combined Footings on Geosynthetic 330

Reinforced Earth Beds
Priti Maheshwari, Bhavya Kumar, Pavani Murakonda
Th16_102 Impact of Frequency Content in Input Motion on Seismic Response of 331

Layered Soil
Angshuman Das, Pradipta Chakrabortty
Th16_107 Determination of liquefaction susceptibility of soil: A deep learning 332

approach
Angshuman Sahu, Pijush Samui
Th16_231 Pullout Behaviour of Strip Anchor in Soil Using FLAC2D 333

Awdhesh Kumar Chudhary, Bhardwaj Pandit, G L Sivakumar Babu
Th16_238 A Study on Numerical Modelling and Performance of Kentledge Test 334

Pile and Base Slab on Soft Soil
Vivek Venkiteswaran, Ng Tiong Guan
Th16_273 Finite Element Analysis of Encased Stone Columns for Soft Ground 335
Improvement
Vaibhav Kumar Singh, Shashank Gaurav, Jignesh Patel, Moumita
Chakraborty
Th16_274 Finite Element Analysis of Granular Pile Anchor Foundation for 336
Expansive Soils
Vaibhav Kumar Singh, Shashank Gaurav, Roop Narayan Meena, Moumita
Chakraborty
Th16_314 Evaluation of ultimate capacity of a single barrette using finite element 337
analysis
Jitesh T Chavda, G.R Dodagoudar
Th16_335 Compressibility and triaxial strength behavior of fine sands: Numerical 338
study
Aswathi T S, Rangaswamy K
Th16_342 Experimental Study of Vertical and Batter Pile groups under Lateral 339
Loads in sand
Pankaj Bajaj, Laxmikant Yadu, S K Chouksey, Renu Premjani
Th16_393 Finite Element Analysis of Eccentrically Loaded Rectangular 340

Foundation Using Plaxis
B P Sethy, C R Patra, R Sahu
xxxviii
Th16_432 Use of Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian Method in Modeling of Free Fall 341

Penetration in Clay
Abhshek Ghosh Dastider, Divya S K Mana, Santiram Chatterjee, Prasenjit
Basu
Th16_485 Effects of Rock Joint Orientation on the Dynamic Behavior of Dam 342
Foundation
Saurabh Kumar, Prasun Halder, Bappaditya Manna, K G Sharma
Th16_515 Ultimate capacity of vertical short pile under inclined compressive load 343
Asim Goswami, Soumya Roy
Th16_528 Uplift Capacity of an Underreamed Pile Foundation - Finite Element 344

Simulation
Dhiraj Raj, Bharathi M, Sanjay K Shukla
Th16_557 Ultimate Load Carrying Capacity of Single Pile Resting on Deep Buried 345
Conduit
Amit Srivastava, Monica Malhotra
Th16_595 Bearing Capacity of Strip Footing Resting on the Crest of a Slope: FE 346
Simulation
Rana Acharyya, Arindam Dey
Th16_596 Numerical studies on the load carrying capacity of defective pile 347
Manikandan P, Premalatha K, Harishwaran S
Th16_624 An Empirical model for coefficient of earth pressure at rest using soft 348
computing techniques
Pradyut Kumar Muduli, Santosh Kumar Nayak, Sarat Kumar Das
Th16_643 Influence of lateral boundary condition on instability emergence in loose 349

sand during flexible boundary biaxial test
Mousumi Mukherjee, Anurag Gupta, Amit Prashant
Th16_652 Behavior of Single Pile under Combined Uplift and Lateral Loading 350
Poulami Ghosh, Sibapriya Mukherjee, Narayan Roy
Th16_665 Pull out capacity of inclined strip anchors in reinforced soil 351
Smita Tung, Sibapriya Mukherjee, Subhadeep Banerjee
Th16_723 Interaction of Piled Raft Foundation under Combined Vertical, Lateral 352
and Moment Loads
Diptesh Chanda, Chaidul Haque Chaudhuri, Rajib Saha, Sumanta Haldar
Th16_751 Response of single pile under dynamic loading 353

R Deendayal, D Nigitha
xxxix
Th16_761 Dynamic Analysis of Axially Loaded Pile Embedded in Homogeneous 354

Viscoelastic Soil and Resting on a Rigid Base
Bipin K Gupta, Dipanjan Basu
Th16_766 Trial Pile Bores during Geotechnical Investigation – A Cost Effective 355
Solution for Large Diameter Bored Piles Embedded in River Bed
Material: Case Study
Mohit Jhalani, Jitendra Kumar, D N Naresh
Th16_767 Multi-Objective Optimization Framework and its Experimental 356

Validation for Bulldozer in Soil Cutting
Nada Barakat, Deepak Sharma
Th17 – Forensic Geotechnical Engineering and Case Studies
Th17_071 Forensic Case Study Of Retaining Wall Failure In Goa 357

Leonardo Souza, Aviraj Naik, Purnanand Savoikar
Th17_499 Probabilistic Back Analysis of Koshe Landfill Slope Failure 358

Raviteja K V N S, B Munwar Basha
Th17_567 Forensic Investigation of Failure of approach road in high embankment 359

fills near to bridge abutment
Amit Srivastava, Dharmendra Kumar Srivastava
Th17_727 Geosynthetic Reinforced Earth Dams - A Study of Case Histories 360

Indulatha Kolli, Umashankar B
Th18 – Allied Areas of Geotechnical Engineering
Th18_194 Effect of degree of saturation on modulus of subgrade reaction for 361

alluvial soil deposits using model cyclic plate load test
D H Chhatbar, M V Shah
Th18_345 A Comparison Study of Analysis of RC Structure with and without 362

Base Isolation in Soft Soils
Hanamanagouda, Divya Vani B, Pallavi Badry
Th18_692 Reconstitution of Sand Specimens using Stationary Pluviation Method 363

C Hariprasad, B Umashankar, M Rajashekhar
xl
Keynote and Sub-Theme
Contributions
Geotechnics of Soft Ground

Madhav Madhira
Department of Civil Engineering, JNTU & IIT, Hyderabad, India
E-mail: madhavmr@gmail.com
Venkata Abhishek Sakleshpur

Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
E-mail: svabhi.92@gmail.com
Abstract
Geotechnical practice conventionally involves investigating a site to characterize it through: (1) in-situ testing and (2)
laboratory testing of so-called ‘undisturbed’ samples, and then synthesizing the results to predict the overall response
of the ground to engineering intervention. In the recent past, several case studies have been reported in the literature,
particularly of soft ground improved by preloading with prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs), with time–settlement
plots obtained from data recorded by settlement gauges installed at different depths in the ground. In addition, several
load–displacement responses of piles are also available in literature. This paper complements the above approach of
element response to gross one by analyzing the response of the ground to arrive at its gross engineering properties or
characteristics. Methods to estimate the compression index, Cc, and the coefficient of radial consolidation, cr, by back-
analysis of observed time–settlement plots of PVD-improved ground are illustrated. Furthermore, an approach to
predict the magnitude of desiccation of weathered crust, and quantify the non-homogeneity of soft ground with respect
to Cc, is presented. The c-values estimated from three case histories compare reasonably well with those given by
Hansbo (2005). Lastly, a method to estimate the initial shaft and base stiffnesses and the ultimate shaft and base
resistances of a pile foundation is presented by considering the soil–pile response to be hyperbolic. Predictions
compare well with results obtained from pile load tests (PLTs) performed at three different locations in India.
Keywords: Compression index, Radial consolidation coefficient, Pseudo-overconsolidation, Inflection point method,
Winkler model, pile–soil stiffness and ultimate strength
Development of Underground Tunnel Construction Technology in Weak Rock

Eun Chul Shin
Jeong Jun Park
Arum Lee
Incheon National University, Republic of Korea
E-mail: ecshin@inu.ac.kr, smearjun@hanmail.net, 94arum2@naver.com
Abstract
The construction of tunnel has a long history from the mining tunnel for minerals to underground passage for
transportation. Most of tunnels are being constructed to pass through the high mountain to have a shortcut instead of
taking a detour to reach the destination. The geological conditions in the area of tunnel construction work are not all
the time favorable condition. The rock bolt and steel rib support systems for tunnel face are described. The tunnel
construction in weak rock is described with rockbolt and steel pipe grouting reinforcement (NATM). The advantages
and construction procedures of pre-supported tunneling method(PSTM) and tubular roof construction method(TRcM)
in soft ground are presented with the detail schematic diagrams. In the latter part of this paper, the field application
case histories of PSTM and TRcM are reported for the tunnel construction for road in weak rock and metro station in
soft ground, respectively. The field monitoring results during the tunnel construction which underpass through 60m-
long existing railway tracks by using TRcM are also described.
Keywords: Pre-supported tunneling method, Tubular roof construction method, NATM, Weak rock, Field monitoring.
2
Subsurface Investigation – Integrated and Modern Approach

Anbazhagan P
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
E-mail: anbazhagan@iisc.ac.in
Abstract
Subsurface exploration is an indispensable component of any project and requires understanding of the engineering and
geologic properties of the soil and rock strata and groundwater conditions that could be useful for the new design
project and evaluate performance of the existing project for the retrofitting. Conventional way of drilling borehole,
logging subsurface layer information with Standard penetration test N values measurement and arriving at soil
properties through laboratory experiments are useful for simple project up to some extent, but may not be always
effective for subsurface investigation for unusual cases. This article presents problem associated with conventional
practice of surface exploration in unusual cases in a modern geotechnical world. Also explaining the integrated and
modern approach adopted to estimate required properties for the design and performance assessment by using
advanced subsurface exploration methods available at Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
Keywords: Subsurface exploration, Borehole, Geophysical investigation, MASW, Ground-penetrating radar.
Case Studies – Prediction of Offshore Jack-up Leg Penetrations

Parthasarathy C R
Sarathy Geotech & Engineering Services Pvt Ltd., Bangalore, Karnataka, India
E-mail: partha@sarathygeotech.com
Abstract
The utilization of jackup rig for offshore exploration is significantly higher over the last decade and hope to increase in
future despite the low oil prices for the last couple of years. Good prediction of spudcan bearing resistance in a
problematic soil profile can shed light on precautionary measures that a rig contractor can adopt to facilitate a safe
installation of spudcan. Nonetheless, the accuracy of the prediction is limited by the re-liability of the interpreted soil
strength parameters, lateral variability as well as the validity of the design method currently in use. It is imperative, that
high quality of sampling and testing methods are adopted, to evaluate the stratification/strength and arrive at a
reasonable design profiles. This in aid with geophysical surveys will assist in evaluating the potential risks and the
measures to mitigate the same.
Keywords: Jackup, Spudcan, Bearing capacity, Punch through, Rapid penetration, Integrated Survey.
Runout of Flow Landslides

J Kim
University of Washington. WA USA
E-mail: jhkim2@uw.edu
Z Q Liu
S Lacasse
Norwegian Geotechnical Institute
E-mail: Zhongqiang.Liu@ngi.no; Suzanne.lacasse@ngi.no
S. Nordal
V. Thakur
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
E-mail: Steinar.Nordal@ntnu.no Vikas.Thakur@ntnu.no
Abstract
Risk assessment and management of flow landslides require a reliable estimate of the runout of the landslide masses.
This paper introduces an empirical and analytical model for the prediction of the runout of flow landslides. The
numerical model uses an extension of the Bing model in Eulerian coordinates with two-space dimensions and
implements the full Herschel-Bulkley rheology to dynamically compute the depth of the moving material and shear
3
layer. The models are validated by comparing them to the observed runout values for the Kattmarka flow landslide that
took place in Norway in 2009. In particular, the analytical model, although still under development, shows promise.
Keywords: Flow landslides, runout, Herschel-Bulkley rheology, sensitive clays, Kattmarka.
Determination of Anelastic Attenuation Factor (Q) and Decay Factor (K) from
Ground Motion Records of the Intra-Plate Region
Neelima Satyam
Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Indore, India
E-mail: neelima.satyam@gmail.com
Shambhavi Dub
Raj Banerjee
Department of Civil Engineering, IIIT Hyderabad, India
Srijit Bandyopadhyay
G R Reddy
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Department of Atomic Energy, India
Suzette Payne
Justin Coleman
Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, USA
Abstract
Attenuation of seismic waves in the frequency domain for near and far source sites is the key parameter for inferring
source properties, simulating ground-motions and hazard analysis. The seismic devastation is directly related to the
attenuation characteristics of the medium and the amount of seismic energy released during an earthquake. Based on
the detailed literature review, it is observed that studies have done worldwide to understand the attenuation
characteristics by estimating frequency dependent shear-wave attenuation factor (Q) for inter-plate region but very
limited studies have focused on intra-plate region. This research paper focuses primarily on the determination of Kappa
Factor (κ) and Quality Factor(Q) for intra-plate region as this region has scarcity of observed ground motion data sets.
Around 105 recorded ground motions were collected from Canada and United States, monitored by Idaho National
Laboratory (U.S.A), during 2005-2015. This data is used to determine the far-field source geometric attenuation,
kappa factor and inelastic attenuation of Q-value. An attenuation model of Fourier spectral amplitudes for a shear
window for both horizontal and vertical components is also determined. Stochastic simulation of the ground motion
records using EXSIM was carried out and very well comparable with the recorded ground motion data. It is also
observed that spectral analysis of the ground motions shows a reliable match between the simulated and recorded
spectra which supports the validity of the source parameters derived in this study. Also the results show that
coefficients developed from vertical components are not applicable for horizontal components. Developed parameters
kappa and quality factor are very well comparable with existing relationships from the literature. These parameters
developed considered large data set from US and Canada so it can be used for a wide intra plate region.
Keywords: Anelastic attenuation factor, Decay Factor, Strong ground motions.
4
Retrofitting of N-W Corner of Kolkata High Court Heritage Building through

Micro Piles & Grouting
Satyendra Mittal
Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Roorkee, India
E-mail: satyendramittal@gmail.com
G L Sivakumar Babu
Department of Civil Engineering, IISC Bangalore, India
E-mail: glsivakumar@gmail.com
Abstract
Monumental buildings keep experiencing the distresses due to weathering effects or other reasons. Micro piling had
been found very useful for retrofitting works (Srivastava et al. 2016). KOLKATA HIGH COURT building is a
beautiful, majestic building, built in 1872, over a large area, along Hooghly River. The North – West (N-W) corner of
the building had experienced some settlement in the year 2014-15. Authors had inspected the building in Dec. 2015 &
again in Feb 2016. The site visit report indicated that there was differential settlement of shallow foundation of
building in its N-W corner. Ingress of Hooghly river water upto foundation was one of the possibilities of distress in
foundation. The micro piling followed by grouting was found the most appropriate solution for the site. The site
solutions shall be instrumented also over a period of 10 years or so, to periodically monitor the settlement, if any, of
building after the treatment.
Keywords: Micro pile; Ground Improvement; Retrofitting; Grouting; Monumental Building.
Soil-Bentonite Cutoff Walls for Geoenvironmental Containment

Takeshi Katsumi
Atsushi Takai
Toru Inui
Kyoto University, Japan
E-mail: katsumi.takeshi.6v@kyoto-u.ac.jp
Abstract
Cutoff walls used for prevention of the migration of mobile contaminants in the aquifer must maintain high barrier
performance for a long period. Soil-bentonite (SB), which is a mixture of in situ soil and bentonite, has many
advantages as a barrier material such as appropriate deformability, homogeneity, and material stability because the SB
consists only of inorganic soils. To ensure the long-term durability of the SB cutoff walls, various aspects such as
performance of constructed barriers and post-construction maintenance need to be clarified. For a decade or more, the
authors have studied factors affecting hydraulic conductivity (k) of SB, self-recovery in the k values against occurrence
of hydraulic fractures, the feasibility of on-site quality assessment using the piezocone test, and the role of chemical
diffusion in transport of mobile substances through SB cutoff walls. These approaches revealed that the k of the SB is
affected by chemicals in groundwater and the content of bentonite powder. The piezocone test seems to be a suitable
tool for detection of a lean-mix part in the cutoff walls and for measurement of on-site k values. The effect of chemical
diffusion on transport of mobile substances is not negligible because the relative concentration of a chemical substance
attained 0.26 after 50 years only by the chemical diffusion when not considering adsorption onto soil particles.
Keywords: Containment, Barrier performance, Bentonite, Chemical diffusion, On-site quality.
5
Reliability and Accuracy of Seismic Tests in Geotechnical Site Characterization

Sebastiano Foti
Federico Passeri
Politecnico di Torino, Italy
E-mail: sebastiano.foti@polito.it, federico.passeri@polito.it
Abstract
Geophysical surveys, and specifically seismic tests, provide powerful tools for geotechnical site investigation. Indeed,
they cover the whole range of soils and rocks, independently of particle size, and provide data in the natural state for
the characterization at different scales. Assessment of the reliability of the most popular techniques is therefore of
primary importance for static and seismic applications. This chapter reports some data from recent experiments
devoted to reliability assessment at some reference sites, where intra-method and inter-methods variability has been
studied. The propagation of the measured uncertainties in soil porosity assessment and seismic ground response
analyses is also considered to provide an insight on the consequences in the practice of geotechnical engineering.
Keywords: Site characterization, Seismic waves, Geophysical surveys, Rayleigh waves, MASW, Porosity.
Cascaded Recycle of Waste Tires – Some Novel Approaches towards Sustainable

Geo-Construction and Climate Change Adaptation
Hemanta Hazarika
Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
E-mail: hazarika@civil.kyushu-u.ac.jp
Hidetoshi Yokota, Shigeki Endo, Tota Kinoshita

Bridgestone Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
Abstract
For sustainable development, it is necessary that various stake holders, whose needs match, come together and make
accelerated efforts towards realizing a re-cycle economy through active promotion of recycling of industrial by-
products or waste. This paper describes some of the research on the effective use of by-products/wastes of other
industries in the field of geotechnical engineering with special emphasis on geo-disaster reduction. Recycling of waste
tires and disaster mitigation in the context of Japanese experiences are focused here, and various disaster reduction
techniques developed in Japan using tire derived materials are described.
Keywords: Cascaded recycle, Earthquake, Horizontal inclusion, Liquefaction, Vertical inclusion, Waste tires.
Quantification of Soil State Variables Using Electromagnetic Methods

Alexander Scheuermann
Thierry Bore
Partha Mishra
Habibullah Bhuyan
Guanxi Yan
Tilman Bittner
School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Australia
E-mail: a.scheuermann@uq.edu.au, t.bore@uq.edu.au, p.mishra@uq.edu.au, h.bhuyan@uq.edu.au, g.yan@uq.edu.au,
t.bittner@uq.edu.au
Rolf Becker
Faculty of Communication and Environment, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, Kamp-Lintfort, Germany
E-mail: rolf.becker@hochschule-rhein-waal.de
Abstract
The possibility to quantitatively measure changes in state variables both, in laboratory and in situ, is the key for the
comprehensive assessment and understanding of many problems in geotechnical engineering. The analysis of the
6
processes in unsaturated soils, for example, requires not only pore water pressures but also the information on the
water content and the porosity to capture the field soil water retention relationships. In saturated soils, the knowledge
of the temporal evolution of the soil density allows a much better understanding of the consolidation and shrinkage
behavior, especially with respect to soft soils. Electromagnetic measurement methods allow the quantification of not
only the water content but also the porosity of granular and cohesive soils. Especially the porosity, which determines
the dry density of a soil in combination with the specific gravity, is a key parameter influencing many mechanical and
hydraulic processes and their governing parameters. The presented contribution introduces different measurement
methods in the laboratory and the field for determining water content and density using a variety of sensors.
Keywords: Water content, Density, Less-invasive, Mixing rules, Electromagnetic method.
Meethothamulla Landfill Failure Analysis: A Probabilistic Approach

B. Munwar Basha
K. V. N. S. Raviteja
Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Hyderabad, India
E-mail: basha@iith.ac.in, kvnsravi.teja@gmail.com
Abstract
Monumental buildings keep experiencing the distresses due to weathering effects or other reasons. Micro piling had
been found very useful for retrofitting works (Srivastava et al. 2016). KOLKATA HIGH COURT building is a
beautiful, majestic building, built in 1872, over a large area, along Hooghly River. The North – West (N-W) corner of
the building had experienced some settlement in the year 2014-15. Authors had inspected the building in Dec. 2015 &
again in Feb 2016. The site visit report indicated that there was differential settlement of shallow foundation of
building in its N-W corner. Ingress of Hooghly river water upto foundation was one of the possibilities of distress in
foundation. The micro piling followed by grouting was found the most appropriate solution for the site. The site
solutions shall be instrumented also over a period of 10 years or so, to periodically monitor the settlement, if any, of
building after the treatment.
Keywords: Micro pile; Ground Improvement; Retrofitting; Grouting; Monumental Building.
Modelling Soil-Foundation Interaction and Beyond

Subhadeep Banerjee
Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras, India
E-mail: subhadeep@iitm.ac.in
Abstract
This paper presents a study on seismic soil-pile installation using numerical modeling in conjunction with centrifuge
model studies. The numerical analyses were conducted using ABAQUS with a hypoelastic constitutive model for the
clay. Numerical analyses were used to extend the range of soil, pile and ground motion parameters which could not be
studied in centrifuge. The dimensionless parameters involving the major parameters such as pile modulus, soil
modulus, slenderness ratio, natural frequencies of clay layer and pile-raft, superstructure mass, density of the soil and
peak ground acceleration were obtained from the parametric studies. The relationships for the amplification of ground
motions and the maximum bending moment in the pile were developed based on regression of the numerical data.
Keywords: Earthquake, Piles, Clays, Amplification, Bending moment.
7
Uncertainties in Site Characterization Using Surface Wave Techniques and their

Effects on Seismic Ground Response
Ravi S. Jakka
E-mail: rsjakka@gmail.com
Narayan Roy
Department of Civil Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
E-mail: narayan.roy04@gmail.com
Abstract
Surface wave methods which utilize the dispersion property of Rayleigh waves are widely used for subsurface site
characterization. As a non-invasive method of site characterization, it has many advantages over the invasive methods
of geotechnical site characterization. Surface wave methods determine the small strain shear modulus of near surface
materials, and this shear modulus is the key input in the evaluation of the soil response under dynamic/seismic loading.
So, the accuracy of testing is very important, otherwise it may lead to significant consequences on the seismic hazard
studies. There are different uncertainties associated with surface wave methods. These uncertainties can be broadly
classified into three categories: Model based uncertainty, Data measurement uncertainty and Inversion uncertainty.
Model based uncertainty basically contains the near-field effects which lead to the underestimation of Rayleigh wave
phase velocity. Data measurement uncertainty is another major source of uncertainty, which arises while conducting
the surface wave tests due to the noise present in the surroundings in the form of continuous or transient signals. Noise
results in a scatter in the measured dispersion curve and this scatter in the dispersion curve may provide different
velocity profiles, which are falling in the range of measured data variation. Inversion uncertainty deals with non-unique
solution of inversion. Non-unique solution may results into several equivalent velocity profiles, with a good fit with the
experimental dispersion curve. Now, the consequence of this data measurement and inversion uncertainty may show
significant variation on ground response analysis.
Keywords: Surface Wave, Inversion Non-uniqueness, Ground response, Dispersion Curve, Site Characterization.
Case Studies on Application of Grouting Methods

Madan Kumar Annam
Keller Ground Engineering India Pvt. Ltd., Chennai, India
E-mail: madankumar@kellerindia.com
Abstract
River diversion for construction of dam projects faces different geotechnical challenges. Often it requires dry working
conditions for dam foundation construction when river flows high. Seepage control through temporary cofferdams is
inevitable for ease of construction of dam foundation works when river is diverted. Permeation grouting technology
was adopted in cofferdams for one of the hydro dam projects in India to address seepage. In another case, underground
metro line supposed to pass across the abandoned Nallah channel where old dwellings exist. Settlement control
measures due to the presence of loose silty sands at the crest of the metro tunnel were a great geotechnical challenge.
The presence of poor soil poses excessive settlements with regards to soil arching for construction of metro rail
tunnels. Compaction grouting technique was used to increase stiffness of the in-situ loose soil in order to create soil
arching above the tunnel crown and also to reduce settlements. This paper presents application of two different ground
improvement techniques namely permeation grouting and compaction grouting. Case histories will cover details of the
grouting process, quality control measures, performance and testing.
Keywords: Grouting methods, Compaction grouting, Permeation grouting.
8
Static and Seismic Slope Safety Displacement Based Criterion for Seismic Analysis
Sarada K Sarma
Emeritus Reader of Engineering Seismology, Senior Research Fellow, Civil & Environmental Engineering, Imperial College, London
E-mail: s.sarma@imperial.ac.uk
Abstract
Methods of slope stability analyses for static and seismic conditions are discussed. The ideas of factor of safety, critical
acceleration and critical slip surface are examined. The idea of displacement of slopes during earthquakes are also
discussed, it is emphasised that displacements are a better criteria for seismic design of slopes. Post-seismic large
displacement of slopes is examined in a test case.
Keywords: Slope Safety. Analysis Technique, Factor of Safety, Critical Acceleration, Critical Surface, Sliding
Displacements, Multiblock Sliding.
On the Use of Scaled Model Tests for Analysis and Design of Offshore Wind
Turbines
Subhamoy Bhattacharya
Georgios Nikitas
Saleh Jalbi
University of Surrey, UK
E-mail: S.Bhattacharya@surrey.ac.uk
Abstract
Large scale Offshore Wind Farms has emerged as a critical renewable energy technology to reduce GHG (Green
House Gas) emission and autonomy in energy production. Each of these wind farms consist of many Wind Turbine
Generators (WTG) mounted on a support structure and are capable of generating up to (as we write the paper) 1.2GW
of power. These are relatively new technological advancements which are installed in harsh offshore environments.
Naturally, the design of foundations for such structures are challenging. Furthermore, WTG support structures due to
its shape and form (heavy rotating mass at the top of a slender tower) are dynamically sensitive in the sense that the
natural frequency of such system is very close to the forcing frequencies acting on them. The aims of this keynote
lecture are as follows: (a) Summarise the loads acting on the structure together with its associated complexity; (b)
Discuss the challenges in designing such foundations; (c) Describe the rationale behind scaled models tests that
supported the development of offshore Wind Turbine design philosophy; (d) Draw parallel with other geotechnical
scaled model tests and discuss the scaling issues; (e) Propose a method to scale the model tests for predicting prototype
consequences. While there are no track record of long term performances of these new structures, design and
construction of these must be carried out for 25 to 30 years and it is argued that scaled model tests are necessary.
Finally, the lecture concludes that well thought out scaled models tests can be effective in predicting the long-term
issues and engineers need to learn from other disciplines.
Keywords: Offshore Wind Turbines, Technology Readiness Level (TRL), Monopiles, Dynamic Soil-Structure
Interaction.
Geotechnical Challenges in Tunneling Through Weak Rocks

Mahendra Singh
E-mail: singhfce@iitr.ac.in
Abstract
Engineers associated with construction of tunnels in weak rocks are frequently met with geotechnical problems like
instability of tunnels, yielding of the rock mass and excessive deformations due to squeezing. The problems are
induced due to re-distribution of in-situ stresses around tunnel periphery caused by excavation of the tunnel. It is a
challenging task to have proper understanding of the geotechnical issues before starting the excavation. The present
article discusses some of the most challenging geotechnical issues which can be resolved in advance with
9
characterization of the rock mass at the site. These issues include assessing rock mass strength subject to given
confining pressure for unreinforced and bolted rock mass, assessment of squeezing potential, assessment of tunnel
deformation and expected support pressure. If adequate understanding on these issues is available with the designers,
adequate strategies may be formulated to handle problems at construction stage.
Keywords: Squeezing tunnels, Failure criterion, Tunnel deformation, Support pressure, Rock bolt, Weak rock.
Climate Change and Integrity of Earthen Dams

Faten Ibrahim
Syed Mohd Ahmad
Colin Hughes
The University of Manchester, United Kingdom
E-mail: mohammed.ahmad.syed@manchester.ac.uk
Abstract
Climate change has been manifested through various intense and subtle occurrences all over the planet, and as Civil
Engineers, it is imperative for us to imagine its impact on current and future infrastructure including the engineering
earth structures such as transport embankments and earthen dams. In this paper, an overview of the possible impact of
climate change on the integrity of earthen dams has been discussed. For the climate change impact, 2 aspects have
been considered – the first aspect is that in which the effects of climate change are manifested by the extreme events
(like hurricanes and heat waves etc.), while the second aspect is the one in which the effects are manifested by subtle
events (like daily and seasonal changes, like rising temperature etc.). The subtle events often result in the weathering
of the material of an earthen dam, which could potentially destabilize it. A detailed overview of the effects of
weathering, along with an outline of a possible direction of a future interdisciplinary research in this area is presented
in this paper.
Keywords: Climate change, Earthen dams, Integrity.
Crack Initiation - Propagation and Failure Modes in Rocks

V B Maji
G Sivakumar
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
E-mail: vbmaji@gmail.com
Abstract
Failure and fracturing occurs in the rocks when the stresses exceed the threshold limit with formation of micro cracks.
Subsequent coalescence of several micro cracks form a macro crack leading to failure. The ultimate failure in rocks
largely depends on the fracture process and corresponding failure mode. In the present paper, observations on the
crack initiation and propagation based on the analysis of failure modes and fracture patterns are reported. Failure
strength of the rocks varies with the failure modes and corresponding fracture patterns. Theoretical criteria for rock
failure based on crack growth against experimental observations greatly advocated recent years. Moreover, numerical
studies on crack initiation and propagation in rocks became very popular in last decade. This paper presents the
complex failure mechanism of rocks with details on crack initiation and propagation characteristics with pre-existing
flaws. Study discusses different failure modes in brittle rocks through some laboratory investigation. This paper also
discusses some of the numerical simulation results while analysing the crack growth.
Keywords: Rockmass, Failure mode, Crack initiation, Crack propagation, Numerical simulation.
10
Physico-Chemical Effects on Behaviour of Unsaturated Soils

T. Thyagaraj
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
E-mail: ttraj@iitm.ac.in
Abstract
Physico-chemical interactions play a key role in understanding the behaviour of clay soils in wide range of
geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering applications. Its significance on the behaviour of clay soils
reconstituted from slurries has been well demonstrated in the literature. Compacted soils and natural soil deposits
which are unsaturated also come in contact with contaminants in these applications. Therefore, this paper examines the
effect of physico-chemical factors on the structure, compressibility and collapse behaviour of compacted soil. Physico-
chemical effects were incorporated using sodium chloride and calcium chloride salt solutions as pore fluid and
interacting fluid in different combinations. The changes in the soil structure due to the physico-chemical changes were
studies using scanning electron micrographs. The experimental results were analyzed and discussed with the aid of
Barcelona expansive model (BExM) framework in this paper.
Keywords: Compacted soils, Osmotic flow, Soil structure, Matric suction, Loading-collapse curve, Collapse.
Assessment of Global Stability of Chenab Bridge on Katra-Dharam Section of

USBRL, J&K India using 3DEC
B D Varun
Loren Lorig
Itasca Consulting Group, Inc, Minneapolis, USA
E-mail: varun@itasca.com, branko@itascacg.com, loren.lorig@itasca.cl
Jay Aglawe
Itasca India Consulting Private Limited, Nagpur, INDIA
E-mail: jay@itasca.in
R R Mallick
Konkan Railways Corporation Limited, Jammu, INDIA
E-mail: dyce_chenab@konkanrailway.com
Abstract
Climate change has been manifested through various intense and subtle occurrences all over the planet, and as Civil
Engineers, it is imperative for us to imagine its impact on current and future infrastructure including the engineering
earth structures such as transport embankments and earthen dams. In this paper, an overview of the possible impact of
climate change on the integrity of earthen dams has been discussed. For the climate change impact, 2 aspects have
been considered – the first aspect is that in which the effects of climate change are manifested by the extreme events
(like hurricanes and heat waves etc.), while the second aspect is the one in which the effects are manifested by subtle
events (like daily and seasonal changes, like rising temperature etc.). The subtle events often result in the weathering
of the material of an earthen dam, which could potentially destabilize it. A detailed overview of the effects of
weathering, along with an outline of a possible direction of a future interdisciplinary research in this area is presented
in this paper.
Keywords: Climate change, Earthen dams, Integrity.
11
Image Based Characterization Techniques for Geotechnical Applications

Gali Madhavi Latha
Prashanth Vangla
Nimisha Roy
Department of Civil Engineering, IISc, Bangalore, India
E-mail: madhavi@civil.iisc.ernet.in
Abstract
Recent advances in digital technology led to great improvement in understanding and solving many geotechnical
engineering problems. This paper presents few important image based techniques for precise characterizations,
applicable to geotechnical engineering and demonstrates the same. Some of the important applications discussed in this
paper are particle shape characterization of granular materials, quantification of surface roughness of sand particles,
measurement of shear band thickness in direct shear tests and correlating it to the shear strength of soils and
microtopographical analysis of geosynthetic surfaces to understand shear induced surface changes and correlating them
to their interface shear behavior. While experimental measurements fall short to render required accuracy to these
problems, image based studies offer better visualization of underlying mechanisms along with accurate quantifications.
Keywords: Image analysis, Image segmentation, Optical methods, Shape analysis, Interface.
Modelling and Behaviour of Geosynthetics Reinforced Foundation

Sarvesh Chandra
Dept. of Civil Engineering, GLA University, Mathura, India
E-mail: sarviitk@gmail.com
Abstract
Use of geosynthetic reinforced granular beds is getting very popular over the last two to three decades. The cost of
Geosynthetics has gone done many fold as it is produced in large scales. This has necessitated development of
analytical tools for design of reinforced granular beds resting on soft soils which have low bearing capacity and cause
large settlements. Some of the basic modeling elements used for modeling soil behavior are being used to develop
more complex models for representing reinforced granular bed behavior. This paper reviews the development that has
taken place in this area during last three decades. The focus is more on the mechanical models developed for
representing the behavior of geosynthetic reinforced foundation beds. There are models developed for single and
multiple layers of reinforcement. These models take in to consideration factors such as compressibility of granular
material, extensible and inextensible reinforcements, interfacial friction between the geosynthetic reinforcement and
the soil, pretension in the reinforcement, time dependent behavior of the soft soil, shear modulus of the granular bed,
the creep behavior of reinforcement, flexural rigidity of the reinforcement and nonlinear behavior of granular material
and soft clay. Most of these models are not yet validated in the field conditions. The major reason for lack of this is that
the models are having far too many parameters and the values of these parameters for any site are not available.
Parametric studies carried out using these models have improved the understanding of the behavior of reinforced
foundations considerably.
Keywords: Reinforcement, Granular Beds, Modeling, Soft soil, Settlement.
Soil Structure Interaction Analysis of Pile Foundations Subjected to Dynamic Loads

A Boominathan
Ramon Varghese
Srilakshmi K Nair
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Madras, India
E-mail: boomi@iitm.ac.in
Abstract
Soil structure interaction (SSI) analysis has been recognized to be an essential step in the design of important
structures. With the advent of powerful computers, SSI analysis capabilities have increased by leaps and bounds. This
12
article presents recent research on dynamic SSI analysis of pile supported structures using direct and substructure
based numerical techniques. Dynamic response of pile foundations is a frequency dependent problem. Experimental
studies as well as numerical simulations, discussed in the article reveal characteristics of single and group piles under
dynamic loads. It was observed that dynamic lateral stiffness of piles is reduced significantly by cyclic loading. Peak
displacement amplitude of pile-clay system, under dynamic loads was observed to decrease significantly when
consistency of clay changes from soft to medium stiff. Finite Element Analyses were able to simulate the frequency
response of a single pile, with admissible accuracy. Flexible volume sub structuring using the program SASSI 2010,
for seismic response of pile foundations is discussed with two case studies. The substructure based SASSI analysis is
found to produce results which are in agreement with analytical and experimental results. However, the choice of
analyses tools for pile supported structures is to be made after weighing the computational cost and complexity of
numerical models.
Keywords: SSI, Pile Foundation, Seismic response, Substructuring method, SASSI
Effect of Long-Term Performance of EPS Geofoam on Lateral Earth Pressures on

Retaining Walls
Satyanarayana Murty Dasaka
Vinil Kumar Gade
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India
E-mail: dasaka@civil.iitb.ac.in; gadevinilkumar23@gmail.com
Abstract
This paper presents short- and long-term influence of EPS geofoam to reduce static and traffic loading induced earth
pressures on non-yielding rigid retaining walls. Grade III Indian standard sand and EPS15 geofoam (15 kg/m3 density)
are used in model studies, as backfill and compressible inclusion at the interface between the retaining wall and
backfill, respectively. Short- and long-term static and traffic loading model tests are performed with and without
presence of geofoam. Model retaining wall is instrumented with pressure sensors to measure the lateral earth pressure
on wall. Plastic markers are placed along the width of model plate, geofoam and sand backfill to measure the
movement of wall, geofoam compression and backfill settlement respectively. Compressive creep (CC) strains of 3%
are induced on geofoam samples to simulate pseudo-long-term (PLT) behavior of geofoam. Static and traffic loads are
applied on backfill using Servo-hydraulic actuator and surcharge load distribution system. Lateral thrust isolation
efficiencies of 55.1-64.2% and 60.6-69.4% are observed under static and traffic loading conditions, respectively, in the
presence of geofoam. Higher lateral thrust isolation efficiency, geofoam compression and backfill settlements are
observed from the pseudo-long-term static and traffic loading on retaining wall compared to respective initial tests.
This paper presents short- and long-term influence of EPS geofoam to reduce static and traffic loading induced earth
pressures on non-yielding rigid retaining walls. Grade III Indian standard sand and EPS15 geofoam (15 kg/m3 density)
are used in model studies, as backfill and compressible inclusion at the interface between the retaining wall and
backfill, respectively. Short- and long-term static and traffic loading model tests are performed with and without
presence of geofoam. Model retaining wall is instrumented with pressure sensors to measure the lateral earth pressure
on wall. Plastic markers are placed along the width of model plate, geofoam and sand backfill to measure the
movement of wall, geofoam compression and backfill settlement respectively. Compressive creep (CC) strains of 3%
are induced on geofoam samples to simulate pseudo-long-term (PLT) behavior of geofoam. Static and traffic loads are
applied on backfill using Servo-hydraulic actuator and surcharge load distribution system. Lateral thrust isolation
efficiencies of 55.1-64.2% and 60.6-69.4% are observed under static and traffic loading conditions, respectively, in the
presence of geofoam. Higher lateral thrust isolation efficiency, geofoam compression and backfill settlements are
observed from the pseudo-long-term static and traffic loading on retaining wall compared to respective initial tests.
Keywords: Geofoam; Earth pressure; Isolation efficiency; Deformation.
13
Diverse Applications of Geocells for Highways-Two Case Studies from North East
Shahrokh P. Bagli
Chief Technology Officer, Strata Geosystems (India) Pvt. Ltd.
E-mail: shahrokh.bagli@strataindia.com
Abstract
Geocells are geosynthetics, which are essentially three-dimensional and have a rhomboidal cellular profile. Geocells
with engineering applications, now made in India are fabricated from textured HDPE straps, which are welded
together. For major applications, the geocells are judiciously perforated for drainage / porewater pressure relief and
cell-to-cell infill interaction. The geosynthetic is versatile and can be utilised for a variety of geotechnical applications,
broadly load bearing and protection against erosion. The profile of geocells for these two broad applications differs;
the geocell for load bearing is deeper and has closer weld spacing. This Paper highlights application of geocells in
roads, specifically rehabilitation of a road, and embankment slope protection, both cases in Assam, Churaibari and
Bogibeel. Both these studies relate to corrective measures taken after a series of fiascos, one of these of a major nature.
In both cases, geocells were quite rapidly installed. While the solutions were executed on an emergency basis, no
further work was required to be done and the solutions proved to be long-term. This Paper also attempts to highlight
that geocells need not be a part of a disaster management system but can, and should play a major role as part of the
designed system for highways with several inherent advantages.
Keywords: Cellular confinement, Geocells, Pavements, Drainage, Weak subgrade, Embankment slopes, Erosion.
Comprehensive Characteristics of Fresh and Processed MSW Generated in Kanpur

City
S. Rajesh
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India
E-mail: hsrajesh@iitk.ac.in
Abstract
Integrated solid waste management plan (ISWMP) developed in Kanpur city involves activities related to waste
generation, storage, collection, transport to landfill site, processing (compost, incineration) and final disposal. The
waste products generated from various phases of ISWMP which have insignificant reuse capabilities (named as
processed waste) has been disposed of in engineered landfills. At times, fresh waste is also being disposed of in
separate cells of engineered landfill. As the characteristics of municipal solid waste (MSW) play a major role in the
design and proper functioning of waste disposal facilities; it is desirable to understand the variation in the
characteristics of the fresh and processed MSW. In this study, comprehensive characteristics of fresh and processed
MSW generated in Kanpur city are assessed through gradation, compaction, and compressibility behavior. A
significant variation in the characteristic behavior has been noticed between fresh and processed waste.
Keywords: Municipal Solid Waste, Composition, Gradation, Compaction, Primary a, Secondary compression.
Prospects and Challenges of Output and Performance Based Contracts - A

Geotechnical Perspective
Diganta Sarma
International Consultant, Diligent Group NZ Limited, New Zealand
E-mail: dr.d.sarma@gmail.com
Abstract
With the limited past experience in Civil Engineering sector, the Output and Performance-based Contracts (OPrC), also
called Performance based Management and Maintenance (PrMM), is still a new and recent trend in many developing
and developed countries aiming its theoretical prospects into pragmatic benefits testifying through the outcomes of
Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) system, mostly initiated by the funding agencies and sometimes by the project
owners. India in general, the Northeastern states in particular, lacks in OPrC initiative. With expected benefits over the
14
conventional contracting procedures on better value, socio-economy, fund management, business model, efficiency,
project performance, incentive in innovation, etc., the M&E performances of many OPrC and PrMM projects are,
however, not fully achieved due to ambiguity in prevailing contracting procedure and more particularly limitation and
uncertainty of geotechnical parameters. In this paper, fundamental ambiguities of OPrC, based on the selected project
case studies, have been identified and outlines of mitigating such challenge are briefed for rational evaluation of bids
and for performance-based geotechnical investigation with the aid of Continuous Energy Logging. Further,
geotechnical perspectives for mitigating such challenges of OPrC have been briefed in context to deterioration of
roads, deterioration of stone aggregates for bitumen/asphalt courses and cement concrete, physical modelling approach,
improved pile construction equipment, pile-soil interface interaction, performance-based design and construction of
pile foundation. Thus the objective of this paper is to create awareness for and enhancement of the prospects of OPrC
and PrMM among the engineering fraternity, funding agencies, and project owners to initiate appropriate application-
oriented-research for sustainable practice of OPrC.
Keywords: Output and performance-based, Limitation and uncertainty, Geotechnical investigation, Continuous energy
logging, Deterioration, Physical modelling, Interface interaction, Pile foundation.
Impact of Flooding on Roadways

Rajib Basu Mallick
Mingjiang Tao
Nivedya M K
Civil and Environment Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
E-mail: rajib@wpi.edu, taomj@wpi.edu, nmadankarakottay@wpi.edu
Abstract
Flooding can cause extensive damages in roadways, particularly in those with granular base layers and thin asphalt mix
surface layers. The objective of this paper is to present a summary of work conducted on the evaluation of the impact
of flooding on pavements. Research shows that flood induced damage occurs through various ways – weakening and
washing away of granular base and soil subgrade layers, washing away of thin surface layers such as seals, and through
erosion of subsurface materials near flowing water. Dislocation of concrete slabs due to washing away of subgrade
soils during flooding has also been noted. Several models and frameworks have been developed to predict change in
structural and surface properties such as roughness due to the impact of flooding. A number of models relating resilient
modulus of soil to saturation and matric suction have been proposed. Researches have use both finite difference and
finite element models to simulate flow of water through pavements, and have confirmed that flow under unsaturated
conditions is the dominant drainage mechanism in pavements. The role of base course materials properties, trench
backfill material and drainage systems have been found to be crucial for drainage. The importance of considering the
soil water characteristic curve information and an understanding of change in hydraulic conductivity for different
saturation conditions have been emphasized.
Keywords: Pavement drainage, Resilient modulus, Flooding, Road damage, Saturation, SWCC.
A Quantitative Framework for Sustainability and Resilience in Geotechnical

Engineering
Dipanjan Basu
Mina Lee
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, Canada
E-mail: dipanjan.basu@uwaterloo.ca, m65lee@uwaterloo.ca
Abstract
Civil infrastructure systems, especially geotechnical assets, are vulnerable to climate change, and natural and man-
made disasters. Resilience, which is the ability of a system to absorb, recover from, and adapt to disruptions so that the
consequences are minimized, introduces a new paradigm to overcome challenges related to infrastructure vulnerability
against disasters. Consideration of sustainability in conjunction with resilience in infrastructure asset management
ensures that human interventions of building resilient infrastructure systems are in harmony with the natural
15
environment and with the aspirations of the present and future generations. A quantitative framework for the
assessment of resilience and sustainability of geotechnical infrastructure is developed based on the Driver-Pressure-
State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework. The new framework is demonstrated through an example problem based
on a selected road network in the province of Ontario, Canada.
Keywords: Sustainability assessment, Resilience metrics, DPSIR framework, Transpor-tation network, Geotechnical
infrastructure.
Forensic Study on the Causes of Failure of Stone Columns under Water Storage
Tanks and Possible Remedial Measures
Kaushik Bandyopadhyay
Department of Construction Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
E-mail: drkaushik99@gmail.com
Abstract
Water storage tanks of diameter 30m and height 14.50m.were erected at a site near the coastal region of West Bengal.
Detailed soil exploration work revealed that the deposit consisted of typical soft marine clay with standard penetration
(SPT) values lying in the range of 2 to 6 upto 28.0m depth below the ground level. Varying percentage of decomposed
vegetation and laminated silt was observed between 11.50m to 28.00m depth below EGL. Overall ground
improvement was proposed and accordingly stone columns were installed upto the depth of 10.00m below EGL. After
one year of installation total settlements of 800mm and differential settlement of about 150mm was observed and these
have been continuing unabated. Subsequently detailed forensic investigation was made and it was observed that the
stone columns had showed telltale signs of failure and consequently huge settlement resulted. The present paper
discusses on the various causes of failure and suggests some remedial measures for arresting the settlements.
Keywords: Storage tanks; Soft clay; Stone columns; Failure; Forensic study; Remedy.
Addressing Sustainable Technologies in Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental

Engineering
Krishna R. Reddy
Girish Kumar
Department of Civil and Materials Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
E-mail: kreddy@uic.edu; gkumar6@uic.edu
Abstract
Geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering, which constitutes one of the major tasks of the infrastructure and
construction projects, is one of the main contributors to the climate change and other global environmental impacts,
due to the use of large amounts of materials and energy. One of the most effective ways to address these challenges is
to have the environmental implications integrated into the decisions of a geotechnical/geoenvironmental project. In this
regard, the application of life cycle assessment (LCA) has gained major impetus to evaluate the environmental
sustainability of such projects. LCA is a comprehensive method for assessing a range of environmental impacts across
the full life cycle of a geotechnical and geoenvironmental project, from raw-material acquisition, material
manufacturing and transport, construction, use and maintenance, and final disposal/recycling. LCA can be challenging
due to limited reliable or relevant inventory of data for the assessment. However, it is a systematic and well accepted
tool to develop/design environmentally sustainable geotechnical and geoenvironmental projects. In addition, a triple
bottom line assessment which further involves evaluating the economic and social sustainability aspects of the project
along with the LCA is essential to holistically evaluate and identify the effectiveness of a geotechnical and
geoenvironmental project towards sustainability. This paper presents a review of few studies that demonstrate the
application of LCA and triple bottom line assessment to some of the common geotechnical and geoenvironmental
projects. The study underscores the importance of LCA in identifying the critical materials and/or operations for the
resulting environmental impacts, and helps explore different options to improve the net environmental and socio-
economic benefits.
Keywords: Life cycle assessment, Sustainability; Geotechnical engineering, Geoenvironmental engineering, Triple
bottom line assessment.
16
Technical
Contributions
Some Studies on Laboratory and Field Electrical Resistivities of Soils

Nimi Ann Vincent
R. Shivashankar
K. N. Lokesh
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal, Mangalore- 575025
E-mail: imin.nna.15@gmail.com,shivashankar.surathkal@gmail.com,knl.lokesh@gmail.com
Keywords: Electrical Resistivity, Standard Penetration Test (SPT, CBR, UCC strength, laterites
1. Introduction direct positive relation with cohesion, ie, resistivity value
All matters, including soils, are electrical by nature. This increases with increasing cohesion. This correlation is
article, on laboratory and field investigations of electrical similar to the results of the resistivity study obtained by
resitivities of soils, is in three parts. Firstly, laboratory Razali and Osman (2011) with sand, silt and clay.
investigations are made on controlled soil samples to Cohesion is a component of shear strength of soil, which
determine their shear strength parameters and CBR is independent of interparticle friction and probably
values, and to correlate them with their electrical caused by electrostatic forces and/or cementation
resistivities. Secondly, Vertical electrical soundings and (bonding) at particle contacts.
Standard Penetration Test (SPT) are conducted at site at
14 locations at NITK campus, and their correlations are ER is found to have inverse correlation with angle of
studied. Thirdly, correlations between field and friction. This can be explained in following manner. It is
laboratory electrical resistivities of soil samples at observed that, as percentage of sand increases ER values
shallow depths are being studied. The results of this are found to decrease. As percentage of sand content
study propose that by properly handling the uncertainties increases in the soil sample, its maximum dry density
and ubiquitous resistivity measurement errors, Electrical increases and obviously compacted and denser soils will
Resistivity tomography can be applied as a pre- have a higher angle of internal friction. In Fig. 1, the
investigation method in sites, antedating to direct testing increase in angle of internal friction of soil samples is
methods like Standard Penetration Test to reduce labour, due to increase in sand content (decreasing porosity of
cost and time involved (Vincent et al. 2017). soil at OMC i.e. S<1) resulting in increased maximum
dry density. Therefore resistivity tends to decrease with
2. Motivation and Objective increase in angle of internal friction (ϕ). Seladji et al
Electrical resistivity (ER) tomography can be applied as (2010) also observed that soil resistivity decreases
a pre-investigation method in sites, antedating to direct significantly with increase in density especially in drier
testing methods like SPT to save costs. A pre soils. Increased density means higher compaction and
investigation of a site with geophysical methods can help higher angle of internal friction.
to plan an efficient drilling program, minimizing costs
and efforts. An efficient drilling program eliminates the References
"chance" encounter of features by drilling and Anderson, N., Cardimona, S. and Newton, T. (2003)
confirming the anomalies (Anderson et al. 2003). Application of Innovative Non-Destructive Methods to
Geotechnical and Environmental Investigation. Report
3. Methodology
The research methodology in this study includes both by Missouri Department of Transportation Project
laboratory and field investigations. The laboratory Operations Division.
investigations are made on controlled lateritic soil Razali, M. N. F. B and Osman S. B. A. S (2011) Non-
samples. The field investigations are made in situ in Quantitative Correlation of Soil Resistivity with Some
lateritic formations. Also, resistivity measurements in Soil Parameters. Proceedings of National Postgraduate
field and laboratory for the surface soil are compared. Conference (NPC), 19-20 Sept. Published in IEEE
Four Probes method is the most widely used method for Explore, Electronic ISBN: 978-1-4577-1884-7.
electrical resistivity measurements in the laboratory on
the low resistive samples. Schlumberger array is used for Seladji S, Cosenzaa P, Tabbagh A, Ranger J, and
field electrical resistivity measurement. Richard J (2010) The effect of compaction on soil
electrical resistivity: A laboratory investigation.
4. Important Outcomes European J. of Soil Science 61(6), pp. 1043–1055.
Figure 1 shows the correlation of electrical resistivity
with the shear strength parameters of soil i.e. cohesion
and angle of friction of soil respectively. The cohesion
and friction angle were measured under total stress
conditions. The results show that resistivity has got a
18
Prediction of Material Parameters Using Index Properties and

Modeling the Behaviour of Prototype Quarried Rockfill Material
N.P. Honkanadavar
Central Soil & Materials Research Station, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India.
E-mail : nphonkanadavar@gmail.com
Keywords: Rockfill, behavior, index properties, shear strength, prototype
1. Introduction: different hydropower projects from India and Nepal were

It is very important to understand the behaviour of considered and developed methodologies to determine
rockfill materials for the analysis and safe design of angle of shearing resistance (modulus of
rockfill dam. Hyperbolic and elastic models are often elasticityand Poisson’s ratio, To verify the
adopted to predict the linear and non-linear behavior of methods, quarried modeled rockfill material from Turga
rockfill materials. In recent times, attempts are being Pumped Storage Project (Kudna Quarry), West Bengal
made to use advanced constitutive models based on has been considered and tested.
elasto-plastic theory to depict the behavior of rockfill
materials. The material parameters required for the 4. Important Outcomes
constitutive model are determined using the laboratory It is observed that the stress-strain behaviour is non-
test results for different dmax of modeled rockfill linear, inelastic and stress dependent. The volume
materials. These material parameters are correlated with change increases with increase in dmax and confining
the index properties of rockfill material viz. pressure (σ3). The material shows dilatancy effect which
uncompacted void content (UVC) and uniaxial decreases with increase in d max and σ3. Using the
compressive strength (UCS). Material parameters for developed methods, , E and  are predicted for all the
prototype rockfill material of larger size are then dmax of modeled rockfill materials satisfactorily.
determined using a best fit linear extrapolation Comparing predicted and experimental , E and  value,
(Honkanadavar 2010). it is observed that both values match closely. Using the
predicted material parameters, stress-strain-volume
2. Motivation and Objective change behavior is back predicted for modeled rockfill
Due to inadequate development of approach to the material. From the comparison, it is observed that both
project site, it is very difficult to conduct field observed and predicted stress-strain-volume change
investigations on prototype rockfill material and collect behavior match closely.
the required quantity of modeled rockfill material for
carrying out laboratory investigations to study stress- 5. Conclusions
strain-volume change bahaviour and determine shear The advantage of the proposed methods is that only
strength and elastic parameters. The objective of the index properties viz. UCS, UVC, RD, Eir and ir are
study is to develop methods to determine the shear required to be determine , E and  of material and there
strength and elastic parameters of rockfill material using is no need of triaxial testing. It is believed that the
index properties without going for triaxial tests and proposed methods are more realistic, economical, and
depict the stress-strain-volume change bahaviour of can be used where large size triaxial testing facilities are
prototype rockfill material using hierarchical single not available. These developed procedures are easy and
surface (HISS) model. can determine , E and  quickly. HISS model can be
3. Methodology used successfully to depict the behavior of rockfill
Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of the rock from material.
which rockfill material is derived is determined using
References
NX size (52 mm diameter with L/D ratio = 2) rock core.
Similarly, uncompacted void content (UVC) a parameter Honkanadavar, N.P. (2010), Testing and Modeling the
which represents the effect of gradation, particle size, Behaviour of Modeled and Prototype Rockfill
shape and surface texture of rockfill material is Materials, Ph.D. Thesis, I.I.T. Delhi.
determined using a developed method. Modulus of intact
rock, Eir and Poission’s ratio of intact rock, ir are
determined from the triaxial tests on NX size rock cores.
Strength law has been proposed to determine the angle of
shearing resistance, using UVC, UCS and RD.
Procedures were also developed to determine modulus of
elasticityand Poisson’s ratio, using UVC, Eir and
ir Nine quarried modeled rockfill materials from
19
Geotechnical Investigation across a Failed Hill Slope in Uttarakhand –

A Case Study
Ravi Sundaram
Sorabh Gupta
Swapneel Kalra
Cengrs Geotechnica Pvt. Ltd, Noida – 201309
E-mail :ravi@cengrs.com; sorabh@cengrs.com; swapneel@cengrs.com
Lalit Kumar
Feedback Infra Private Limited, 15th Floor Tower 9B, DLF cyber city Phase-III, Gurgaon, Haryana-122002
E-mail: luckysoni.edu@gmail.com
Keywords: geotechnical investigation; seismic refraction test; landslide assessment; slope failure
1. Introduction
Fragility of terrain is often reflected in the form of
disasters in the hilly state of Uttarakhand. Geotectonic
configuration of the rocks and the high relative relief
make the area inherently unstable and vulnerable to mass
movement.
The cloudburst in June 2013 triggered several landslides
along the Rudraprayag-Badrinath section of NH-58. The
paper presents a case study of one such landslide along
the highway on the bank of River Alaknanda.
Detailed geotechnical investigation including boreholes
and seismic refraction tests were used to characterize the
landslide and assess the lateral and vertical extent of the
failure. The results were used to develop engineering
Fig. 1 View of the landslide and movement of gabion wall
solution to stabilize the area and to ensure safety of the
highway.
2. Site Conditions 5. Concluding Remarks
In a 100-150 m stretch, the gabion wall on the down-hill The study illustrates the use of seismic refraction test in
side of the highway showed extensive distress. The characterizing the ground conditions in landslide zones.
overburden of boulders and soil had slid down, probably The detailed paper shall outline the site conditions and
due to buildup of water pressure behind the gabion wall. investigations done, analysis to identify the landslide
A photograph showing the site condition is presented on zone along with remedial measures adopted.
Fig. 1.
References
3. Stratigraphy
An overburden of boulders in a soil matrix (glacial Disaster Mitigation and Management Centre (2014)
deposit) is encountered to about 14-16 m depth underlain Geological Investigations in Rudraprayag with special
by quartz-mica-schist. reference to Mass Instability, A DMMC publication,
Dehradun, Uttarakhand.
4. Engineering Assessment
The geophysical stratigraphy encountered along the
section indicates a three-layered geological model. A
slide-zone of overburden with boulders was clearly
identified which matches very well with the borehole
data.
20
Electrical Resistivity Studies on Lateritic Soils

Divya Nath
Nimi Ann Vincent
R. Shivashankar
K.N Lokesh
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangalore-575025
E-mail: divyanath92@gmail.com ,imin.nna.15@gmail.com ,shivashankar.surathkal@gmail.com ,lokesh@nitk.ac.in
Keywords: Electrical resistivity; Contaminated shedi soil; Bentonite; Soil corrosiveness
1. Introduction 4. Important Outcomes

This article presents a study on electrical resistivity and Basic geotechnical properties of soil samples and their
geotechnical parameters of lithomargic clay (locally correlation with ER shows interesting results. Same
known as shedi soil). This soil was (a) contaminated by geotechnical parameters such as max dry density
various normalities of phosphoric acid and (b) blended (Seladji 2010), void ratio etc. varies in different manner
with bentonite. Electrical resistivity method is gaining for shedi soil+acid , shedi soil+bentonite and field
importance nowadays because of its wider application samples. Also ER studies on field lateritic soil samples
range especially in corrosion studies. This method is reveal that out of 9, 7 samples are non corrosive and 2
rapid, and can be used for describing the subsurface are moderately corrosive.
properties without the need of excavation.
5. Conclusions
2. Motivation and Objective ER and some geotechnical parameters are correlated.
For utilizing the full potential of ER method, thorough This relation varies depending on the soil texture and
studies on the relation between resistivity values and properties. ER method is found to be a quick and
various geotechnical parameters are helpful (Abu- effective method for analyzing the corrosive nature of
Hassanein 1996). Firstly, this study aims to analyze the soil samples.
electrical response of soil with the index properties of
acid contaminated and bentonite mixed lithomargic soil. References
Secondly, to study the corrosion resistance of lateritic
soil in situations where metallic pipes are buried in Abu-Hassanein, Z.S., Benson, C.H. and Blotz, L.R.
lateritic soil (1996). “Electrical resistivity of compacted clays.”
Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 122,
3. Methodology 397-406.
Shedi soil (Table 1) mixed with different normalities
(1N,2.5N,3.5N,5N,7.5N,10N) of phosphoric acid and Seladji, S., Cosenza, P., et al (2010) “The effect of
different percentages (20%,40%,60%,80%) of bentonite compaction on soil electrical resistivity: a laboratory
are the two sets of test samples used in the study. investigation.” European Journal of Soil Science,
Various lab tests were carried out on these samples 2010
along with Electrical resistivity (ER) measurement for
understanding the relationship with the geotechnical
properties
Electrical resistivity (ER) measurement was made on the
field lateritic soil samples to examine its corrosion
susceptibility, by conducting Wenner’s 4 probe method
in soil electrical resistivity box. Basic geotechnical
properties of soil mixes were studied by conducting
conventional laboratory experiments. Finally
correlations between soil electrical resistivity and
various geotechnical parameters were analyzed.
Table-1 Physical properties of soil mixes used
Dry OMC
LL PL SL
Soil density G
(% (% (% (%)
(g/cc)
Shedi soil )52.4 )
28.75 )
33.89 1.45 26.5 2.51
Bentonite 250 39 11.2 1.22 37.3 2.5
21
Uplift Capacities of Double Plate Anchors at Shallow Depths in Sand

Vidya Tilak B.
Narendra Kumar Samadhiya
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee – 247667
E-mail : tilak2015.dce@iitr.ac.in; nksamfce@iitr.ac.in
Keywords: single plate anchor; double plate anchor; uplift capacity; embedment ratio; sand.
1. Introduction
Earlier, the uplift of the structures were prevented by
increasing the weight of the foundation systems. With
the advancement in the construction practices around the
world and in a view to keep a check on the economy, the
use of light weight structures have increased manifold. In
such cases, the use of the surrounding soil mass with the
help of various anchoring devices has proved to be Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of (a) single plate anchor (b)
worthy. Thus, anchors in soil are used to resist the uplift double plate anchor
forces caused by the transmission line towers,
15
submerged pipelines, tunnels, and underground
reservoirs below the water table, suspension bridges, Pullout load, kN
retaining walls and offshore structures. 10
2. Motivation and Objective

The Russians were one of the pioneers to have adopted 5 h/d = 2, single plate anchor
the use of the anchors in the underground structures in h/d = 2, double plate anchor
towns like Yarsloavl and Uglich and the Tymen region 0
of Russia in 1960’s. The use of the anchors was studied 0 2 4 6 8
by the researchers in India like Ranjan and Kausal Deformation, mm
(1977) and Saran et al. (1986). The Uplift capacities of
Fig. 2 Load – Displacement curves of 50 mm plate
the horizontal, vertical and inclined anchors were studied
anchor
in detail by many researchers across the globe. The
findings chiefly constituted studies on single plate of anchor plates at embedment ratio of 4 was more than
anchors. However, the understanding of the double plate three times that of the anchor plates at embedment ratio
anchors in sand has hardly been studied. This work tries of 2, for both the single and the double plate anchors.
to investigate the uplift capacities of the double plate The trend was similar for both single plate and the
anchors at shallow depths in sand. double plate anchors. However, the pullout load of the
double plate anchors were found to be much lesser than
3. Methodology
the single plate anchors for both the embedment ratios.
The experiments on single plate and double plate
There was considerable heave observed at failure for the
anchors were performed in a steel tank of dimensions 1.1
tested depths.
m × 1.1 m × 0.75 m. A uniformly graded sand was used.
The apparatus of the test includes a loading system 5. Conclusions
consisting of a loading frame connected by a chain The study on the single plate anchors were found to
system, dial gauges with magnetic stand, strainer and compare well with the findings of the earlier published
frame for sand raining. The anchor plates were 50 and work. The study shows a decrease in the ultimate pullout
100 mm squares and the spacing chosen between the two load of the plate anchors with the increase in the number
plates in the double plate anchor system was equal to of the plates. The pullout resistance of the double plate
size of the anchor plate. The double plate anchors anchors and their effectiveness are thus presented.
basically consists of two plate anchors attached to the
same tie rod at a spacing equal to the size of the anchor References
(Fig. 1). The embedment ratio (h/d) of 2 and 4 was Ranjan, G. and Kausal, Y. P. (1977). Load-deformation
selected for the study. characteristics of model anchors under horizontal pull
4. Important Outcomes in sand. J. Geotechnical Engg., 8, 65-78.
The ultimate pullout load of both 50 mm (Fig. 2) and Saran, S., Ranjan, G. and Nene, A. S. (1986). Soil
100 mm anchor plate increased with the increase in the anchors and constitutive laws. J. Geotech. Engg.,
embedment ratio from 2 to 4. The ultimate pullout load 112(12), 1084-1100.
22
Index Properties and Compaction Characteristics of Soils

H S Prasanna
Anil M G
Praveen
Harshitha D
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Engineering, Mysuru - 570008
E-mail: prasanna@nie.ac.in, anilmgmg52@gmail.com, psingade1994@gmail.com, harshithadgowda333@gmail.com
Keywords: Compaction characteristics; Compaction Energy Levels; Index properties
1. Introduction Table-1 Index Properties of soils

For preliminary assessment of the soil characteristics, Sl. G LL PL SL Gravel Sand M+C
predictive equations can be useful, especially when No. (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
index properties are already known. Several relationships
were developed to relate OMC and MDD found in the
literature for the Standard Proctor compaction test based 1 2.61 37 18 13 6 67 27
on some selected index properties such as liquid limit 2 2.74 55 20 15 3 66 31
(LL), plastic limit (PL) and specific gravity (Gs). The 3 2.68 27 16 15 14 62 24
present study examines the compaction characteristics of 4 2.7 26 22 18 14 62 24
5 2.65 32 21 17 20 62 18
coarse-grained fraction (Group-1 soils) and fine-grained
6 2.67 26 18 17 20 58 22
fraction (Group-2 soils). Equations were developed to
predict the compaction characteristics (OMC and MDD)
for the different compaction energies as a function of
index properties.
Knowledge of compaction behavior and its
characteristics of soils at different compaction energy
levels assumes great importance from the viewpoint of
practical significance. Prior to the field compaction, the
determination of compaction characteristics namely,
OMC and MDD is necessary. Therefore, there is a need
of correlating the compaction characteristics with index
properties as they are easy to determine.
3. Methodology
Group 1 soils were sieved through 4.75mm sieves to
have sand, silt and clay-fraction. Soils procured from Fig 7 Variation of OMC obtained from the different compaction
source were also sieved through 425μm sieves to have energy levels with values estimated from equation number 1
fine-sand, silt and clay-fraction and named as Group 2 to 4
soils. For both Group 1 and 2 soils, compaction tests
were carried out for varying energy levels like Reduced 5. Conclusions
Standard Proctor (RSP), Standard Proctor (SP), Reduced PL of soils can be better correlated with MDD and OMC
Modified Proctor (RMP) and Modified Proctor (MP) and of soils for different compaction energy levels.
minimum of six trials were done with varying initial
References
water content to get the compaction curve.
Yesim Gurtug and Shridharan A. (2004) Compaction
4. Important Outcomes
behavior and prediction of its characteristics of fine
It is possible to correlate the compaction characteristics
grained soil with particular reference to compaction
of group 1 and group 2 soils.
energy. Japanese Geotechnical Society, 44(5), pp. 27-
36.
23
Soil characterization and stratification using seismic refraction test

Sourav Sarkar
Arindam Saha
Ashim Kanti Dey
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Silchar, Assam-788010
E-mail : sourav91sarkar@gmail.com; arindam.saha43@gmail.com; ashim_kanti@yahoo.co.in
Keywords: seismic; geoscientist; SPT N value; spread length.

1. Introduction the ground and fastened with the ground with two nails
Seismic refraction method has been extensively used in so that the striking plate did not get rebounded while
petroleum, minerals, and geotechnical investigations, hitting with the hammer. The data was recorded with a
and to some extent in hydrological applications, for the data logger which was connected with a laptop. A trigger
last 30 years. The seismic refraction method is a non- geophone was placed near the striking plate to sense the
destructive and a cost-effective method for determining time of striking. Seismic source was created at seven no
the physical properties of subsoil strata. Moreover, the of station considering first geophone as an origin. The
heterogeneity of ground cannot be accurately mapped data acquisition and data processing were carried out by
with one or two boreholes. On the other hand a “GEA-24” and “Rayfract” software respectively.
geophysical test can be suitably conducted to predict the
heterogeneity of the soil. The depth of penetration of p- 4. Important outcomes
wave normally increases with increase in spread length. In every site, 24 geophones were used at a spacing of 2m
In-situ behaviour of a soil is very complex in nature and and seven strikes were done with the help of the 10 kg
varies from place to place. For a heterogeneous soil it is hammer on the striking plate. Hence the profile length
not possible to dig a number of boreholes to predict the became 48m and the depth of investigation 18 m. Three
soil properties. In the present study, seismic refraction distinct soil layers are observed. Subsequent boring
test was performed at seven locations within NIT showed three layers as top 5m reddish brown coloured
SILCHAR. From the seismic refraction test distance vs sandy clay; 5 to 7m light brownish coloured sandy clay
travel time graph is obtained. From this graph velocity is and below 7m light brownish to light ash coloured silty
measured. A spread length of minimum 24 metre and sandy clay. Fig 1 shows a relationship between SPT N
maximum 48 metre was taken. The depth of penetration values and p-wave velocity for all the seven. The
of p-wave normally increases with increase in the spread relationship is observed as nonlinear.
length. The p-wave velocity tomography was correlated
with borehole data and other engineering properties like
SPT N value, density, etc. As such, one can predict the
type of soil without digging any borehole but by
observing the p-wave velocity of the soil.
2. Motivation and objective

The process of soil investigation by digging borehole is
time consuming and costly. On the other hand, seismic
refraction is a quick but reliable method for investigation
of soil. In case, a proper interpretation is made the
seismic wave velocity can be correlated with different
engineering properties of the soil. The main objectives of Fig-1 Relationship between p-wave velocity and SPT N value
this paper are soil classification with seismic refraction
5. Conclusion
test, correlation of p-wave velocity with SPT N value, Seismic refraction test can be economically conducted
density of soil at NIT SILCHAR. for a soil investigation work.
3. Methodology References
Seven seismic refraction surveys were done within NIT
Aziman, M., Hazreek, Z.A, Azhar, A.T.S, and Haimi,
SILCHAR Campus. Boreholes were dug at the middle of D.S, (2011), “Compressive and shear wave velocity
every profile. A seismic refraction survey was conducted profiles using seismic refraction technique”, SciTech
using 24 nos. of 4.5 Hz vertical geophones inserted into 2016, Journal of physics: Conference series 710 (2016)
the ground surface at a spacing of 1m and 2m. The
012011.
seismic source was created by striking a plate with a
10kg hammer. The plate was kept on a level surface on
24
Use of Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) For Detection of Saline

Water Contamination
Soumitra Kumar Kundu
Arindam Saha
Ashim Kanti Dey
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar – 788010
E-mail: dibosh.kundu@gmail.com ; arindam.saha43@gmail.com ; ashim_kanti@yahoo.co.in
Keywords: Electrical resistivity tomography; Electrical resistivity profile; Soil contamination.

1. Introduction samples were collected from the field and the desired
Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is a non properties were obtained. The variation of electric
destructive technique which is widely used for resistivity of soil with time was observed due to the
investigation of various geological, engineering and intrusion of saline water.
environmental problems. Electric resistivity of a medium
is generally inversely proportional to the number of free 4. Important Outcomes
electrons present in the medium. When sodium chloride It has been observed that the resistivity of the particular
(NaCl) is dissolved in water, it dissociates into two ions portion was reduced on addition of saline water. And
- with the passing of time the area of low resistivity zone
namely Na+ and Cl that increase the number of free
electrons: was increasing in the surrounding portion of the borehole
+ -
NaCl(solid) + H2O = Na (aqueous) + Cl (aqueous) + H2O which indicates how the saline water was spreading in to
the soil.
When saline water (NaCl solution) is mixed with soil it
will increase the current flow through soil due to
increase of free electrons and thus will decrease the
resistivity of soil.
Hence, ERT can be suitably used for prediction of saline
water contamination of soil. Limited studies have been
reported on use of geophysical methods on
contamination of soil (Ayolabi et.al. 2013, Arrubarrena-
Moreno and Arango-Galván 2013, Batayneh, 2005).

It is very difficult to predict contamination of soil due to Fig. 1 First and second images show electric resistivity profile
seepage of contaminated ground water. Digging test before and 1hr after intrusion of saline water
boreholes is a direct method to obtain the extent of 5. Conclusions
contamination, but the method is costly and time Electrical resistivity test is an easy way to detect
consuming. On the other hand ERT is a quick and spreading of foreign object in the soil without disturbing
reliable method to predict the extent of soil the surrounding.
contamination. In the present study an elaborate References
discussion is given how the ERT method can effectively
be used for this purpose. Ayolabi, E.A., Folorunso, A.F., Kayode, O.T., (2013).
Integrated geophysical and geochemical methods for
3. Methodology environmental assessment of municipal dumpsite
Electric resistivity test has been conducted using 48 system. Int. J. Geosci. 4, 850–862.
numbers of electrodes with spacing of 0.5m by using
wenner schlumberger array. A solution of 100 litres of Arrubarrena-Moreno, M. and Arango-Galván, C.(2013).
saline water was prepared by mixing 3% NaCl, by Use of electrical resistivity Tomography in the study of
weight. The solution was inserted in to the soil by using soil pollution caused by hydrocarbons: Case study in
a bore-hole of 0.15m diameter and 0.70m deep. Puebla (México). Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica
Electrical resistivity profile was taken before inserting Mexicana, 65(2), 419-426.
the solution to know the actual ground condition. After
Batayneh, A. T. (2005). 2D electrical imaging of an
inserting the whole solution in to the borehole electrical
LNAPL contamination, Al Amiriyya fuel station,
resistivity profiles were taken at an interval of 1hr, 5 hrs,
Jordan. Journal of Applied Sciences, 5(1), 52-59.
24 hrs, 1 week, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months.
The electrical resistivity profiles clearly show the flow of
saline water into the soil medium as shown in Fig. 1. Soil
25
Effect of Saline Solutions on Strength of Clayey Soil Using Electro-

Osmosis Technique
R. S. Savliya
A. J. Shah
Applied Mechanics Department L.D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad, Gujarat -380015
E-mail :riddhisavaliya55@gmail.com; alpa.jogin@gmail.com
Keywords: Electro-osmosis, CaCl2, Na2(SiO2)n, Undrained shear strength, pH Introduction

1. Introduction after 4 days treatment. A procedure of EO contained
The construction of structures on areas with soft and mainly three types (1) Electro osmosis without saline
incapable soils necessitates the improvement of the soil solution (EO) (2) Electro osmosis with saline solution of
conditions. Electro-osmosis (EO) is one of the soil 0.5 M, 1 M and 1.5 M CaCl2 (EOC) (3) Electro osmosis
improvement technique. In EO ions in the diffusion layer with combine solution of 0.1N, 0.3N and 0.5N CaCl2 in
below the imposed electric field migrate toward 1:100 Na2(SiO2)n (EONC). Then direct current, with the
electrode of opposite charges and cause the water voltage of 10 and 30 V was applied to the soil for
molecules to move together as ions are naturally undertaking the electro osmosis.
hydrated. So, the water content is reduced and the
strength of the soil is increased. An injection of ionic 4. Important Outcomes
solutions under the influence of an electric field will Undrained shear strength for EO, EOC and EONC and
increase the stability of soft soil. The process has been untreated soil at higher voltage and higher chemical
used for slope stabilization, chemical alteration of clay concentration is as follows.
soils, reduction of negative skin friction of piles, 30 V EO
dewatering of railway beds etc. 250
EOC
shearstrength(kPa)
2. Motivation and Objective 200 EONC

Objective of the current research work is to identify Untreated soil
Undrained
150
effect of chemicals like calcium chloride, combination of
calcium chloride and sodium silicate on undrained shear 100
strength of soil and compare test results of without and 50
with introducing chemicals and additional objective is to
investigate effect of chemical on clay pH. 0
0 5 10 15 20
3. Methodology Distance from anode(cm)
For the present work soil was collected from Nalsarovar Fig. 1 Results of USS with distance from anode
region from the depth below 2m. Properties of soil are
given in Table below.
5. Conclusions
Table-1 Physical properties of soil
Undrained shear strength for without and with saline
solutions are found to vary at 30V. In experiment EOC,
Properties Value
the strength was 2.64, 2.61 and 2.36 times higher than
Liquid Limit (%) 29.52
EO and for EONC the strength was 2.86, 3.25 and 3.29
Plastic Limit (%) 18.5 higher than EO, at anode, mid portion and cathode
Plasticity Index (%) 11.2 respectively in specimen. Higher the value can be
Soil as per I.S CL achieved in the case of EONC was around 200kpa.
Optimum Moisture Content (%) 16
References
Maximum dry Density (g/cc) 1.802
Specific gravity 2.62 A.R. Estabragh, M. Naseh , A. A. Javadi, 2014.
Free Swell Index (%) 18.18 “Improvement of clay soil by electro-osmosis
technique” Applied Clay Science 95, 32–36
Cation exchange capacity(meq/100g) 142
Chang-Yu Ou, Shao-Chi Chien , Yi-Guang Wang,2008.
“On the enhancement of electro osmotic soil
A specific amount of oven-dried soil was mixed with improvement by the injection of saline solutions”
water to achieve a water content of 5% above the liquid
Applied Clay Science 44,130–136
limit. The undrained shear strength (USS) of the
prepared soil was measured by using laboratory vane
shear apparatus near anode, mid-portion and cathode
26
Experimental and Analytical Aspects of Active MASW Survey

M. Rahman
Department of Civil Engineering, Jorhat Engineering College, Jorhat-785007
E-mail: mustafrahman99@gmail.com
D. Baglari
Department of Civil Engineering, JIST, Jorhat-785006
E-mail: dipjyoti.baglari@gmail.com
Keywords: MASW; dispersion Analysis; field parameters; analytical parameters

1. Introduction Moreover, it is seen that vertical stacking and filtering of
Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) method, signals can increase the resolution of dispersion image
that makes use of the frequency dependent properties of significantly. The importance of field and analytical
Rayleigh type surface waves, is achieving popularity as a parameters were revealed by the comparison of
technique for subsurface exploration and characterisation. It corresponding dispersion images. In this study it was
is also used in the determination of seismic response,
seen that source-receiver offset should be greater than
liquefaction potential etc. It is a non-destructive method that
2m, to avoid adverse effects of near-offset phenomenon.
requires shorter time as well as lesser physical effort than
traditional borehole technique.
However, significant reduction of surface wave energy
was seen at geophones that are more than 70 m away
This method is utilised to evaluate the shear wave from the source. High resolution and depth of
velocity (VS) profile of soil strata. It is known that penetration up to 30 m was found with 14 m, 16 m
stiffness of a medium can be evaluated from the shear source-offset distance and 2 m receiver spacing. It was
wave velocity through shear modulus. For this reason, also seen that vertical stacking of signals and low cut
shear wave velocity is a very critical engineering
filter can help in improving the resolution of dispersion
parameter.
image.
Despite of this method’s growing efficiency over the
decades, there are some experimental and analytical
parameters that still need to be carefully chosen for
proper results. Moreover, no proper guidelines are
available for appropriate field parameters. In this study
some of these experimental and analytical parameters
have been explored.
3. Methodology
The MASW method involves three steps viz. data Fig. 1 Dispersion image showing different modes
acquisition, dispersion analysis and inversion to obtain 5. Conclusions
the VS-profile. In Active MASW method, anthropogenic Dispersion image generation and dispersion curve
sources such as sledgehammer, weight-drop etc. are used picking is a very critical step in MASW, as the inversion
for the generation of seismic signals. In this study, a 10- of the dispersion curve generates the final VS-profile.
kg sledgehammer was used. Data were acquired with 4.5 Therefore, a dispersion image of high resolution is of
Hz geophones and a 24-bit seismograph. By identifying utmost importance. Thus, for appropriate VS-profile, all
energy accumulation pattern in the dispersion image, the parameters are to be chosen carefully, which will
fundamental and higher mode dispersion curves can be lead to proper subsurface characterisation.
picked. In this paper, the performance of MASW References
method has been discussed using different parameters.
Raw data were collected with different source-receiver Park, C.B., Miller, R.D., and Xia, J.,1998a, Imaging
offset, sampling frequency, receiver spacing etc. dispersion curves of surface waves on multichannel
Analytical options such as signal processing, stacking of record: 68th Ann. Internat. Mtg. Soc. Expl. Geophys.,
signals, filters etc. have been examined to obtain Expanded Abstracts, p.1377-1380
dispersion image with high resolution. Park, C.B., Miller, R.D., and Xia, J., 1999, Multichannel
analysis of surface waves: Geophysics, v.64, n. 3, pp.
It has been found that the quality of data collected is 800-808.
influenced by near-offset and sampling frequencies.
27
A New Travelling Pluviator for Preparing Uniform Sand Samples in the

Laboratory
Sayantan Chakraborty
Ashish Juneja
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Bombay – 400076
E-mail : sayantan88ch@iitb.ac.in; ajuneja@iitb.ac.in
M.E. Raghunandan
School of Engineering, Civil Engineering, Monash University (Malaysia), Malaysia
E-mail : mavinakere.raghunandan@monash.edu
Keywords: Deposition Intensity; height of fall; pluviation; relative density
1. Introduction
Difficulties associated with obtaining undisturbed sand
samples and testing it in laboratory has directed the
engineers to look for “ideal” sample preparation
methods. Reconstituted samples are prepared in the
laboratory using air and water pluviation, dry and moist
tamping and vibration method. Each method is unique
and targets preparation of homogeneous sample and
control the density with least effort. Air pluviation is
used because it simulates the natural deposition process.
It has advantages over some of the popular methods, e.g.
particle crushing is remote, preparation time is less and
samples with better repeatability and higher relative
densities can be prepared. Lagioia et al. (2006) and other
researchers developed different pluviation setups but Fig. 1 Schematic presentation of the pluviator
each of them have some limitations. In addition, they are 4. Important Outcomes
mostly suited for triaxial testing and have little The results show that relative density increases with
application in other routine laboratory testing. There is increase in height of fall up to a threshold value beyond
also little description on the effect of pluviator which change in DI was effective. DI depends on
configuration on sample preparation. number of sieves within the set and their opening area.
2. Motivation and Objective The opening pattern also plays a significant role. For the
The objective of this paper is development of a new same opening area, DI was more for the large diameter
pluviator to prepare uniform sand samples of different openings compared to the higher number of openings.
relative densities (RD). The effect of number of sieves, Sample prepared with higher DI can lead to vertical and
number of openings and their diameter, and height of fall horizontal non uniformities. The spacing between sieves
of particles on RD of sand sample is also examined. in sieve set also effected the sample preparation. More
uniform samples were obtained with increase in number
3. Methodology of sieves. Samples prepared using the pluviator showed
This new pluviator consists of a hopper and multiple repeatable behaviour in both drained triaxial test and
circular sieves stacked one above the other. The simple shear test.
pluviator being larger than the cross section area of the
mould, it helps in uniform deposition of the particles 5. Conclusions
throughout the cross section area and also can prepare This pluviator can be used for preparing different
sample of different diameter. The range of relative diameter of uniform sand sample of RD within the range
density of sand sample depends on the deposition between 10 to 83 % by varying the height of fall and DI.
intensity (DI) and drop height of sand particles. DI was It was observed that to obtain a horizontally uniform
controlled by changing the opening area of sieves and sample the value of DI must be below 1.6 g/cm2/s.
also number of sieves in set. A fixed height of fall was References
maintained to prepare uniform samples with the help of
servo-motor controlled sieve sets. Horizontal uniformity Lagioia, R., Sanzeni, A., and Colleselli, F. (2006) Air,
of the sample was checked by placing small size moulds water and vaccum pluviation of sand specimens for the
along the cross section. The schematic diagram of the triaxial apparatus, Soils and Foundations, 46(1), 61-67.
pluviator is shown in Fig. 1.
28
Borrow Area Investigations for an Earthen Embankment Dam - A Case

Study
Vikas Kumar Jain
Mahabir Dixit
R. Chitra
Central Soil and Materials Research Station, New Delhi - 110016
E-mail : vikasjain1964@gmail.com; mdixit@nic.ii; chitra009@gmail.com
Keywords: embankment dam; borrow area; geotechnical investigations; Suknibasa Project; suitability
The borrow area investigations for the Suknibasa dam Based on the results of one dimensional consolidation
project, West Bengal was carried out by CSMRS for tests, it is inferred that the soil samples from all borrow
ascertaining the suitability of the borrow area materials areas are likely to exhibit low to medium compressibility
collected from four different borrow areas from the characteristics. The laboratory permeability test
Suknibasa project site. The papers presents the conducted on the borrow area materials indicate that the
geotechnical investigations carried out for the proposed soil samples possess impervious drainage characteristics.
Suknibasa dam project and the recommendations given Soil dispersivity identification tests (viz. Pin Hole test,
by CSMRS. Double Hydrometer test, Crumb test and Chemical
analysis on Pore Water extract) conducted on the borrow
2. Suknibasa Dam Project area material indicate that the soil samples possess non-
The Dwarakeswar River in the district of Bankura in the dispersive characteristics. The Chemical analysis (pH,
State of West Bengal has only seasonal flow of water. In CaCO3, TSS, organic matter, water soluble sulphates
order to meet the agricultural and municipal water and chlorides) carried out on the bowwow area material
requirement throughout the year and also to control the indicate that the normal behaviour of the tested soil
flood, it has been proposed to construct a reservoir at samples.
Suknibasa on the river near Bankura Town. The
Suknibasa Project comprises of 17.5 m high earthen 5. Conclusions
embankment dam with masonry and concrete overflow Based on the borrow area investigations carried out on
spillway on Dwarakeswar River, Bankura District, West the soil samples collected from the four different borrow
Bengal. areas, it was recommended that the materials from all the
four borrow areas were found suitable for the
3. Borrow Area Investigations construction of impervious core of the embankment.
The geotechnical investigation for the proposed
Suknibasa dam project was carried out by CSMRS. The The engineering properties of a soil can vary greatly
geotechnical investigation includes the foundation from gravel to clays. In order to build a quality
investigations along the dam axis and the borrow area embankment, the specific properties of the soil being
investigations. The borrow area investigations were used must be understood in order to make proper field
carried out for ascertaining the suitability of the soil judgments.
samples collected from the borrow areas located near the
project site. The borrow area materials were collected References
from four different borrow areas (Village/Mauzas) CSMRS (2014), Report on soil investigations on borrow
namely Suknibasa, Kanika, Palla and Bahara. The area soil samples for the proposed Suknibasa Dam,
collected borrow area materials were subjected to Dwarakeswar Project, West Bengal, Report No:
various soil laboratory tests such as Grain size analysis, 02/Soil – II/CSMRS/E/01/14, January 2014.
Atterberg limits, Proctor compaction, Laboratory
Permeability, Shrinkage limit, Differential free swell Jain V.K., M Dixit and Chitra R. (2014): Assessment of
index, Triaxial Shear, one dimensional consolidation and suitability of borrow area material for suitability for
Chemical analysis of soils. In addition, the selected construction of Babnai Dam, IGC-2014.
borrow area materials were subjected to soil dispersivity
identification tests for ascertaining their dispersive
characteristics. All the tests were carried out in
accordance with relevant BIS standards and other
standard procedures.
29
Effect of Test Setup Parameters on Surface Wave Dispersion

Narayan Roy
Department of Civil Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata – 700032
E-mail: narayan.roy04@gmail.com
Ravi S. Jakka
H. R. Wason
Department of Earthquake Engineering, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee – 247667
E-mail : rsjakka@gmail.com, wason2009@gmail.com
Keywords: Surface wave; dispersion; frequency-wavenumber; finite element

1. Introduction 150 and 200m for Case-I soil profile. The plot clearly
Surface wave techniques are widely used to characterize depicts the large underestimation of Rayleigh wave
a site based on the shear wave velocity (VS) or stiffness velocity for small array length.
variation with depth (Park et al., 1998; Socco and Modal Curves Array Length - 25m
Strobbia, 2004). Surface wave methods are based on the Array Length - 50m Array Length - 100m
Array Length - 150m Array Length - 200m
dispersive nature of Rayleigh wave in vertically
500
heterogeneous media. Dispersion phenomena makes the Phase Velocity (m/s) 450
surface wave/ Rayleigh wave frequency dependent, i.e.,
different frequency waves penetrate different depths and 400
attains different phase velocities based on the subsurface 350
properties up to that depth. In site characterization using 300
surface wave methods with active source, waves are 250
generated using an impulse/ periodic source and these 200
waves are recorded at several distances using vertically 150
mounted geophones. These recorded data are then 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
analyzed to generate the experimental dispersion curve. Frequency (Hz)
Finally, experimental dispersion curve is inverted to
Fig. 1 Effect of Array length on surface wave dispersion
extract VS profiles.
2. Motivation and Objective 5. Conclusions
Proper and reliable estimate of Rayleigh wave dispersion
curves not only depends on the varying subsurface With the increase in half-space impedance, i.e. increase
scenarios but different acquisition parameters also affect in half-space velocity may results in mode jump in the
the estimation significantly. In this article an attempt has phase velocity at the lower frequencies. So, for near bed-
been made to study the dependency of dispersion rock scenario, attention must be given to the lower
behaviour on different test setup parameters. frequency information of the dispersion spectra. Array
length, inter-receiver spacing and source to fist receiver
3. Methodology distance also affect the dispersion phenomena
Finite Element has been used to model the wave significantly.
propagation with a half-sine pulse of duration 0.012s.
Normally dispersive soil profile with three different References
impedances has been used in the simulation. Velocity Park, C.B., Miller, R.D. and Xia, J. (1998) Imaging
time histories have been generated at 2m interval with a dispersion curves of surface waves on multichannel
total array length of 200m. Simulated velocity time record: in Expanded Abstracts, 68th Annual Meeting
histories at different locations from the source are then Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1377–1380.
analysed using the frequency-wave number (f-k) method
which identifies the maximum energy peak which Socco, L.V. and Strobbia, L.C. (2004) Surface wave
develops in the f-k spectrum for a particular wave methods for near-surface characterization: A tutorial:
number to extract the dispersion curve. Dispersion Near Surface Geophysics, 2, 165–185.
curves have been generated for different acquisition
parameters such as array length, near offset distance and
receiver spacing.
To study the effect of different array lengths a plot (Fig.
1) has been prepared for array lengths of 25, 50, 100,
30
Effect of Source Characteristics in Passive Roadside MASW Survey

Dipjyoti Baglari
Department of Civil Engineering, Jorhat Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat – 785010
E-mail :dipjyoti.baglari@gmail.com
Arindam Dey
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati – 785039
E-mail : arindamdeyiitk@gmail.com
Keywords: MASW, Passive roadside, offline, intra-line, outer-line

1. Introduction To study the offline characteristics of sources, receiver
Passive method of Multichannel Analysis of Surface array has been placed at varying distances from the road
wave (MASW) technique utilizes ambient vibrations to centre as shown in Fig.1. To pursue the effect of various
determine sub-surface characteristics in the form of Vs source positions such as intra-line and outer-line with
profile (Park et al. 2007). Ambient noises in all other respect to the receiver array, one deliberate obstruction
geophysical test act as noises, but are effectively used in has been placed within the length of receiver array
passive MASW survey. Passive Roadside survey utilizes (between 8th and 9th geophone) and outside the receiver
a linear 1-D receiver array along the shoulder or nearby array (20m away from first receiver) respectively to give
area of a road unlike the use of 2-D receiver array in the situation desired.
Passive remote Survey which substantially reduces the
labour of the process and thereby making it a more 4. Important Outcomes
practical method than the later (Park and Miller 2008). It It has been observed that increase in offline distance to
can yield subsurface information upto a depth of 100m 20m reduces the resolution of dispersion image in
depending upon characteristics of traffic load. passive roadside survey with 1-D array. In such cases a
2-D array may be useful depending upon the depth of
2. Motivation and Objective strata to be investigated. Intra-line situation shows a
The receiver array in passive roadside survey bound to better energy accumulation in low frequency region
be laid off the road making the sources of wave while outer-line source yields a better resolution in
generation offline in respect to the array. Again there can higher frequency region.
be multiple numbers of sources which may be intra-line
or outer-line with respect to the array. These two 5. Conclusions
situations expected to be crucial in the resolution of Both the aspects considered have been found to have
dispersion image which is the prime input for the final significant impact on resultant dispersion image. As the
Vs profile to be obtained. Hence study of both these offline distance increases resolution of dispersion image
situations is the objective of the current study. tends to decrease, although no change in their domain of
phase velocity and frequency has been observed. Intra-
3. Methodology line and outer-line source situations yield dispersion
Detailed experimentation has been conducted to study image of different energy trend at different frequency
the aforementioned aspects in the campus of IIT- zone.
Guwahati, India.
N References
Park, C. B. and Miller, R.D. (2008) Roadside Passive
Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW),
Source positions 20m
5m Journal of Environmental and Engineering
ch #1
#2
ch #1
#2
Geophysics, Vol. 13, pp. 1-11.
Park, C. B., Miller, R. D., Xia, J. and Ivanov, J. (2007)
IITG Lake
ch #24 ch #24
Multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW)-
Receiver Receiver active and passive methods, The Leading Edge, pp. 01-
location 1 location 2 06.
Hostel Siang
Fig.1 Layout of reiever array in the site
31
Impact of Offset on the Resolution of Dispersion Image in Active

MASW Survey
Jumrik Taipodia
Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Arunachal Pradesh
E-mail: jumrik@iitg.ernet.in
Arindam Dey
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati –781039
E-mail: arindamdeyiitg16@gmail.com
Keywords: Resolution; Offset; Dispersion image, MASW Introduction

1. Introduction
Surface waves become planar (or sometimes called
stabilized) only after travelling a certain distance from
the source and this distance can be diagnosed as a
function of wavelength (Stokoe et al. 1994, Park et al.
1999). A longer wavelength takes a greater distance
before it becomes planar. There will be two kinds of
effects due to offset distance i.e. the near-field effects
and the far-field effects (Park et al. 1999). Multichannel
analysis of surface waves (MASW) is an emerging Fig 1: Dispersion images for 0 m and 10 m offset
surface wave method to characterize the subsurface
stratigraphy. Near field and far field effects affect the Figure 1 shows the difference in the dispersion images
resolution of the dispersion image. This paper describes obtained from 0m and 1m offset. Here, it can be clearly
the effect of offset in the resolution of dispersion images. seen that 10m dispersion curve shows a good energy
A soft soil site is chosen at IIT Guwahati campus for trend.
carrying out MASW test with varying offset. The
corresponding dispersion images for each offset was 5. Conclusions
obtained and compared against their resolution. There exists an optimum offset distance which yields a
dispersion image with good resolution. From the present
2. Motivation and Objective study, the optimum offset for softer substrata has been
The motive of the present work is to study the impact of established to be 10m.
offset parameters on the resolution of the dispersion
image. References
Park, C.B., Miller, R.D. and Xia, J. (1999) Multichannel
3. Methodology analysis of surface waves. Geophysics. 64(3), pp. 800-
Experiment was carried out at cricket field in IIT 808
Guwahati (26°19'06.3''N, 91°69'70.28''E). The chosen
site is characterized as soft clay as per borehole records. Stokoe II, K. H. and Nazarian, S. (1983) Effectiveness of
The offset distance during the test was varied from 0m to ground improvement from SASW. Proceedings of 8th
15 m for each receiver spacing of 1m to 3 m. Surfseis Europe Conference, 1, pp. 91-94
has been used for the processing of the data. Dispersion
image was obtained after importing the acquired data in
software. The resolution of the dispersion images for
various offset spacing was obtained and studied.
The results show that offset is vital for obtaining good
resolution dispersion images. Optimum offset parameter
need to be evaluated before carrying out the test to
determine dispersion analysis.
32
Effect of Anisotropy on Stress-Strain & Pore Pressure Response of

Micaceous Sand under Undrained Compression Loading Conditions
P. Seethalakshmi
Ajanta Sachan
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar - 382355
E-mail: seethalakshmi.p@iitgn.ac.in; ajanta@iitgn.ac.in
Keywords: Micaceous sand; Anisotropy; Stress path; Undrained shear; Bridging; Ordering
1. Introduction ratio (Kc) upto 0.58 and became almost constant at
Geotechnical investigations generally consider soils to higher Kc (0.32). In spite of having greater volumetric
be isotropic and hence the isotropic failure criteria have strain at the end of consolidation, the isotropically
been commonly used to define the shear behavior of consolidated specimen achieved least peak deviatoric
soils. However, several factors such as particle shape, stress. The initial higher contractive response was
pre-stress history, natural deposition, constant stress- diminished and contributed to dilative nature of soil with
ratio path consolidation cause soils to exhibit inherent & the decrease in Kc. The effective stress path was
induced anisotropy resulting in varying complex observed to be asymptotic after phase transformation
mechanical behavior (Kato et al. 2001, Finge et al. 2006) state irrespective of varying Kc.
as compared to isotropic conditions.
Platy mica particles with numerous foliated mica flakes
have inherent material anisotropy. When micaceous sand
undergoes consolidation with several constant effective
stress ratio path (Kc=σ3’/σ1’), increment of stress along
major axis of consolidation may substantially influence
the sand-mica particle alignment and hence affect its
undrained shear behavior. The objective of the current
study is to explore the effect of stress induced anisotropy Fig. 1 Effective stress path behavior of micaceous sand
with varying Kc during consolidation on undrained shear 5. Conclusions
characteristics of micaceous sand due to the variation in The platy mica particle’s unique metastable geometric
particle spatial arrangement (internal structure). arrangement with sand due to bridging & ordering along
3. Methodology with pore filling (Lee et al. 2007) during specimen
Micaceous sand specimens were prepared by mixing preparation could be significantly affected by application
80% Sabarmati sand particles with 20% mica of additional axial stress (pre-shearing stress). With
(muscovite) particles by weight at oven-dried condition increase in anisotropy (decrease in Kc), the attainment of
until the attainment of uniform state. Large size (100mm relatively stable geometric configuration of sand and
diameter & 200mm height) micaceous sand specimens mica particles would be highly responsible for the
were prepared at 1.64 g/cm3 & 10% water content using observed effective stress path response of micaceous
moist tamping method to get utmost random orientation sand under undrained conditions.
of flaky mica particles. The specimens were saturated References
under 150kPa back pressure to ensure B-value greater
than or equal to 0.97. The samples were consolidated Finge, Z., Doanh, T. and Dubujet, P. (2006) Undrained
under isotropic (Kc=1.0) and different anisotropic anisotropy of Hostun RF loose sand: new experimental
investigations, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 43(11),
conditions (Kc=0.74, 0.58, 0.32) with constant radial
pp.1195-1212.
confining pressure (70kPa). The specimens were then
sheared instantaneously at constant strain rate of 0.1% Kato, S., Ishihara, K. and Towhata, I. (2001) Undrained shear
per minute under undrained compression loading characteristics of saturated sand under anisotropic
conditions until the specimen failed or the axial strain consolidation, Soils and Foundations, 41(1), pp. 1-11.
reached 20% whichever was earlier. Lee, J.S., Guimaraes, M. and Santamarina, J.C. (2007)
Micaceous sands: Microscale mechanisms and macroscale
4. Observations response, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental
Figure 1 shows the effective stress paths of micaceous Engineering, ASCE, 133(9), pp.1136-1143.
sand at different stress ratio (Kc) varying from 1.0 to
0.32 representing isotropic to various anisotropic
conditions respectively. The failure stress or peak
deviatoric stress was increased with decrease in stress
33
Stability assessment of a cut slope and its stabilization aspects

Sandeep Kumar Mondal
Mithresh K P
Sreedeep S
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati – 781039
E-mail : mondal@iitg.ernet.in; mithresh@iitg.ernet.in; srees@iitg.ernet.in
Keywords: rockfall; finite element method; support system; critical strength reduction factor
1. Introduction
Cutting of natural slopes for the purpose of construction
of transportation corridors is very common these days
for better connectivity. Human safety and economic
alternatives has to be kept at paramount importance
during the execution of such construction activities.
Hence, the choice of appropriate protection measures
should also consider the economic aspects in addition to
its effectiveness. The installation of support systems and
its effectiveness relies on the proper understanding of
the failure mechanism of the rock slope. Towards this a
detailed stability analysis consisting of kinematic
analysis and numerical analysis is to be carried out to
quantify the extent and severity of the rock slope failure.
2. Motivation and Objective Fig. 1 Explicit jointed model of rock slope
The selection of adequate support systems and
mitigation measures are of prime concern towards Table 1 SRF with changing slope scenarios
achieving an economically yet efficient solution. The Case Scenario SRF
present study attempts to come up with a possible
economically viable solution using rockfall analysis and 1 Without slope modification 0.59
numerical simulation.
2 With slope modification 0.61
3. Methodology
The concerned rock slope consists of numerous joint 3 Modified slope with bolts 1.53
sets (Fig. 1) but vulnerability is predominantly due to
critical joint sets dipping towards NE to SE directions 5. Conclusions
(Singh et al. 2015). The analysis consists of kinematic The results of the analyses revealed that the rock slope
analysis to understand the potential for different failure is extremely susceptible to failure and hence tensioned
modes whose outcomes will be utilized in rockfall end anchors were provided which seemed to sufficiently
analysis to predict the trajectory, velocity and kinet ic improve the stability. Also slope modification by
energy of falling rock blocks. A finite element based increasing the bench width significantly reduced the
numerical analysis using Phase2 (Rocscience 2016) is number of rock blocks reaching the highway.
also performed to determine the overall stability and
thus to envisage on adequate mitigation and/or References
protection measures. Rocscience (2016) Phase2 v9.020, finite element
4. Important Outcomes analysis for excavations and slopes, Rocscience Inc.,
From the kinematic analysis, it is clearly observed that Ontario
wedge failures are dominant in this region. Moreover, Singh, P.K., Kainthola, A., Prasad, S., Singh, T.N.
due to these joint sets, rocks are segmented into blocks (2015) Protection measures on the failed cut-slope
of varying sizes thus prone to future rockfall activity. along the free expressway, Chembur,Mumbai,India,
The results of the numerical analysis revealed the Journal of the Geological Society of India, 86(6), pp.
extreme vulnerability of the slope towards failure and 687-695.
demands immediate installation of support systems.
However, to undermine the effect of rockfall activity
slope modification by increasing the bench width is
suggested which produced satisfactory results. Table 1
shows the variation of critical strength reduction factor
(SRF) with slope modification.
34
A New Electric Miniature Cone to Prepare Laboratory Control

Samples
Ashish Juneja
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai – 400076
E-mail: ajuneja@iitb.ac.in
Anurag S. Chafale
Rajendra Singh Bisht
E-mail: anuragchafale@gmail.com, rajendra.bishtz@gmail.com
Keywords: Rigidity index; strain path; tip resistance; undrained shear strength
1. Introduction different methods. The rigidity index, G/su in Eqs. 1a-b
Cone penetrometer testing (CPT) is one of the most was obtained from triaxial tests on clay samples at
popular methods because it yields a continuous strength different OCR (Juneja et al. 2013). Eqs. 1a and 1b yield
profile of the ground. The soil properties are estimated Nk of 9.1 and 8.1, respectively, which tightly fits Nk of
from the measured cone-tip resistance using site-specific about 8.2 obtained from laboratory CPT and VST.
correlations. These correlations are usually obtained by
comparing the tip resistance to the “true” in-situ strength
measured using other devices e.g. vane shear apparatus.
Unfortunately, many-a-times the vane shear test, VST
may not be feasible in medium to stiff soils.
Furthermore, the latter only yields intermittent results,
leaving user-dependent interpolation between the results.
This paper introduces a new electrically controlled and
computer monitored miniature cone penetrometer for
laboratory testing. It analytically explores the use of
strain-path method to back-calculate the soil properties
from the measured cone-tip resistance.
Evaluation of the soil properties from the cone-tip
resistance is complex because there is no unique cone
factor, Nk which is applicable for all soil types. Fig. 1 Details of Fig. 2 Comparison of
Therefore, a theoretical method can be a good alternative miniature cone experimental and
with which the correlation between the soil properties penetrometer theoretical su profile
and the tip resistance can be estimated. More often than
not, the “accuracy” of this prediction is debatable. Two 5. Conclusions
issues are discussed in this paper. First, the development A miniature cone is developed and can readily be used
of a new electric miniature cone which can readily be for routine laboratory testing. There is good agreement
used for preparing control samples in routine laboratory between Nk obtained from laboratory testing and the
testing, is introduced. This 10 mm diameter cone can strain path method.
easily be fabricated using high-grade stainless steel by References
embedding four strain-gauges within it to complete the
full Wheatstone bridge circuit. Second, the undrained Baligh, M. M. (1985) Strain path method, Journal of Soil
shear strength profile, su obtained from laboratory CPT Mechanics and Foundation Division, 111(9), pp. 1108-
and the theoretical method are compared and discussed. 1136.
Teh, C. I. and Houlsby, G. T. (1991) An analytical study
3. Methodology of cone penetration test in clay, Geotechnique, 41(1),
Clay beds were prepared using the conventional method pp. 17-34.
of slurry consolidation. su profile of the bed was obtained Juneja, A., Mir, B. A. and Roshan, N. S. (2013) Effect of
using CPT and VST. su obtined from CPT was also the smear zone around SCP improved composite
compared to Baligh’s (1985) strain path method using samples tested in the laboratory, International Journal
the equations proposed by Teh and Houlsby (1991). of Geomechanics, 13(1), pp. 16-25.
Fig. 1 shows the details of the new cone. Fig. 2 shows
the su profile of the clay bed obtained using the four
35
Quality Inspection of Road Surface using Ground Penetrating Radar

Silky Agrawal
GeoCarte Radar Tech. Pvt. Ltd., Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar – 382355
E-mail : silky.agrawal@iitgn.ac.in
Amit Prashant
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar – 382355
E-mail : amit.prashant@iitgn.ac.in
Keywords: GPR, Highway inspection, void detection, non-destructive

1. Introduction been analyzed using TF advanced analysis tool proposed
This study presents the potential application of non- by Agrawal, S. et al., 2015.
destructive geophysical method, Ground Penetrating
Radar (GPR) implemented for road and highway 4. Important Outcomes
inspection purposes. A case study has been presented in Fig: 1 represents parts of 2-D profiles over the road
this article where GPR is used for mapping the road sub surface. The void impression has been encircled in Fig:
surface profile as well as to locate underneath voids 1(a). One can observe the signatures from void as well as
created due to improper compaction during construction from utility service pipeline present there have been
stages, in order to prevent extension of cracks to the road differentiated on the basis signal polarity. Fig: 1(b)
surface. The case study proves the potentiality of GPR to depicts sectional profile of road surface where different
be applied for the quality control and maintenance layers of the road subsurface have been demarcated.
purpose for the assessment of road condition and its
health monitoring.
Road safety has become an issue of prime concern owing
to the increasing number of road mishaps occurring in
recent times. The efficiency of transportation
infrastructure maintenance can be improved to a
Fig. 1 2-D profiles over the road surface
significant level with the use of non-invasive GPR
technology (Evans et al., 2008). Agrawal, S. et al., 2015 5. Conclusions
proposes new time-frequency (TF) analysis tool for weak This study aimed at locating potential zones of void
signal GPR data which provides enhanced resolution creation under the road surface and mapping the
subsurface profiles in every domain. An attempt has sectional profile using non-invasive technology, GPR.
been made in this study to implement GPR along with The time-frequency analysis tool has shown great
advanced analysis in TF domain for voids detection enhancement in the target resolution and could
under the road surface that causes deterioration of distinguished the features which could not be easily
transportation infrastructure. detected otherwise in conventionally processed profiles.
Hence, it can be concluded from this study that GPR
3. Methodology
along with specific analysis tool holds tremendous
Ground Penetrating Radar is one of the useful non-
potential to be applied for detecting unsound spots for
destructive geophysical methods for subsurface
rehabilitation leading to improved efficiency of transport
investigation. It is based on Electromagnetic technique
infrastructure maintenance work.
and provides high resolution subsurface profile which is
used to detect subsurface features. In this case study, a References
survey has been conducted to map all the possible
underground voids using GPR to prevent the crack Evans, R. D., Frost, M. W., Stonecliffe-Jones, M., &
propagation on the road surface hence preventing the Dixon, N. (2008). A review of pavement assessment
road damage. The survey was conducted over a road using ground penetrating radar (GPR).
stretch of 200 m with a width of around 23 m. The data Agrawal, S., George, N. V., & Prashant, A. (2015). GPR
was collected using GSSI SIR-3000 GPR system data analysis of weak signals using modified s-
equipped with 400 MHz antenna to cover the depth upto transform. Journal of Geotechnical and Geological
3 m. As the area to be covered was large, the data was Engineering, 33(5), 1167-1182.
collected in a grid of spacing of 3.0 m. The raw data was
processed adequately using RADAN 7 to make it
interpretative. Further, to enhance the resolution of
conventionally processed subsurface profiles, data has
36
Influence of grain size and its distribution on the deformation modulus

and stress strain characteristics of sands
K. Sabarishri
K. Premalatha
R. Arivazhagan
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Guindy, Chennai – 25, Tamilnadu, India.
E-mail: sabarikalyan@gmail.com; kvprema@yahoo.co.in ; arivu000@gmail.com
Keywords: D50; Deformation modulus; Stress strain curve; fine sand, coarse sand, medium size sand.
1. Introduction failure region. Hence the difference in angle of internal

The stress strain characteristic of granular materials is friction is lesser than the deformation modulus.
influenced with grain size, their distribution and packing.
The individual soil grain influences the load 5. Conclusions
transformation mechanism of granular soil mass, as the In sandy soils, the engineering properties are influenced
load is transferred from particle to particle and it by grain size and its distribution. The influence is
depends on their individual response. dominant on the deformation modulus than the angle of
internal friction. The increase in order of deformation
2. Motivation and Objective modulus is, Fine sand < Coarse sand < medium size
In the past few decades, the laboratory and numerical sand. Though the angle of internal friction also follows
tests done by researchers to evaluate the influence of the same trend as that of deformation modulus in the
particle size leave an ambiguity with contradictory order of increase, the difference in the variation is
conclusions. Most of the literature on the mechanical neglible.
properties of sand focuses on the compressive behavior
of sand. But in a geomechanics perspective and its Table-1 D50 and Deformation moduli of the tested sands
applications, it is necessary to study the mechanical S.no Sample D50 Ei E50 E65
properties of individual grains. This paper reports some 1 Fine sand 0.18 20000.0 10600 8840
of our preliminary findings of the tests conducted to 2 Coarse sand 0.60 12000.0 6750 6130
understand the influence of grain size and its distribution 3 Medium size sand 0.45 18000.0 8610 8520
on the deformation and stress strain characteristics of
sand.
3. Methodology
The fine sand, medium size sand and coarse sand used
for the study were separated by sieve analysis in the
laboratory, from four natural sand samples collected at
1.5m depth from Palar river basin of Tamil Nadu, India.
Static tri-axial tests were conducted on the three sands at
a dry density ranging from 1.49-1.59g/cc for confining
pressures of 100kPa, 200kPa and 300kPa. All the tests
were conducted at a strain rate of 0.6mm/min at dry Fig : D50 Vs Ei
conditions..The deformation modulus Ei,E50 and E65 References
were estimated for all the tested sands to understand the Awad Al –Karni et al (2006) Modeling of stress strain
influence of grain size on the deformation modulus. One curves for drained triaxial test on sand, American
of the plots of D50 Vs E50 is presented in fig1. The Journal of Applied Sciences, 3: 2108-2113
influence of grain size in the stress strain characteristics
are established using D50, the average grain size based Frederick, M.R. (1961), “Notes on the Shape of
on the theory of contact mechanics. Particles& Its Influence on the Properties of Sand”
Proc. of theMidland Soil Mechanics and Foundation
4. Important Outcomes Engineering Society, Birmingham, vol. 4, pp. 157-162
Through the experimental results and theoretical
explanation based on the theory of contact mechanics, it Gardner, M. (1966) ``Packing Spheres.'' Martin
is established that the grain size and its distribution has Gardner's New Mathematical Diversions. from
influence on the Engineering properties of sand. Scientific American. New York: Simon and Schuste
However it is dominant in the elastic region than in the Chapter 7.
37
Finite Element Modeling of Piled Raft Foundation in Clay Soil

Shivanand Mali
Baleshwar Singh
E-mail: shivanand.mali@iitg.ernet.in; baleshwar@iitg.ernet.in
Keywords: piled raft; numerical analysis; average settlement ratio

The construction of high rise building on clay may With increase in embedment depth, the average
become unsafe if the soil possesses inadequate bearing settlement ratio decreases significantly at lower pile
capacity or undergoes excessive settlement. In such length to diameter (Lp/dp) ratio whereas the settlement
cases, piled raft can be considered as foundation reduction was observed to be marginal at higher Lp/dp
alternative to accomplish the bearing capacity ratio (Fig. 1).
requirement and minimize the settlement. A piled raft
comprises of raft, piles, and subsoil; and its behavior is 1
Average settlement ratio, Ravg

Br = 15 m, tr = 0.5 m, dp = 1.0 m, Sp = 4 m, Np = 9
governed by the 3D interaction of these three elements.
0.8
Literature review indicates that numerical studies have 0.6
been carried out on the bearing (Sanctis and Mandolini
2006) and settlement behavior (Lee et al. 2010; Cho et 0.4
al. 2012) of piled rafts in clay soils. The objective of
this study is to understand both the bearing and 0.2 de = 0.0 m de = 1.0 m
de = 2.0 m de = 3.0 m
settlement behavior of piled raft foundation by means of de = 4.0 m de = 5.0 m
3D numerical analysis. The effects of parameters such 0
as raft width, raft embedment depth, modulus of 0 10 20 30 40 50
elasticity of soil, loading type, and intensity of applied Pile Length/ Pile diameter, Lp /dp
loading have been studied. Fig. 1 Effect of raft embedment on average settlement ratio
3. Methodology
The objective of the study is fulfilled by conducting a 5. Conclusions
series of 3D finite element numerical simulations. The With increase in raft width, raft embedment depth and
soil was modeled as 10-node tetrahedral elements with modulus of elasticity of soil, the average settlement
elastic perfectly plastic Mohr-Coulomb model under ratio decreases. With increase in raft width, percentage
undrained condition. The raft and piles were modeled load carried by piles decreases. However, with increase
respectively as 5-node triangular plate elements and 4- in modulus of elasticity of soil, the percentage load
node line elements with linear-elastic behavior. The carried by piles is marginally affected. Moreover, the
lateral boundaries were placed at a distance of twice the effect of type of loading is observed to be minimal on
raft width from the foundation edge. Fine mesh has been settlement and load sharing between raft and piles.
selected for the entire soil domain except near the
structural elements where very fine mesh was chosen. References
The physical and mechanical properties of the soil are
Cho, J., Lee J., Jeong, S. and Lee, J. (2012) The
tabulated in Table 1.
settlement behavior of piled raft in clay soils, Ocean
Table-1 Physical and mechanical properties of soil Engineering, 53, pp. 153 - 163.
Material Properties Units Values Lee, J., Kim, Y. and Jeong, S. (2010) Three-dimentional
Unsat.unit weight,γunsat kPa 16 analysis of bearing behavoir of piled raft on soft clay,
Young’s modulus, Es MPa 25 Computers and Geotechnics, 37, pp. 103-114.
Soil Poisson’s ratio, νs - 0.495 Sanctis, L.D. and Mandolini, A. (2006) Bearing
Undrained cohesion,cu kPa 25 capacity of the piled rafts on soft clays, J. of Geotech.
Friction angle, φ (°) - 0 and Geoenv. Engg., 132(12), pp. 1600-1610.
38
Effect of Fin Length and Fin Width on the Behaviour of Piles under
Combined Loading Conditions
Rekha Ambi
Jayasree P K
College of Engineering Trivandrum, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala - 695016
Email: rekha_ambi@hotmail.com; jayasreepk@cet.ac.in
Unnikrishnan N
Government Engineering College, Thrissur, Kerala - 680009
Email: unnikrishnan_n@yahoo.com
Keywords: Finned Pile; Combined loading; Sand

1. Introduction
Large diameter monopiles or smaller diameter group to the increase in area of resistance and stiffness of the
piles are b ein g widely used as foundations for tall piles. Figure 1 shows the variation of the ultimate load
structures. These foundations are usually subjected to with length of the fin.
large loads like wind loads and earthquake loads, which
could exceed 30% of its gravity load. Thus the lateral 70
load capacity is an important design consideration. Max. Load (kN) 60
Investigations on the lateral load response of finned
50
piles using small scale laboratory model tests have been
40 Wf = 89mm
carried out. Finned piles were subjected to combined
vertical and lateral loads. Influence of the design 30 Wf = 66.75 mm
parameters related to the geometry of the pile and the 20 Wf= 44.5mm
fins on the behaviour were studied. 10
Wf=22.25mm
0
Literature review has revealed some lacunae in the case 50 100 150 200 250 300
of studies on fin piles. The effect of combined loading Length of Fin (mm)
on finned piles have not yet been studied. Hence this
paper focusses on the quantification of the improvement Fig. 1 Variation of lateral load with fin length
in lateral resistance of fin piles by varying the length of
fins under combined loading condition. 5. Conclusions
3. Methodology The results will pave way for quantification of the
Experimental studies were conducted on monopiles and improvement in lateral resistance of fin piles.
fin piles under lateral loading and combined lateral and References
axial loading. To investigate the effect of fin length on
the behaviour of fin piles, a series of experiments was Bienen, B., Duhrkop, J., Grabe, J., Randolph, M. F. and
performed with fin length to pile length ratios of 0.2, White, D. (2012) Response of piles with wings to
0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 keeping the fin width constant. Monotonic and Cyclic Lateral Loading in Sand,
Experiments were also carried out on regular piles Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental
(without fins) to be used as a reference for comparison Engineering, 138(3), pp. 364-375.
of performance of regular and fin piles.
Karthigeyan, S., Ramakrishna, V.V.G.S.T. and
4. Important Outcomes Rajagopal, K. (2006) Influence of vertical load on
The lateral displacement and resistance to lateral load lateral response of piles in sand, Computers and
of the pile head from the results of the pile tests were Geotechnics, 33, pp. 121-131.
recorded and plotted as p-y curves. From these, the
ultimate load endured by the piles were determined. Nasr, A.M.A. (2014) Experimental and theoretical
studies of laterally loaded finned piles in sand,
It is seen from the p-y curves that the piles with fins Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 51, pp. 381-393.
provide considerably higher ultimate lateral loads and
lateral resistance compared with regular pile. It is seen Peng, J. R., Rouainia, M. and Clarke, B. G. (2010).
from Fig. 1 that with the increase in fin length and fin Finite Element Analysis on laterally loaded fin piles in
width, the load carrying capacity increases. This is due sand, Computers and Structures, 88, pp. 1239-1247.
39
Comparison of Pseudo-Static and Pseudo-Dynamic Analysis of Ultimate

Bearing Capacity of Shallow Strip Footing Resting On Layered Soil
Litan Debnath
Sima Ghosh
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Agartala – 799046
E-mail: litandbnth4@gmail.com; sima.cvl@gmail.com
Keywords: Pseudo-static; Particle swarm optimization; Layered soil; bearing capacity ratio
1. Introduction 4. Conclusions
Bearing capacity problem is one of the earliest subjects An attempt has been made to compare the bearing
in geotechnical engineering and several methods have capacity analysis between pseudo-static and pseudo-
been widely applied to this problem. These methods may dynamic analysis. In the analysis, it is considered that the
be executed analytically, numerically or experimentally. top layer is weaker than the bottom layer. On the basis of
To find the bearing capacity of layered soil whereas analysis it is seen that in major parametric combination
weak layer soil overlaying by strong layered soil in Pseudo-dynamic analysis getting lesser bearing capacity
seismic condition arises frequently in foundation values than pseudo-static analysis.
engineering. Various methods have been applied to
compute the bearing capacity of footing resting on References
layered soil. Ahmadi and Kouchaki (2016) investigate
the ultimate bearing capacity of two layered clay. They Ahmadi, M. M., Kouchaki, B. M. (2016) New and
introduced two equations using finite difference method simple equations for ultimate bearing capacity of strip
that enable the geotechnical engineer to determine the footings on two-layered clays: numerical study. Int. J.
undrained ultimate bearing capacity of shallow Geomech., 10.1061/ (ASCE) GM.1943-5622.0000615.
foundation resting on two layered clay.
The objective of the paper is to compare the pseudo-
static and pseudo-dynamic analysis of ultimate bearing
capacity of shallow strip footing resting on layered soil.
3. Methodology
Failure surface generated as shown in Fig.1 indicates at
failure, active pressures resulting from qult , the weight
of wedge ABDFE produces soil pressure to the left side
of face BDF. On the right hand side, surcharge
q1  1Df and the weight of wedge BJKFD produces
passive pressure on the same face BDF. At equilibrium,
the components of two active and passive thrust acting
on the wall in opposite directions are equal.
40
Evaluation of Bearing Capacity for Skirted Foundation on Sand
Kangkan Sarma
Nayanmoni Chetia
Department of Civil Engineering, Jorhat Engineering College, Jorhat– 785007
E-mail: sarma.kangkan@yahoo.com; nayanmoni chetia@gmail.com
Keywords: skirted foundation; shape ratio; skirt depth ratio; improvement factor; bearing capacity ratio
The shallow footings fail mainly due to the shear failure The inclusion of structural skirts in conjunction with
of soil below it. When the super structural load gets conventional shallow foundations provide better
transferred to the soil below the footing, it is displaced performance in terms of increase in the bearing capacity
from its position due to shear failure of soil. Such as well as settlement. The bearing capacity increases
failure can be duely taken care of by providing some with the increase in the length of the embedment of
kind of confinement around the soil below the footing. skirts.
In this case, structural skirts serve as an alternative
method of improving the bearing capacity and reducing 5. Conclusions
the settlement of footing resting on soil. Skirts provided A series of load tests were conducted in a model test
with foundations, form an enclosure in which soil is tank to evaluate the performance in terms of bearing
strictly confined and acts as a soil plug to transfer super capacity improvement factors for the above mentioned
structural load to soil. In comparison to a surface footings.
foundation, the skirt transfers the load to a greater depth Based on the experimental and analytical studies
i.e., to a stronger layer of soil; thus mobilizing higher carried out in this investigation, the following specific
bearing capacity. conclusions were drawn:
2. Motivation and Objective 1. For L/B=1, L/B=2 and L/B=6, the ultimate bearing
The main objective of the study is to determine the capacity is increased by an improvement factor of
improvement in bearing capacity of skirted foundation 2.6 and 2.67 for circular footings on sand.
on sand by experimental study against the different
parameter – shape ratios (i.e. L/B), relative density (Rd), 2. For each type of footing, improvement in bearing
skirt depth ratio (Ds/B). Finally, performing the capacity is higher for lower relative density. This is
regression analysis on experimental results two bearing due to the better confinement of sand below the
capacity equations are evaluated. footing due to the skirts. Also square skirts show
the best performance
3. Methodology
The test set up comprises of the loading frame, inverted 3. The BCR increases with skirt length (i.e., Ds/B)
hydraulic jack, pumping unit and the test tank almost parabolically. However, the rate of increase
essentially with the various footing assembly. The in bearing capacity with skirt ratio (Ds/B) is not
loading frame comprises of the reaction frame properly same for all size of footings at different relative
loaded with cement concrete cubes. A mechanically densities.
operated hydraulic jack of 100kN capacity is clamped to
it. Pre calibrated pressure gauge of 5kg least count is References
used to measure the magnitude of the applied load. Sand
sample taken in this study are tested and properties were Al-Aghbari, M.Y. and Mohamedzein, Y.E.A. (2004)
determined as per IS: 2720 (part-4)-1985 and IS:2720 Bearing capacity of strip foundations with structural
(part-13)-1986. The model foundations were made up of skirts, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering,
steel plate of thickness 6mm. The surfaces of plate as 22(1), pp. 43-57.
well as skirt were made rough before placing in the test
Aghbari, M.Y. and Mohamedzein, Y.E.A. (2006)
tank. Three different sizes of steel plates 150mm
Improving the performance of circular foundation,
×150mm, 150mm ×300mm and 150mm × 900mm were
Ground improvement, 10(3), pp. 125-132.
used as model footings to represent various shapes of
square, rectangular and strip footing with L/B =1, 2 and Bell F. G. (1993) Engineering Treatment of Soils, Spon
6 and two different diameters D1=15cm, D2=30cm steel Press, Londo.
plate were used to represent circular footing.
Pusadkar S.S. and Bhatkar T. (2013) Behavior of raft
foundation with vertical skirt using plaxis 2d, 7(6),
PP. 20-24.
41
Pullout Behavior of Model Helical Anchor in Cohesionless Deposit

Neha Nasreen
Department of Civil Engineering, KIIT, Odisha
Email: nehansrn@gmail.com
Ashok Kumar Khan

Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, Jamshedpur - 831014
Email: akkhan.ce@nitjsr.ac.in
Keywords: Cohesionless deposit, Helical Anchor, PLAXIS 2D, Pullout test, Ultimate Uplift Capacity
1. Introduction density of soil. Comparisons plots have been done to
This paper presents the investigation of pullout behavior study the behavior on varying different parameters.
of model helical anchor in cohesionless deposit. A
series of laboratory pullout tests were conducted. The 8
L/d = 2, R.D = 40%
ultimate uplift capacity of the model helical anchor was Dia = 75 mm
studied by varying the diameter of helix, embedment 6 Dia = 100mm
Uplift (mm)
ratio and relative density of soil. A finite element Dia = 125mm
analysis was conducted using PLAXIS 2D package to 4
validate the experimental results.
2
A number of structures are subjected to large uplift
0
forces. Proper underpinning is necessary for the stability
0 100 200 out load300 400 500
of these structures. Helical anchor is the most versatile Pull (N)
ground anchor which is being increasingly used for Fig. 1 Load v/s uplift curve with change in diameter
underpinning applications. However, the design
procedures for helical anchors depend on thumb rules
Dia = 75mm, R.D = 60%
and field testing. An appropriate analytical solution is 8
needed to simplify the design procedure. An L/d=2
experimental program was conducted to analyze the 6 L/d=4
behavior of helical anchors under pullout.
Uplift (mm)
L/d=6
3. Methodology 4
Laboratory pullout tests were conducted in a steel tank
of dimension 85cm x 85cm x 85cm. Anchors were held 2
in predetermined position and tank was filled with sand
by rainfall technique. Pullout load was applied in 0
increments by a double pulley arrangement. The 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Pull out load (N)
diameter of helix, embedment ratio and density of sand Fig. 2 Load v/s uplift curve with change in embedment
was varied. Load v/s pullout plots were drawn. Finite
element analysis was conducted using PLAXIS 2D
package. Since the pitch of the helix is negligible, the 5. Conclusions
helical anchor was modeled as circular plate embedded Uplift load is found to depend highly on diameter and
in sand. Mohr-Coulomb model was used for embedment ratio of helix. With increase in diameter of
representing the soil behavior. helix as well as embedment ratio, uplift load is
increasing. The experimental results obtained are in
Table-1 Physical properties of sand concordance with results obtained from PLAXIS 2D.
  References
Soil Gs Cu Cc (loose (Medium
state) dense) Ghaly, A. and Hanna, M. (1991) Uplift behavior of
SP 2.67 2.25 0.93 32 35 screw anchors in sand, J. Geotech. Eng. Div., ASCE,
pp. 773–793.
Mitsch, M.P. and Clemence, S.P. (1985) The uplift
4. Important Outcomes capacity of helix anchors in sand, uplift behavior of
Load v/s uplift displacement curves have been plotted anchor foundation in soil, ASCE, pp. 26-4759.
for varying diameter, embedment ratio and relative
42
Effect of Controlled Stiffness Inserts on the Behavior of Piled Raft

Foundation
Aswathy Ramesh
Bindu J
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum, Trivandrum – 695016
E-mail: aswathy.apm@gmail.com; binduj7@rediffmail.com
Keywords: Foundations; Piled raft; Controlled stiffness inserts

1. Introduction inserts were provided in two different depths, 0.25tr and
The piled raft foundation system has recently been 0.5tr(tr : thickness of raft), in order to study the effect of
widely used for many structures, especially high rise depth of stiffness inserts. The entire test program is
buildings. Combined pile-raft foundations can be a listed in Table 1. Also the complete numerical analysis
particularly effective form of foundation system for tall of the laboratory work was done using the finite
buildings because the raft is able to provide a reasonable element software MIDAS GTS NX.
measure of both stiffness and load resistance. Numerical
Table 1 Laboratory test series
study (Poulos (2005)) conducted on pile groups and
piled raft shows that use of controlled stiffness inserts Group Test no. CSI material CSI
(CSI) reduces the stiffness of piles to increase the thickness
settlement in a controlled fashion which in turn resulted (tsi)
in improved piled raft behavior. Hence this paper Raft only
1
attempts to do a combined experimental and numerical (without CSI) -
investigation of the general effect of various stiffness G1 Piled raft foundation
inserts on piled raft foundation. 2
(without CSI)
G2 3 Natural rubber 0.25tr
4 0.50 tr
Even though the literature (Poulos (2005)) gives the
concept of controlled stiffness inserts, the experimental G3 5 Vulcanized rubber 0.25tr
study of CSI on the behavior of piled raft foundation is
identified as a gap in the literature and is yet to be G4 Non woven coir
6 0.25tr
Geotextile
investigated. By conducting small scale laboratory
testing, the results may provide a lot of information on tr = Thickness of raft
behavior of piled raft foundation pertaining to load –
settlement and load sharing behaviour. 4. Important Outcomes
1. Use of stiffness inserts resulted in improved
3. Methodology load carrying capacity
The test was conducted in a model test tank. River sand 2. On changing the thickness of the stiffness
was used for the laboratory work and filled in the tank
inserts, only slight change in load carrying
at a relative density of 55%. Model piles were fabricated
using mild steel. A 2x2 pile arrangement was used for capacity was observed
the study. The schematic representation of piled raft 3. The software was successfully validated and
with stiffness inserts is shown in fig.1. numerical modelling was done and found that
software results are comparable with the
experimental outcomes.
5. Conclusions
A series of experiments and numerical analyses were
conducted to investigate the behavior of piled raft with
various stiffness inserts. The use of stiffness inserts
resulted in an overall improvement in piled raft
behavior.
References
Fig. 1 Schematic sketch of piled raft with CSI (sectional view)
Poulos, H.G. (2005) Use of stiffness inserts in pile
Pressure – settlement relationship was plotted for piled groups and piled rafts, Proceedings of the institution
raft foundation with various stiffness inserts. Stiffness of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Engineering,
pp. 153-160.
43
An Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Uplift Capacity of

Single Piles and Group Piles in Cohesion-less Soil
Firoz Ali
Supia Khatun
Abraham Lincoln
Department of Civil Engineering, Aliah University, Kolkata-700156
E-mail: firoz555ali@gmail.com; er.sk1980@gmail.com; lincoln9311@gmail.com
Keywords: uplift capacity, embedment ratio, relative density, group efficiency, Plaxis-3D
capacity and displacement of the pile or pile group were
1. Introduction obtained from the readings of the proving ring and dial
Pile foundation is a widely used type of deep foundation. gauges respectively. The ultimate uplift capacities (Tult)
It is generally used where the foundation soil is either of the piles were calculated by subtracting the weight of
loose or soft or of a swelling type and the load from the piles from the gross uplift load obtained from the
structure has to be transferred to firm strata. The piles are experiment. The group efficiency (ƞ) of each pile was
generally used in groups. The pile-soil interaction is very calculated by Tult/ (Tus X n), where Tus is the uplift
complex in nature as it comprises of different parameters capacity of the single pile and n is the number of piles.
like length, diameter, material of the pile, soil-pile The experimental results were also analyzed in Plaxis
friction angle, method of installation, soil characteristics, software.
location of water table and type of loading. Uplift load
acts on structures like tall chimneys, jetty structures, 4. Important Outcomes
submerged platforms, transmission towers, mooring From the analysis of experimental results it was found
system for ocean surface etc. So to resist these uplift that the net uplift capacity of single piles increased
forces concrete steel cased piles, concrete cylindrical significantly with an increase in both the L/d ratio and
piles are extensively used depending on in-situ relative density of the soil following the natural trends. It
conditions. was found that the efficiency of the pile group under
uplift loading decreases with the increase in L/d ratio and
2. Motivation and Objective also with the increase in the number of piles in the
Various extensive research work based on pile group. Also the efficiency increases with an increase in
foundation have been conducted by several research the relative density of the soil. The results obtained from
personnel like Das and Seeley(1975), Chattopadhyay the numerical analysis using PLAXIS-3D meets the
B.C. and Pise P.J. (1986), Patra (2001) and many others. same trends as obtained from the experimental analysis.
With the increase of uses of pile in various challenging
situation the new research areas are emerging with 5. Conclusions
different new aspects of investigation and analysis. The experimental results obtained have been compared
The main objective of this paper is to investigate the with previous studies and found to be in good agreement.
uplift capacity of single and group piles in cohesion-less It has also been found that results obtained from the
soil under different parametric variation like embedment numerical analysis have been validated by the results
depth to diameter ratio (L/d), various relative densities of obtained from the experimental analysis.
soil and number of piles and also to find the optimum
condition of the variables. To have a better insight of the References
experimental results the same model pile and pile groups Chattopadhyay B.C. and Pise P.J. (1986) Uplift capacity
were analyzed numerically by using PLAXIS-3D of piles in sand, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,
software under the same boundary conditions. ASCE, 112(9), pp. 888-904.
3. Methodology
A series of experiments have been carried out with a
number of model piles in a test tank under uplift load.
Straight shafted vertical steel piles with L/d ratio of 6, 8,
and 10 were used in the experiment. Beside this for
group piles 2, 3 and 4 number of piles were used. The
experiment was conducted on a wooden tank of
dimensions 38cmX25cmX23cm. The sand bed was
prepared with relative density of 75%, 85% and 95%
respectively. The sand bed was compacted in the tank
and then piles were placed at the centre. The uplift
44
Parametric Study on Behavior of Foundation Resting on Reinforced

Pond Ash Deposit
M. V. Ravi Kishore Reddy
Pradeep Kumar Ramancharla
Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana-500032
E-mail: meegada.reddy@research.iiit.ac.in; ramancharla@iiit.ac.in
Supriya Mohanty
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi -2210005
E-mail: supriya.civ@iitbhu.ac.in
Keywords: pond ash; geogrid; shallow foundation; deformation

In India, thermal power stations produce huge amount With the provision of reinforcement the displacement is
of ash and the main problem arise when accommodating reduced as compared to unreinforced case. Also, with
it in the limited space available in the country. Also, the increase in number of reinforcement layers, the
utilization of ash sample is in disproportionate with the bearing capacity of reinforced pond ash foundation is
production of it. Hence, it is important to know the increased. Based on the results obtained, it is concluded
properties of ash sample before using it in the field of that effective placement of reinforcement is observed at
civil engineering. Earlier study on the suitability of a depth of 2.67B below the foundation for a width of
pond ash in geotechnical constructions was done on its 2B. Also, with the increase in number of layers, the
shear strength and geotechnical properties (Jakka et al. bearing capacity is increased and the optimum provision
2010). Pond ash improvement in terms of bearing of number of reinforcing layers is found to be two.
capacity was done with a kind of geotextile as Typical deformed mesh of reinforced pond ash
reinforcement (Ghosh et al. 2005). foundation system is shown in Fig-1.
The objective is to utilize industrial waste i.e., pond ash
in geotechnical applications. Hence, it is attempted to
study the behavior of foundation resting on reinforced
pond ash deposit collected from Panipat site.
3. Methodology
PLAXIS 3D has been employed to model and analyze Fig. 1 Deformed mesh of reinforced pond ash foundation
both reinforced and unreinforced pond ash foundation system
system numerically. 3-dimensional geometry with full 5. Conclusions
model and 10-noded triangular element has been Deformation is decreased by 3% in case of effective
considered for the analysis. Foundation of size 1.5m x placement of geogrid whereas in case of effective
1.5m and geogrid with a tensile strength 45 kN/m has position of geogrid in lateral directions, this decrease is
been considered. Geotechnical characterization of less when compared. Ultimate load is increased with the
Panipat pond ash has been reported in Table-1. increase in number of layers reinforcement to two and it
Table-1 Geotechnical characterization of Panipat pond ash increases up to 5%. Extensive studies are required for
(Mohanty and Patra, 2016) judgment of suitability of type of geosynthetic
reinforcement for ash deposits.
Depth Unit Wt. ’ (˚) c’ (kPa) G (kPa)
(m) (kN/m3)
1.5 13.31 28.76 39.65 46903.8 References
3.0 12.71 33.46 33.25 26349.75 Ghosh, A., Ghosh, A. and Bera, A.K. (2005) Bearing
4.5 11.68 28.97 51.27 15976.84 capacity of square footing on pond ash reinforced with
6.0 13.56 28.23 64.75 104047.6
7.5 13.98 36.17 13.75 181604.2 jute-geotextile, Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 23,
9.0 12.79 31.54 36.43 37170.95 pp. 144–173.
10.5 13.53 22.47 118.3 145364.9
12.0 14.32 21.78 117.5 205581.9
13.5 15.25 21.21 115.6 205581.9 Jakka, R.S., Ramana, G.V. and Datta, M. (2010) Shear
15.0 13.73 19.97 114 205581.9 behaviour of loose and compacted pond ash, Geotech
Geol Engg., 28, pp. 763–778.
45
The Bearing Capacity and Settlement Study of Eccentrically Loaded

Circular and Rectangular Shallow Footing on Granular Soil
Abraham Lincoln
Firoz Ali
Supia Khatun
Department of Civil Engineering, Aliah University, Kolkata-700156
E-mail: lincoln9311@gmail.com; firoz555ali@gmail.com; er.sk1980@gmail.com
Keywords: Ultimate bearing capacity; Model footing; Eccentricity; Depth of embedment; PLAXIS 3D.
1. Introduction programs totals twenty four numbers of test have been

A number of research works on bearing capacity and carried out with the aim of identifications of effect of
settlement characteristics of eccentrically loaded eccentricity, embedment and shape of footing on load
shallow foundations in both cohesion-less and cohesive settlement characteristics. The capacity of the load
soil have been carried out considering different frame used in this programmed is 2KN. During the
influencing parameters. The past investigations were experiment the load and settlement of each footing
mostly based on either combination of numerical model were measured by a proving ring and dial gauge
with analytical study or only physical model studies. In respectively.
the present investigation a series of experimental model Table-1 Physical properties of sand
tests have been carried out to study the load-settlement D60 D30 D10
characteristics of model footings in cohesion-less soil Soil Cu Cc φ°
(mm) (mm) (mm)
along with a numerical model study. The model tests
have been carried out on rectangular and circular Sand 0.68 0.59 0.50 1.36 1.058 40.8
footings with four different load eccentricity conditions
and for depth of embedment (Df/B) =0, 0.5,1. For better 4. Conclusions
understanding of the trends of experimental results a The influence of shape of footing, eccentricity and
numerical analysis have been carried out using PLAXIS depth of embedment on load settlement
3D. characteristics of shallow foundation have been
studied through experimental and numerical model
2. Motivation and Objective analysis. Based on the test results of experimental
Based on an extensive literature in the field of bearing analysis, and numerical analysis using PLAXIS 3D
capacity of shallow foundations, it was found that the following conclusions may be drawn:
research works relating determination of load-settlement (a)An empirical relationship for reduction factor
characteristics of eccentrically loaded footing are value is more in rectangular footing than circular
getting much attention day by day. The summary of the footing and the same implied load eccentricity the
objective of the present work are as follows: rectangular footing shows better response in terms
(a) To develop formulae relating reduction of ultimate of greater ultimate bearing capacity than circular
bearing of eccentrically embedded rectangular and footing. (b)Ultimate bearing capacity decreases with
circular footing. (b) To have a better insight of the increase of eccentricity (e/B) ratio irrespective of
experimental programme a numerical model will be depth of embedment.
developed using ‘PLAXIX-3D’ to determined load-
settlement curved for both surface and embedded
References
eccentrically loaded rectangular and circular footing.
Meyerhof, G.G. (1953) The bearing capacity of
3. Methodology
foundations under eccentric and inclined
In the present study, the laboratory model tests have
loads.Proc.3rd Int.Conf, Soil Mech. Found. Engg., 1,
been carried out using rectangular and circular
pp. 440-445.
footings in a test tank under varying parameters. The
experiment has been performed in a fabricated model Nagaraj, T.K. and Ullgaddi, B.P. (2010) Experimental
tank of length 38.7cm, width 24.5cm, depth 22.5cm. study on load settlement behavior of sand foundations,
The foundation medium for this experiment is Indian Geotechnical Conference GEOtrendz IGS
cohesion-less sand collected from a local construction Mumbai Chapter & IIT Bombay, pp.807-808.
site. The physical properties of the soil materials have
been illustrated in Table 1. In this experimental
46
Artificial Neural Networks Based Bearing Capacity Prediction for

Square Footing Resting on Confined Sand
T. Gnananandarao
R. K. Dutta
NIT Hamirpur, Hamirpur - 177005
E-mail: anandrcwing@gmail.com; rakeshkdutta@gmail.com
V. N. Khatri
IIT Dhanbad, Dhanbad
E-mail: vishuiisc@gmail.com
Keywords: Shallow footings; confined sand; Artificial neural networks

1. Introduction used for both training and testing stages to predict the
The challenging task of the researchers and geotechnical required output. And the collected data was randomly
engineers is to improve the ultimate bearing capacity of divided into two separate data sets, one is for training
shallow footings. In this regard many methods are and another is for testing. After completion of model,
available at presents such as physical or chemical sensitivity analysis will be performed. Further,
stabilization of soil, soil reinforcement, deep sensitivity analysis will gives the importance of the
compaction, hydraulic modification and so on. Out of
input parameter to predict the out parameter. Later on
the different available techniques, some are suited to
discard the least ranked input parameters based on their
fine grained soils whereas others are applicable for
coarse grained soils only. In this context, in the recent effect.
years attempts have been made to add vertical and
lateral confinement in sandy soils to improve its load
After completion of the model and sensitivity analysis
settlement characteristics.
we can came to know that, which parameter is giving
2. Motivation and Objective more impact on the bearing capacity. The accuracy of
Especially for the construction activities on the coastline the prediction is measured by using performance
and man-made peninsulas need stronger foundations measure parameters. And based on that, it will revels
due to the low load carrying capacity of the marine soils the accuracy of the predicted output.
and peninsulas. However, for the construction of the
5. Conclusions
high rise buildings on such type of soils need pile and ANN is a powerful and reliable tool in predicting the
raft like foundations. Even though, the present bearing capacity of square footing resting on the
foundation system laterally confines the foundation soil. confined sand.
Further, vertical confinement of such soil can be also
developed due to bed rock existence within the raft References
effective zone. Considering the effect of this three-
Hisham, T. E., Omar, A.A., Abdelfattah, M. O.,
dimensional confinement on increasing bearing
Mohannad, N.N., and Husam, A. S. (2009)
capacity, reducing settlement of raft foundations of
Comparative study on the behavior of square
high-rise buildings. However, there is no such proposed foundations resting on confined sand, Can. Geotech. J,
model equations are not available to predict the bearing 46, pp. 438-453.
capacity of square footing with three-dimensional
confined sandy soils. In this regard, the objective of Gnananandarao, T., Dutta, R.k., and Khatri V.N.,
present work is to determine the bearing capacity of the (2016) Application of artificial neural network to
predict the settlement of shallow foundations on
square footing resting on confined sand by using
cohesionless soils, IGC 2016, IIT Chennai, India.
artificial neural networks.
3. Methodology
Artificial neural networks will be used for predicting the
bearing capacity of square footing resting on confined
sandy soil. For preparing the artificial neural network
model, data was collected from the literature. A feed-
forward network with back propagation algorithms was
47
Load Carrying Capacity of Laterally Loaded Batter Piles

Krishna M V Ratnam
D. Neelima Satyam
IIITH , Hyderabad
E-mail: mkmv.ratnam@research.iiit.ac.in; neelima.satyam@iiit.ac.in
Prabhakar Gundlapalli
DAE, NPCIL
E-mail: gprabhakar@npcil.co.in
Keywords: Batter piles; Numerical modeling; Soil structure interaction
1. Introduction diameter of pile (D) in the vertical direction and 20D

The industries are the back bone for the countries in the direction Perpendicular to the vertical direction
development. The land availability issue is forcing was applied. Material behavior of the soil was defined
the industries to be set up in the areas where the soils using visco elastic model. Full bonding conditions are
are not supportive to shallow foundations. Industrial assumed at pile-soil interface
structural Foundations have to be rested on different
soils. Industrial sector poses several problems related 4. Important Outcomes
to foundations. There are many types of industries Based on the mathematical calculations, the following
which are having structures with different types of results have been obtained:
loadings. The loadings not only include the vertical The load carrying capacities were calculated based on
loads such as dead load and live load but also the the above equations and the results have been found
out. Based on the Modeling analysis using Finite
horizontal forces including earthquake and wind
element software Abaqus, the following results have
loads. Some structures (like Boiler structure of been obtained, the load carrying capacities were
Thermal power plants) by their geometry, machine calculated and the results have been and found out to
forces, etc., contain more lateral loads compared with be as given below, Ultimate vertical load capacity of
normal structures. batter pile = 3255.4 kN. Ultimate Lateral Capacity of
batter pile = 308.32 kN.
Batter pile group’s application has been increased in 5. Conclusions
recent years due to its considerable resistance against Present research focuses on understanding behavior of
lateral loading condition. Actually batter pile groups batter pile capacities under different batter angles When
are more appropriate choice to resist lateral forces pile is placed at 5° battered angle it offers 30% to 40%
due to seismic excitations and inertial forces, because more resistance compared to the vertical pile. When pile
vertical pile group perform much weaker while is placed at 10° battered angle it offers 8% to 10% more
seismic motions affect these structures. resistance compared to the vertical pile. Optimum angle
Batter piles have many applications especially in of battered pile under for vertical loading is for
industrial structures such as in thermal power plant 5°.Negative batter single piles (-10° to -30°) offer 20-
structures, boiler, and transmission towers heavy 25% more resistance and positive batter piles (+10° to
lateral loads will occur. Only vertical piles are used +30°) offer 25-30% less resistance than vertical pile.
till date due to the less research on the batter piles. The horizontal load curves are practically linear at early
stage of loading and afterwards they are non-linear. Pile
(0°,+10°) to (0°, +30°) offer 30-35% less resistance as
3. Methodology compared to vertical piles. Pile (-10°, 0°) to (-30°, 0°)
A 3D dynamic Finite element analysis was carried out and (-10°, +10°) to (-30°, +30°) offer 20-35% more
on vertical and batter piles using computer code resistance as compared to vertical pile.
ABAQUS. Batter angles commonly encountered in
practice are considered, from 0° to 30°.Piles with pile References
dimensions equivalent to that of field piles were
modeled. All piles are of Young’s modulus EP=30 Abaqus, Inc. (2010) Abaqus version 6.10 user’s manual.
GPa, diameter d=0.75 m, and the depth to their tip is
Prakash S. and Sharma H. D. Pile foundations in
L=45 m[8]. The center-to-center distance, s, between
Engineering practice
the piles at pile-head elevation is three pile diameters
s=3d. The piles are rigidly connected to a perfectly Escoffier, S., Chazelas J.L. and Garnier J. (2008).
rigid pile cap which is not in contact with the Centrifugemodelling of raked piles, Bulletin of
surrounding soil. The soil was modeled relevant to the Earthquake Engineering, 6, pp. 689–704.
field conditions. A soil matrix of size 40 times the
48
Geotechnical Aspect for Design of Track Formation System for High

Speed Rail Lines on Alluvial Soil Deposited - A Review
Pawan Kumar
V P Singh
Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT Allahabad, Allahabad – 211004,
E-mail: pawansingh.2691@gmail.com; vps15783@gmail.com
Keywords: high speed track; geology; formation; subgrade; ballast-less track
1. Introduction suitability of different track formation system for high

In this study the geotechnical issues in design of track speed rail track on alluvial soil deposited has evaluated.
formation system for high speed rail track on alluvial
soil deposited have been discussed. For high speed track 4. Important Outcomes
formation system, the soil should have enough strength To identify layer uniformity in the subsoil in terms of
to bear the heavy moving load without failure either by grain size distribution, we have used the consistency
settlement or shear. In the alluvial soil deposit there are index, & liquidity index coefficient. From the data the
alternate layers of sand, silt and clay, while the hard influence of land subsidence on pile foundation was
stratum lies at very large depth. The geology of alluvial studied for estimating the influence of negative skin
soil of central north India was made by collision friction on piles. The Modified Proctor criterion is
between Deccan plate and Himalayan plate after that a commonly applied in the evaluation of the suitability of
large gap was created between them, which was filled by alluvial soils for use in earthen structures. If liquefaction
rivers sediments. Therefore there were many chances of is indeed a potential threat, either the liquefiable soils be
failure for high speed track system i.e. liquefaction, removed or piles to be used to transfer the loads from the
subsidence etc. In this article we had discussed superstructure to a stable stratum. The world had used
previously published article on the geotechnical issues different types of formation for their high speed railway
related to the design of high speed track system and how track depending upon geological conditions of that
to overcome from these problems. country. For enhancing the soil subgrade load carrying
capacity different techniques were used such as use of
2. Motivation and Objective geo-synthetics, prefabricated vertical drains, green
High speed rail delivers fast, efficient transportation so corridors, physical and chemical stabilization and stone
riders can save time, energy, and money. Many countries columns below the formations etc.
like Japan, France, Germany, China, Taiwan, USA, and
UK have revitalized their railway system by developing 5. Conclusions
high speed rail corridors. India is unique and alone Due to high operational speed, safety had become the top
among the major countries of the world in not having a concerns. Therefore design specifications for the high
single high-speed rail corridor but under “vision 2020” speed tracks were much more complicated than
high speed rail corridor of India ltd. has planned to conventional highway and railway development. In this
developed at least four high speed rail corridor for speed paper we had suggested two type of track according to
up to 350 kmph by 2020. Since, the major portion of the soil parameters of alluvial soil, i.e. (1) ballasted track
planned corridors passing through alluvial soil deposit with prepared sub grade & (2) ballast-less track with cast
hence to evaluate geotechnical issues and challenges and in situ driven piles. In comparison to ballasted tracks,
best practices to overcome the these challenges in ballast-less tracks reduce the construction height, track
implementing HSRC on alluvial soil deposit is main maintenance, provide batter riding comfort at higher
objective of this study. speeds, higher availability, reduce vibration and noise,
reduce dynamic stresses on sub grade soil. For the
3. Methodology viaduct section of the Taiwan HSR, piles are used to
The influencing issues have identified and evaluated support the superstructure because of the presence of
using collected information and data from the studies thick alluvium soil deposit.
have been carried out in related area the extent of
problems like shear, excessive settlement and References
liquefaction have determined using empirical Coenraad E.S.V.E.L.D. (1993) Developments in High
relationships and analysis. After detailed analysis of Speed Track Design, Prof. in Railway Engineering,
evaluated parameters and implementing the criteria and Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
guidelines of different standards and manuals the
49
Assessment of Rockfall Activity along the Road Cut Slope in

Himalayan Region- A Case Study
Sahil Sardana
Manish Kumar Jha
A. K. Verma
Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Jharkhand – 826004
E-mail: sahilsardana.ymca@gmail.com; mjha4u@gmail.com; amitvermaism@gmail.com
Keywords: rockfall; bounce height; road cut slopes; Himalayan

1. Introduction has been obtained 3.4 m at a horizontal distance of 8 m.
The highways in fragile Himalaya have an important The maximum total kinetic energy for the same block
concern as these are the only connecting corridors to the was found to be 13.1 kJ. At the toe of the slope, the total
nearby land area. The Manali-Leh highway is one such kinetic energy was found more than 10 kJ with a bounce
important route in this region which is interrupted height of 2.5 m.
frequently by rockfall events. Freeze-thaw process,
earthquake, heavy rainfall and anthropogenic activities
are major triggering factors for rockfall hazard (Dorren
2003). This road will be the shortest route for Manali-
Leh highway through the Rohtang tunnel. The analysis
of rockfall has been carried out to assess the maximum
kinetic energy, velocity, maximum run-out distance,
bounce height and trajectories of falling rock blocks.

Safe transportation through vulnerable hill zones makes
essential to perform rockfall assessment on this route.
This route will be used by the army vehicles and tourists
after the completion of Rohtang tunnel. The objective of
this paper is to assess the rockfall vulnerability and to
propose site-specific suitable remedial measures.
Fig. 1 Slope geometry of road cut cliff face with motion
of falling blocks from the seeder (S)
3. Methodology
Slope geometry has been constructed to represent the The optimization of the slope has been performed by the
actual slope in the rockfall simulation program (Fig. 1). slope trimming. The slope angle has been reduced to
The slope area has been categorized into three sections 65o, which results in a decrease of bounce height to 0.4
namely bedrock, weathered rock and asphalt (i.e m, total kinetic energy to 4.1 kJ and the longest run-out
roadway) as per field conditions. The total number of 20 distance to 12.9 m for a block of 75 kg.
rock blocks of two different masses (i.e 75 kg and 150
5. Conclusions
kg) has been considered to fall from the seeder
The analysis reveals that all the blocks bounce at the
(detachment point) in the analysis. The rock block rolls
road and possess enough velocity and kinetic energy to
from seeder, then fall from the bedrock and bounce on
damage the vehicle on the road or interrupt the traffic
the surface of the weathered rock and the road before
for a considerable period of time. The absence of the
falling into the valley. All the input parameters have
ditch on the studied site makes this slope more
been considered according to literature and field
vulnerable. In the optimization process, all the outcome
conditions.
parameters of the rockfall simulation were found to be
significantly reduced after slope trimming process.
The longest run-out distance for the blocks was found
References
up to the valley. 172 out of 200 blocks stopped on the
road and 02 blocks stopped at the edge of the road Dorren, L. K. (2003) A review of rockfall mechanics
whereas the remaining 26 blocks fall into the valley. and modelling approaches, Progress in Physical
The maximum bounce height for a block of mass 150 kg Geography, 27(1), 69-87.
50
A Study of the Stability of Waste, Sub-grade and Fines Dumps in a

Surface Iron Ore Mine
Mamta Jaswal
Phalguni Sen
Department of Mining Engineering, IIT ISM Dhanbad, Jharkhand-826004
E-mail: jaswalmamta@yahoo.co.in; phalgunisen@yahoo.co.in
Keywords: Stability analysis, iron ore mine, geo-technical properties, limit equilibrium method
1. Introduction
software offers flexibility of using types of analysis
Surface mining method has multifarious advantages in method like Bishop’s method, SARMA method and
comparison to underground mining methods such as Spencer’s method (Cheng, T.L, 2006). In this study
higher production, higher working flexibility, low Bishop’s simplified method was used for stability
gestation period, etc. Along with these advantages, analysis of all the three dumps.
surface mining industry is also having a huge concern for
limited land availability for overburden dumping. The 4. Important outcomes
problem of dump instability is increasing day by day
with continuous increase in overburden removal to meet Stability analyses were carried out with the help of
the ever increasing demand of mineral resources. This GALENA software for all the three dumps using the
calls for optimum dump design for storing maximum respective data obtained from field and laboratory
overburden in limited space. Therefore, stability analysis studies to determine their respective factor of safety as a
of dump slopes is required for optimum/suitable dump measure of stability (Cheng, T.L, 2006). After stability
design. A study has been conducted for analyzing the analyses were carried out for all the three dumps, it was
stability of waste, sub-grade and fines dumps in a surface found that dumps with higher values of optimum
iron ore mine. moisture content, cohesion and angle of internal friction
were more stable.
2. Motivation and objective
5. Conclusions
Dump slope failures can cause loss of valuable lives and
machineries. A stability analysis is necessary for safe In this investigation of the stability of waste, sub-grade
and optimum dump design. The main objective of this and fines dumps in a surface iron ore mine have been
study was to analyze physico-mechanical properties of studied. The collected samples were studied in the
the waste, sub-grade and fines dumps in a surface iron laboratory for determination of their various physico-
ore mine in order to investigate stability of the respective mechanical properties (angle of internal friction,
dumps. cohesion, moisture content, etc). Analyses of the stability
of different dumps using GALENA software were done
3. Methodology using limit equilibrium methods. After analysis it was
found that all the dumps are fairly stable and the
A field investigation was done for the selection of dumps probability of developing any failure in them is remote.
to be studied for finding out their mechanical stability.
Samples were collected from all the three dumps - waste, References
sub-grade and fines. The samples were taken from
different sections of the dumps. Samples were collected IS:2720 (Part XIII) Laboratory Manual, Operating
so as to represent the worst environmental conditions i.e. Instructions.
rainy and summer season when the moisture % keeps on
Cheng, Y.M.T.L. (2006) Two-dimensional slope
varying. In order to obtain physico-mechanical
stability analysis by limit equilibrium and strength
properties of these dump materials, laboratory tests were
reduction methods, Computers and Geotechnics, pp.
conducted following the Indian Standard procedures
137-150.
(IS:2720 (Part XIII)). The GALENA software has been
used for analyzing the stability of the different dumps
based on the geometry and physico-mechanical
properties of the constituent material of the respective
dumps. Galena
51
Landslide Hazard Assessment of Mangan slope, Sikkim, India

Neharika Rao Ganta
Neelima Satyam
Indian Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad – 500 032.
E-mail: shinyneharika65@gmail.com; neelima.satyam@iiit.ac.in
Keywords: Dynamic analysis, Soil slopes, Displacements
1. Introduction and Y direction. The displacements and velocity

Sikkim is the state covered with hilly mountains under peak ground acceleration at selected nodal
and with low to high seismicity every year. During points on the elevation of the slope is observed.
2011 Sikkim- Nepal earthquake with 6.9 moment
magnitude disturbed the state with several slope
failure that destroyed many structures, human life, UX Displacements of Mangan slope
transportation and networking system. Sikkim is 42.595
covered with Daling group in the south and east 42.590
districts (Nath et al. 2000). As the state is covered Displacements (cm) 42.585
with Daling group the occurrence of landslides are 42.580
very high (SSDMA report 2012). 42.575
42.570
42.565
The deformations of Mangan slope is estimated in
42.560
terms of displacements and velocity time histories
42.555
in X and Y direction. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Nodal points
3. Methodology unsaturated partially saturated Fully saturated
The slope considered for analysis is near Mangan
village. Analysis is done by the combination of Fig. 1 Displacements of Mangan slope in Y direction for
considered three conditions
finite element method and Swedish slip circle
method under dynamic loading. The elevation
profile of the slopes is collected from Google 5. Conclusions
The displacements are high at center of the Mangan
Earth (2013). Analysis is done for 10 nodal points slope. The results obtained for actual slope before
selected on slope. The acceleration time history earthquake underground acceleration of Gangtok station
data considered is taken from Gangtok station is compared with the actual slope profile after
having acceleration. The geotechnical properties earthquake and results observed are approximately
considered for analysis are shown in Table 1.The equal actual slope profile.
analysis was done considering three conditions
References
i.e., fully saturated, partially saturated and
saturated conditions. Nath, S.K., Sengupta, P., Sengupta, S. and Chakrabarti,
A. (2000) Site response estimation using strong
Table-1 Geotechnical properties considered for analysis. motion network: A step towards microzonation of
Property Value Sikkim Himalayas, Seis-mology 2000, Curr. Sci.79,
pp. 1316–1326.
Soil type Coarse Fine loamy soil
2
Cohesion c (KN/m ) 55
Friction angle ϕ ( )
0
33
3
Unit weight (KN/m ) 19
4. Outcomes
The acceleration is applied in horizontal direction
at base of the slope and results are observed in X
52
Effect of Climate Parameters on Slope Stability
Noorjahan Begum
Utpal Kumar Nath
Department of Civil Engineering, Assam Engineering College, Guwahati – 781013
E-mail: noor2412@gmail.com; nathutpal@rediffmail.com
Keywords: slope stability; climate parameters; factor of safety

1. Introduction parameters is used in SLOPE/W to analyse and
The Global Climate during the last century has changed determine the F.O.S of the modelled slope.
considerably and is expected to have a significant effect
in the increase of mean sea level and has also lead to 4. Important Outcomes
changes in frequency, intensity and spatial patterns of A variation is seen in the F.O.S of the modelled slope
temperature, precipitation and other meteorological when the climate parameters are considered in the
phenomena, such as wind and cloud cover. (IPCC analysis when compared to the F.O.S derived from
2007). Changing patterns of precipitation, heat and wind analysis of the slope without the climate parameters.
will place additional strain on infrastructure systems, Following table shows the comparison of F.O.S with
leading to increased disruption for businesses and and without the climate parameters:
inhabitants.
Table-1: F.O.S Comparison
Climate Change affects various fields of engineering F.O.S without F.O.S with
such as Water Resources Engineering, Structural effect of climate effect of climate
Engineering, Transportation Engineering, and January 0.514
Geotechnical Engineering. In the field of Geotechnical
Engineering, Slope stability has been a subject of April 0.499
0.806
continued concern because of tremendous loss of July 0.496
properties and infrastructure caused annually in many 0.494
October
places in the world (Shioi and Sutoh 1999; Zhang
2001). Slope failures, also referred to as slides or
landslides, whether sudden or gradual, are due to 5. Conclusions
overstress of the slope or foundation materials with The results shows that pore water pressures, which vary
respect to their available strength (Morgenstem 1963; spatially and temporally, are a major contributing factor
Davis 1968; Ching and Fredlund 1983; Abramson 1996; to the stability of slopes. The factor of safety for the
Dai et al. 2000). One of the major and most common slope changes with time as a result of climate change
factor in inducing slope failures and catastrophic when the climate boundary conditions are applied for
landslides is the Intense or Prolonged rainfall over the the analysis.
slopes which causes infiltration of rain water into the
slopes resulting in reduction of shear strength. Climate References
conditions plays a fundamental role in rainfall intensity Andrew, J.B. (2014) Impacts of desiccation cracking
and patterns and hence studying the effect of climate and climate change on highway cutting hydrology,
change in the behaviour of the slopes has become the PhD thesis School of Civil and Building Engineering,
need of the hour as global warming due to the Loughborough University.
greenhouse effect and changes in precipitation and
evaporation patterns will affect future landslide hazard. Owen, D. (2011) Numerical analysis of the effects of
The objective of this study is to investigate the influence climate change on slope stability, PhD thesis School
of climate parameters on the stability analysis of soil of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle
slopes. University.
3. Methodology Jaehong, K., Sangseom, J. and Regueiro R.A. (2012)

Instability of partially saturated soil slopes due to
A slope is modelled and analysed both in SLOPE/W
alteration of rainfall pattern, Engineering Geology,
and VADOSE/W module of GeoStudio application. The
148, pp. 28–36.
pore pressure obtained after executing the formulated
model in VADOSE/W considering various climate
53
Pseudo-Static Analysis of Slope considering Log Spiral Failure

Mechanism
Suman Hazari
Sima Ghosh
Richi Prasad Sharma
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Agartala– 799046
E-mail:sumanhazari22@gmail.com; simacvl@gmail.com; richisharma.sharma@gmail.com
Keywords: Pseudo-static Analysis; Swedish circle method; c-ϕ soil; Limit Equilibrium Analysis
1. Introduction A homogeneous slope is made up of c-ϕ soil. The height

Analysis of stability of the soil slope is the important of slope is H. β is slope angle. The failure surface is
part for the Geotechnical Engineer. This paper divided into the number of vertical slices is shown in
represents pseudo-static analysis of slope using Swedish Fig. 1
circle method assuming log spiral failure surface and
limit equilibrium analysis. The effect of the seismic 3. Important Outcomes
acceleration, soil friction angle and slope angle is From the trend of variation of FOS, the assumption of
studied here. A detailed parametric study has been done the present mathematical model is justified. For further
with respect to different parameters. A comparative more justification, a comparison of the results obtained
study has been done with the existing pseudo-static from the present analysis is done with different
analysis. available methods (Fig. 2)
2. Motivation and Objective 2.2
Analysis of slope under seismic loading condition is an Newmarks (1965)
2.0 Choudhury et al. (2007)
Factor of Safety
important topic of research. There are different methods

1.8 Present Study
of slope stability analysis. All are broadly divided into
two groups- displacement approach and force 1.6
equilibrium approach. Though in seismic loading 1.4
condition it is effective to analyse the slope using
1.2
displacement approach but here to start with the work
force based pseudo-static approach is used to analyse the 1.0
0.1 0.2 0.3
slope using Swedish circle concept using log-spiral
failure surface. kh
Fig. 2 Comparison of factor of safety with ϕ=45°, β=20°, k v=0
Methodology
O 4. Conclusions
The stability of soil slope has been investigated using
θ2 pseudo-static method based upon the limit equilibrium
θ1 method considering log spiral mechanism. The present
r0
Δ analysis incorporates the method of vertical slice. The
factor of safety is evaluated by pseudo-static approach
E F B D along with horizontal and vertical seismic acceleration.
The parametric study with respect to different
parameters viz. seismic acceleration, soil friction angle,
(n) and slope angle are studied here. It is obvious that factor
H1 r of safety obtained from present analysis are more
H comparable.
kh
References
(i) W-kv Log- Choudhury, D., Basu, S. and Bray, J. (2007) Behavior of
C Spiral slopes under static and seismic conditions by limit
(1) N equilibrium method. GSP 161 Embankments, Dam
T and slopes.
β
A Newmark, N. (1965) Effects of earthquakes on dams
Fig. 1 Log Spiral failure mechanism and embankments, Geotechnique, 15(2), 139–160.
54
Evaluation of Permanent Displacement for Earthquake Induced

Landslides
Sangeeta Prajapati
B. K. Maheshwari
Centre of excellence in Disaster Mitigation and Management, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee - 247667
E-mail: sangeeta546@gmail.com; bkmahfeq@iitr.ac.in
Keywords: Earthquake induced landslide; Numerical modeling and Newmark-displacement method

1. Introduction information on deformations associated with slope
Earthquakes are one of the main triggering factors of failure.
landslides. Largest earthquakes have capable to trigger In this study, a typical slope with height 20 m and slope
thousands of landslides throughout areas of more than angle 450 is analysed with material properties (c = 20
100,000 km2 (Keefer, 1984) and also these landslides kN/m2 and ϕ = 300). For input motion, acceleration time
can cause extensive damage. Usually their damage history of Uttarkashi earthquake is considered.
effects and casualties considered within the earthquakes. The important outcome of this study is the displacement
Conversely, it is known that earthquake induced values calculated by using Newmark displacement
landslides may have been destructive rather than the method and for this parametric study has been carried
earthquakes itself. out at five different PGA i.e. 0.15g, 0.2g, 0.25g, 0.3g
Slopes responses under seismic condition are closely and 0.35 g considering Uttarkashi earthquake time
related to the slope geometry, material property and the history.
characteristics of input ground motion.
In the present study, the numerical analyses of a typical 5. Conclusions
slope have been carried out based on Newmark It was found that considering original PGA of 0.31g of
displacement method using the Geo Studio software. earthquake shaking causes the sliding mass to move
with the maximum velocity of 0.13 m/sec and produces
2. Motivation and Objective displacement of 8 cm (Fig. 1). Further, there are
Often the earthquake induced instability of slopes significant variations in permanent displacements when
causes more damage to infrastructure and human lives PGA is varied. The study underlines importance of
than the actual earthquake itself. Therefore, slope permanent displacements in earthquake induced
stability analysis becomes more essential under seismic landslides.
load. 0.08
Main objective of this study is to evaluate deformation 0.07
of the slope by using Newmark displacement method. 0.06
Deformation (m)
Then, permanent deformation is compared at different 0.05

PGA values. 0.04
0.03
3. Methodology 0.02
Deformation of the slope is analysed by using Newmark 0.01
displacement method (Newmark, 1965). In the analysis, 0
0 10 20 30 40
an acceleration–time history of interest is selected, and
Time (s)
the yield acceleration of the slope to be modeled is
superimposed. The value correcponding to factor of Fig.1. Variation of displacement with time
safety unity gives the yield acceleration (ay) that trigger
the sliding mass. Accelerations below this level cause References
no permanent displacement of the slope. Those portions Keefer, D.K. (1984) Landslides caused by earthquakes,
of the record that exceed the critical acceleration are Geological Society of America Bulletin, 95 (4), pp.
integrated once to obtain the velocity time history; a 406-421.
second integration is performed to obtain the permanent
displacement time history. Newmark, N.M. (1965) Effects of earthquakes on dams
and embankments, Geotechnique, 15(2), pp. 139–160.
All limit equilibrium methods, including Pseudostatic
method provides only factor of safety but no
55
Slope Stabilization at World Highest Railway Arch Bridge Udhampur

Barramula Railway Line Project at Jammu and Kashmir
Hem Chandra Upreti

Srinivas Mantrala
Arvind Anand Pandey
Department of Geology\Geotechnical, Afcons Infrastructure Ltd. Mumbai-40053
E-mail hem.upreti@afcons.com; srinivas.mantrala@afcons.com; arvind.pandey@afcons.com
Key words: Slope stabilization, Dywidag bar, Rock bolt

1. Introduction necessary in-situ tests were conducted as the excavation
The 359m high and 1315m long highest railway bridge progressed. The adequacy of design of the slope
of the world across the Chenab River is under stabilization measures was checked and necessary
construction for Udhampur-Srinagar- Baramulla Rail action as required was taken.
Link Project (USBRL Project). The railway line passes
through Himalayan Mountains i.e. outer Himalaya (sub- 5. Conclusions
Himalaya), lesser Himalaya and greater Himalayas. The slopes were analyzed by using of DIPS and S
Chenab Bridge is between the Bakkal village (left bank) WEDGE software to know if any type of failures in
and Kauri village (right bank). slopes. If the kinematic analysis of slope with DIPS
indicated any possibility of wedge failure the slopes
were analyses using SWEDGE software for wedge
Slope stabilization measures for the Chenab Bridge are failure analysis. First time in India 33.5m long double
based on the geological logging and using DIPS corrosion protected pre-stressed dywidag bars anchor
software for kinematic analysis and SWEDGE software were installed for slope stabilization work on the right
for wedge failure analysis. First time in India 33.5m bank at D5 slopes. For protection of slopes CBPU used
long double corrosion protected pre-stressed dywidag anchor bolts and dywidag bars in different angles and
bars anchor were installed for slope stabilization work different slopes.
on the right bank.
References
3. Methodology
The initial design of the slope stabilization measures for Contract agreement KRCL (volume i/vi). 2004, pp 142.
the Chenab Bridge are based on the geological logging
carried out in the trial pits and initial tests at site. The Goodman, R. E. and Bray, J. (1976) Toppling of rock
design validation of slope stabilization measures during slopes. ASCE, Proc. Specialty Conf. on Rock Eng. for
the execution of work is the key process. Foundations and Slopes, Boulder, CO, 2, 201–34
The sequence of slope stabilization works are as
follows: Hoek and Bray (2005) Rock Slope Engineering: Civil
- Surveying and Mining, 4th Edition - WordPress.com
- Drilling
- Charging of drilled holes https://www.rocscience.com/rocscience/products/dips
- Blasting/pre-splitting
- Mucking
- Scaling/trimming
- Cleaning of surface by water or air
- Scooping/cleaning of shear zone/shear seams
treatment
- Geological Mapping/Logging
- Validation of slope using Dips and S-wedge
software
- Rock bolting
- Shotcreting
- Weep holes drilling & drainage pipe installation.
As a part of slope excavation and stabilization,
geological logging was done continuously and
56
Probabilistic Stability Analysis Considering Multiple Triggering

Factors
Pinom Ering
G L Sivakumar Babu
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore– 560012
E-mail: pinom432@gmail.com; gls@civil.iisc.ernet.in
Keywords: slope stability; probability; earthquakes; rainfall

Current methods of slope stability analysis examine the Probability of failure is updated based on the impact of
effects of earthquake and rainfall infiltration separately. earthquake load which is again updated based on the
However, for regions prone to both earthquakes and expected rainfall load.
heavy rainfall events, stability analysis should take into 2
Earthquake
consideration the multiple processes rather than one T = 2 years
single event in order to avoid the underestimation of the T = 5 years
1.5
threat caused by their potential interaction. T = 10 years
PDF
1
Understanding the combined effect of earthquake and
rainfall events on landslides is necessary to evaluate
landslide risk. The impact of an earthquake on the 0.5
subsequent rainfall-triggered landslides needs to be
studied especially in areas prone to both the processes.
This paper presents a systematic methodology to predict 0
landslide initiation under the combination of earthquake 0 1 2 3
Factor of safety
and rainfall events.
Fig. 2 PDF of factor of safety for earthquake and rainfall events
3. Methodology
The methodology is based on probabilistic concepts. The methodology quantifies the most likely rainfall load
Within the probabilistic framework, a series of and critical rainfall pattern for a slope which is essential
deterministic analyses are conducted in FLAC which to mitigate potential landslides during wet season.
involves seismic stability and infiltration analysis. In
5. Conclusions
addition to soil parameters, rainfall loads are also Given that earthquakes and rainfall events will continue
treated as random variables using the Intensity- to occur in future, the methodology might help in
Duration-Frequency relationship (IDF). Guwahati
constraining the potential landslides in the area.
region is selected as the study area and IDF curves of
the region are utilized. This region is selected because it
has high probability of earthquake occurrences and References
heavy rainfall events. Lin, C.W., Liu, S.H., Lee, S.Y. and Liu, C.C. (2006)
18 Impacts of the Chi-Chi earthquake on subsequent
16 T = 2 yr rain-induced landslides in central Taiwan,
T = 5 yr Engineering Geology 86, 87–101.
14
T = 10 yr
12 Ram Babu, Tejwani, K. K., Agrawal, M. C. & Bhusan,
Intensity (mm/hr)
L. S. (1979) Rainfall intensity duration return period

10
equations & nomographs of India, CSWCRTI, ICAR,
8 Dehradun, India.
6
Tang, C., Zhu, J., Qi, X. & Ding, J. (2011) Landslides
4 induced by the Wenchuan earthquake and a
2 subsequent strong rainfall event: a case study in
0 Beichuan area, Engineering Geology 122, 22–33.
0 10 20 30 40 50
Duration (hrs)
Fig.1 IDF curve of Guwahati region
57
Parametric Studies of Soil Nailing Wall Using FLAC3D

Nabajyoti Sarkar
Department of Civil Engineering, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh –791109
E-mail: nabzart@gmail.com
Arup Bhattacharjee
Department of Civil Engineering, Jorhat Engineering College, Jorhat, Assam – 785007
E-mail: bhatta_arup@yahoo.com
Keywords: Soil- nailing; numerical study; FLAC 3D; Comparative study.

1. Introduction 30
The Soil nailing technique is also used for construction
30°
Elevation (m)
of permanent retaining walls, slope stabilization, 28
underpinning, and protection of existing cuts. Design 26 38°
and construction work of slope and its remedial work 24
pose a very high risk to both geotechnical designers and 43°
contractors, as the slope is susceptible to further failure 22
during the implementation of the remedial work itself. 20
Soil nailing is therefore adopted for slope remedial and 0.00E+00 1.00E-02 2.00E-02
stabilization work as it can be carried out on slope Horizontal Displacement (m)
surface with minimum earthworks and thus lowers the
risk at the time of construction. Soil nails if properly Fig.1: Variation of horizontal displacement with elevation for
designed have proven to be an effective and cost different soil friction angle
efficient soil stabilization technique or measure.
5. Conclusions
From the numerical analysis of present work,
conclusion can be drawn as follows:
The motivation is to minimize the earthwork, time and
risk at time of construction. The objective is to study the (a) The horizontal displacement in the soil mass
effect of various parameters of soil and nail with increases with increase in elevation, nail
affiliation between horizontal displacements, horizontal inclination angle, nail spacing and decreases with
stress and vertical stress with elevation of soil nailed increase in nail length, soil friction angle.
walls.
(b) The horizontal stress within the soil mass increases
3. Methodology with increase in soil friction angle, nail inclination
Geotechnical software called FLAC 3D is used to angle, nail length and decreases with increase in
analyze slope stability by inserting soil nailing in the elevation, nail spacing.
slope. The excavation and supporting process of the soil (c) The vertical stress within the soil mass increase
mass are simulated by the ideal elastic-plastic model with nail length and decreases with increase in nail
and the yield criterion used Mohr-Coulomb criterion inclination angle, elevation, nails spacing, soil
having the soil mass considered is of size 29 m x 29 m x friction angle.
0.5 m. Terrain is considered to be generally flat and the
elevation of ground water table is significantly below References
the bottom of the soil nail wall. Total height of soil Babu and Singh (2008) Numerical analysis of
excavation was taken as 8 m by maintained excavation performance of soil nail walls in seismic conditions,
of 2 m at each step. ISET Journal of Earthquake Technology, 45(2), pp.
31–40.
Slope stability analysis of the data revealed increase and Feng (2015) Simulation of the supporting of
decrease of horizontal displacement, horizontal stress underground storage foundation pit anchor and soil
and vertical stress in relation with elevation of soil nail, International journal of smart home, 9(6), pp.21-
nailed walls was obtained. For example: from fig. 1 it is 30.
observed that for the same soil, horizontal displacement Qi and Jiang (2014) Soil nailing support system for a
increases with elevation. At the same elevation rectangular excavation, 19, Bund. Z6.
horizontal displacement is more for smaller soil friction
angle & vice voice.
58
Stability Assessment of a Critical Slope Near Nathpa Region, Himachal

Pradesh, India
Barsa Acharya
Jagadish Kundu
Kripamoy Sarkar
Department of Applied Geology, Indian Institute of Technology(ISM) Dhanbad, Dhanbad – 826004
E-mail: barsajan16@gmail.com; jagadishkundu92@gmail.com; kripamoy.sarkar@gmail.com
Sowmiya Chawla
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology(ISM) Dhanbad, Dhanbad – 826004
E-mail: sowmiya_iitd@hotmail.com
Keywords: Slope stability; kinematic analysis; rock mass characterization; numerical analysis
The region, surrounding Nathpa Jhakri hydroelectric Kinematic analysis indicates that the slope has potential
dam in the morpho-tectonically active Himalayas, has for planar and wedge failure along with direct topple.
recently suffered from many slope instability problems. According to the standard classification for SMR
This study involves stability analysis of an unstable proposed by Romana (1985) and the slope mass rating
slope from this region along the road NH-5, India. The using continuous function proposed by Tomas et al.,
disturbed area has varying lithology consist of highly (2007), the slope comes under class V which represents a
jointed rock mass and exposed all along the road cuts. very bad rock mass condition. Numerical analysis
Locally the area contains metamorphic rocks of Jeori- suggests a critical slope mass condition with maximum
Wangtu Gneissic Complex which are intruded by displacement at the exposed cut section (Fig. 1).
pegmatite and amphibolite. Moreover, this road is a
lifeline to Indo-China boarder districts and connects to
several important locations in the upper area. Therefore
frequent blockage due to slope failure in this area is a
major concern and needs proper attention.
Hydro-electric projects around the Nathpa area makes it
more important to study the slope stability. The present
paper deals with detailed study about the behavior and
mode of failures of the cut slope through geometrical
relationships, Rock mass characterization and numerical
analysis.
3. Methodology Fig. 1 Total displacement model
A comprehensive and detailed field investigation was 5. Conclusions
carried out to detect the vulnerable zone. Visual From the above analysis it can be concluded that the
observations were made to presume rock mass rock mass is very weak and makes the slope unstable.
conditions and to perceive some signature of failure. Therefore further remedial measures are necessary to
Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the avoid any casualty.
various Physio-mechanical properties of rock materials
as per ISRM (1981) suggested methods. Kinematic References
analysis has been performed to detect potential mode of Romana, M. (1985) New adjustment ratings for
failure. Then, detailed rock mass characterization such as application of Bieniawski classification to slopes, In:
RMR and SMR using continuous function have been Proceedings of Int Symp Role of Rock Mech., ISRM,
calculated to classify the vulnerable slope. The Zacatecas, Mexico, pp. 49-53.
equivalent Mohr-Coulomb properties of the Hoek-Brown
material along with Barton-Bandis discontinuity Tomas, R., Delgado, J., and Seron, J.B., (2007)
properties have been used as input parameters for the Modification of slope mass rating (SMR) by
numerical simulation of the slope using finite element continuous functions, International Journal of Rock
code. Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 44(7), pp. 1062-
1069.
59
Strength Characteristics of Fly Ash Stabilized Soil Embankment and

Stability Analysis Using Numerical Modeling
Tarun Kumar Rajak
Laxmikant Yadu
Sandeep Kumar Chouskey
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur – 492001
E-mail: rajak.tarun18@gmail.com, lkyadu@gmail.com, schouksey.ce@nitrr.ac.in
Sujit Kumar Pal

E-mail: skpal1963@gmail.com
Keywords: Fly ash, stabilized soil, embankment

1. Introduction 1.45
1.4 S1
Fly ash is a byproduct of coal based thermal power plant
Factor of Safety
1.35 S2
and its improper disposal has caused several 1.3 S3
environmental and ecological problems. Every year 1.25 S4
nearly 200 million ton fly ash has been generated in 1.2 S5
1.15
major thermal power plant of India and is likely to 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
increase in upcoming years. Several researchers have Height (meter)
been worked on the effective utilization of fly ash in Fig. 1 Variation of FOS at different height for all samples
road sub-base, and in other geotechnical fields. Martin et
al. (1990) investigated the construction of highway
embankments with incorporation of fly ash. Still, there is 4. Important Outcomes
a need to explore some more fields for safe and effective Based on the experimental results following outcomes
utilization of fly ash. Fly ash is a non-plastic material are made.
having frictional resistance and negligible cohesion in  The MDD of the sample decreases whereas OMC
dry condition (Pradhan et. al., 2000). In the present increases with increase in the percentage of fly ash.
study, the fly ash has been used as soil stabilizer for It may be due to the lower density and lower
construction of embankments in North- East region, specific gravity of fly ash.
Tripura, India. The stability of stabilized soil  Cohesion value and CBR value increases with
embankment has been assessed using fast Lagrangian increase in fly ash content (up to 30%), whereas
analysis of continua (FLAC)/ Slope software. decreases the angle of internal friction. Further
increase in fly ash reduces the strength parameters.
2. Motivation and Objective It may be due to the filling of voids of soil particles
The main objectives of the present study is to evaluate by addition of fly ash.
the compaction characteristics i.e. Maximum Dry  The maximum FOS value of embankment was
Density (MDD) and Optimum Moisture Content (OMC), obtained for 30% fly ash content in soil and can be
strength characteristics and stability analysis of used upto 8.0 m.
embankment using numerical modeling of soil stabilized
with fly ash. 5. Conclusions
Outcomes of the present study suggested that the fly ash
3. Methodology
can be used as a soil stabilizer for construction of
Soil sample and fly ash has been collected from the
embankments. Based on the experimental results the
embankment of North- East region, Agartala, Tripura,
optimum amount of fly ash is found to be 30%. The FOS
India and Kolaghat thermal power plant, Kolaghat, West
value obtained from numerical modeling revealed that
Bengal, India respectively. Different samples have been
30% fly ash can be used to stabilize the embankment up
prepared by mixing fly ash and soil. The height of
to 8.0 m heights.
embankment (6.0, 7.0 and 8.0 m) has been varied with
constant slope angle (35°) to evaluate the factor of safety References
(FOS) using FLAC/slope with properties mentioned in
Table-1. Figure-1 shows the variation in FOS at different Martin, J. P., Collins, R. A., Browning, J. S., & Biehl, F.
heights for all the samples. J. (1990). Properties and use of fly ashes for
embankments. Journal of energy engineering, 116(2),
71-86.
60
Experimental Evaluation of Raindrop Splash Erosion Control in

Vetiver Protected Soil Slope Using Rainfall Simulator
Donal Nixon D’Souza
Anil Kumar Choudhary
Punyabrata Basak
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, Jharkhand – 831014
E-mail: donalnixon@gmail.com; drakchoudharycivil@gmail.com; punyabratabasak@gmail.com;
Sanjay Kumar Shukla

Discipline of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Perth, Australia
E-mail: s.shukla@ecu.edu.au
Keywords: soil erosion, raindrop splash, vetiver, rainfall simulator, cover index
1. Introduction comparing the vetiver protected soil loss to the control
Vegetation has been used globally for centuries to for a given soil type and a project-specific slope and
control soil erosion on slopes. It is widely recognized rainfall intensity.
that vegetation reduces soil erosion, but to an
unquantifiable degree. Vetiver grass (Chrysopogon Cover Index (CI) of the test material is the ratio of total
zizaniodes) is being utilized to reduce the soil erosion mass of soil loss from vetiver protected slope to total
and strengthen slopes. Soil erosion by rainfall is the most mass of soil loss from control slope.
predominant form of soil erosion. Rainfall erosion 4. Important Outcomes
begins with raindrop splash and can progress ultimately From cover index obtained, erosion control in percentage
to gullying and stream channel erosion. When rain drops is calculated. Erosion control with time for different
impact on bare or fallow ground, they can dislodge and planting spacing is shown.
move soil particles to a great distance.
Vegetation plays an extremely important role in
controlling rainfall erosion. This paper presents the
investigation on the efficiency of vetiver grass in
controlling rainfall erosion using a custom made
laboratory scale rainfall simulator.
3. Methodology
The unpredictable and infrequent nature of rain makes it
difficult to study soil erosion while it is raining. To
overcome this difficulty rainfall simulators are adopted.
Fig. 1 Soil erosion control
The rainfall simulator enables the precise application of
artificial rain with controlled drop sizes, intensity and 5. Conclusions
duration. In this study, a rainfall simulator based on From this experimental study, it can be concluded that
ASTM D 7101 was developed. Vetiver grass provides excellent protection from rain
drop splash. As confirmed by experiments, erosion
The test method utilizes containers of both bare and protection is directly proportional to foliage cover.
vetiver planted soil that are exposed to simulated rainfall Hence, closely spaced vetiver is more effective for quick
and immediate runoff for 30 minutes in the apparatus. control of erosion. But with time, even large spacing
Rainfall simulator developed is capable of creating planting develops sufficient foliage cover to reduce
uniform drops with a median diameter of 3.0 to 3.5 mm raindrop splash erosion to a great extent.
from a drop height of 2.0 ± 0.1 m and producing rainfall
intensities as high as 150 mm/hr. The amount of soil that References
splashes or is washed out of the containers is collected ASTM D 7101 - Standard Index Test Method for
and weighed. Tests were conducted with vetiver grass Determination of Unvegetated Rolled Erosion
planted at 15 cm, 30 cm and 45 cm equilateral triangular Control Product (RECP) Ability to Protect Soil from
spacing. Tests were conducted at time interval of 3 Rain Splash and Associated Runoff under Bench-
months, 6 months, 9 months and 12 months after Scale Conditions.
planting. From this data, an appropriate soil loss ratio or
associated cover index (CI) can be calculated by
61
Analysis of Effect of Reinforcement on Stability of Slopes with

Marginal Soil
Akshay Kumar Jha
Indian Railways, Hyderabad, India
E-mail: akshayghungru@gmail.com
Madhav Madhira
G V N Reddy
JNTU Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
E-mail: madhavmr@gmail.com; gvnreddy@jntuh.ac.in
Keywords: Reinforcement, length Optimization, Critical slip circle, Reinforced slope, Geosynthetics, Marginal soil
1. Introduction weight, 𝛾 , of 18 kN/m3 and angle of shearing
Steepening of slopes for construction of rail/road resistance, ɸ of 200. The geosynthetic reinforcement
embankments or for widening for other civil engineering used has adhesion, ca, of 4.5 kPa, angle of interface
structures is a necessity for development. Use of friction between soil and reinforcement, 𝛿, of 16° and
geosynthetics for steep slope construction or repair of ultimate tensile strength, Tult, of 200 kN/m. Morgenstern-
failed slopes considering all aspects of design and Price method & SLOPEW of Geostudio 2004 has been
environment could be a viable alternative. Poorly used for the stability analysis of the slope.
draining backfills have been used in reinforced earth
slopes with and without permeable geosynthetic Slope has been analysed for depth of reinforcement from
reinforcement on limited scale. Efforts are being crest of slope at 3.0 m, 4.0 m and 5.0 m for various
continuously made for optimization of length of cases.
reinforcement for overall economy. Jewell et al. (1985),
present design methods for earth slopes reinforced with 4. Important Outcomes
geogrids using LEM assuming bilinear wedge failure The contribution of reinforcement to slope stability has
surface. Jewell (1991) presented revised design charts been identified to be two fold. First one being shifting of
for steep slopes valid for all polymer reinforcement critical slip circle deeper in to the slope involving larger
materials. Christopher et al. (1998) provide design slide mass and thus enhancing the factor of safety.
guidance for reinforced soil structures using poorly Secondly due to the effect of reinforcement by way of
draining backfills and use of permeable inclusions with contribution to stabilizing force/moment.
two stage stress analysis. Naughton et al. (2001) 5. Conclusions
improved the design method of Christopher et al. (1998) The effect of providing geosynthetic reinforcement layer
and presented single stage stability analysis. The present in shifting the critical slip circle has been identified and
paper details an analysis to optimize the length of quantified. The most significant finding of this study is
geosynthetic reinforcement from the face or near end of that the length of the reinforcement can be curtained
the slope with respect to its location to obtain the desired from the face of the embankment.
minimum factor of safety. Marginal soil has been
considered as fill material of slope for the purpose of this References
analysis. Unreinforced and reinforced slopes are Christopher, B. R., Zornberg, J. G., & Mitchell, J. K.
analyzed using Morgenstern-Price method to obtain (1998, March). Design guidance for reinforced soil
critical factors of safety. The effect of providing structures with marginal soil backfills. In Proceedings
geosynthetic reinforcement layer in shifting the critical of the Sixth International Conference on
slip circle has been identified and quantified. Geosynthetics, Atlanta, Georgia, March (Vol. 2, pp.
2. Motivation and Objective 797-804).
Objective of the analysis is to optimize the length of Jewell, R., Paine, N., & Woods, R. (1985). Design
geosynthetic reinforcement from the face or near end of methods for steep reinforced embankments. Polymer
the slope to obtain the desired minimum factor of safety grid reinforcement: proceedings of a conference
and to identify and quantify interaction reinforcement sponsored by the science and engineering research
slope interaction. council and Netlon ltd and held in London 22-23
3. Methodology March 1984. Publication of: Telford (Thomas)
An embankment of height, H, of 6.0 m with side slopes Limited.
of 1.5H to 1V vertical is considered. The embankment
and foundation soil have cohesion, c, of 6 kPa, unit
62
Rainfall Thresholds for Landslide Occurrence in Kalimpong using

Bayesian Approach
Abhirup Dikshit
Neelima Satyam
Geotechnical Engineering Laboratory, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana-500032
E-mail: abhirup.dikshit@research.iiit.ac.in; neelima.satyam@iiit.ac.in
Keywords: Landslides, Early Warning, Rainfall Thresholds, Kalimpong

1. Introduction duration and mean intensity) and the probability of land
Rainfall is the most common cause of landslides in sliding. Results show no correlation with the antecedent
Darjeeling Himalayas. The actual failure mechanism is rainfall in the 14 and 30 days before the event, which
complex and involves a number of factors that influence seem to be unimportant compared to the event rainfall.
the hydrologic behavior of the slope, the shear stresses
acting in the slope and the mechanical resistance along 5. Conclusions
the potential slip surface. There is not a direct cause- The following conclusions can be drawn from the
effect relationship between rainfall and slope failure. To present study. Bayes statistics offers a convenient way
analyze such relation, many studies have developed to evaluate rainfall thresholds in complex geological
rainfall thresholds for landslide occurrence using environments, where the distinction between critical and
empirical or physical (process-based) models. noncritical rainfall is difficult and conventional methods
become highly subjective. In these cases it is essential to
2. Motivation and Objective consider both the probability that a rainfall event
A threshold is defined as the level or the value that must resulted in landslides (likelihood function) and the
be exceeded to produce a given effect or result. The probability that a rainfall event did not triggered
paper describes a method to determine probabilistic landslides (marginal rainfall distribution) in order to
rainfall thresholds based on Bayesian theory. The express the uncertainties in terms of probability.
probabilistic approach provides an objective way to
define thresholds in complex cases when conventional References
methods become highly subjective. Alejandra González, Ernesto Caetano (2017)
Probabilistic Rainfall Thresholds for Landslide
3. Methodology
Several methods have been proposed to determine the Episodes in the Sierra Norte De Puebla, Mexico,
uncertainty related to the definition of rainfall Natural Resources, 2017, 8, 254-267
thresholds. In all these methods, however, only the http://www.scirp.org/journal/nr
rainfall that resulted in landslides are considered. M. Berti, M. L. V. Martina, S. Franceschini, S. Pignone,
Therefore, the computed probabilities of landslide A. Simoni, and M. Pizziolo (2012) Probabilistic
occurrence only represent a part of the overall rainfall thresholds for landslide occurrence using a
uncertainty, which related to the scatter of the triggering Bayesian approach Journal Of Geophysical Research,
rainfall. This paper considers both the critical and non- VOL. 117, F04006, doi:10.1029/2012JF002367.
critical rainfall events as it allows to express all the
uncertainties in terms of probabilities. The probabilistic
approach of Bayes’ theorem incorporates variability and
uncertainty into the model and provides references
regarding the reliability of the threshold. It also gives a
possible distribution of the amount expected, thereby
contributing to a better perspective for estimating
extreme events.
The proposed approach was applied to the Kalimpong
town of Darjeeling district in West Bengal state. The
results depict a clear dependence between the
parameters describing the rainfall event (total rainfall,
63
Study of Mechanical Characteristics of Plants Root for Slope Stability

Tarun S
Naresh M
Uday K V
School of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh – 175005
E-mail: semwaltarun@gmail.com; malinareshmudhiraj@gmail.com; uday1112@gmail.com
Manushree
Shyam Masakapalli
School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh – 175005.
E-mail: manushree.iitmandi.ac.in; shyam@iitmandi.ac.in
Keywords: Slope instability, bio-reinforcement, indigenous plants

In Mid-Himalayan region, landslides are frequently Plant name DIRT Stress - strain curve
occurred due to triggering mechanism such as rainfall. It 2.0
results in increased piezometric levels; thereby, the soil Deodar 1.8

1.6
loses its shear strength, causes slope failures. In lieu of (Cedrus 1.4
deodara) 1.2
Stress (MPa)
the existing conditions, various mitigation techniques 1.0
i.e., surface treatment, reinforcing slopes, dissipation of 0.8

0.6
pore water pressures have been proposed in different 0.4

0.2
contexts. Also, it has been established that the vegetation 0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Strain (%)
cover stabilizes soil slopes by interception of raindrops,
reducing surface erosion, binding soil particles, Amla 14
increasing cohesion and encounter shear failures. Root (Phyllanthus 12
tensile strength, gauge length, strain rate of testing, age emblica)

10
Stress (MPa) 8
of plant, diameter of root, environmental conditions and 6
chemical composition of roots (Cofie and Koolen 2001; 4
Zhang et. al., 2012 & 2014). 2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2. Motivation and Objective Strain (%)
Improving shear strength of the soil with plant roots,

acting as soil nails is one of the sustainable, green 5. Conclusions
solution for mitigating slope failures in Himalayan It has been observed that plant roots possess tensile
terrain. In this view, indigenous plant species have been strength which is an important mechanical property of
identified with root structure to increase the shear roots for preventing the shallow landslides in slopes.
resistance of the soil in such slopes apart from other Different species exhibits different strength that shows
advantages. the type of species is also a governing factor for the
3. Methodology tensile strength of roots. It is also observed that the, root
In the present study, major objective is to study the root distribution parameters also influences the mechanical
tensile strength, root distribution parameters and their characteristics in slope stability studies.
contribution in controlling the soil mass movements. References
The tensile strength of plant roots were determined by
employing UTM whereas the root properties such as root Cofie, P., Koolen, A.J. (2001) Test speed and other
area ratio, average root width, maximum number of roots factors affecting the measurement of tree root
etc., were obtained using DIRT (Digital imaging of Root properties used in soil reinforcement models, Soil and
Traits) tool. The specimens were properly clamped in Tillage research 63: 51-56.
apparatus by applying pneumatic pressure to prevent Zhang, C., Chen, L., Jiang, J., Zhou, S. (2012) Effect of
slippage and failures at/near clamps and test conducted gauge length and strain rate on tensile strength of tree
at different strain rates at constant gauge length. roots, Trees 26:1577–1584.
Specimens failed near the middle of gauge length were Zhang, C., Chen, L., Jiang, J. (2014) Why fine tree roots
taken into consideration while those who have failed are stronger than thicker roots: The role of cellulose
near/edge of the clamps were rejected. and lignin in relation to slope stability,
Geomorphology 206: 196–202.
64
A Finite Element Approach of Stability Analysis of Over Burden Dump

Slope - A Case Study
Lalima Banerjee
Sowmiya Chawla
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Jharkhand – 826004
E-mail: lalima.banerjee@gmail.com; sowmiya_iitd@hotmail.com
Keywords: Mine Overburden; Slope Stability; FEM

Exploitation of coal without proper attention to slope For all the overburden dumps, FEM analyses without
stability of overburden dump poses constant threat to considering rainfall gave higher FOS values than FOS
both men and machinery. This paper attempts to with rainfall. The failure surface for the overburden
investigate the failure mechanism of the mine dump was clearly visible. Also the displacements can be
overburden slopes using Finite Element Method for observed to be much higher in the case when rainfall was
NCL, Singrauli with ground data and observations. considered over the overburden slope.
The geometry of overburden slope is an important factor It was observed that there was very slight variation in
that would help to minimize the risk imposed by the FOS obtained from the FEM modeling of the slopes,
sudden failure of these slopes which leads to loss of from the given FOS. It shows that FEM can be
many lives. Since rainfall has been found to be the cause effectively used to model overburden dump slopes in
of slope failure in many cases, an attempt has been made order to analyze their factor of safety effectively,
to study the comparison of factor of safety and provided the overburden soil strength parameters are
displacements of the slopes, both with and without known. This may help in reducing the sudden collapse of
rainfall conditions. these dumps and prevent accidents in future. Also from
the results, it can be seen that the FOS under rainfall
3. Methodology condition was either lower or equal to the FOS under dry
Midas GTS NX 2016 was used to perform 2-dimensional condition as rainfall leads to instability of the slope due
finite element analyses of dump slopes of Singrauli to the rise in pore pressure and voids and corresponding
mining area. Steady state analyses and transient seepage decrease in shear strength. The total displacements
analyses were used to model the effect of rainfall on obtained were also greater under rainfall condition than
slope stability. The initial groundwater level was in dry condition.
modeled using the steady state analysis. Results of the
steady state analyses were used as the initial condition References
for transient analyses in terms of pore water pressures.
Figure 1 shows the distribution of total displacement at Https://fossil.energy.gov/international/Publications/cwg_
overburden dump no.4 at BINA Project along with the april06_ds_ncl.pdf
inserted table of material properties used for modeling Kainthola, A., Verma, D., Gupte, S.S. and Singh, T.N.
after Kainthola et al. 2011. (2011) A Coal Mine Dump Stability Analysis-A Case
Study, Geomaterials, 1, pp. 1-13.
Midas. (2016) Midas/GTS-NX (Geotechnical and
Tunnel Analysis System) Reference Manual for
Modeling, Integrated Design and Analysis, Midas
Corporation.
Fig. 1 Distribution of total displacement at overburden dump

no.4 at BINA Project with rainfall having FOS=1.58 along with
the strength parameters used (after Kainthola et al. 2011)
65
Breach Analysis of Embankments Using Fuse Plug Model

Deepak Kumar Verma
Department of Civil Engineering, U.I.E.T., Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak – 126001
E-mail: 21deepakverma@gmail.com
Baldev Setia
V.K. Arora
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra – 136118
E-mail: setia_b@rediffmail.com; aroravk1@gmail.com
Keywords: Breach parameters; Hydrograph; Fuse plug; Head cut erosion

1. Introduction occurs and owing to detachment of soil mass, head cut
Earthen embankments are more economical as compared erosion takes place in steps especially for cohesive
to other dams, since earth fill (or rock fill) material is embankment which correlates the previous studies
used in its construction. These dams are used for flood (Walder and Godt, 2015). Different hydrographic curves
control, irrigation, water supply, sediment control and for all models show that initially there is a steep rising
many more purposes. Despite their benefits, the failure followed by a steady narrowing end. The values of t/twp
of earthen dams causes massive damage to vary within a range of 0.4 to 1.6 when q w/qwp is equal to
infrastructures, loss of lives and disorder of environment. 1. The following equation describes all the hydrographic
Singh (1996) compiled the database of different dam curves with different values of exponent ‘n’.
failures. The risk of overtopping cannot be abolished
qw  t 
n
  t 
n

 exp 1   
entirely but damage assessment and after effects of dam
 
failures can be minimized by establishing early warning qw p  tw p    twp  
systems and evacuation plans. So, it becomes essential to   (1)
study and analyze the behaviour of earthen embankments
during the process of overtopping. Equation (1) is similar to the equation used by Verma et
al., (2017). The value of exponent ‘n’ to express the best
2. Motivation and Objective fit curve was estimated by trial and error method and its
Many researchers, in last few decades, analyzed the value is 1.15 (Fig. 1).
breaching of embankments using different approaches
Further, Verma et al., (2017) concluded that breaching
process could not be describe completely by statistically
studies based on historical data and experimental
investigation, is necessary. Wu (2011) compiled the
different experimental studies, based on erosion
mechanics, carried out by many academicians in last
decade. Recently, Verma et al., (2017) used the fuse plug
model and described the different breach hydrographs.
For small scale tests, the laboratory studies using fuse
Fig. 1 Normalized breach flow hydrograph with
plug models has its own importance to estimate the
exponent value of n as 1.15
relationship among different breach parameters and rate
of erosion during the overtopping of embankments. 5. Conclusions
In case of cohesive soil, head cut erosion occurs due to
3. Methodology detachment of soil mass. On the other hand, surface
To understand the breach behavior during the process of erosion takes place for non-cohesive soil. The
overtopping, a total seven experiments using a fuse plug normalized breach hydrograph has a common shape for
model were carried out in a recirculating glass flume all soils with steep rising and diminishing end. Equation
with standard laboratory devices. The width of the (1) with exponent 1.15 affirms the normalized breach
embankment was 0.57 m for all runs. hydrograph.
4. Important Outcomes References
Under constant inflow discharge for all experiments, the
Singh, V.P. (1996). Dam Breach modeling Technology. Kluwer
breach duration for embankment of silt-clay mixture rich
Academic Publisher.
in cohesive proportion was more. In assessing the
variation of breach duration for different experiments, it Verma, D., Setia, B. and Arora, V.K. (2017) Experimental study
was observed that cohesiveness of soil play a vital role. of breaching of an earthen dam using a fuse plug model,
For non-cohesive soil, the progressive surface erosion International Journal of Engineering, 30 (4), pp. 479-485.
66
Importance of Spatial Variability on Probabilistic Slope Stability

Rubi Chakraborty
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Meghalaya– 793003
E-mail: rubi.rc.nit@gmail.com
Arindam Dey
E-mail: arindamdeyiitg16@gmail.com
Keywords: Spatial variability; Probability of failure; Limit equilibrium method; Finite element method; Random finite
element method
1. Introduction 3. Results and Discussions
Slope stability analysis faces several issues of The FoS values found for deterministic LEM and FEM
uncertainty originating due to geological anomalies, are 1.19 and 1.197 respectively. The outcomes of
inherent spatial variability of soil properties, lack of data probabilistic studies are presented in Fig 1. Probability of
availability, uncertainty in potential failure surface, failure for different dimensionless correlation length (ϴ)
simplifying approximations adopted in geotechnical are shown. A ‘correlation length’ is the distance within
modeling as well as human errors in design and which the soil properties at two points are highly
construction. In a traditional stability analysis of a slope correlated. Small correlation lengths result in random
using a deterministic approach, the stability is generally fields which are very erratic, while large correlation
represented in terms of factor of safety (FoS). However, lengths result in random fields which are smoother and
two nominally identical slopes, having same FoS based more slowly varying. For the present study, Fig 1 shows
on conventional deterministic analysis, can have very that beyond a threshold correlation length (0.06),
different probabilities of failure due to uncertainties ignoring spatial variability can lead to underestimation of
involved in soil properties and failure mechanisms. the probability of failure.
2. Present Study
This paper highlights the importance of incorporating
spatial variation in soil properties in slope stability
analysis. Preliminarily, a deterministic study is carried
out, using Geostudio v2007, for a mixed-soil 2H:1V
slope using both Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) and
Finite Element Method (FEM). For the same test
problem, a probabilistic study has been carried out using
both LEM and FEM coupled with Monte Carlo
Simulation (MCS). For each iteration of MCS, the shear Fig 1: Comparison of probabilistic LEM, FEM and RFEM
strength properties are considered as random variables analysis
defined by a lognormal distribution on the mean strength 4. Conclusions
estimates. Hence, each iteration considers a Based on the present study, the following conclusions
homogeneous slope without assigning any spatial are drawn:
variation of strength properties in the soil domain.
Further, the same problem is extended to include the  Spatial variability of soil shear strength properties
effect of spatial variability of the shear strength can be suitably incorporated in slope stability
properties within the soil domain. The analysis of the analysis using RFEM.
same has been achieved by using Random Finite  There exists a threshold correlation length beyond
Element Method (RFEM) which aids in defining a which the probability of failure is underestimated by
random field onto a finite element mesh, thus resulting in conventional probabilistic analysis without
each mesh element to behave as a random variable considering spatial variation.
(Griffiths & Fenton, 2004). RFEM completely accounts
References
for spatial correlation and does not require a priori
assumptions related to the shape or location of the failure Griffiths, D. V., & Fenton, G. A. (2004). Probabilistic
surface as it can “seek out” the weakest path through the slope stability analysis by finite elements. Journal of
soil for actual failure surface. Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,
130,507–518.
67
Landslide Evolution Through Catastrophe Theory Based on Planar–

Slip Slope Model
Chiranjib Prasad Sarma
A. Murali Krishna
Arindam Dey
E-mail: s.chiranjib@iitg.ernet.in; amurali@iitg.ernet.in; arindamdeyiitg16@gmail.com
Keywords: catastrophe; landslide; planar–slip; instability

1. Introduction the first derivative of the potential energy equation of the
It is a well understood fact that several natural factors system at strain corresponding to the peak stress of the
contribute to destabilizing a slope ultimately leading to strain–softening medium the equation is developed into
failure. The methods of analysis developed so far does the standard form of the cusp catastrophe.
not take into account the variability of the various
control parameters. The puzzle that still baffles
geotechnical engineers is the existence of two cases
when considering actual landslide events; why landslide
occurs when FoS > 1.0 and how a slope remains stable
even if the FoS < 1.0. There are also several other
aspects that need to be taken into consideration such as;
even if a slope is going to fail what will be its nature of
failure; will it be sudden catastrophic failure or will it be
slow moving landslide; the threshold displacement at
which it is going to evolve into a catastrophic landslide.
Cusp catastrophe theory can take into account the
conditions leading to slow-moving landslide or its Fig. 2 Wedge slope mechanical model
evolution into a sudden slip movement. The theory 3. Conclusions
encompasses the gradual mobilization of shear strength The cusp catastrophe model thus developed incorporates
corresponding to the strain in the shear zone based on the features such as sudden transition, hysteresis, and
constitutive models of the soil (Qin et al., 2001) bimodality. It takes into account the effect of the
constitutive models of the shearing materials and there
2. Methodology inter-relation while evaluating the stability condition of a
Equation 1 [Thom, 1972] represents the standard form of
slope. The displacement criterion governing the
the cusp catastrophe model.
mechanism of landslide evolution is contained within the
C ( x)  x 3   x    0
model.
(1)
Unlike limit equilibrium method, the catastrophe model
Where α and β, are the control parameters and x is the defines varying values of critical factor of safety, and
state variable. The equation represents the surface as explains why there is slip even if the FoS is greater than
shown in Figure 1. 1. Conditions for different failure modes can be defined,
which is not possible using limit equilibrium method.
The catastrophe model can thus, describe the
evolutionary process of landsliding, along with the
stabilizing and destabilizing cycles.
References
Qin, S.Q., Jiao, J.J., Wang, S.J. and Long, H. (2001). A
nonlinear catastrophe model of instability of planar-
slip slope and chaotic dynamical mechanisms of its
evolutionary process. International Journal of Solids
Fig. 1 Cusp Catastrophe surface
and Structures (38), pp. 8093–8109.
Considering a planar wedge slope with two sets of slip
surface properties as shown in Figure 2, the mechanical Thom, R. (1972) Stabilitea structurelle et
model is developed. From the Taylor series expansion of morphogeanease, Benjamin, New York.
68
3-Dimensional Slope Stability Analysis Using PLAXIS-3D

Pawan Kumar Singh
Himangshu Lahkar
Karam Vir Islary
Diganta Goswami
Department of Civil Engineering, Assam Engineering College, Guwahati 781013.
E-mail: singhpawank123@gmail.com ; hlahkar28@gmail.com ; karamvirislary@gmail.com ;digantagoswami2@gmail.com
Keywords: Slope stability; Stability chart; Factor of safety

1. Introduction
Slope stability analysis is found to gain more importance
due to the huge constructions which are taking place on
slopes. A proper slope stability analysis requires sound
geotechnical knowledge as well as a sophisticated
software code for the design. As a simplifying tool for
the practicing engineers, a set of simplified design charts
for analyzing the stability of soil slopes is developed by
conducting a number of 3-Dimensional Slope stability
analysis using finite element code PLAXIS 3D. Similar
Charts were prepared by Michalowski, R.L., (2002)
using the kinematic approach of limit analysis .
Stability charts are found to be helpful in easy
assessment of stability of slopes neglecting the methods Fig. 1 Design chart for factor of safety values of 0.5 & 1.5
following iterative procedures. The 3-D slope stability
analysis is found to give more reliable results than 2-D 5. Conclusions
slope stability analysis (Michalowski, R.L., 2010). This study presents various design stability charts which
can be used for assessing the stability of slopes for a
2. Motivation and Objective known value of the slope parameters.
The motivation of this paper is the increasing demand for
engineered cut and fill slopes on construction project, References
which has led to the problems of slope stability. This
Michalowski, R. L. (2002) Stability charts for uniform
study will help to assess the stability of slopes by
slopes, J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 128, pp.351–
providing the value of mean factor of safety based on the
355.
value of shear strength parameters c and ф and also for
different values of the angle of slope. Michalowski, R. L. (2010) Limit analysis and stability
charts for 3D slope failures, J. Geotech. Geoenviron.
3. Methodology
Eng., 136, pp.583-593.
Several 3-Dimensional slopes were analyzed by using
the finite element package PLAXIS 3D. The method of
analysis performed was safety analysis. In the analysis
based on different values of shear strength parameters c
and ɸ, the mean factor of safety was calculated by means
of phi-c reduction method in PLAXIS 3D.
This paper provides a chart based on which one can find
the values of mean factor of safety depending on the
values of shear parameters both in wet and dry
conditions. The charts are also valid for a wide range of
slope geometry. Figure 1 shows factor of safety chart for
a slope angle of 30°.
69
Stability of Natural Slopes Considering Initial Stresses

Sukanta Dey
Gautam Bhattacharya
Department of Civil Engineering, IIEST, Shibpur, Howrah – 711103, India.
E-mail: de.sukant@gmail.com; bhattacharyag@gmail.com
Robin Chowdhury
Faculty of Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
E-mail: robin@uow.edu.au
Keywords: Slope stability; Initial stress; Factor of safety

Ever since the pioneering work of Skempton (1961), The development of a procedure for the initial stress
there has been an increasing appreciation of the approach of stability analysis of a natural slope together
importance of initial or in-situ ground stresses to stability with the development of a computer code in MATLAB
of natural slopes. Popular methods of slope stability platform would serve as a tool for carrying out further
analysis based on the concept of limit equilibrium, which research on the broad theme of the present study, and
have gone through several refinements over the decades thus forms an important outcome of this research.
and continue to dominate professional practice, still do
not include consideration of the in-situ stress field 5. Conclusions
(Krahn, 2003, Tan et. al., 2013). Stability of a natural This paper presents a numerical procedure for stability
slope may be quantified by defining a factor of safety analysis of natural slopes based on an initial stress
against sliding on a given surface in terms of shear approach. Specifically, the formulation considers a slip
strength and shear stress, as done in limit equilibrium surface of circular shape; however, the basic procedure
methods. However, such a factor of safety is a function can be easily extended to slip surfaces of general (non-
of the conjugate stress ratio (or the initial stress circular) shapes. The procedure has been elucidated with
parameter) K whose value is bounded by an upper limit the help of an arbitrarily selected example of a natural
and a lower limit (Chowdhury et al., 2010). slope. For the sake of comparison, the same example has
also been analysed based on a number of limit
2. Motivation and Objective equilibrium methods of slices. The results of the analysis
In the literature there is hardly any publication which clearly show that the initial stress parameter has a
illustrates the initial stress approach of natural slope significant influence on the magnitude of the overall
stability analysis. In view of this, the objective of the factor of safety. Further, these values of factor of safety
present paper is to first formulate a methodology for the are substantially different from those based on limit
initial stress approach of stability analysis of a natural equilibrium methods, as expected.
slope, study the influence of the initial stress parameter
K on the factor of safety for a curved slip surface of References
circular shape, and also to compare the values of factor Chowdhury, R. Flentje, P. and Bhattacharya, G., 2010.
of safety thus obtained with those obtained from limit Geotechnical Slope Analysis, CRC Press/Balkema,
equilibrium methods. 737pp.
3. Methodology Krahn, J., 2001. The R. M. Hardy Lecture: The Limits of
Considering a slope with inclination  to the horizontal Limit Equilibrium Analyses, Canadian Geotechnical
in a soil with unit weight , the normal and shear stresses Journal, Vol. 40, No. 3, 2003, pp. 643-660.
on any plane surface with inclination  can be obtained
Skempton, A.W., 1961. Horizontal stresses in an over
in terms of the initial stress parameter K. For a potential
consolidated Eocene clay, in Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Soil
slip surface of circular shape, the inclination  varies
Mech. Found. Eng., Paris, 1; 351-358.
from point to point and it is necessary to include this
variation in evaluation of the overall stability in terms of Tan, W. H., Li, Y. L., and Li, C. C., 2013. Research on
factor of safety, F. As described by Chowdhury et al., 2D Limit Equilibrium Method of Slopes Considering
(2010), this has been achieved by numerical integration the Effect of Horizontal In Situ Stress, Advanced
after sub-dividing the sliding mass into a number of Materials Research, Vols. 671-674, pp. 245-250.
vertical slices.
70
Landslide Predication by Remote Sensing and GIS and Its Continuous

Monitoring by Using WSN System- A Proposal for Kumbharli Ghat,
Maharashtra
A. A. Bhondwe
Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Karad – 415124
E-mail: abhijeet.bhondwe@gcekarad.ac.in
S. R. Suryawanshi
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, Government College of Engineering, Karad – 415124
E-mail: snehal.09suryawanshi@gmail.com
P.K. Deshpande
Department of Civil Engineering, Walchand College of Engineering, Sangli – 416415
E-mail: deshpandepk9@gmail.com
U.L. Deshpande
Department of Applied Mechanics, Government College of Engineering, Karad – 415124
E-mail: umeshdeshpande2000@gmail.com
Keywords: Landslide Prediction; Landslide Monitoring; Remote Sensing and GIS, Wireless Sensor Network
1. Introduction 3. Methodology
Landslide is one of the most destructive natural hazard With Remote Sensing and Geographic Information
especially in hilly terrains like Western Ghats in System (GIS) the potential sites of landslides are
Maharashtra. Remote sensing technique using high- identified. Field visit is conducted at such sites to collect
resolution satellite data is used and studied in software samples for geotechnical tests. After analyzing the
Ilwis to generate various layers of causative factors. The geotechnical parameters, sensors are finalized for
combination of these layers results into the maps of slide monitoring. A model is proposed for real time landslide
prone areas. The ground check is followed by monitoring by suggesting wireless sensors and warning
geotechnical tests of samples collected to get insight system to be established at potential sites of landslides.
about the properties of soil or debris.
After identifying the landslide, its monitoring becomes
 The kumbharli ghat has been mapped for landslide
of vital importance from safety point of view. A real-
susceptibility by using RS and GIS.
time landslide monitoring system aims at a systemic
 The geotechnical Parameters are ascertained that are
development of a prototyping alarm- and early warning
prone to landslide in the region.
system for different types of landslides utilizing wireless
sensor networks, where data collected by the sensors are  The model based on WSN is proposed for real time
delivered through the network to a remote unit for online monitoring of the landslides in the region.
analysis and alerting. Fernandez-Steeger T. M., et. al.,
(2009) suggested that wireless sensor networks are a 5. Conclusions
promising alternative to conventional systems in terms of A combination of two technologies viz. remote sensing
cost efficiency, flexibility, easy installation, energy and GIS and Wireless Sensor Network provides a
efficiency and reliability. An attempt has been made in reliable solution for landslide mapping and its real-time
the current study to present a model of monitoring of monitoring. The region of study is densely populated and
landslide in Kumbharli Ghat Region. of immense importance from connectivity point of view.
Therefore, real-time monitoring of landslide will
2. Motivation and Objective minimize the infrastructural losses and timely alert can
Kumbharli ghat has near vicinity of Koyna dam and save loss of life as well.
Ghod Chiplun lineament. The region is seismically
active as it receives trimmers of magnitude ≈4 References
frequently, providing a triggering factor for landslide. Fernandez-Steeger, T. M., Arnhardt, C., Walter, K., Haß,
Hence there is a need of a real-time landslide monitoring S., Niemeyer, F., Nakaten, B., & Ritter, H. (2009).
and analysis system. The ultimate objective of the study SLEWS–A prototype system for flexible real time
is to give warning before Landslide occurrence. monitoring of landslides using an open spatial data
infrastructure and wireless sensor
networks. Geotechnologien science report, 13, 3-15.
71
An Innovative Pullout System for Soil Nails and Anchors

Mahesh Sharma
Manojit Samanta
Shantanu Sarkar
Geotechnical Engineering Division, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee-247667
E-mail: mahesh3.ce@gmail.com, 85sganesh@gmail.com, ganeshkumar@cbri.res.in
Keywords: Pullout system, laboratory pullout test, soil nails, helical anchors
Soil nails and anchors are generally used for stabilization Fig. 1 compares the pullout displacement curves for SS,
of slopes, excavations and unstable face of road or rail RN and HSN at surcharge pressure of 99 kPa. There is
embankments. Pullout capacity of soil nails and anchors significant difference between pullout behaviour of
is the most crucial parameter for the design (Su et. al., helical anchors and the conventional driven soil nails.
2006). The pullout capacity of nails and anchors are Initially pullout force increases rapidly with the
mostly determined through laboratory tests and then displacement and then the rate of increase in the pullout
verified by limited number of field pullout tests. force decreases with increase in the displacements for
However, the pull-out capacity of a soil nail in the field anchors. While for soil nails the pullout resistance
is influenced by various factors, such as soil condition, increases till peak is attained after which there is
types of soil nail, installation procedures and vertical decrease in the pullout resistance.
surcharge pressure (Chu and Yin, 2005). Thus field
pullout testing pose number of limitations. To overcome
the limitations of the previous developed devices, a
laboratory pullout system for soil reinforcements has
been designed and developed at CSIR-CBRI, Roorkee to
investigate the influence of installation angle, vertical
surcharge pressure, interface roughness and method of
installation of the reinforcements on pullout capacity.
The pullout resistance, installation torque and pullout
displacement can be measured while performing the tests Fig. 1 Pullout displacement curves for SS, RN and HSN at 99
using the pullout system (Samanta et. al., 2017). kPa
5. Conclusions
2. Motivation and Objective The developed pullout system successfully conducts
Development of laboratory pullout testing system which pullout tests on different types of soil nails and anchors
can conduct pullout tests on soil nails, anchors at installed inclination angle of 10° and at different
different inclination angle and surcharge pressures. surcharge pressures ranging from 7 kPa to 99 kPa.
The laboratory pullout tests were performed in a dense
sand medium compacted to relative density of 75 %. The Chu, L. and Yin, J. (2005) Comparison of interface
physical properties of the sand medium are listed in shear strength of soil nails measured by both direct
Table 1. The soil nails were driven into the tank while shear box tests and pullout tests, J. Geotech.
helical anchors are installed at 10° by application of Geoenviron. Eng., 131(9), pp.1097-1107.
torque. The pullout tests were conducted under surcharge
Samanta, M., Sharma, M., Sarkar, S., and Puneta, P.
pressures varying from 7 kPa to 99 kPa at a displacement
(2017) Pullout capacity of driven soil nails in
rate of 1.2 mm/min and the plot is made between pullout
cohesionless soil and its constitutive modelling.
resistance and corresponding displacement. The tests
National proceeding of CONMIG, IIT Roorkee, India,
were conducted on three types of nails: soil nail with
3-5th March, 2017.
smooth surface (SS), soil nail with ribbed surface (RN)
and helical soil anchor with single helix (HSN). Su, L.J. (2006) Laboratory pull-out testing study on soil
Table-1 Physical properties of sands nails in compacted completely decomposed granite fill
(Doctoral dissertation, The Hong Kong Polytechnic
D60 D30 D10 University).
Soil Cu Cc φ°
(mm) (mm) (mm)
Sand 0.22 0.17 0.11 1.15 1.92 38
72
Stability Analysis of Slope with Different Soil Types and Its

Stabilization Techniques
Hymavathi Jampani
Navya Bhupati
Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Aeronautical Engineering, Hyderabad– 500043
E-mail: hymavathi.jampani555@gmail.com; navyabhupati@gmail.com
Keywords: Slope stability; Soil Nailing; Berming; Slope/W; dynamic analysis
1. Introduction Table-1 Properties of soils

Slope failure or slope instability is very common in IS γd C
Himalayan and North-eastern states of India which can Classification (kN/m3) (kN/m2) φ°
be considered as one of the reasons for passive economic GW 20 2 49
growth. Slope failures occur because of earthquake, CL-ML 17 34 29
water table and poor geotechnical properties of the soil CH 18 85 7
present. Slope failures can be minimized by stabilizing
the slope with appropriate techniques. Most common 4. Important Outcomes
stabilization techniques are retaining wall, berming, soil It can be concluded that slope stabilized by both berming
nailing, ground anchors and drainage etc., to select the and soil nailing is most effective than using them alone
best suitable technique for the particular slope, numerical in clayey soil. Soil nailing is best suitable technique in
analysis has been carried out in the present study using gravel.
limit equilibrium method.
Many deaths and road blockages are reported in hilly
areas due to slope failure, these calls for the need of
knowledge on various slope stabilization techniques.
Whereas, the knowledge on slope stabilization is lacking
in various civil engineers this is a reason for selection of
slope stability as our research topic. The main aim of
this study is to find out the best slope stabilization
technique among berming, soil nailing technique and
combination of both to the slope for three different soils
Fig. 1 Effect of stabilization techniques on slope stability
(i.e., well graded gravel, low plasticity silty clay, highly
plastic clay). The main objective of this paper is to
provide guidance to engineers to select the best slope 5. Conclusions
stabilization technique for different soil types.  The effect of water table & seismic force is
remarkable on gravel compared to silty clay and
3. Methodology clay.
In this study the slope is initially analyzed with three  The influence of berm inclination is major
different soil types shown in table 1, without and with compared with berm width for slope stabilized by
any external destabilizing forces such as water table, berming technique.
seismic loading and surcharge effect. To find out the  The variation of nail length, inclination & spacing
suitable slope stabilization technique for a particular soil has significant effect on gravel soil when compared
among berming, soil nailing and combination of berming with other soils used for study.
and soil nailing the slope stabilized with these techniques
are analyzed. Suitable technique can be found only when References
the parameters responsible for stabilization are Fan, C.C. and Luo, J.H. (2008) Numerical study on
considered, hence the effect of berm inclination and optimal layout of soil nailed slopes, Computers and
berm width on stabilization using berming technique is Geotechnics., ELSEVIER, 35(4), pp. 589-599.
analyzed. Later, the effect of nail inclination, length and
spacing on stabilization is analyzed. Finally, the stability Ghareh, S. (2015) Parametric assessment of soil-nailing
analysis of slope stabilized by soil nailing and berming retaining structures in cohesive and cohesionless soils,
together is carried out. Measurement. ELSEVIER, 73, pp. 341–351.
73
Slope Stabilization & Rockfall Protection at Chenani Nashri Tunnel – A

Case Study
Lopamudra Dutta
Geobrugg India Pvt Ltd, JMD Megapolis, Sector 48, Gurgaon 122018
E-mail: lopamudra.dutta@geobrugg.com
Keywords: Slope stabilization; Rockfall; TECCO®; Tunnel

1. Introduction
This article presents detailed slope stabilization and 5. Conclusions
rockfall mitigation works done on Chenani Nashri This widely used way to stabilize soil and rock slopes is
Tunnel portals. The Chenani-Nashri tunnel cuts through economical and a good alternative to shotcrete solutions
the mountain to develop the road connecting the two or massive supporting structures. Safety, cost-
places reducing the present distance of 30 km to 10 km, effectiveness, and sustainability: these are the main
besides cutting down travel time by an hour. It was of qualities of high tensile steel wire mesh (1770 N/mm2)
the major importance that the tunnel stays safe of the which is also easy to install and maintain.
imminent rock fall and landslide hazards. Geobrugg was
approached for a complete analysis at the site, so that the References
Tunnel stays safe. As a protective measure, the flexible Brändlein P. (2004). LGA Nuremberg, Germany,
slope stabilization system using high-tensile steel wire Monitoring and supervision of laboratory testing of the
meshes was selected in combination with nailing along TECCO slope stabilization system, Test report BPI
with Rockfall Barriers. 0400046/1.
2. Motivation and Objective Rüegger, R., & Flum, D. (2006). Anforderungen an
For the contractor and the client (NHAI) it was of major flexible Böschungsstabilisierungssysteme bei der
importance that the rock fall barriers hold a valid ETA Anwendung in Boden und Fels. Technische Akademie
(European Technical Approval) issued by the EOTA Esslingen, Beitrag für, 4.
(European Organization for Technical Approvals)
because only valid ETA guarantees liability and Rüegger, R.; Flum, D.; Haller, B. (2002). Hochfeste
complete safety of the tunnel portals during all weather. Geflechte aus Stahldraht für die Oberflächensicherung
in Kombination mit Vernagelungen und
3. Methodology Verankerungen. Technische Akademie Esslingen,
The protective measure, the flexible slope stabilization Beitrag für 2. Kolloquium „Bauen in Boden und Fels“.
system using high-tensile steel wire meshes (TECCO®)
having tensile strength of (1770 N/mm2) in offset grid
pattern was designed in combination with nailing depth
ranging from 6m to 20m along with 500 KJ GBE
Rockfall Barriers. Coir mesh in combination with hydro-
seeding was used for vegetation growth.
The Rockfall Barrier System and Slope Stabilization
System protects the entry and exit levels of the Chenani-
Nashri Tunnel from all sorts of major and minor
rockfalls or any falling object which could in anyway
harm the Tunnel portals and traffic.
Fig. 1 Rockfall barrier of energy absorption capacity 500 KJ

installed at the tunnel portal.
74
Numerical Analysis of Rain-Induced Slope Stability

Adarsh S. Chatra
G. R. Dodagoudar
V. B. Maji
Ramanandan S.
Sundaravel V.
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai – 600036
E-mail: adarshchatra@gmail.com; goudar@iitm.ac.in; vbmaji@iitm.ac.in; ramanandans@gmail.com; sundaravel90@gmail.com
Keywords: rainfall; slope stability; pore pressure; degree of saturation; landslides.

1. Introduction
Landslides are among the major natural disasters in the 4. Important Outcomes
world. Landslides occur when hillslopes become The important outcomes of the study are given as: The
mechanically unstable, because of geologic and gain in pore pressure in the soil slope is 128 % and is
hydrogeologic processes and pose a serious threat to responsible for reducing the factor of safety of slope to
human built. It has been identified that the rainfall is the 0.92. The degree of saturation soil slope remained
main triggering factor for the slope failure (Rahimi et al. constant at 10% for 2 h of rainfall from the beginning of
2011). A parametric sensitivity analysis is performed the rainfall event. Thereafter with increasing rainfall, the
considering different rainfall patterns applied over the degree of saturation of the loose soil slope increased
soil slopes. gradually from 10% to 100% over a period of 10 h after
2. Motivation and Objective which it remained constant for the remaining duration of
The effect of rainfall patterns on soil slope and stability the rainfall.
of slope with associated soil properties has not received 5. Conclusions
adequate attention. In this study, the finite difference Based on the result obtained following conclusions are
analysis is carried out for transient water flow through drawn. During rainfall infiltration, the pore pressures
unsaturated soil zone to study the effects of rainfall increased due to the dissipation of matric suction and
intensity and duration on pore pressure generation, increase in the groundwater table corresponding
degree of saturation. reduction in factor of safety values. With increasing
3. Methodology rainfall duration, the distinct shear bands are formed
The two-dimensional finite different analysis for the leading to failure along a critical slip surface. Large
transient water flow through unsaturated soils is adopted irreversible deformations have occurred in the soil slope
in this study. The engineering and hydraulic properties after 17 h of rainfall at the upper portion.
of soil are given in Table 1. Firstly, an antecedent References
rainfall of 2000 mm is applied to the surface of slope for
one year in order to simulate the antecedent groundwater FLAC manual. 2011. Fluid-Mechanical Interaction.
conditions in the slope section. Soon after the application Itasca Consulting Group Inc., Minneapolis.
of antecedent rainfall; main rainfall is applied to study
Rahimi, A., Rahardjo, H. and Leong E. (2011) Effect of
the response of slope subjected to different main rainfall antecedent rainfall patterns on rainfall-induced slope
events. The pore-water pressure, degree of saturation etc. failure. Journal of Geotechnical and
are evaluated at the end of the rainfall event. The plots
Geoenvirontmental Engineering, 137(5), pp. 483-491
corresponding to all the above parameters can be drawn
against various time steps at chosen location of the slope.
Table 1 Engineering and hydraulic properties of the soil
Parameter Values
Young’s modulus, E (MPa) 100
Poisson’s ratio, υ 0.3
Cohesion (kPa), c 8
Friction angle, φ () 30
Shape parameter, m 0.45
Scaling suction (kPa), P0 2
Residual saturation, θr 0.049
Saturate permeability, ks (m/s) 1*10-6
Dry unit weight, γd (kN/m )3
16
Porosity, n (-) 0.3868
75
Generalized Solution for Active Earth Pressure During Earthquake by

Graphical Method
Debarati Jana
B. C. Chattopadhyay
Joyanta Maity
Department of Civil Engineering, Meghnad Saha Institute of Technology, Kolkata-700150.
E-mail: debaratijana@gmail.com; ccbokash@yahoo.com; joymaity1975@yahoo.co.in
Keywords: Earthquake; Earth pressure; Retaining Wall; Graphical solution

A retaining wall is used for maintaining the ground The active earth pressure and active earth pressure
surface at different elevations on either side of it. These coefficient Kae increases with increase in kh for any
walls play a critical role in the protection of structures value of kv, with any value of shear strength parameter
from possible soil movement. Design of the earth Ø. For example, when kh changes from 0.0 to 0.2 for the
retaining wall under static condition is well established case,α=00,β=00,Ø=200and kv=0.0,the value of Kae is
but estimation of the earth thrust during earthquake increased by 38%.Again for the case of α=00,β=00,Ø=300
condition is quite difficult and uncertain. and kv=0.05,the value of Kae is increased by 27%.
Determining Earth pressure on retaining walls becomes
important for safe design of such walls during
earthquake condition. Seismic analysis of such cases for
active condition has been generally based on Pseudo-
static method following Mononobe-Okabe method which
was developed by extending Coulomb’s equation for
active earth pressure for cohesionless soil. Shukla et. al.,
(2009) extended the method for c-Ø soils for horizontal
backfill with vertical face of the retaining wall, 5. Conclusions
neglecting the wall friction. Bhattacharya and Jana Typical results show the highly non-linear nature of the
(2012) extended the method for evaluation of passive seismic active earth pressure distribution by this
earth pressure in such case. Shukla (2015) derived an graphical solution. The present method gives the
explicit generalized analytical expression to calculate desirable design values of seismic active earth pressure
dynamic active thrust using the pseudo-static approach. coefficients by this simplistic approach of design of
Choudhury and Nimbalkar (2005) formulated a pseudo- retaining wall against devastating effect of earthquake.
dynamic method to compute the distribution of seismic
active earth pressure on a rigid retaining wall supporting References
cohesionless backfill in more realistic manner by
Choudhury, D., & Nimbalkar, S. (2005). Seismic passive
considering time and phase difference within the
resistance by pseudo-dynamic
backfill. In this work a generalized graphical solution
method. Geotechnique, 55(9), 699-702.
considering inclination of back of wall and surface of
retained c-Ø soil for various earthquake conditions is Shukla, S.K., Gupta, S.K., and Sivakugan, N. (2009),
proposed. Active earth pressure on retaining wall for c–φ soil
backfill under seismic loading conditions, J. of
3. Methodology
Geotech and Geoenv Engg, 135 (5) pp. 690–696.
Using the generalized graphical solution, the influence of
various key factors such as backfill inclination β, Shukla, S.K. (2015), Generalized analytical expression
cohesion c, and angle of shearing resistance Ø, for dynamic active thrust from c-soil backfills. Int. J.
horizontal and vertical seismic coefficients kh and kv are of Geotechnical Engg, UK, Vol. 9, (4), p. 416-421.
studied. Definition figure along with force polygon is
shown in Fig1.Solutions are made for Ø varying from
200 to 400,inclination of backfill from 00 to100 and that
of back of wall from 00 to100 for various kh and kv and
wall friction. The graphical solution is straight forward
and can be adopted for the design of retaining walls in
seismic zone.
76
Soil Arching on Piles supporting Deep Excavations

George Tharakan Idiculla
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Maharashtra – 700046
E-mail: 25.george@gmail.com; dasaka@civil.iitb.ac.in
Keywords: Deep excavations; Soil Arching; Inverted Soil Arch; Soil Gap Ratio; Active Trapdoor mechanism.
1. Introduction
Recent advancement in area of deep excavations is the
replacement of traditional deep excavation support
systems such as diaphragm walls or sheet pile walls with
contiguous piles. The contiguous piles used in
excavations can be designed with or without soil gap
between the piles. Numerical studies were carried out to
study the failure mechanism and the effect of soil
arching between the piles. Fig. 2 Horizontal cross section showing the reorientation of
principal stresses in arch shape
Application of piles for deep excavation support 5. Conclusions
resembles the active trapdoor mechanism, but in the Soil arching effect diminishes or completely arrests the
horizontal direction. Many experimental and analytical flow of soil through the gap between the piles.
studies were conducted by various researchers for the Formation of inverted arch is observed in the horizontal
past few decades, however, the effect of adhesion factor cross section of the excavation side, below the depth of
in soil-pile interaction, various soil parameters along excavation at each stage. This inverted soil arch also
with the diameter-gap ratio of piles on the stability of the partially prevents the flow of soil through the gap
support system need to be studied further, in view of between the piles. The pressure will be relatively lesser
possible arching. and can reduce to even zero at the midway between the
piles.
3. Methodology
Numerical analyses were carried out using Plaxis 3D, in References
which the soil profile and laterally loaded piles are Keawsawasvong, S. and Ukritchon, B. (2017).
modelled in Mohr-Coulomb and linearly elastic non- Undrained limiting pressure behind soil gaps in
porous material, respectively. Analyses of deep contiguous pile walls. Computers and Geotechnics 83:
excavations of 10 meters are carried out in seven stages, 152–158.
as shown in Fig 1.
Vermeer, P. A., Punlor, A. and Ruse, N. (2001). Arching
4. Important Outcomes effects behind a soldier pile wall. Computers and
A thorough study on the change in direction and Geotechnics 28: 379-396.
magnitude of the stresses in the soil near the contiguous
piles is carried out. The reorientation of principal stresses
which forms an arch shape in a horizontal plane is shown
in Fig 2.
Fig. 1 Numerical modelling of deep excavation in Plaxis 3D
77
Optimization of Pullout Strength & Nail Length Pattern using Finite

Element Approach
Animesh Sharma
Geotechnical Engineer, Afcons Infrastructure Ltd, Kolkata Metro Project UG-1, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
E-mail: animesharma009@yahoo.com
P.T Raju
Director, Coastland Geotechnics, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
E-mail: thrimurti@gmail.com
Keywords: Soil Nailing; Pull Out Strength; Finite Element Analysis; Nail Length Pattern
1. Introduction with relevant checks for internal and external failure
Soil Nailing is an earth retention technique which has modes.
gained wide spread applications in several construction
works such as slope stabilization for cut slopes for 4. Important Outcomes
widening of highways, railways & tunnel portals. The Pull-out strengths obtained from the back analysis of
Conventional design guidelines are based upon classical the finite element results were found to be function of
earth pressure theories & full scale model tests, yet depth and were relatively upper bound to the
considering the field practice experiences, there is a conventionally assumed values by a factor of 1-2
scope for systematic study for its optimization. Current (Figure.1). The results validate the fact that the pull-out
study undertakes an analytical design approach towards strength is a function of overburden/effective pressure &
its parametric optimization. Finite Element Software i.e. varies with the depth [1]. From results of finite element
PLAXIS 2D has been used for the analysis and the analysis, it can be said that consideration of non-uniform
results have been validated using limit equilibrium pull-out strength would optimize the nail lengths
approach. The results are further compared with the patterns.
results obtained from prior field practices & model tests.
Current study is based upon optimization of two
parameters used for design of soil nail walls i.e. pull-out
strength & nail length patterns using Finite Element
Method. Optimization of parameters will lead to
reduction in overall nail lengths and hence the total cost.
Fig.1 Comparison between Pull-out strength obtained from
3. Methodology
analytical back calculation & assumed value
The preliminary design approach followed was as
described in FHWA Manual by adhering to the relevant 5. Conclusions
charts & tables [2]. The preliminary design was followed Considering the results of finite element results, it can be
by the final design where the considered parameters evidently said that the pull out strength is a function of
were checked for internal & external failure modes. overburden. Direct implication of consideration of non-
Based upon the preliminary & final design procedures, uniform pull out strength would optimize the nail length
the material properties & parameters were established & pattern. From analysis on reduced nail length pattern, it
were accordingly modeled for Numerical Analysis which was found that the nails in the lower third portion were
was carried out using Finite Element Software i.e. more susceptible to tensile failure than pull-out failure.
PLAXIS 2D. The obtained results comprised of safety Considering the results, the nail length for the lower-
factor, axial forces and displacements. The results were third portion could be reduced to 0.8-0.9 times the nail
then compared with the theoretical values obtained from length in the upper-middle third portion of the wall. The
the conventional design procedure. The pull out reduction in nail length could efficiently optimize the
resistance has then calculated from the back analysis of cost of the project.
the results of finite element analysis using the Soil-Nail References
Interaction & Load and Resistance Factor Design
(LFRD) approach recommended by FHWA [2]. Based on GEO Report No. 264 (2009) Review of the Approach for
the obtained results, possible application of reduced nail Estimation of Pullout Resistance of Soil Nails
length pattern has been studied using Finite Element Soil Nail Walls Reference Manual Publication No.
Method and validated using Limit Equilibrium methods FHWA-NHI-14-007 FHWA GEC 007 February 2015
78
Analysis of Sheet Pile Wall under Different Loading Conditions using

Finite Element Method
Shivangi Saxena
Vijay Kumar
Department of Civil Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad-211004
E-mail: shivangisaxenacivil0049@gmail.com; vkr@mnnit.ac.in
Keywords: sheet pile; finite element model; loading conditions
1. Introduction From analytical method of design it has been found that

The design of sheet pile wall in various soil conditions the sheet pile failure may be caused by overstressing of
must satisfy several criteria which include that the sheet sheet pile due to any combination of loading. To avoid
pile must be stable enough with adequate factor of safety this, sheet piles are designed to resist the forces produced
against collapse. The displacement and deformations of by soil pressure using FOS 1.3. Line loading as example
sheet pile wall for working loads must be small to fulfill of continuous wall footing of narrow width or similar
limit state of serviceability. The main factors that affect load parallel to retaining structure gives a overall depth
the behavior of sheet piles in different loading of 18.7 feet for silty sand.
conditions, geometry of excavation, soil conditions, type
of loading, ground water and properties of sheet pile.
5. Conclusions
2. Motivation and Objective Result from analytical method of design considering
Various studies have been carried out for analyzing the Mohr- Coloumb failure criteria and Rankine theory that
behavior of sheet pile wall under different soil condition have been earlier carried out by many researchers are
like Bengt B.B. 2010 etc. Objective of this study is to very much closer to that have been obtained by finite
find out best suitable design of sheet pile wall for a given element analysis in this study. For point, line, strip loads
combination of load under specific soil condition and theory of elasticity (Boussinesq analysis) provides the
finally analyze it using FEM. most accurate solutions. Other lateral loads like ice
thrusts, wave forces, and earthquake forces are
3. Methodology comparative higher lateral pressure for design. This may
To attain the objective of study, firstly soil test have been be up to 10% for a retaining wall of moderate height.
performed to determine the various soil properties at
different site condition. Further the worse combinations
References
of load have been predicted for the site. All the
properties of soil, wall and loadings have been Bengt,B.B. (2010) Design and construction of Anchored
implemented in the PLAXIS software to analyze the wall and Strutted sheet pile walls in soft clays, International
using FEM. Stress, bending moment, pore water conferences on case histories in geotechnical
pressure, axial forces are presented through graph and engineering, Singapore ,pp 1514-1550.
figures. Following data (Table 1) has been collected
from bore log profile: Indian Standard 9527 (part 3)-1983, Indian standard
code of practice for design and construction of port and
harbor structures part 3-sheet pile walls, Bureau of
Table-1. Soil Properties Indian standard, New Delhi, India.
Soil parameter Bore hole data
Soil classification Non-plastic silty soil
Atterberg’s limit Non-plastic
Bulk unit weight (gm/cc) 1.76
Dry unit weight (gm/cc) 1.54
Water content (%) 14.1
Specific gravity 2.66
Undrained shear strength 0.77
(kg/cm2)
Angle of internal friction, ϕ 26o
A factor of safety of 1.0 (IS 9527: part 3 ,1983) has been
adopted for determining the required penetration depth.
79
Critical Review of Earth Pressure Theory Considering Soil Arching

Shibayan Biswas
Deepankar Choudhury
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai – 400076
E-mail: shibayanbsws@gmail.com; dc@civil.iitb.ac.in
Keywords: retaining structures; soil-wall interface friction; principal stress rotation

1. Introduction
An exact estimation of earth pressure (for both active
and passive cases) acting on a rigid retaining wall is very
much important for the safe design of various earth
retaining structures. To theoretically estimate the earth
pressure, different methods of analysis have been
proposed by several researchers over the decades.
Among these, Coulomb (method of limit equilibrium)
and Rankine (limit analysis) theories are commonly used
throughout the world for their simplified application.
Although both the theories assume a linear distribution
(triangular) of earth pressure along the depth, results of
various experiments related to the different modes of
wall movement showed the non-linear nature of earth
pressure distribution. This curvilinear shape of the
distribution diagram has been attributed to the
phenomenon called “soil arching”. Arching, one of most Fig. 1 Trajectory of minor principal stress in differential flat
inevitable phenomenon in soil mechanics, is a stress element of sliding wedge for active limit-equilibrium state
redistribution process by which pressure from a yielding (reproduced after Rao et al., 2015)
soil mass is transferred onto the adjoining stable soil
mass (Terzaghi, 1943). Soil-wall interface friction 4. Important Outcomes
(present in the case of rough retaining walls) plays a Paik and Salgado (2003) considered the inclination angle
major role in this transfer of shear stresses. of the failure surface with the horizontal as (45°+ϕ/2)
2. Motivation and Objective and estimated active earth pressure for a cohesion less
The intent of this paper is to critically review and backfill. Whereas, Rao et al. (2016) studied the arching
compare various theoretical methods which were used to effects in a c-ϕ backfill.
investigate the earth pressure distribution behind a rigid 5. Conclusions
retaining wall considering arching effects. In this paper, several published literature containing
3. Methodology arching effects on earth pressure distribution have been
Several researchers have put their effort to investigate studied in detail and a comparative study has been
the state of stress in the retained backfill, so that the presented.
arching effects can be taken into account in earth References
pressure distribution. In this process, changes of the
principal stress directions on the differential element in a Paik, K.H. and Salgado R. (2003) Estimation of active
sliding backfill mass which occurs due to the presence of earth pressure against rigid retaining walls considering
frictional resistance of the wall, have been considered. arching effects, Géotechnique, 53(7), pp. 643-653.
Therefore, the trajectory of the principal stresses (minor Rao, P.P., Chen, Q.S., Zhou, Y. T., Nimbalkar, S. and
for active limit-equilibrium state and major for passive Chiaro, G. (2015) Determination of active earth
limit-equilibrium state) becomes concave in nature. The pressure on rigid retaining wall considering arching
shape of the trajectory has been inferred to be elliptic, effect in cohesive backfill soil, Int. J. of
catenary or parabolic by different researchers. In this Geomechanics, ASCE, 16(3), pp. 04015082:1-8.
paper, arching phenomenon assuming the trajectory as
an arc of a circle (Paik and Salgado, 2003; Rao et al., Terzaghi, K. (1943) Theoretical soil mechanics, John
2015) has been studied in details. Wiley & Sons Inc. New York.
80
Effect of Sheet Pile Wall Supported Excavation on Adjacent Structures

Aparna
Akhil Raj
N. K. Samadhiya
E-mail: aparna.fame@gmail.com; akhilrajbalu92@gmail.com; nksamfce@iitr.ac.in
Keywords: Excavation, Ground settlement, Sheet Pile Wall deflection.
1. Introduction
Retaining walls are required for many civil engineering
facilities. The conventional concrete retaining walls
which are based on the gravity principles, are quite
expensive to build and need long construction time.
Flexible faced retaining walls provide an alternative to the
gravity type retaining wall. Sheet pile walls are generally
used to temporarily support the excavation face. Hanna
and Kurdi (1974) examined the influence of flexibility of Fig. 1 Experimental Setup
a multi anchored retaining wall on the overall behaviour
of the wall by conducting laboratory tests. The sheet pile 4. Important Outcomes
tests showed that the wall movements increased rapidly The footing is placed at 20 cm, 40 cm, 60 cm and 80 cm
with excavation. Georgiadis and Anagnostopoulos (1998) behind the sheet pile wall and depth of footing is also
conducted model sheet pile wall tests in sand to varied in different tests. The response of sheet pile wall in
investigate the effect of surcharge strip loads on wall different cases is studied. Sheet pile wall deflection and
behavior. Bending-moment graphs were presented for settlement of adjacent footing is presented in this paper.
several values of strip load intensity and distance from the Fig. 2 shows deflection of sheet pile wall at different
wall. levels of excavation.
deformation observed in dial gauge (mm)
-50 0 50 100
The main objectives of this study are as follows. 0
1. To observe the effect of distance between excavation
height of wall (mm)
face and footing on the responses of sheet pile wall and 200
strip footing.
400
2. To observe the influence of depth of footing on overall
15 cm excavation
behaviour of sheet pile supported excavation. 600 30 cm excavation
45 cm excavation
3. Methodology 800 60 cm excavation
To understand the significance of various parameters
affecting the system of sheet pile wall supported
excavation nearby a strip footing, model tests are Fig. 2 Deflection of Sheet Pile Wall
conducted in sand. Sheet pile wall of 1 mm thickness was
installed in a 201×87.5×100 cm deep tank. The depth of 5. Conclusions
excavation (H), depth of footing (Df) and distance The results show that the deflection of sheet pile wall
between sheet pile wall and adjacent footing (X) are increases as the distance between footing and sheet pile
varied in this study. The load is applied on the strip footing wall decreases. As the depth of footing increases, sheet
by hydraulic jack method and sequential excavation is pile wall deflection decreases.
made and corresponding changes in the sheet pile wall References
behaviour are observed. The experimental set up is shown
in fig.1. Georgiadis, M. and Anagnostopoulos, C. (1998), Lateral
Pressure on Sheet Pile Walls due to Strip Load.Journal
of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental engg. Vol.124
(1), 95-98.
81
Parametric Study on Deformation Behavior of Earth Dam on Multi

Layered Soil Deposits under Seismic Loading
Pooja Ambarakonda
Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana-500032, India
E-mail: pooja.ambarakonda@research.iiit.ac.in
Supriya Mohanty
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi -2210005, India
Keywords: earth dam; layered soil; water table; deformation; nonlinear analysis.
1. Introduction studied by performing a two dimensional nonlinear
In the present study an attempt has been made to study the seismic analysis. Earth dam of 10m height with base width
effect of foundation soil type and water table depth on the of 50m resting on 15m depth layered strata has been
deformation behavior of earth dam under seismic modeled using a finite element software, CyclicED. The
condition. The study corresponds to the empty reservoir 2015 Nepal earthquake (Mw=7.8) has been given as input
condition. Two different foundation soil systems are motion in the present seismic study.
considered for the comparative study, one being
permeable (case-I) and the other relatively impermeable 4. Important Outcomes
(case-II) with two different water table depths. Figure 1 and Figure 2 shows the horizontal and vertical
deformation behavior of dam foundation system in case-I
2. Motivation and Objective and case-II respectively.
Yang et al (2004) studied the seismic performance of earth
dam resting on saturated sandy deposit and the effect of
densification of foundation layers. Adalier and Sharp
(2004) studied the densification remediation of liquefiable
foundation. Limited literatures on seismic behavior of
earth dam resting on different type of soil foundation Fig. 1 Variation of horizontal displacement with depth for case-I
systems motivated the present study. The objective of the and case-II
present study is to compare the seismic deformation
behavior of earth dam in case-I and case-II, considering
variation of water table depth.
3. Methodology
Earth dam resting on two different saturated layered soil
deposits of 15m depth is considered. Seismic deformation Fig. 2 Variation of vertical displacement with depth for case-I
and case-II
behavior of earth dam systems has been
5. Conclusions
Table-1 Geotechnical properties of earth dam system Deformation was observed to be more in loose permeable
Soil type Vs ϕ (◦) μ ρ (kg/m3)
strata. The effect of water table depth was found to be
(m/s) significant in Case-I. It can also be concluded that the
Core Cohesive 300 0 0.4 1800 densification of soil layers reduces the deformation,
stiff thereby improving the seismic performance of the dam
Shell Medium
dense sand 225 35 0.4 2000 system.
Foundation-
Layer 1 Loose sand 185 29 0.4 1700
References
3m
Yang, Z., Elgamal, A., Adalier, K. and Sharp, M.K. (2004)
Silty sand 205 31.5 0.4 1900
Layer 2 Loose gravel 185 29 0.4 1700 Earth dam on liquefiable foundation and remediation:
5m Numerical simulation of centrifuge experiments, J. of
Medium 200 0 0.4 1500 Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, 130(10), pp.1168-1176.
cohesive
Cu=37kPa Adalier, K. and Sharp, M.K. (2004) Embankment dam on
Layer 3 Medium 205 31.5 0.4 1900 liquefiable foundation – dynamic behavior and
7m gravel densification remediation, J. of Geotechnical and
Stiff 300 0 0.4 1800 Geoenvironmental Engg., ASCE, 130(11), pp. 1214-1224.
cohesive
Cu=75kPa
82
Corrosion of Steel in Mechanically Stabilized Earth Retaining Walls

due to Deicers
Prabir K. Kolay
Dipesh Tajhya
Vijay K. Puri
Sanjeev Kumar
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Illinois –62901, USA
E-mail: kolay@siu.edu; mrtajhya@siu.edu; siu10012@siu.edu; kumars@ce.siu.edu
Keywords: MSE wall; Deicer salt; corrosion, potentio-dynamic polarization (PDP)

1. Introduction -0.2
Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) wall is a civil -0.3
structure that has been used for various purposes e.g., -0.4
E (V) vs SCE
supporting bridges, roadways, railroads etc. In general, -0.5
MSE wall uses either metal strip, bar or geosynthetics
-0.6
materials as reinforcement. Roger et al. (2010) mentioned
that an approximately 57% of the MSE wall constructed -0.7
in U.S. utilize steel strips as the resources of -0.8
reinforcement. Even though MSE walls are designed for -0.9
a service life of 75 to 100 years, early complication has -7 -6 -5 -4 -3
often been reported. Corrosion of the reinforced steel has log (i)
been the major cause that afflicts the long-term Fig. 1 Potentiodynamic curves of bare steel immersed in sodium
performance of these walls. The deicing salts used on chloride solutions at different concentrations
pavements to melt down snow is one of the major cause
of corrosion of these reinforced steels. The aggressiveness Table 1 summarizes the kinetic parameters and the
of deicers in terms of corrosion of these reinforced steel is corrosion rate for bare steel in sodium chloride solutions
studied through the potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) only. As the concentration increases corrosion rate
technique at various concentrations. This study aims to increases. The corrosion rate for 1.0 M solution was
determine the corrosion behavior on bare steel in presence observed to be 146.84 μm/yr.
of individual deicing salt or deicers e.g., sodium chloride,
calcium chloride, magnesium chloride and potassium Table-1 Kinetic parameters and corrosion rate from PDP test of
acetate at various (i.e., 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 M) bare steel in sodium chloride solutions at different concentrations
concentration.
Concentration Ecorr icorr CR
2. Motivation and Objective (M) (mV) (μA/m2) (μm / yr)
The goal of this research is to quantify the corrosion 0.25 -674 7.98 92.63
behavior of galvanized ASTM A572 grade 65 steel, used 0.5 -691 9.79 113.64
for MSE wall, in presence of commonly used selected 1.0 672 12.65 146.84
deicing salts or deicers.
5. Conclusions
3. Methodology Comparing the corrosion rate for each deicer at 0.25 M,
To study the corrosion behavior of galvanized and bare 0.5 M and 1.0 M concentrations, the aggressiveness on
steel in the presence of deicing salts accelerated corrosion bare steel is in following order: Sodium chloride >
tests were performed, i.e., Potentiodynamic Polarization Magnesium chloride > Calcium chloride > Potassium
(PDP). To ensure that the samples had reached a stable acetate.
state, the Open Circuit Potential (OCP) was measured.
References
4. Important Outcomes Roger, P. B., Briaud, J-L, Kim, K. M. and Abu-Odeh, A.
The main purpose of this research was to study the (2010). Design of Roadside Barrier Systems Placed on
corrosion behavior of steel in presence of deicers. The MSE Retaining Walls. NCHRP Report 663, Project 22-
PDP curves obtained from Potentiodynamic test for 20.
different concentration of sodium chloride solutions only
are presented in Fig. 1.
83
Time Effect on Ground Deformation around Braced Excavation

Saptarshi Roy
R. B. Sahu
Department of Civil Engineering, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata 700 032
E-mail: saptarshi1104@gmail.com, rbsahu_1963@yahoo.co.in
Kingshuk Dan
Department of Civil Engineering, Netaji Subhash Engineering College, West Bengal, Kolkata 700 152
E-mail: kingshuk.dan@gmail.com
Dipanjan Basu
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
E-mail: dipanjan.basu@uwaterloo.ca
Keywords: Parametric Study; Excavation Rate; Normalized Deformation

Braced excavations are commonly used in urban areas, The maximum ground settlement, st,max, for the different
especially in metro cities, for the construction of cases, normalised with respect to that for case 0, s0,max (=
underground pump houses, metro railway projects, and 75.5 mm), are shown in Fig. 1.
basements and foundations for high-rise buildings. 0.8
Field studies by Som and Gupta (1995), Ou et al. (1998),

1.6
st,max/s0,max
and Lin et al. (2005) indicate that ground deformations

around braced excavations may increase because of 2 Delayed Rate Excavation Depth (m)
construction delay. However, a systematic investigation 5.5-14 (Case 1)
8-14 (Case 2)
on the effect of excavation rate on the ground 2.4
10-14 (Case 3)
12.5-14 (Case 4)
deformation around a braced excavation is lacking.
Therefore, a parametric study has been conducted to 2.8
0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0
understand the relationship between the rate of Excavation Rate (m/day)
excavation and ground deformation using finite element Fig. 1 Effect of excavation rate on normalized displacement
analysis.
5. Conclusions
3. Methodology Excavation rate has a significant effect on the response
Finite element analysis was performed on a braced of ground surrounding the braced wall. The maximum
excavation at a typical metro rail site in Kolkata using ground settlement may increase by about 250% for ten-
the Plaxis 2D software. The soft soil creep (SSC) model fold decrease in the rate of excavation with respect to
was used to simulate the time-dependent behavior of standard excavation rate of 0.1 m/day.
different soft soil layers at the site. Parametric studies
were done by varying the excavation rate. The rates of References
excavation considered in the analysis were 0.1, 0.05,
Liu, G.B.;Ng, C.W.W. and Wang, ZW. (2005)
0.0285, 0.02, 0.0133, and 0.01 m/day. In addition, the
‘Observed performance of a Deep Multistrutted
time required for installation of struts at different depths
Excavation in Shangai Soft Clay’,Journal of
was assumed to be 7 days. To assess the effect of
Geotechnical & Geoenviromental Engg. Vol.131, No
reduced rate of excavation, four typical cases (Case 1-4)
8, PP. 1004-1013
were considered. In each case, the excavation was
performed in the simulations at a rate of 0.1 m/day down Ou, C.Y.;Liao, J.T. and Lin, H.D. (1998) ‘Performance
to a depth of 5.5 m, 8 m, 10 m and 12.5 m, and then at of Diaphragm wall Constructed using Top-Down
reduced rates as mentioned above down to the final Method’, Journal of Geotech & Geoenviromental
excavation depth of 14 m. An additional case was Engg, Vol.124, No 9, PP.798-808
considered (case 0), where the standard excavation rate Som, N.N and Gupta, A.K.(1995) ‘Time Effect on
of 0.1 m/day was maintained throughout the full Ground Settlement Due to braced excavation in soft
excavation depth of 14 m. The ground deformation as clay, Proceedings of Conference on Underground
obtained for cases 1-4 were expressed after normalizing Construction in Soft Clay, Eds. Fujita and Kusakabe,
with respect to the deformation obtained for case 0. Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam,10.
84
Effect of Test Box Dimensions on Axial Pullout Response of

Reinforcement
K P Bhargav Kumar
Sravanam Sasanka Mouli
Balunaini Umashankar
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Telangana – 502285
E-mail: ce15resch11003@iith.ac.in; ce11p1006@iith.ac.in; buma@iith.ac.in
Keywords: FLAC 3D modelling; geogrid reinforcement; axial pullout; MSE wall.

Strengthening slope of earthen fill or backfill of retaining The variation of pullout shear stress (Fig. 1) for different
wall is very popular in present day across the world. normal stresses applied on the sand sample filled in
Geosynthetics are commonly used for this improvement different boxes used in the literature.
due to their excellent properties. In the design of these
structures, pullout resistance of reinforcement is an
important parameter. In the present study, FLAC 3D
software is used to model different pullout boxes used by
different researchers to understand the effect of the
dimensions of the box on axial pullout resistance of the
geogrid.
The main objective of the study is to model the test setup
to find the axial pullout resistance of geogrid embedded
in sand using FLAC3D software. The effect of different
sizes of boxes on the axial pullout resistance is focused.
3. Methodology
FLAC3D version 5.1 was used to create a geogrid- soil
system to understand the shear response that develops at Fig. 1 Variation of pullout resistance with the pullout
the interface. In the present study, different sizes of displacement of geogrid at 100kPa normal stress
pullout boxes considered in the literature were modeled
to analyze the effect of box dimensions. Both the soil 5. Conclusions
and geogrid are simulated as elastic materials and 1. As expected, pullout stresses are found to |
properties are adopted from Beneito and Gottleland increase with increase in the normal stress on the
(2001). The failure in the system occurs only at the geogrid.
geogrid-soil interface. The Normal stresses equal to 2. The highest pullout stress is observed with the
75kPa, 100kPa and 150kPa are ensured at the level of placement of geogrid near to the top of the
geogrid. sample among the three depths of placement
considered in a single box.
Table-1 Physical properties of sand, geogrid and 3. The highest pullout stress is observed in a box
interface where the reinforcement depth is 0.35H in
Sand Geogrid comparison with the other boxes considered.
4. A 10% difference in the pullout stress is
Elastic modulus, E (MPa) 15.0 26.0e3 observed with the normalized depth of
Poisson’s ratio, υ 0.3 0.33 reinforcement placement varies from 0.2H to
0.8H.
Density, ρ (kg/m3) 1950 -
Thickness, t (mm) - 5.0 References
Interface properties Beneito, C. and Gotteland, Ph. (2001) Three-dimensional
numerical modeling of geosynthetics mechanical
Cohesion, c (kPa) 0
behavior, in FLAC and numerical modeling in
Angle of interfacial resistance, geomechanics, Pro. of the 2nd Int. FLAC Symp. on
 (0 ) 29.2 Num. Modeling in Geomech., Lyon, France, 29-31
Coupling spring stiffness, k, October 2001, Balkema.
(N/m3) 2.1e6, 2.8e6, 4.2e6
85
Optimization of Support System for Station Entrance - A Case Study

Sohail Wajid
Anburaj C
Ahmed Shaz
Yeruva Ramanareddy
Larsen & Toubro Ltd, Chennai – 600089
E-mail: Sohail-wajid@lntecc.com; Anburajc@lntecc.com; Ahmed-Shaz@lntecc.com; Ramanareddy-yeruva@lntecc.com
Keywords: Metro, Deep Excavation, Station Entrance, Bottom up, Strut Removal, WALLAP .
Table-1 Properties used in the analysis

1. Introduction
In Underground Metro Projects, construction of c ɸ E
Soil Soffit ɣ(kN/m3)
any underground station is one of the most critical (kPa) ' (kPa)
tasks as it comes under existing roads and in the SC 3.14 19 60 - 15660
vicinity of medium to high rise buildings. For the CH/CI 0.14 19 60 - 15660
design of any underground station first step is
deciding the type of retention system. In the CH/CL -2.86 18.5 40 - 10440
present case study Nandhanam Station entrance in CI-1 -10.36 18 25 - 6525
Chennai, Diaphragm wall was used as the CI-2 -14.36 19 50 - 13050
retaining system and the station was constructed 3
with bottom up methodology. Generally, all the SM -16.36 20 - 49500
3
underground structures should be designed and Gr. V 3 1.5
checked for critical forces namely permanent stage -21.86 20 -
rock 9 E+5
and construction stage. Gr. IV 2 7.2
-30.0 21 -
2. Motivation and Objective rock 1 E+5
In Nandhanam station Entry-A D-wall was
designed initially based on bottom up construction 4. Important Outcomes
methodology with 3 levels of struts as proposed by The removal of 1 level strut increases the bending
the designer. The design was reviewed and found moment on the excavation face of the D-wall.
that 3 levels of strut for a excavation depth of The deformation above the concourse and the
9.65m with 1m thick D-wall and 12.69m ground level are nominal. Slight increase in the
embedded length is a very conservative approach. lateral movement in the D-wall below concourse
was observed but that was to be found within
Based on revised analysis 2 levels of temporary
limits.
strut was proposed with revised strut levels for
Optimization of the support system.
5. Conclusions
3. Methodology Based on the analysis, the provided embedded
The Station entrance was constructed based on depth of D-wall and reinforcement in the panels
bottom up construction methodology. Based on with change in the levels of temporary strut is safe
revised analysis strut levels were changed to for the excavation depth. The detail approach is
+5.8m and +0.6m. The revised construction covered in the full paper.
sequence was modelled in WALLAP and D-wall References
was checked for the revised forces. D-wall
movement was checked with proper monitoring Kaul, Krishan (2010). Cut-and-Cover Metro Structures
done at regular intervals. Geo-Structural Design: An Integrated Approach, Spon
Press.
86
Numerical Analysis of Retention System and Validation of Design by

Real-Time Monitoring: A Case Study
Vimala Chinnasamy
Madan Kumar Annam
Keller Ground Engineering India Private Limited, Chennai–600024.
Email: vimala@kellerindia.com; madankumar@kellerindia.com
Keywords: CBP piles; Soil / Rock Anchors; WALLAP; PLAXIS 2D; Wall Deflections; Monitoring
1. Introduction 10.5m deep excavation. In order to make the CBP piles

The construction of basements with proximity of to behave as a wall, capping beam were designed to
adjacent structures is the most challenging job in the connect all the CBP piles. The predicted maximum wall
geotechnical industry. It is not easy to carry out the movement is 39mm.
design of such complex problems by simple hand
calculations. Hence, numerical modelling using 4. Monitoring of Deflections
sophisticated software need to be adopted. Prior to start The monitoring of wall deflection after post construction
of any design, the designer should understand the of retention system, as the excavation proceeds is most
problem complexity and requirement. Based on the risk important. The systematic monitoring program was
intensity of project, suitable modelling software shall be implemented at site for continuous monitoring of the
chosen for precise design. After the installation, wall deflections. Totally 31 monitoring points were
appropriate monitoring system shall be implemented at established at two levels i.e., at capping beam level and
site. The monitoring program shall be carried out before an intermediate level. The monitoring was continued till
starting of any excavation process till the completion of the completion of three level basements. The actual
basement construction to check the performance of deflection observed at site was 9mm whereas the
retention system. This paper discusses the preliminary predicted deflection was 39mm.
analysis of retention system using WALLAP, detailed 5. Conclusions
analysis using a finite element method PLAXIS 2D, The monitored deflections were compared with of
executed monitoring system and comparison of predicted predicted deflection from design to understand how close
and actual deflections for a retention system using deflected retention system to the failure plane. From the
contiguous bored pile (CBP) wall with inclined anchors results, it is inferred that the actual deflections observed
executed at Chennai. at site is well within the predicted deflections. The
retention system of 750mm diameter CBP wall with
2. Retention System Analysis
The multi storied residential building (3B+G+19F) inclined anchors performed as per the design and
having a total perimeter of about 170m and 10.5m deep satisfied the project requirement.
excavation has to be retained with CBP wall with References
inclined anchors. WALLAP is a simple software, in
which limit equilibrium analysis is used to calculate Keller (2014), Project Soil Investigation Report.
overall factor of safety of retention system and the stage Indian Standard IS 2911 (Part 1/Sec 2): 2010, Design
by stage wall movements and forces is estimated using and Construction of Pile Foundations – Code of
subgrade reaction analysis. Hence, for the preliminary Practice.
analysis of CBP wall with various trials were carried out
using WALLAP software and optimized section of CBP British Standard BS 8081: 1989, Code of Practice for
wall has been chosen. Since, the project having high Ground Anchorages.
raised building in the closer vicinity (say 20m to 25m
Indian Standard IS 456: 2000, Plain and Reinforced
from the retention line), the detailed analysis has been
Concrete – Code of Practice. and Design Aids for
carried out using finite element software (PLAXIS 2D)
Reinforced Concrete SP 16: 1980.
to understand the ground movements and to check the
results of WALLAP. Madan Kumar Annam and Hari Krishna Y. (Sep 2016)
Basement Excavation; Cost Effective Retention
3. Adopted Retention System
System for a Multi Storied Structure, 6th Conference
Based on the analysis results, the CBP wall of 750mm
on Deep Foundation Technologies for Infrastructure
diameter with inclined ground anchors at specified
Development in India, IIEST, Kolkata.
spacing as a lateral support and vertical grout columns
behind CBP to control soil erosion and water seepage
was adopted as a suitable retention system to support
87
Effect of Arching on Passive Earth Pressure for Rigid Retaining Walls

Considering Rotation at Top
Puram Nagavalleswari
N. R. Patra
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur – 208016
E-mail: nrpatra@iitk.ac.in
Keywords: Retaining wall, Earth pressure, Failure surface, Arching, Rotation about top
Retaining walls are important civil engineering structures. In the present study of retaining wall is considered to be
Retaining walls provide support to soil and rock from rotating about top. The shape of the slip surface after
downward movement or erosion. Accurate estimation of yielding is not linear as assumed in Rankine’s and
the passive earth pressure acting on a rigid retaining wall Coulomb’s theories. The shape of the failure surface is
is very important in the design of retaining walls. Civil curved irrespective of yielding mode and approximately
engineers calculate the earth pressure against retaining parabolic in shape (Terzaghi, 1965). Hence the failure
walls using either Coulomb’s or Rankine’s formulation. surface is assumed as parabola.
Both the theories give linear distribution of earth pressure.
But many experimental results show nonlinear 4. Important Outcomes
distribution of passive earth pressure depending on the The variation of lateral passive earth pressure along the
mode of wall movement (rotation about the top, rotation depth of the wall for different values of soil wall friction
about the base or horizontal translation). angle at ∅ = 30° has been plotted as shown in Fig. 1.
Harrop-Williams (1989) and Shu-quan et al. (2012) These plots show the nonlinear variation of earth
proposed analytical methods to calculate the passive pressures. The magnitude of passive earth pressure
resistance of retaining wall considering different increases from top of the wall to the bottom of the wall. It
displacement modes like translational, rotational about may be observed that as δ/ increases the magnitude of
top and rotation about bottom. Coulomb’s theory was the lateral earth pressure increases in both the cases.
considered in the analysis. The results obtained by these
methods do not match well with experimental results
because of consideration of assumptions of Coulomb’s
theory. Goel and Patra (2008) Considered arching effects
in active case for translational case and assumed linear
and nonlinear failure surfaces and proposed modified Fig.1 Variation of lateral passive earth pressure distribution with
earth pressure coefficients. Effect of soil arching is wall depth and δ/ ( Parabolic failure surface with parabolic
ignored by Shu-quan et al. (2012). Dalvi and Kulkarni arch shape)
(2013) considered arching action for passive earth
pressure in non-cohesive backfill for translational mode 5. Conclusions
of yielding. They have used simplifying assumption made The height of application of resultant passive earth force,
in Coulomb’s theory where the slip surface for the from top of the wall is varying from 0.648H to 0.71H and
translating rigid wall is planar. Roy and Patra (2009) 0.652H to 0.71H for parabolic failure surface with
considered arching effects in passive case for translational parabolic arch shape and parabolic failure surface with
mode and assumed linear and nonlinear failure surfaces. elliptical arch shape respectively. The results of the
present study are compared with the existing theories and
2. Motivation and Objective reported experimental results. The lateral earth forces
In this study, rigid retaining wall that rotates at top has from Coulomb’s theory are over estimated as compared to
been considered and formulations have been proposed for the predictions of the present study.
calculating the passive earth pressure. The various shapes
of failure surface and arch shape that have been References
considered are: (a) Parabolic failure surface with a
parabolic arch (b) Parabolic failure surface with an Shu-quan, P., Xi-bang, L., Ling, F. and Ai-hua, L. (2012).
elliptical arch. The backfill is assumed to be dry, cohesion “A general method to calculate passive earth pressure
less and horizontal and plain strain condition is assumed. on rigid retaining wall for all displacement modes.”
To validate the present analysis, the predicted values have Trans. Nonferrous Metals Soc. China, 22, 1526-1532.
been compared with the previously proposed theories and Goel, S. and Patra, N.R. (2008). “effect of arching on
experimental results. active earth pressure for rigid retaining walls
considering translation mode.” Int. J. Geomech.,
10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2008)8:2(123), 123-133.
88
A Case Study on Soil-Nailed Retaining Wall in Hilly Area

A. Karthikeyan
Santosh Kumar Sahu
Karthikeyan Associates, Chennai-600106
E-mail: karthikeyanassociates@gmail.com; sanks11@gmail.com
S. Amuthan
JSS Associates, Kodaikanal-624101
E-mail: shanmugamamuthan@gmail.com
1. Introduction study in which soil-nailed wall was designed and

Soil nailing technique eases the construction process and constructed. The soil nailing was done in a complex
may require very less space and material to construct ground conditions having both soil cover and weathered
retaining walls. Several case studies were reported on hard rock. The pull out test conducted has confirmed that
successful application of soil nailing technique to the designed nail capacity. Cost analysis performed by
stabilize the slopes and walls (Babu 2009; Sterpi et al. comparing the designed soil-nailed wall and
2013; Zolqadr et al. 2015). In recent years, this technique conventional retaining wall for this site indicated that the
is being used in stabilizing the deep basement soil-nailed wall was economical for the present case
excavations in urban areas as well. This paper presents study. Thus this method proves to be more efficient in
the application of soil nailing technique to anchor the retaining steep slopes where very less space is available
retaining wall in hill slope for a Hotel project at for construction of conventional retaining walls.
Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu.
2. Details of Site Conditions

The proposed site is in a hill station, Kodaikanal, Tamil
Nadu. Three boreholes were drilled near the cut/wall
area. The soil cover at the site varies from 4 m to 7 m
followed by soft weathered rock layers. The typical soil
cover consists of clayey silty sand/sandy silt followed by
dense fine to medium sand layers.
3. Conventional Vs. Nailed Walls Fig. 1. Measured pull out-nail displacement response
Conventional retaining walls are not only costly, but also
cumbersome to construct in hilly areas, Soil nailing
technique ease the construction process and requires very
lesser space and material to construct retaining walls.
4. Design Details
Total pressure on the wall was calculated and the number
of nails to be provided was calculated using the safe pull
out capacity obtained. The spacing of nails was
calculated to vary from 1 m center to center (C/C) to 1.5
m C/C. Basic loads such as dead load, lateral earth
pressure and vehicle surcharge load were taken into
consideration while designing the structural elements of
soil nailing system and RCC Cladding wall. Pullout test Fig. 2. View of soil-nailed retaining wall
conducted at the dimensions of the test nail and nail head
were as per the design calculations. The pull out load-
References
nail head displacement curve measured from the load
Babu G.L.S. (2009). Case Studies in Soil Nailing. IGC
test is shown in Fig. 1. The safe capacity of soil nail
2009, Guntur, India: 2009, pp 582–585.
against pull out failure is 100 kN considering a factor of
safety of 1.5. The view of designed and constructed soil-
Sterpi, D., Rizzo, F., Renda, D., Aguglia, F., and Zenti,
nailed retaining wall is shown in Fig. 2.
C.L. (2013) Soil nailing at the tunnel face in difficult
5. Conclusions conditions: A case study, Tunneling and
The soil-nailed retaining wall is considered to be Underground Space Technology, 38, pp129-139.
effective in hilly regions. This paper presented a case
89
Seismic Stability Analysis of Reinforced Soil Wall Using Modified

Horizontal Slice Method
Shantanu Patra
Partha Sarathi Nayek
School of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh-175005
E-mail: shantanu_patra@iitmandi.ac.in; D16083@students.iitmandi.ac.in
Keywords: Reinforced Soil wall; Horizontal Slice Method; Limit Equilibrium Method
1. Introduction
In recent years, the behavior of reinforced soil structures
under seismic events has been the primary focus of
research. Seismic stability analysis of reinforced soil 5m
walls and slopes are usually carried out by limit

ith Slice
equilibrium method and using a pseudo-static approach
due to its simplicity. Vertical slice method is widely used 3.5 m
(45+φ/2)°
for the stability analysis of unreinforced soil structures,
but in the case of reinforced slopes or retaining walls
Fig. 1 Geometry and forces acting on each slice
(Fig. 1) horizontal slice methods have the potential
computational advantage (Lo and Xu 1992; Shagholi et Table-1 List of Unknown and available equations
al., 2001; Nauri et al., 2006). However, a limited study is Unknown Value Equation Value
available in the literature that considers the obliquity of Normal force upon ΣFy=0
N N
the pullout force and horizontal slice method for each slice (Ni) (each slice)
estimation of lateral active earth pressure of reinforced Shear force upon N τr=τf/FS N
soil walls. each slice (Si) (each slice)
2. Motivation and Objective Required force in N ΣFx=0 N
In this paper, a modified 3N formulation is proposed for reinforcements to (Each slice)
a pseudo-static analysis of reinforced soil wall maintain stability for
each slice
considering the kinematics of failure and horizontal slice
method. A parametric study is also conducted to quantify Total 3N Sum 3N
the effect of H/L ratio and angle of frictional resistance 4. Conclusions
of back fill material on the earth pressure coefficient. A A modified 3N formulation is proposed in this paper for
comparative study with the conventional formulation is the stability analysis of a reinforced soil wall under
also carried out to display the improvement of the seismic loading condition. The active earth pressure
present analysis. coefficient is estimated considering the kinematics of
3. Methodology failure, the modified horizontal slice method, and the
A modified 3N formulation is proposed for stability pseudo-static approach. A comparative study with the
analysis of reinforced soil wall under seismic loading conventional formulation shows the improvement in the
condition. The seismic force is considered in terms of estimation of active earth pressure coefficient and
Pseudo-static force which is acting at the center of establishes the acceptability of the proposed approach.
gravity of each slice. Fig 1 shows the geometry of a wall
References
and forces acting on any slice i. A Rankine’s failure
surface passing through the toe of the wall is assumed Lo, S.-C.R., Xu, D.-w (1992) A strain based design
for the analysis. The failure wedge is divided into N nos. method for the collapse limit state of reinforced soil
of horizontal slices. For each slice, values of three walls and slopes. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 29
unknown parameters are calculated using three known (8), 832–842.
equations.
Shahgholi, M., Fakher, A., Jones, C.J.F.P., (2001.)
Table 1 displays the unknown parameters and available Horizontal Slice Method of analysis. Geotechnique 51
equations. Finally, a comparative study with other (10), 881–885.
conventional formulation is done to demonstrate the
improvement of the proposed analysis over the existing
methods.
90
A Hazard Ranking System for Landfill Rehabilitation in India

Naveen BP
Department of Civil Engineering, Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University Gurgaon, Haryana, India
E-mail: bpnaveen@ggn.amity.edu
Apoorva Goel
Department of Chemical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
E-mail: g00071563@aus.edu
Keywords: Hazard Decision Model; Groundwater; Direct Contact; Fire and explosion; Scoring Algorithm
1. Introduction 3. Comparison of HDM with existing models
Landfills are considered a severe threat to the environment The HDM model and the existing models were applied to
since they are susceptible to groundwater pollution, open nine dissimilar Indian landfills to compare their hazard
burning and growth of disease vectors. Remediation of ranks for groundwater route as presented in Table 1. HDM
such landfill sites is a major challenge for developing generates more differentiable hazard scores for landfills
countries like India due to financial constraints and that are indistinguishable by existing models like TDM
accelerating waste generation rate. This necessitates a (Singh et al., 2010), RSS (Ministry for the Environment,
hazard based prioritization list of landfills for effective 2004), JENV (Kurian et al., 2005) and ERPHRS
resource allocation for landfill rehabilitation. For this (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 2001).
purpose, existing hazard ranking systems are being widely HDM generates a wider score range than all existing
employed by all developed countries but these systems models except TDM whose algorithm generates an
lack the ability to characterize landfills specific to India. excessively large range which is unnecessary for ranking
The objective of this paper is to propound a hazard rating only 129 landfills currently present in India.
model that recognizes various levels of hazards found in
Table-1 Range of hazard ranks (HRGW) using different models
Indian landfills. The proposed model, Hazard Decision
Model (HDM), finds a balance between accuracy, rapid Models HDM TDM RSS JENV ERPHRS
assessment, and inexpensive screening of large number of HRGW
Indian landfills. 40-1329 83-1854 11-700 492-659 15-584
range
2. The Hazard Decision Model
4. Conclusions
The HDM model evaluates the degree of hazard posed by
This research successfully demonstrates that HDM model
landfills to human health, livestock and natural resources generates more differentiable scores than existing models
through three hazard routes – groundwater (HRGW), direct
for a wide range of landfill properties. Each parameter of
contact (HRDC), and fire and explosion (HRFE). For each
the HDM model can better discriminate between various
route, the hazard rank (HR) is computed using source
degrees of potential site hazards specific to the Indian
hazard, pathway hazard, and receptor hazard scores, and scenario than existing models.
is converted to a 1000-point scale with no units.
References
The model presents new formulae and range of values for
evaluating receptor hazards, leachate toxicity, climatic Kurian, J., Esakku, S., Nagendran, R. and Vishwanathan,
conditions and landfill characteristics in order to C. (2005) A decision making tool for dumpsite
incorporate their vast variation among landfills in India. rehabilitation in developing countries, Tenth Intl. Waste
The hazard rank for each route is allowed to exceed 1000 Management and Landfill Symposium, Italy.
in order to cater to the worsening of landfill characteristics
in the future. Information gaps are handled by providing Ministry for the Environment (2004) Risk Screening
error percentages for each hazard rank whose parameter System, Contaminated Land Management Guidelines
value is questionable. No. 3, Ministry for the Environment, New Zealand.
Applications of HDM include identification of the most Singh, R.K., Datta, M. and Nema, A.K. (2010) A Time-
hazardous landfills for groundwater pollution, fire hazards Dependent System for Evaluating Groundwater
and direct contact hazards for prioritizing remedial Contamination Hazard Rating of Municipal Solid
actions. Determination of the major causalities for hazards Waste Dumps, Environ Model Assess, 15:549–567
posed by each landfill, which will aid in identifying the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (2001) Site
most effective remedial strategies. discovery, screening and ranking, Chapter NR 710,
Wisconsin Administrative Code, Unofficial Text,
Register No. 542
91
Influence of Rice Husk Ash on the Swelling and Strength

Characteristics of Expansive Soil
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, Jamshedpur – 831014,
E-mail: drakchoudharycivil@gmail.com
J. N. Jha
Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology (MIT), Muzaffarpur,Bihar,
E-mail: jagadanand@gmail.com
Arpit Jain
Madhumita Mohanty
E-mail: arpitjaintkg@gmail.com; madhumita.mohanty2014@gmail.com
Keywords: Expansive soil; RHA; Shrinkage factors; Atterberg limits; Strength characteristics.
1. Introduction decreases which can be attributed to replacement of
The availability of rice husk is in profusion in India and heavier soil particles by lighter RHA. Also with
it is obtained as by-product of milling operations. Non- increasing RHA content, MDD decreases, whereas
volatile part of this husk is converted to ash and is OMC, CBR value & Deviator Stress causing failure
known as rice husk ash (RHA). Expansive soils that of soil is increased.
cover around 20% of land surface area in India, show
high degree of swell/shrink behavior due to the moisture
changes causing damages to the structures built over it.
This paper presents the experimental results of the effect
of RHA on swelling, shrinkage and strength
characteristics of expansive soil.
To study the effect of rice husk ash (RHA), on the
swelling, shrinkage and strength characteristics of
expansive soil.
3. Methodology
Composite samples of expansive soil- rice husk ash Fig. 1 Variation of Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit &
(RHA), collected from Vikha Enterprises (Rourkela) Plasticity Index with RHA content
were prepared by thorough mixing of RHA to the soil.
RHA contents up to 20% were added at an increment of
5. Conclusions
5% by the dry weight of total composite sample. All the
Following conclusions are drawn
tests conducted on untreated soil and soils treated with
1. Addition of RHA to expansive soil decreases the free
WRP were done after one day of curing as per the
swell index and plasticity index.
respective Indian Standards.
2. The CBR value and Deviator Stress causing failure of
Table-1 Properties of expansive soil and RHA Composite soil-RHA is increased with increasing
DFS LL PL PI RHA content.
Soil G 3. The highest Cohesion in composite soil-RHA was
(%) (%) (%) (%) observed at 10% RHA content.
Expansive 2.36 55 40.75 11.3 29.45
References
RHA 1.57 0 - - -
Rao, A.V. Narsihma (2007) Compressibility behavior of
4. Important Outcomes black cotton soil admixed with rice husk ash ISSN
It was observed that with an increase in RHA content, (2319-8753), (2014)
the liquid limit and plastic limit increase, whereas Singhal, Anil Kumar (2014) Laboratory study on soil
plasticity index decreases. It was also observed that stabilization using Rice Husk Ash ISSN (2319-1163),
with increasing RHA content, Specific Gravity (2014)
92
Infiltration characteristics of surface soil in Multi-layered cover system

Sudheer K Yamsani
Sreedeep S
E-mail: y.sudheer@iitg.ernet.in; srees@iitg.ernet.in
Keywords: Infiltration rate, Mini disk infiltrometer (MDI), mold size, compaction state, density, water content.
1. Introduction
Surface infiltration characteristics plays a vital role in
understanding the rain induced failure mechanisms of
various geotechnical structures. Waste disposal facilities
reaching their capacity are isolated from atmosphere by
means of complex multi-layered earthen cover system.
Infiltration characteristics of surface layer of earthen
cover that protects the subsequent layers from
atmospheric interaction are evaluated in this study. (Suter
et al. 1992)
The key objective of this study is to understand the
infiltration rates of this surface soil at various compaction
states with varying density and water content. Fig. 2 Summary of infiltration rate for different compaction
states
“Improving the performance based design considerations
of surface soil incorporating infiltration characteristics” Figure 2 details the increase in infiltration rate with
is the main motivation behind this work. increase in water content and decrease in density, similar
to Akram and Kemper (1979). This suggests compaction
3. Methodology of soil on the lower water contents and higher densities,
Nine compaction states are selected in and around to avoid the degradation in long-term performance. Also
Proctors standard compaction state with changing density according to general recommendation for surface layer
and water contents for understanding the effect of conductivity is 1E-07 m/s (40CFR 258), preferable
compaction state on Infiltration rate. The infiltration rates compaction zone is identified.
are investigated using Mini Disk Infiltrometer (MDI)
under controlled laboratory conditions. Though MDI is a 5. Conclusions
robust device used in field and laboratory, there are no 1.The MDI experimentation on samples of different
proper guidelines for its use in laboratory studies. Hence diameter established 10cm diameter mold as
an attempt is made in this study to identify appropriate appropriate one.
mold size to be used for determining infiltration rate 2.The Infiltration rate was observed to increase with
using MDI in the laboratory. increase in compaction water content and decrease in
4. Important Outcomes density.
3.A preferable zone of compaction is suggested which
would result in sustainable performance.
References
Suter, G. W., Luxmoore, R. J., & Smith, E. D. (1993).
Compacted soil barriers at abandoned landfill sites are
likely to fail in the long term. Journal of Environmental
Quality, 22(2), pp. 217-226.
Fig. 1 Variation in infiltration rate for different sample diameter Akram, M. and Kemper, W. D. (1979). Infiltration of
soils as affected by the pressure and water content at
From Figure 1, it can be observed that there is no
the time of compaction. Soil Science Society of
significant increase in infiltration in samples above 10cm
America Journal, 43(6), pp. 1080-1086.
diameter, which suggest that for soils used in this study a
mold size of 10 cm is appropriate for determining 40CFR 258. (2002). Criteria for municipal solid waste
infiltration in laboratory. Use of molds below this may landfills. Code of Federal Regulations, U.S.
underestimate the actual potential of soil. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C.
93
Chelating Agent- Aided Electrokinetic Extraction of Lead from High

Compressible Clayey Soil
Dewashish Mishra
R. P. Tiwari
Vijay Kumar
Department of Civil Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad- 211004
E-mail: dewashishm44@gmail.com; rpt@mnnit.ac.in; vkr@mnnit.ac.in
Keywords: Electrokinetic remediation; Electromigration; Electroosmosis; Electrophoresis; EDTA

1. Introduction slices from anode towards cathode and tested for water
Soil contamination is one of the major problems related content, pH and final concentration of lead using XRF.
to land pollution. Electrokinetic remediation is one of Removal efficiency is then calculated using average
the most effective techniques, as it has high removal concentration of lead after removal.
efficiency and time effectiveness in soil with low
permeability (Apostolos et. al. 2010). In electrokinetic 4. Important Outcomes
remediation low Direct-Current (DC) electric field is Table-1 Physical and chemical properties of soil
imposed on the contaminated soil to extract Soil LL PL MDD CEC
contaminants in the soil pore fluid by the combined G pH (meq/100g)
class. (%) (%) (g/cc)
electrokinetic mechanisms of electroosmosis,
electromigration, and/or electrophoresis (Yeung et al CH 54 25 2.70 1.51 8.27 22
2011). The introduction of chelating agents (here G = Specific Gravity
EDTA) to the soil pore fluid of the contaminated soil MDD = Maximum Dry Density
can enhance the efficiency, as it significantly increases CEC = Cation Exchange Capacity
the solubility of contaminants in the soil pore fluid
which are normally sorbed on soil particle surfaces 5. Conclusions
(Yeung, 2006). Based on the present study it can be concluded that
electrokinetic remediation is effective for removal of
2. Objective lead from fine grained soils.
The overall objective of the present study was to check
the feasibility of the electrokinetic remediation process From the analysis of experimental results, it is observed
enhanced with application of EDTA as chelating agent that by use of purging solution 0.5M EDTA the removal
for removal of lead from the contaminated clayey soil efficiency of lead has increased to 61.5% as compared
and to determine the removal efficiencies of the to deionized water having removal efficiency of 16.2%.
electrokinetic tests with and without enhancement and
Thus use of 0.5M EDTA solution leads to increased
to compare them. This paper also investigates the effect
removal efficiency compare to remediation with
of soil pH, moisture content, electroosmotic flow and
deionized water only.
purging chemical on the removal of lead from the
contaminated soil. References
3. Methodology Albert T. Yeung, Cheng-non Hsu, Rajendra M. Menon
In present study, soil collected from site is tested for its (2011), Electrokinetic extraction of lead from
physical and chemical properties. The uncontaminated kaolinites: I Numerical modeling, Springer,
soil sample was mixed with required quantity of Environmentalist (2011) 31:26–32.
solution containing lead (Pb) and the suspension is aged
for 7 days and dried to make a homogeneous mixture. G.Apostolos, P.Despina, Wang Jing-Yuan, G.
Concentration of Pb is confirmed at beginning with Evangelos (2010), Application of sequential
XRF. Contaminated soil is then filled into the test set extraction analysis to electrokinetic remediation of
up. Graphite anode and cathode were used as electrodes cadmium, nickel and zinc from contaminated soils,
at ends. Along the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical Journal of Hazardous Materials,184, 547–554.
cell, five dummy electrodes were arranged for current Yeung AT (2006a), Contaminant extractability by
and voltage measurement along the sample. Two electrokinetics. Environ Eng Sci 23(1):202–224.
different electrokinetic tests were conducted using
deionized water and 0.5M EDTA as chelating agents. At
the end of the experiments the soil was segmented into
94
Development of Alternate Liner Material by Blending Fly Ash, Local

Soil and Bentonite
Vamsi Alla
Suvendu Kumar Sasmal
Rabi Narayan Behera
Chittaranjan Patra
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela-769008
Email:vamsialla147@gmail.com;suvendukumarsasmal@gmail.com;rnbehera82@gmail.com; crpatra19@yahoo.co.in
Key words: Fly ash; hydraulic conductivity; liner material
Lining systems are primarily used to prevent a potential The geotechnical properties of the locally available soil,
pollutant in a waste from migrating to surface water, fly ash and bentonite such as specific gravity, grain size
groundwater and thus polluting them. Natural clays, distribution, plasticity characteristics, differential free
bentonite and its mixes with specific geomaterials as swell index and heavy compaction are carried out in the
well as sand-bentonite mixture are widely used for laboratory as per the procedure given in IS codes. Liquid
construction of hydraulic barriers such as liners and limit tests (IS: 2720 Part 5, 1985), plastic limit tests (IS:
covers due to their low hydraulic conductivity (i.e. 1 x 2720 Part 5, 1985) and falling head hydraulic
10-7 cm/s). However, use of large quantities of sand is conductivity tests (IS: 2720 Part 17, 1986) were carried
limited keeping in view of the economical and out for different trial mix (by weight), compacted at
environmental aspects. In the present work, numbers of maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture
trials have been carried out to develop the alternate liner content (OMC) obtained from heavy compaction test (IS:
material by blending the locally available soil, fly ash 2720 Part 8, 1983).
and bentonite in suitable proportions satisfying the
hydraulic conductivity and plasticity criteria. In order to 4. Important Outcomes
achieve the objective, the geotechnical properties of the Considering both hydraulic conductivity criteria and
locally available soil, fly ash and bentonite are evaluated plasticity criteria (i.e. LL ≥ 20% and PI ≥ 7%) as per
in the laboratory. Liquid limit and plastic limit tests were Benson et al. (1994), the fly ash: bentonite (85:15) and
carried out on above mentioned materials and their soil: bentonite (95:5 and 97:3) mixes can be used as an
mixes in order to determine their plasticity alternate liner material.
characteristics. Falling head tests have been carried out,
compacted at maximum dry density (MDD) and 5. Conclusions
optimum moisture content (OMC) obtained from heavy Based on the laboratory test results and considering both
compaction test. Based on the laboratory test results, mix hydraulic conductivity and plasticity criteria (LL ≥ 20%
of different combinations of above mentioned material and PI ≥ 7%), the following conclusion may be drawn:
are suggested to be used as an alternate liner material  Fly ash: bentonite (85:15) and soil: bentonite (95:5
satisfying the hydraulic conductivity and plasticity and 97:3) mixes can be used as an alternate liner
criteria. material.
2. Motivation and Objective References

Compacted bentonites and sand–bentonite mixtures are Benson, C.H., Zhai, H. and Wang, X. (1994) Estimating
attracting great attention to be used for very low- hydraulic conductivity of compacted clay liners, J. of
permeable liners because they have lower hydraulic Geotechnical Engg., ASCE, 120(2), pp. 366-387.
conductivities and expansion characters. But use of large
IS: 2720 (Part 17) – 1986 (Reaffirmed 2002): Indian
quantities of sand is limited keeping in view of the
economical and environmental aspects. On the other Standard –Laboratory Determination of Permeability.
hand, fly ash is generated in large quantities from
thermal power plants. Effective disposal of fly ash is
always a great concern. In order to utilize the fly ash,
locally available soil along with blending of bentonite in
suitable proportion, number of trials have been carried
out so as to use it as an alternative liner material for
waste containment system.
95
Geotechnical and Geoenviornmental Characterization of TTPS Pond

Ash and Its Utilization
Rabi Narayan Behera
Abhishek Kumar
Chittaranjan Patra
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela-769008
E-mail: rnbehera82@gmail.com, abhishekkumar557@gmail.com,crpatra19@yahoo.co.in
Key words: Pond ash; geoenvironmental characterization; Collapse potential; leachate analysis
2720 (Part XL) -1977], [IS: 2720 (Part-XV) 1986],
1. Introduction [ASTM D 5333-03]). To determine the effect of pond
In India, maximum power is generated by the thermal ash collected from the TTPS on the nearby environment,
process. In this process, the main source of fuel is coal various geoenviornmental tests have been performed on
which produces huge amount of fly ash and bottom ash these samples. These tests include pH test, X-ray
as by-products. These coal ashes are mixed with water diffraction test, lime reactivity test, water soluble
and disposed off in slurry form into the landfill areas in sulphate test, batch leaching test and scanning electron
the form of ash ponds. The ash dumped in the ash pond microscope test.
is called as pond ash. The present study emphasizes on
the geotechnical and geoenviornmental characterization 4. Important Outcomes
of pond ash generated from Talcher Thermal Power Pond ash is found to be slightly collapsible material.
Station (TTPS), Odisha and its suitability as a Based on the analysis of batch leachate test, pond ash
construction material has been suggested. The contain higher amount of reactive magnesium in
geotechnical studies revealed that the TTPS pond ash is comparison to other heavy metal as Fe, Zn and Ni.
low compressible and slightly collapsible in nature. The Except for L/S =10, the iron (Fe) content in the leachate
geoenviornmental studies include pH test, X-ray of pond ash for all L/S (liquid to solid) ratio are within
diffraction test, lime reactivity test, water soluble the permissible limit as per IS 10500 (2012).
sulphate test, batch leaching test and scanning electron
microscope test. The studies revealed that nickel (Ni) 5. Conclusions
content is negligible and amount of zinc (Zn), Based on the geotechnical and geoenviornmental
magnesium (Mg) are within permissible limits as per IS characterization, the following conclusions may be
10500: 2012. Minerals like quartz (SiO2), mulite drawn:
(Al6SiO5), dolomite (C2CaMgO6) and magnetite (Fe3O4)  TTPS pond ash is slightly collapsible in nature.
are also found in pond ash.  All the heavy metals are within permissible
range. Except for L/S =10, the iron (Fe)
2. Motivation and Objective content in the leachate of pond ash for all L/S
The proper disposal of ash is a serious environmental ratio are within the permissible limit as per IS
issue in India. The main objective of the present study is 10500 (2012).
to investigate the impact of pond ash on the nearby soil  It may be used as an alternate backfilling
and environment, by examining all the components of material.
the pond ash in detailed. The detailed study includes
both geotechnical and geoenviornmental characterization
References
of pond ash.
ASTM D 5333 – 03: Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Collapse Potential of Soils.
3. Methodology
To determine geotechnical properties of the pond ash
IS: 10500 – 2012: Indian Standard - Drinking Water
various tests have been performed as per Indian Standard
Specification
Codes ([IS: 2720 (Part-III/SEC-I) – 1980], [IS: 2720
(Part IV) – 1985], [IS: 2720 (Part V) – 1985, Reaffirmed
2006 and IS: 2720 (Part VI) – 1972], [IS: 2720 (Part VII)
- 1980, Reaffirmed 1987] , [IS: 2720 (Part XIII) - 1986],
[IS: 2720 (Part XVII) -1986], [IS:
96
Physico-Chemical Analysis of Soil Affected by Dyes and Pigment

Industries
Rima Shah
Manas Kumar Bhoi
H. B. Raghavendra
Department of Civil Engineering, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Raisan, Gandhinagar, Gujarat- 382007
E-mail: Rima15shah.rs@gmail.com, manas.bhoi@sot.pdpu.ac.in
Keywords: GIDC Vatva, Soil Contamination, Industrial Waste, Engineering Behaviour, Heavy Metals
1. Introduction
Soil contamination is a worldwide problem now a day. Table 1 Engineering Properties of Soil
Development of industries is essential for growth of any
country; on the other side industries are also liable for Properties of Soil Virgin Soil Contaminated
various types of pollutions. Due to land availability
Soil
constraints, it becomes imperative to reuse the land for
infrastructure developmental activities. In case of sites Specific Gravity 2.68 2.45
formerly occupied by some industries or subjected to a
variety of inorganic or organic chemicals waste, careful Liquid Limit (%) 20.31 14.4
site evaluation and design parameters measurements has
to be done for its safe use. (Sunil et al. (2009) Optimum
Moisture 13.63 17.96
2. Motivation and Objective Content (%)
Soil and ground water contamination has become a
major issue in the last few years affecting housing, Maximum Dry 1.78 1.61
industry, agriculture etc. and involves large amount of Density (gm/cm3)
money and time. A geotechnical engineer cannot avoid
coming into contact with this problem in the present
industrialized age (Ahmed (2009)). The major thrust of References
the study is to investigate the effect of industrial waste Sunil, B.M., Shrihari, S. and Sitaram, N. (2009) Shear
contamination in soil with reference to their engineering strength characteristics and chemical characteristics of
behaviour. leachate-contaminated lateritic soil, Engineering
Geology, Science Direct, Elsevier, 106, pp. 20-25.
3. Methodology
The test soil samples are collected by taking boreholes Ahmed, M.A. (2009) Experimental & theoretical studies
up to 9 m depth at different locations of dye and for the behavior of strip footing on oil-contaminated
pigment industrial area, GIDC, Vatva, Ahmedabad. sand, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental
Extensive laboratory investigations have been carried
Engineering, ASCE, 135(12) pp:1814-1822.
out for Grain size distribution, Specific Gravity,
Atterberg’s limits and compaction characteristics.
Engineering properties of soil is given in Table 1.
Atomic absorption spectrometer test was carried out to
find out the total concentration of heavy metals in soil;
4. Conclusions
From the available results, it may be concluded that
various engineering properties of soil are getting
affected by absorption of heavy metals from dumped
industrial waste. Contamination with heavy metals
causes reduction in specific gravity and liquid limit of
soil. Compaction characteristics like optimum moisture
content and maximum dry density both are reduced.
97
Stabilization of Thick Flyash Slurry Using Alkali Activation

Suresh Prasad Singh
Adiandra Mohanbabu
Himansu Namdeo
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela – 769008
E-mail: spsingh@nitrkl.ac.in; 214CE1261@nitrkl.ac.in; 216ce1030@nitrkl.ac.in
Keywords: Flyash; Stabilization; Alkaline Activator; Compressive Strength; Compressibility;

1. Introduction variable head permeability test and the settlement is
The total production of coal ash per annum in India has obtained from the consolidation test.
already crossed 225 million tones and predominantly
these are disposed adopting wet disposal method into 4. Important Outcomes
settling tanks/ash ponds. This occupies huge valuable The compressive strength of sedimented ash deposits
land as well as pollutes the ground water. Further, the increases with increase in NaOH content as well as
abandoned ash ponds support no structures due to its curing period. There is a rapid gain in strength during
inherent low bearing value and high compressibility. early days of curing which continues upto a curing
To resolve such problems, in the present study, the thick period of 120 days. The compressive strength of ash
ash slurry is stabilized by mixing with varying slurry mixed with 2% NaOH is found to be six times
percentage of NaOH (0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2% by dry weight more than that of the unstabilized one. The permeability
of the fly ash). The ash slurry mixed with different of unstabilized fly ash slurry is 1.12×10-4 cm/s and with
doses of alkali is then sedimented in model test tanks addition of 2% NaOH the permeability get decreased
having diameter 45 cm and height 60 cm. After curing upto 1.05×10-6 cm/s. A typical graph between
periods of 15, 30, 60 and 120 days undisturbed samples compressive strength and curing period is shown in Fig
were collected and strength parameters, permeability 1
values and consolidation properties were evaluated. 550
From the test results it is observed that the compressive
500
Compressive Strength (kPa)
strength increases with either increase in dose of

chemical or the curing period. The compressibility and 450
permeability decreases with increase in percentage of 400

NaOH.
350
2. Motivation and Objective 300
The objective of the work is to stabilize the sedimented 250 0.25% NaOH
0.50% NaOH
ash deposit by mixing the alkaline activators to the 1.00% NaOH
200
flyash slurry during its disposal time so as to achieve 2.00% NaOH
adequate strength and render it suitable for construction 150
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
purpose. Curing Period (Days)
Fig 1 Compressive strength of ash deposit with curing period
3. Methodology
The specific gravity of flyash is 2.40, silt and clay
percentage is 85%, fine sand 15%, co-efficient of 5. Conclusions
uniformity 5.62, co-efficient curvature of fly ash is 1.27. Based on the present experimental study it is concluded
The fly ash is mixed with NaOH (0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, and that addition of a small percentage of alkaline activator
2% by its dry weight) solution by using a concrete during disposal of ash slurry can develop adequate
mixture to make thick consistent slurry. The fly ash strength and make ash ponds construction worthy.
slurry with addition of NaOH poured into 4 cylindrical
galvanized iron tanks of size (60cm height × 45cm References
diameter) with variation of chemical percentage in each Lancellotti, I., Kamseu, E., Michelazzi, M., Barbieri, L.,
tank. The experiments were conducted on fly ash slurry Corradi, A., & Leonelli, C. (2010). Chemical stability
including permeability test, needle penetration test, and of geopolymers containing municipal solid waste
consolidation test with varying curing periods of 15, 30, incinerator fly ash. Waste Management, 30(4), 673-
60, 90, 120 days. The strength of fly ash is obtained 679.
from the needle penetration test, the co-efficient of
permeability of fly ash slurry is obtained from the
98
Coupled Large-Strain Consolidation (LSC) and Solute Transport

Modeling By Finite Volume Method
Rakesh Pratap Singh
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, Jamshedpur– 831014
E-mail: rpsingh.ce@nitjsr.ac.in
Keywords: Finite volume method, large strain consolidation, advection, diffusion.

1. Introduction (fig. 2) obtained show that the problem can be solved
Finite volume method is used to solve the conservative with sufficient accuracy with less number of elements.
partial differential equations numerically. The method
WASTE
primarily uses Gauss-Divergence theorem that converts
the volume integral of a divergence term into surface LCS c0
integral. The conservative partial differential equations
in general contain a time derivative and a spatial
derivative as divergence term and thus are easily GM
amenable to solution by the FVM. The equations of large H
strain consolidation and solute transport by Peter and 0 CCL
Smith (2002) are the conservative equations and can
easily be cast as finite volume formulation. Leonard
(1988) has proposed a numerical scheme QUICK along DRAINAGE LAYER
with EULER for explicit FVM solution of solute
transport in open channel flows with sharp gradients. Fig. 1 Single composite liner system
This paper presents the finite volume formulation of
equations of large strain consolidation and solute
transport and their application on discretized control 0.5
Rel. conc. at CCL base,
volumes in the explicit form of time and space. The CST1

0.4
solution of the equations uses EULER-QUICK scheme
for interpolating the face values. This semi coupled one-
0.3
dimensional formulation of consolidation induced solute cF*=0.6
cb/c0
transport can accommodate all possible initial condition 0.2 m2/y

of variables’ distribution, boundary conditions on excess 1
pore pressure or its gradient and solute concentration or 0.1 10
its gradient.
Finite element and finite difference numerical methods 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
are reported for consolidation induced solute transport. Time, t (y)
However, the flow continuity in such formulations are Fig. 2 Breakthrough curve through CCL
not maintained by the process but this is achieved by
additional check and balance. The finite volume method 5. Conclusions
as a conservative formulation takes care of flow 1. The computational model requires lesser number of
continuity by the process itself. nodes to produce comparable results thus reduces the
3. Methodology computational effort.
Governing equations: Large strain consolidation: 2. The explicit approach simplifies the treatment of
solution.
1 e   k  s  k (1  e0 )    e  
    1   
1  e0 t a  (1  e)   w   w (1  e)  e a   References
Solute transport: Leonard B.P., (1988), “Simple high-accuracy resolution
   nD c f  program for convective modeling of discontinuities”,
t
 nc f J  (1  n)cs J    qc f 
a  J a 
 Int. J. of Numerical Methods in Fluids, 8, 1291-1318.
Peters, G.P., and Smith, D. W. (2002), “Solute transport
4. Important Outcomes through a deforming porous medium”, Int. J. Numer.
Consolidation induced solute transport for the compacted Analyt. Meth. Geomech, 26(7), 683–717.
clay liner (fig. 1) has been worked out and the results
99
Mechanical Behaviour of Bentonite In Presence of Lead

Saswati Ray
Anil Kumar Mishra
Ajay Kalamdhad
E-mail: r.saswati@iitg.ernet.in; anilmishra@iitg.ernet.in; kajay@iitg.ernet.in
Keywords: Bentonite; Heavy Metal; Leachate; Clay Liner; Hydraulic Conductivity
Bentonites is used as barrier material at waste disposal The results showed that free swelling, Atterberg limits,
site because of its high swelling capacity, contaminant swelling potential, swelling pressure, and hydraulic
adsorption limit, and low hydraulic conductivity. conductivity is influenced in the presence of different
However, heavy metal present in the leachate can reduce concentration of heavy metal.
the utility of liner by affecting its swelling and sorption
capacity. Therefore, it is necessary to study the References
behaviour of bentonite in the presence of different Dutta, J. and Mishra, A. K. (2016), Consolidation
chemicals existing in the leachate. The thickness of DDL behaviour of bentonite in the presence of salt solution,
get suppress when bentonite is exposed to heavy metal Appl. Clay Sci., 120, 61–69.
contaminant. It is required to investigate the
consolidation behaviour of bentonite for settlement Lee JM, Shackelford D (2005), Impact of bentonite
calculation. quality on hydraulic conductivity of geosynthetic clay
liners, J Geotech Geoenviron Eng, ASCE 131(1):64–
2. Motivation and Objective 77.
In this study, the effects of heavy metals of varying
concentrations were experimentally investigated on the Nakano A, Li LY, Ohtsubo M, Mishra AK (2008), Lead
behaviour of bentonite. retention mechanisms and hydraulic conductivity
studies of various bentonites for geoenvironment
3. Methodology applications, Environ Technol, 29:505–514.
The particle size distribution of the bentonites was
determined by the hydrometer analysis according to Ouhadi VR, Sedighi M (2003) Variation of experimental
ASTM D 422 (2002). The free swelling test for the results of oedometer testing due to the changes of pore
bentonite was performed as per ASTM D 5890 (2001). fluid. In: Deformation characteristics of geomaterials,
Atterberg limits were determined according to ASTM D Taylor & Francis, New York, pp 299–304.
4318 (2000). The specific surface area (SSA) of the Ouhadi, V. R., Yong, R. N., and Sedighi, M. (2006)
bentonites was determined by the method described by Influence of heavy metal contaminants at variable pH
Cerato and Lutenegger (2002). The method described by regimes on rheological behaviour of bentonite, Appl.
Chapman (1965) and Pratt (1965) was used to determine Clay Sci., 32(3–4), 217–231.
the cation exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable
cation of the bentonites. ASTM D698 (ASTM 2012) was
followed to determine the maximum dry density (MDD)
and the optimum moisture content (OMC) of the
bentonites. The consolidation test was performed
according to ASTM D2435 (ASTM 1996) in a standard
consolidometer of 60 mm in diameter and 15 mm in
thickness sample.
The test results indicated that the Atterbergs’s limit,
swelling pressure, swelling potential, compression index
was decreased due to the presence of the heavy metals in
the pore water. However, the permeability and rate of
consolidation increases as the concentration of the heavy
metal increases in the mixtures. Results also indicates
that the influence of heavy metals on the behaviour of
the bentonite is more significant at higher concentration.
100
Variation in the Geotechnical Properties of Biosolids upon Blending

with Fly Ash and Lime
Ajitha B Bhaskar
Sajna S
Kannan K
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Trivandrum - 695016
E-mail: ajithabhaskar@yahoo.com; sachunisana@gmail.com; kk260493@gmail.com
Keywords: blended biosolids; geotechnical; shear strength; fly ash; lime

1. Introduction strength, shear strength, California bearing ratio value,
Waste management is one of the major issues that is coefficient of permeability, coefficient of consolidation,
being faced by even the developed countries in the etc., of the cured and uncured samples were obtained.
world. Biosolids is such a waste material which is the The obtained values were then analyzed to evaluate the
byproduct of waste water treatment process. A lot of feasibility of using the blended biosolids in different
studies are being conducted all around the world to geotechnical applications.
effectively utilize these waste materials for various
applications such as geotechnical, pavement, 4. Important Outcomes
agricultural, etc. This paper presents the study of The test results showed that the virgin biosolids has
geotechnical properties of biosolids blended with fly ash insufficient bearing capacity and shear strength
and lime. The biosolids was collected from a wastewater properties to be used in any geotechnical applications.
treatment plant located in Trivandrum the capital city of However, the blended biosolids showed improved shear
Kerala. strength, bearing capacity and permeability
2. Motivation and Objective characteristics compared to the virgin biosolids. The
A lot of studies have been reported on the effective properties of the cured sampled were much better than
utilization of blended biosolids in geotechnical those of uncured samples.
applications. The main motivation of this study is to find 5. Conclusions
out a sustainable solution to effectively utilize the The study mainly focuses on the improvement of
biosolids produced in the Muttathara sewage treatment geotechnical characteristics of virgin biosolids by
plant at Trivandrum. To evaluate the effectiveness of blending it with suitable additives such as fly ash and
using blended biosolids in geotechnical applications, it is lime. Thus ensuring a sustainable utilization of the huge
necessary to identify the geotechnical properties of amount of biosolids produced in the wastewater
blended biosolids. treatment plant. The test results show that upon suitable
3. Methodology treatment and curing the geotechnical characteristics of
Biosolids samples were collected from the Muttathara the tested biosolids can be enhanced and may be used in
sewage treatment plant at Trivandrum during various various geotechnical applications.
periods. It is reported that biosolids as such will have to References
be stabilized with an additive or blended with a high-
quality material to enhance its geotechnical properties to Arulrajah, A., Disfani, M. M., Suthagaran, V., & Bo, M.
enable it to be considered as an engineering fill material W. (2012). Laboratory evaluation of the geotechnical
(Arulrajah et. al., 2013). This has been reported in characteristics of wastewater biosolids in road
several studies in which additives such as fly ash, lime, embankments. Journal of Materials in Civil
or slags were used to enhance the shear strength (Kayser Engineering, 25(11), 1682-1691.
et. al., 2011) Hence fly ash and lime were chosen as Kayser, C., Larkin, T., & Singhal, N. (2011).
additives to be added to enhance the properties of virgin Enhancement of the shear strength of wastewater
biosolids. Fly ash sample was collected from the residuals using industrial waste by-products. Journal of
Tuticorin Thermal power plant in Tamilnadu and the environmental engineering, 137(11), 1002-1011.
Lime is purchased from local suppliers. Then each of
these materials was tested for identifying their basic
properties. After that, fly ash alone and fly ash mixed
with lime were blended with biosolids in different
proportions and the samples were allowed to cure. The
geotechnical properties such as maximum dry density,
optimum moisture content, unconfined compressive
101
Stabilization of Red Mud Using Low Ash Coal Fly Ash

Shamshad Alam
Sarat Kumar Das
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela – 769008
E-mail: safzal88@gmail.com; saratdas@rediffmail.com
B. Hanumantha Rao
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar – 751013
E-mail: bhrao@iitbbs.ac.in
1. Introduction maximum dry unit weight from 15.2kN/m3 (0% FA) to

Rapid growth in the generation of industrial solid wastes 12.80kN/m3 (50% FA); thereby decreasing the self-
poses a challenge for its disposal and storage. Red mud weight of the geotechnical structure. Increasing
(RM) is one of the major industrial wastes generated by percentage of FA also reduces the pH value from 11.56
the aluminum industry. During the production of every to 9.24. (2) The 14 days curing of stabilized red mud in
ton of alumina, approximately 0.8–1.5 tons of RM is HC and AT gives the UCS of 1335.97 ± 2.39% kPa and
generated and around 120 million tons of RM is 2247.04 ± 6.36% kPa corresponding to 30% FA
produced every year globally (Nath et al. 2015). The respectively, which is more than 10% and 50% FA.
storage of RM contaminates the water bodies and Stabilized sample gone through 12 wet-dry cycles shows
agricultural land due to the presence of leachable toxic higher UCS (2840 ± 2.70% kPa) corresponding to 30%
element. Though many researchers (Sahu et al. 2011) FA as compare to 1457.79 ± 11.71% kPa for sample
have studied the possibility to utilize the red mud in cured in humidity chamber for 28 days. The increase in
chemical industries, studies related to geotechnical UCS of stabilized sample gone through 12 wet-dry
engineering is limited (Rubinos et al. 2016). cycles is due to the formation of C-S-H as revealed by
microstructure analysis. (3) Cohesion and angle of
2. Motivation and Objective internal friction value of uncured red mud stabilized by
India produces approximately 4.71 million tons of RM 30% were found to be 7.30kPa and 26.570, respectively.
every year (Rout et al. 2013) and its disposal requires However, the value may vary with curing period.
vast tract of land. Many a times the power plant is close
to the aluminum industry which produces fly ash as its 5. Conclusions
waste material. So, there is an urgent need to utilize the Based on the laboratory investigations, the 28 days UCS
waste in bulk. Therefore, based on the laboratory of stabilized RM is found as 1457.79 ± 11.71% kPa,
findings, this research characterizes the fly ash (FA) which increases to 2840 ± 2.70% kPa after 12 wet-dry
stabilized RM as a geotechnical engineering material. cycles. The results show that this research will help in
the bulk utilization of RM along with FA and will
3. Materials and Methodology decreases the storage of these wastes. However, it may
Red mud for present research is collected from be mentioned here that this conclusion is purely based on
HINDALCO, Muri, Jharkhand. The RM is stabilized by the UCS values and durability study.
using 10%, 30% and 50% fly ash by weight. The
compaction characteristics and unconfined compressive
References
strength (UCS) of stabilized red mud are studied as per Nath, H., Sahoo, P. and Sahoo, A. (2015)
the relevant IS code. The samples for UCS of stabilized Characterization of red mud treated under high
RM were prepared at their OMC and the effect of curing temperature fluidization, Powder Technology, 269, pp.
periods and curing conditions are studied. Durability 233-239.
study in terms of soil-cement loss due to repeated
wetting-drying is studied as per ASTM D559. The
chemistry of stabilized RM is explained in term of
mineralogical phase present and the pH value. The XRD
micrograph is obtained using Rigaku Japan/Ultima-iv
model with the copper target, and the pH is measured
using digital pH meter (HACH HQ40d).
Based on the laboratory experiments on stabilized red
mud, following outcomes have been drawn: (1)
Increasing the percentage of fly ash decreases the
102
Effects of Molding Moisture Content on Strength and Hydraulic

Properties of Pond ash-Bentonite Mixes
Suryaleen Rout
Suresh Prasad Singh
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela – 769008, Odisha, India
Email: suryaleen1512@gmail.com ; spsingh@nitrkl.ac.in
Keywords: Bentonite, pond ash, land fill, permeability and strength parameters.
1. Introduction predominant than repulsive force but with gradual
Sand bentonite mixtures are commonly used as liner addition of water content the repulsive force increases
material in waste disposal facilities. Non availability of and the particles gets oriented a dispersed structure and
sand in all locations and seasons forced engineers to hence the strength decreases. Cohesion increases with
consider alternate materials for this purpose. Pond ash a increase in molding moisture content and an optimum
waste product of thermal power plants which is sluiced value is attained and thereafter the same decreases with
into the ash ponds resembles terrestrial sand in size, further increase in the molding moisture content. It is
shape and texture. Considering this in this research work also observed that with the increase in either bentonite
an attempt has been made to assess the suitability of content or molding moisture content, there is a sharp
pond ash-bentonite mixes as liner material in waste reduction in the angle of internal friction.
disposal facilities as a substitute to the conventional
sand-bentonite mixes. Accordingly, the compaction,
strength, and permeability characteristics of pond ash
bentonite mixtures are investigated to support
recommendation for a cost effective alternative landfill
liner. Further, the effects of molding moisture content on
the above mentioned engineering properties has been
evaluated and reported in this paper.
The objective of the research is to assess the effects of
molding moisture content on the strength and hydraulic
characteristics of pond ash bentonite mixture.
3. Methodology Fig. 1 variation of UCS with moulding moisture content
Pond ash-bentonite mixtures are prepared by adding
bentonite of 5 to 30% by weight at 5% intervals with the 5. Conclusions
pond ash. In this manner, six different mixes are It is observed that for a particular bentonite content in
synthesized and their OMC and MDD corresponding to the mixture, with the gradual increase in molding
heavy compaction energy are determined. The effects of moisture content, the hydraulic conductivity decreases
bentonite content and molding moisture content on up to a moisture content slightly above OMC thereafter,
permeability, unconfined compressive strength and shear it increases sharply. However, the UCS value decreases
parameters have been evaluated. All these tests are continuously with increase in molding moisture content.
carried out according to Indian Standard code of Furthermore, it can also be concluded that, the mixtures
practice. with 15% bentonite content compacted at OMC can be
effectively used as a better liner material.
It is observed that at particular bentonite content and References
compactive effort, the hydraulic conductivity decreases
Kayabali, K. (1997). Engineering aspects of a novel
with increase in molding moisture content up to moisture
landfill liner material: bentonite-amended natural
content slightly above OMC. However, a further
zeolite. Engineering Geology, Elsevier. doi:
increase in molding moisture content results a sharp
10.1016/S0013-7952(96)00102-0.
increase in the permeability value. With increase in
bentonite content in the mixture, the unconfined
compressive strength (UCS) increases. In contrast it is
also observed that the UCS decreases with the increase
in molding moisture content. This is due the fact that at
lower water content, the attractive force is more
103
Improvement of Strength of Laterite Soil Treated With Ground

Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
Arijit Mandal
Ashok Kumar Khan
E-mail: arijitm888@gmail.com; akk.nitjsr@gmail.com
Keywords: laterite soil; GGBS; CBR; UCS;

1. Introduction 30
In order to utilize the industrial waste, an attempt is
25 soaked
made to stabilize the red soil by adding blast furnace
Load in Piston in kg/cm2

Unsoaked
slag. This project work aims to evaluate the effect of 20
addition of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% blast furnace slag 15
in order to stabilize the red soil and to verify its 10
suitability to be used as a construction material for road,
5
embankment and structural fills. The blast furnace slag
is collected from Jojobera Cement Plant, Jamshedpur, 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Jharkhand and the Laterite soil is collected from Pentration in mm
Hinjlicut in Gunjam District of Orissa for evaluating its Fig. 1 Typical graph of CBR of 14days soaked & unsoaked
suitability as a construction material for various @15% GGBS
geotechnical works. Its consistency properties,
compaction properties, and strength parameter are tested. 16
This paper highlights the effects of addition of blast 14

furnace slag with that of the red soil. 12
10
CBR Value
As two third portion of the continent are filled with 6

laterite soil, the abundant availability reduces the
4
transportation cost of the material. Soil has been treated Unsoaked CBR
2
with the industrial byproduct as per requirement to meet
0
the certain specification. 0 5 10 15 20 25
Percentage of GGBS
3. Methodology Fig. 2. CBR for 14days in various % of GGBS
The overall testing program was conducted in two
phases. In the first phase, the index properties, physical,
and chemical engineering properties of the laterite soil 5. Conclusions
samples & ground granulated blast furnace slag were Soil stabilization occurs over a longer time period of
studied. curing. The effects of blast furnace slag stabilization are
usually measured after 0 days, 3days, 7days, 15days,
Table-1 Physical properties of Laterite 28days or longer. A soil that is treated with blast furnace
LL PL PI DF ɤ OMC slag is modified and it is observed that over a long-time
Gs
(%) (%) (%) S (kN/m3) (%) period, the strength increases remarkably up to the
2.5 addition of 10% of blast furnace slag. The other tests are
41 27 14 0 21 9.46
1 in progress. The test results will be incorporated in the
In the second phase of the test program, red soil was full length paper.
mixed with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of blast
furnace slag as percentage of dry weight of red soil. References
4. Important Outcomes Charman. J. H. (1988), ‘Laterite in road pavements’,
The soil has been treated with various percentages of Special Publication 47: Construction Industry
GGBS & cured for various days in order to increase the Research and Information Association, London.
strength of the soil.
Emery. J. J. (1982) "Slag Utilization in pavement
Construction", Extending Aggregate Resources,
Special Technical Publication 774, American Society
for Testing and Materials, Washington DC.
104
Stabilization of Dredged Chilika Sand With Biopolymer

Harishankar Jeevan Dash
Sarat Kumar Das
E-mail: harishankar51.bbsr@gmail.com; saratdas@rediffmail.com
Keywords: Chilika Lake; Dredged Chilika sand; Biopolymer; xanthan gum and guar gum; penetration test.
1. Introduction
20
Chilika Lake is a brackish water lagoon of Odisha state
18
on the east coast of India. It is the largest coastal lagoon
16
in India and the second largest lagoon in the world
Penetration force (N)

14
covering an area of over 1,160 km2 (Sahu et al., 2014).
12
The size of the lagoon is decreasing over the years due to 10
large siltation of the rivers joining Chilika Lake and 8
dredging is required to deal with siltation. 6
4 2 % GG + Chilika sand
2. Motivation and Objective 2 % XG + Chilika sand
2
The dredged sand of the Chilika Lake is being dumped at
0
the site to make small (dumps) islands. But, these small 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
dumps are sometimes becoming unstable due to wind Penetration depth (mm)
erosion and small waves. Keeping in mind the aqua and
fauna sustainability of the Lake, chemical stabilization of Fig. 1 Surface resistance curves for Chilika sand sample treated
with 2% of biopolymer solutions
the sand using cement and others may not be suitable.
Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to
stabilize the dredged sand with biopolymers; xanthan 5. Conclusions
gum and guar gum for sustainable development of the The maximum surface penetration force with guar gum
fragile ecosystem. solution of 0.5 %, 1%, 1.5%, 2% are found as 70.19 N,
72.28 N, 66.99 N, and 18.76 N respectively. Similarly,
3. Methodology the penetration forces are 64.40 N, 67.83 N, 58.84 N,
The dredged Chilika sand collected from Satapada site, and 9.03 N for xanthan gum solution of 0.5 %, 1%,
which is close to the sea (Bay of Bengal). The 1.5%, 2% respectively. A maximum UCS value of 547
biopolymers (xanthan gum and guar gum) solution with kPa was observed with 2 % guar gum after 60 days.
different percentages (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2 %) was Hence, the present study will help in the effective
added at the rate of 2.5 liters per meter square to the sand stabilization of the dredged sand for preparation of small
surface and allowed to penetrate up to depth 4mm. mounds for development of the fragile ecosystem.
The Chilika sand is poorly graded sandy soil with a
specific gravity of 2.64, the optimum moisture content of Chen, R., Lee, I., and Zhang, L. (2015) Biopolymer
10.3 % and pH 7.72. The effect of biopolymer stabilization of mine tailings for dust control, Journal
stabilization on the wind erosion of the dredged sand was of Geotechnical and Geo-Environmental
studied in terms of penetration test as per Chen et al. Engineering, Volume -141(2), pp 04014100-1-10.
(2015). A typical Surface resistance curves for 2% of
Sahu, B. K., Pati, P. and Panigrahy, R.C. (2014)
biopolymer solutions (xanthan gum and guar gum) with
Environmental conditions of Chilika Lake during pre
Chilika sand from penetration test is shown in Figure 1.
and post hydrological intervention, Journal of Coastal
The maximum penetration force without biopolymer
Conservation, Springer, Volume-18, pp 285-297.
solution i.e.; 0 % was 9.73 N which increased to 70.19
N, 72.28 N, 66.99 N, 18.76 N with 0.5 %, 1%, 1.5%, 2%
guar gum solution, respectively after 7 days and the
corresponding values using xanthan gum solution are
64.40 N, 67.83 N, 58.84 N, and 9.03 N. Thus it shows
that guar gum is a better stabilizing agent than xanthan
gum. The surface resistance is correlated to mass loss
due to wind pressure.
105
Influence of Salts on the Coefficient of Consolidation of Compacted

Bentonites
Jagori Dutta
Department of Civil Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar-751024
E-mail: jagoridutta@gmail.com
Anil Kumar Mishra

Purabi Das
E-mail: purabi.das@iitg.ernet.in
Keywords: Bentonite; salt solution; diffuse double layer; coefficient of consolidation; leachates
1. Introduction of consolidation at higher consolidation pressure. The
Due to its high swelling capacity and lower value of coefficient of consolidation increased with increase in
hydraulic conductivity, compacted bentonite is used as a the salt concentration indicating a faster rate of
liner material at the waste disposal site. Consolidation is consolidation in the presence of inorganic salts.
among important properties of the liner material which
1.E-01
need to be studied for settlement analysis. Consolidation Coefficient of consolidation, cv
is the compression that results when a load that is
1.E-02
applied to saturated clay gives rise to a settlement, the
magnitude of which is determined when the generated
(cm2/sec)
1.E-03
pore pressures are fully dissipated (Yong and Warkentin,
1975).
1.E-04
2. Motivation and Objective Water
This study was carried out to investigate the 1.E-05 0.01N CaCl2
0.1N CaCl2
consolidation behavior of bentonites of different quality 1N CaCl2
(varying in their liquid limit, CEC, SSA, and ESP) in the 1.E-06
presence of inorganic salts and heavy metals of varying 10 1 100 1000
concentrations present in leachates, individually as well Pressure (kPa)
as in combination of each other. Fig. 1 Plot between the coefficient of consolidation and
consolidation pressures of Bentonite-A and -B for CaCl2
3. Methodology
Two bentonites of different mineralogical composition
and swelling properties were used for the study. 5. Conclusions
Inorganic salts (NaCl and CaCl2) and heavy metals(Pb2+, It was observed that coefficient of consolidation (cv)
Zn2+, Cu2+)were chosen for this study as these chemicals increased with the increase in salt concentration and
are commonly present in leachate. Consolidation test decreased with increase in the consolidation pressure.
was carried out in a standard consolidometer of 60 mm Bentonite with a higher swelling, liquid limit, SSA and
in diameter and 15 mm in thickness sample according to CEC value, exhibited a lower cv in comparison to the
ASTM D 2435 (1996). The coefficient of consolidation low swelling bentonite in the presence of inorganic salts
(cv) was obtained using Taylor’s square root time (√T) and heavy metals. The coefficient of consolidation (cv)
method. Coefficient of consolidation (cv) was determined increased significantly due to addition of the high
by the square root of time fitting method given by Taylor concentration combination solution of inorganic salts
(1942) and heavy metals. Because bentonite is widely used as a
D 2Tv liner material in landfills, the results of this study may
cv  provide a general guideline for estimating the liner
t90
where, t90 is the time for 90% degree of consolidation performance in the presence of different kinds of
Tv is the time factor (0.848 for 90 % of consolidation). contaminants and thus help in choosing the bentonite
type for the liner application.
Figures 1 plots the relationship between coefficient of References
consolidation and vertical pressures of the two bentonites ASTM (1996). Standard Test Method for One-
in presence of the inorganic salts. It was observed that Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils, D
the coefficient of consolidation decreased with 2435, American Society for Testing and Materials,
increasing consolidating pressure indicating a slower rate Philadelphia
106
Influence of soil quality of Agricultural Soil on Crop water

requirements
Pranita Kalita
Dikshita Dutta
Utpal Kumar Nath
Department of Civil Engineering, Assam Engineering College, Guwahati, 781013
E-mail:proni89kalita@gmail.com;dikshidutta16@gmail.com; ukn.ce@aec.ac.in
Keywords: Soil Quality; field capacity; permanent wilting point; irrigation system
1. Introduction
The rapidly growing population and land degradation
have adversely impacted on our agricultural productivity.
The deterioration in the quality of soil and water has
resulted in decreasing yield from the agricultural land.
The soil moisture characteristics; maximum water
holding capacity (MHC), field capacity (F.C), permanent
wilting point (PWP) and available moisture content
(AMC) are constant for a particular soil but it varies
from one type of soil to another. Realizing the
importance of quality of soil in ensuring sustainable
agricultural yield and productivity, a study was carried
out in Assam, soil sample has been collected from two Fig. 1 Field capacity versus irrigation requirement plot
locations in an agricultural field at three depths and
various tests have been performed to assess the soil 5. Conclusions
quality in terms of agricultural requirements .On the Soil quality assessment was done for a particular crop
basis of soil water characteristics obtained from test and rating of the soil samples at different depths in
results, the Irrigation demand of transplanted rice crop different locations was evaluated. From this rating, the
has been evaluated with the help of CROPWAT8 amount of nutrient requirements with minimum ground
model. water pollution is analyzed and from the data collected
from the laboratory test, the irrigation demand and
nutrient requirements in different stages are analyzed and
It is important to consider the field water balance to
discussed. Based on the laboratory and modeling results
determine water requirements, as plant roots need
and comparison, it can established that Maximum water
moisture and oxygen to live. Hence agricultural soil of
holding capacity of first soil sample decreases and in
different depth and different types are analyzed and
second sample it increases with depth. Lower organic
quantify of irrigation water is done considering the
carbon content of soil particular Sample signify higher
effective data for the respective crop.
value of maximum water holding capacity and lower
3. Methodology maximum water holding capacity of soil in that Sample
The presence of different micronutrients in agricultural among the depths carry higher bulk density . From
soil can influence CWR for a particular crop .In this CROPWAT 8 model analysis it is seen that for the
study first soil is collected from agricultural field and sample of a particular location for higher value of field
laboratory experiments are performed with the help of capacity, irrigation requirement is lower. Higher
flame photometer, pH meter, pressure plate apparatus, K drainable porosity shows higher irrigation is required.
box apparatus etc and in second step the results of
References
experiments have been used for the calculation of
irrigation requirements of crop with the help of Muhhamamad, A. and Majeed, A., (2006), Water
CROPWAT 8 model. requirements of major crops for different agro –
climatic zones of Balochistan , IUCN , ISBN: 969-
8141-85-5.
From the results and comparison of laboratory test and
CROPWAT 8 model, it is seen that the lower value field Banik, P., Tiwari, N.K. and Ranjan, S., (2014),
capacity of a particular soil sample indicate higher value Comparative Crop Water Assessment Using
Irrigation requirement. CROPWAT, IJSMPE , Volume 1 ,ISSN 2374 –1651
107
Critical Aspects Relating to Re-Use of Aged Municipal Solid Waste for

Geotechnical Purposes
Mohit Somani
Manoj Datta
G. V. Ramana
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi– 110016
E-mail: msomani02@gmail.com, mdatta@civil.iitd.ac.in, gvramanaiitdelhi@gmail.com
T.R.Sreekrishnan
Department of Biochemical and Biotechnical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi– 110016
E-mail: sree@dbed.iitd.ac.in
Keywords: Aged waste, Landfill mining, Municipal solid waste, Organic content.
1. Introduction Table-1 Properties of Aged MSW from several landfills
Aged waste can be defined as the waste which has been Location USA Korea Deonar KDG, PDG,
deposited at the dump sites/landfills from several years India India India
and can be mined for reuse. If aged municipal solid Age of 60 25 4-12 15 15
waste (MSW) from these dumps is used as an waste years years years years years
“Engineered Fill” it will result in more air space in the GSD (%) Passin N.R. passing passing pass-
g 75µ 8mm 2mm- ing
existing facilities and would also reduce the excavation sieve sieve- (56-68) 2mm
of fresh soil for earthwork. (35.5- 63.5 (33-
28.9) 41)
2. Objective
Specific N.R. 2.58- N.R. N.R. N.R.
The overall objective of this study is to review the gravity 2.44
literature on the suitability of using aged MSW for Liquid 48- N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R.
geotechnical purposes and reporting initial results on limit 62%
aged waste from 3 landfills from India. Plastic 24- N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R.
limit 32%
3. Methodology MDD 16.5- 15.5- 9.41 8.8- 9.4-
Initially, 39 research articles were reviewed about (kN/m3) 15.2 6.77 11.77 9.7
various geotechnical properties of MSW, papers relating OMC (%) 10.9- 7.4- 14 30-40 23-
to the chemical properties of MSW were also studied. 18.8 13.9 30
Some initial laboratories tests were conducted on the O.M. (%) 6.3- 6.06- 14.5 8.9- 8.9-
samples collected from the 3 landfills from India. 12.4 12.45 20.7 15.8
{GSD- grain size distribution, MDD- maximum dry density,
4. Results OMC- optimum moisture content, OM- organic matter}
Only 5-6 research papers and reports dealt with the
characterization of MSW for geotechnical suitability
point of view. Table 1 presents the properties of aged 5. Conclusions
MSW from literature. The reviewed papers contain The conversion of material in open dumps to sustainable
conceptual discussion on the properties of aged MSW, reclaimed products is an essential step to avoid future
simulating it as soil like material. MDD, GSD, OMC costs from present mismanagement. However, critical
indicates the behavior of aged MSW as soil like observations are:
material. However, organic content was reported a. High organic content.
between 6.5-20 % (Joseph et al., 2003). In most of the b. Release of coloured leachate.
case studies the soil like material reclaimed was used as c. High concentration of total dissolved salts.
landfill cover. Only one case study reported its So, further studies are required to identify pretreatment
suitability for using as an earthfill after blending with to control organic content, release of colour and total
local soil. Heavy metal content discussed in the aged dissolved salts before reusing it as an engineered fill or
MSW are reported within the limits. Initial lab tests on in earthworks.
Indian aged MSW show organic content in the range of
6.5-16 %. It also indicate the release of coloured Reference
leachate with high content of total dissolved salts with Kurian, J., Esakku, S., Palanivelu, K., & Selvam, A.
the concentration of 3000-5000 ppm. (2003, October). Studies on landfill mining at solid
waste dumpsites in India. In Proceedings
Sardinia Vol. 3, pp. 248-255.
108
Indian GeotechnicalConference2017 GeoNEst
14-16 December2017,IIT Guwahati, India
Experimental Investigation on Viability of Metakaolin based Lead

Contaminated Soil
A. N. Shetty
S. K. Palled
A. M. Hulagabali
Department of Civil Engineering, Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot-587103
E-mail: ashwinishetty66@gmail.com; sneha.palled99@gmail.com; anandmhulagabali@gmail.com
V. A. Reddy
Department of Applied Mechanics, SVNIT, Surat – 395 007.
E-mail: vemulaanandreddy@gmail.com
Keywords: Lead, Contamination, Metakaolin, solidification / stabilization.

1. Introduction converted to residual form where it is not possible to
Heavy metal contamination caused by rapid urbanization leach to ground.
and industrialization is creating havoc by Polluting soil
500 ppm
which may be harmful. Among various soil contaminants 1000 ppm
existing in contaminated sites, heavy metals are of great 2.1 1500 ppm
concern because of their increasing abundance in the
hydrological cycle, their relatively high toxicity even at 2
Shear Strength [kg/m ]
low concentrations and their chemical characteristics 1.4
limiting the application of many remediation techniques.
Once released into soil matrix, heavy metals have
potential impact on environmental quality and on human 0.7
health and a great risk for safe ground water and soil.
Lead (Pb) based compounds have been a major source of
environmental contamination in the past few decades
0.0
Tang and Yang, (2012). 3 6 9
Binder %
Metakaolin which is calcined clay abundantly available Fig.1. Shear strength variation with different binder percent for
and having puzzalanic properties where the strength different contamination of lead.
properties are increased to a great extent in addition to 6 5. Conclusions
%.Utilizing this cheaply available material for The present study concludes that addition of binder 6% is
improvement of physiochemical properties of soil and at very economical for field application in controlling the
the same time leaching of contamination can be pollutants reaching ground water table. Sequential
alleviated. The present study discusses regarding the extraction proved about 70% in the residual form for the
chemical association of lead Pb +2 with the meatkaolin as curing of 7, 28 and 51 days.
binder for altering the surface properties of artificially
References
contaminated soil.
Tang. X., Yang. J. (2012) “Long-term stability and risk
3. Methodology
assessment of lead in mill waste treated by soluble
Virgin soil was used for external spiking of
contamination. Analytical grade lead Nitrate (PbNO3) salt phosphate”, Sci. Tot. Environ. 438, 299-303.
was dissolved in the solution to make the contamination Svensson. M. and Allard. B., (2008), “Leaching of
ranges in three different proportions 500, 1000, 1500 ppm mercury-containing cement monoliths aged for one year,
using their molecular weight required for preparing the Waste Manage”. 28, 597-603.
standard solution. The contamination proportions were
cross checked by Atomic adsorption spectrophotometer
test. Binder addition of 3%, 6% and 9% were done and
then checked for physicochemical properties using
standard protocols. Changes attributed on morphology
and mineralogy was done through the XRD and SEM
analysis.
The strength was seen maximum for optimum binder
dosage of 6%, also the concentration of contamination
increased and hence, strength got increased. Liquid limit
and plastic limit got decreased with contamination when
compared to virgin soil. 70 % of the contamination was
109
Experimental Observation of Breakthrough Concentrations of Pb, Na,

Ca, and K in Column Leaching of Refuse Soils from Boragaon Waste
Dumpsite
Suresh A. Kartha
Heeralal Nandmehar
E-mail: kartha@iitg.ernet.in ; hnandmehar@gmail.com
Keywords: column leaching; ponding head; breakthrough concentrations

1. Introduction Environmental Engineering laboratory for the
The waste dumpsite for the urban city of Guwahati is concentrations of Pb, Na, Ca, and K.
located in a nearby place called Boragaon, which is very
close to the famous lake and Ramsar Site – Deepor Beel. 4. Important Outcomes
As the wastes are dumped unscientifically at the disposal The experimental observations are plotted to obtain the
site, it is a huge concern for the natural environment and breakthrough concentrations of the above species at
potentially contaminates the surface and subsurface various depths. As obvious with the theory of
water bodies (Barman et al. 2015) Studies using contaminant transport, the breakthrough observations of
experimental columns to analyse the leaching of Pb at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 cm, respectively, showed peak
nutrients and heavy metals from soils can be a useful values at the instants 30, 40, 50, 70, and 90 minutes,
preliminary method, in this case, to interpret the severity respectively. For the experiments on leaching of
and potentiality of the contamination. nutrients (viz. Na, Ca, and K), the peak of concentrations
at any height of observation is found to be same for Na,
2. Motivation and Objective Ca, and K. These observations reveal that the given
To experimentally evaluate the leaching of solute species experiment may be dominated by advection and
– Pb, Na, Ca, and K – from the Boragaon dumpsite desorption, whereas the sorption of chemicals into the
refuse, using a cylindrical column apparatus. soils are not that prominent. However, for nutrients, the
instant of peak concentrations for the same specie at
3. Methodology different heights of observations need not adhere to the
The refuse soils from the Boragaon waste dumpsite is sequential increasing policy. This variation in peak can
experimented using a cylindrical polypropylene column be due to more desorption of the nutrient at later times.
(6 cm inner diameter and 90 cm long) in the Water
Resources Laboratory of IIT Guwahati (IITG). The 5. Conclusions
column has inlet and outlet sections at the top and The experimental study involved here involving the
bottom and it is filled with the waste refuse soil for a breakthrough curves and the digestion test on the soils
height of 30 cm. Arrangements are made to provide revealed the presence of contaminant concentration in
water at the top end of the column and collection system the solid and liquid forms. The breakthrough curves
at the bottom to collect the leachates from the column. indicated the possibilities of non-equilibrium solute
At the inlet, the flow is made continuous and steady with transport of the contaminant species through the column.
a 60 cm of ponding depth over the soil. The column has Such experiments can be used as preliminary techniques
also provision to collect the leachate at sections from to plan further the detailed experiments and modelling of
intermediate heights of 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm, and contaminant transport in the dumpsites.
25 cm from the bottom. Before the column leaching, the
soils are tested for its specific density, dry density, bulk References
density, gravimeteric water content, and porosity in the Barman, P.J, Kartha, S.A., and Pradhan, B. (2015)
Geotechnical Laboratory at IITG. In each of the Empirical approach to predict leached nutrients from
experiments, the soils are uniformly filled to the height landfill site, Environmental Science and Pollution
of 30 cm with same weight. The chemical properties of Research, Springer, 22, pp. 6619-6633.
the soils like initial concentration of Pb, Na, Ca, and K
are determined using digestion analyses in
Environmental Engineering Laboratory of IITG. Due to
the constant ponding head, water infiltrates through the
refuse soil and in the process leaches the nutrients and
heavy metals from the soil. The leachates are collected at
the bottom as well as at the small outlets in the
intermediate heights. These leachates are analysed in the
110
Assessment of Dispersion Characteristics of Red Mud Waste from

Physical Tests
N. Gangadhara Reddy
B. Hanumantha Rao
School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Arugul, Khurdha, Odisha- 752050
E-mail: gn11@iitbbs.ac.in; bhrao@iitbbs.ac.in
Keywords: Dispersion characteristics; Crumb test; Negative DFS; erosion

Dispersiveness is an important property of a soil that A series of physical tests in accordance with the ASTM
needs to be evaluated to select it for constructing dykes, standards and other relevant codes have been conducted
embankments, and other sorts of geotechnical structures, to determine the dispersiveness of the waste. The various
which are frequently exposed to water. Dispersive soil physical properties of red mud obtained are listed in
generally contains high percentage of exchangeable Table 1.
sodium ions, in addition to large clay and silt content,
together behaving like single grained particle, making it Table-1 Physical properties of red mud waste
susceptible to erosion (Umesh et al. 2011). When Sl. No. Property Value
particles come and contact with water, they 1 Specific gravity, Gs 3.05
progressively get detached from the surface and undergo Consistency limits (%)
de-flocculation, leads to suspension of particles. Such wL 41
2
dispersive soils are highly susceptible to erosion and wP 36
piping phenomenon in the presence of flowing water. wPI 5
Geotechnical structures like embankments, pavements, Percentage fractions (%)
levees, etc., face serious erosion problems, leading to Sand 05
3
partial or complete failure causing adverse damage to Silt 68
life and property (Bell 2003). The problems of dispersion Clay 27
of soils have been identified in many parts around the 4 pH 10.7-11.5
world in recent times. As the scope and magnitude of the 5 USCS ML
problem that can result from the use of dispersive
soils/material are very high, preventing the failures 4. Important Outcomes
caused by the dispersability of the soils has become one Based on results obtained from various physical tests, it
of the major concerns of the geotechnical engineers. has been found that the red mud exhibits high dispersive
behavior. The presence of significantly high
2. Motivation and Objective exchangeable sodium ions in the red mud waste, found
Aluminium refinery produces alumina to residue (i.e., to have been causing high dispersive behavior, apart
red mud) in the ratio of 1:1 to 1:2.5, depending upon the from the absence of clay like minerals in it.
quality of raw material. It has been noticed that the
utilization of residue is quite minimal (not exceeding 5. Conclusions
4%) in a range of applications, including metallurgy for A typical comparison of the physical and geotechnical
iron and titanium recovery, manufacturing of bricks, properties of the red mud vis-à-vis with that of natural
floor tiles, cement, catalysts, ceramics, etc. Due to its soil, revealed that it could be a potential resource
high alkalinity (pH from 10.5 to 13), its consumption in material in the geotechnical engineering applications.
geotechnical engineering applications is almost However, the high dispersive behavior of the waste
negligible. Besides, lack of studies devoting to seems to become discouraging factor, barring its
investigating properties like dispersion, erosion, collapse effective utilization. Thus, it is recommended to adopt
potential, etc., are another impeding factors for its suitable remedy measures like stabilization with
effective utilization. These properties gain significance chemicals or other additives for augmenting its
and often become critical for asserting suitability of a beneficial utilization.
material for constructing earthen structures. To promote
References
utilization of wastes, specifically like the red mud,
Bell, F.G. (2003) Geological hazards their assessment,
establishment of these properties becomes essential.
avoidance and mitigation, CRC Press, E&FN Spon,
Thus, efforts are made in this study to determine the
London.
dispersion characteristics of the red mud waste and to
propose suitable remedial measures to mitigate its Umesh, T., Dinesh, S. and Sivapullaiah, P.V. (2011)
dispersion effect. Characterization of dispersive soils, Material Sci. and
Appl., 2, pp. 629–633.
111
Influence of Paper Sludge on Volume Change Behavior of Fly Ash-

Paper Sludge Mixtures
Archana Shaji
Sangeetha S
Department of Civil Engineering, Toc H Institute of Science and Technology-682313
E-mail: archana.shaji.59@gmail.com; sangeetha@tistcochin.edu.in
Keywords: shrinkage, consolidation, free swell index Table-1 Consolidation test on mixtures.
1. Introduction Mixture No. 1 2 3 4
Volume change behavior is one of the most important
Coefficient of
properties of the fly ash- paper sludge mixture, which is volume change 0.17 0.14 0.10 0.10
used as a liner material at the waste disposal site. Fly (cm2/g)
ash– paper sludge mixture should not susceptible to Linear shrinkage
excessive volume change due to moisture content and 1.6 3.2 5.6 7.2
load variations that occur during the lifetime of landfill (%)
liner.
The construction of many coal fired thermal power
plants due to the necessity of energy in the world has
resulted in the production large amount of fly ash every
year as stated in Muluken et. al., (2010). A large
quantity of paper sludge is generated every year by
effluent treatment plants operated by the paper industry
as stated in Horace K et. al., (1996). Due to various
environmental regulations and the increasing cost of
waste disposal, the coal fired plants and paper industry
has been searching for beneficial ways to use of fly ash Fig. 1 Variations in properties with paper sludge content
and paper sludge. Fly ash and paper sludge can be used 5. Conclusions
as a suitable material for landfill liners. Thus, the bulk The degree of expansiveness comes in the category of
availability of fly ash and paper sludge helps to reduce marginal and noncritical by considering linear shrinkage
the cost of raw materials required for liner as well as and comes in the category of high to very high by
providing their safe disposal on a large scale. The considering free swell index. The free swell index of the
objective of this study is to study the influence of paper mixture increased with the addition of paper sludge,
sludge on the volume change behavior of fly ash-paper resulting as a better sealant. There was a variation in
sludge mixtures. shrinkage limit and linear shrinkage in the fly ash-paper
sludge mixture with the addition of paper sludge,
3. Methodology
without formation of prominent shrinkage cracks. The
The paper sludge was taken as 20, 30, 40 and 50% by
weight of fly ash. Here after mixture containing 20, 30, reduction of the coefficient of volume change with
40, and 50% of paper sludge are named as mixture no. 1, addition of paper sludge indicates that the mixture is not
mixture no. 2, mixture no. 3 and mixture no. 4 susceptible to volume change due to paper sludge
respectively. The laboratory tests like shrinkage limits, content.
linear shrinkage, free swell index, and consolidation
References
were conducted to study the influence of paper sludge
on the volume change behavior of fly ash-paper sludge Horace K., Moo-Young and Thomas F. Z. (1996)
mixtures. Geotechnical Properties of Paper Mill Sludge for Use
in Landfill Covers, J. of Geotech. Engg., ASCE 122,
4. Important Outcomes pp. 768-775.
With the addition of paper sludge coefficient of volume
change of fly ash-paper sludge mixture decreases. The Muluken B., Yeheyis, Julie Q. S. and Ernest Y. K
linear shrinkage, shrinkage limit and free swell index are (2010) Feasibility of Using Coal Fly Ash for Mine
directly proportional to the paper sludge content in the Waste Containment, J. of Environ. Engg. , ASCE,
fly ash-paper sludge mixture. 136, pp. 682-690.
112
Remediation of Metal Contaminated Soil

Neelam Phougat
Mahabir Dixit
R. Chitra
Central Soil and Materials Research Station, Olof Palme Marg, Haus Khas, New Delhi, Delhi– 110016,
E-mail: neelamphougat@yahoo.com, mdixit@nic.in, rchitra@nic.in
Keywords: Contaminated soil; Phytoextraction; EDTA

1. Introduction chemical and increasing liquid/soil ratio, reaction time
Heavy metals, which are toxic to biological system, and concentration of solution of chemical.
pollute soil and water due to industrial processes and
improper disposal of garbage. Hg, Cd, Pb, Ni, Co, Zn, The process of removal of heavy metals from
Cr and Mn exist in soil in cationic form while Mo exists contaminated soil and water with the help of plants is
in soil as anionic oxide. In this paper, commonly used in known as phytoremediation. Phytostabilization,
situ and ex situ methods for remediation of contaminated phytoextraction and rhizofiltration are the three
soil are being reviewed. techniques used for phytoremediation of heavy metal
contaminated soil.
2. Insitu Methods
In in-situ remediation methods, heavy metals are not Phytostabilization of heavy metal contaminated soil is
removed from soil but are immobilize in the soil in a done by growing perennial and non-harvested plant.
form that cannot be absorbed by plants thus restricting Heavy metal get immobilize by getting precipitated in
their entry in food chain. On increasing pH of soil to 6.5 the rhizosphere, absorbed and accumulated by roots or
or higher, solubility of cationic metals get decreased adsorbed onto the roots of plant. Restored vegetation
which makes them less available to plants but on cover on metal contaminated site helps in reducing
increasing pH, solubility of anionic metals is increased. sediment loss which in turn reduces spread of heavy
Draining of soil with water improves soil aeration which metal contamination to other places.
allow metals to get oxidized. Oxidized metals are less Plants used for phytoextraction are called hyper
soluble, therefore they cannot be absorbed by plants but accumulators because their dry mass is found to contain
chromium is more available to plants in oxidized forms. more than 10 ppm of Hg, 100 ppm of Cd, 1000 ppm of
Availability of chromium to plants is reduced on getting Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, 10000 ppm of Mn and more than 30,000
it treated with organic matter. On application of ppm of Zn. Plants are harvested and incinerated or
phosphate to contaminated soil, availability of cationic composted to recover the metals. Ni, Zn, Cd, Co and Cu
metals to plants get reduced significantly due to are easily phytoextracted because around 400 hyper
extremely low solubility potential values of metal- accumulator plants species from at least 45 plant families
phosphate compounds formed preferably absorb large amount of these metals. Plants
with higher biomass are produced by genetic engineering
3. Ex-situ Methods
Ex- situ remediation of metal contaminated soil is being so that larger quantities of metal can be accumulated by
done by excavation, chemical extraction and the plant. Lead cannot be absorbed by plants but its
phytoremediation. Excavation and removal of the compound with EDTA can be absorbed by the plant.
contaminated soil is old, costly and inefficient process in Indian mustard is used for extraction of lead-EDTA
which contaminants are simply moved to a different complexes from contaminated soil
place where they can contaminate another site. In phytofiltration, heavy metals present in contaminated
For effective removal of heavy metals, contaminated soil water is adsorbed onto root surface and/or absorbed into
is washed with aqueous solution of chemical which roots of aquatic plants. The plants are harvested when
transfer heavy metals from the soil into solution of roots become saturated with metal and metal is disposed
chemical by forming water soluble compound. Strong of safely. Radioactive metals from ponds at Chernobyl
acids used as extracting agents for soil washing dissolve were removed by sunflowers grown on floating rafts in
clay mineral and degrade the soil crystalline structure radioactively contaminated ponds.
therefore organic acids, surfactants, EDTA, chitosan,
sodium citrate, FeCl3 etc. are widely used for removal References
of heavy metals from contaminated soil. Extraction Bilgin M. and Tulun S. (2016) Heavy metals (Cu, Cd
efficiency for removal of metals from the contaminated and Zn) contaminated soil removal by EDTA and
soil increased with decreasing pH of solution of FeCl3, Global NEST Journal, 18(X), pp 98-107,
113
Influence of Tyre Chips on the Behaviour of Sand-Bentonite Mixture
Krishanu Mukherjee
Anil Kumar Mishra
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati – 781039.
E-mail: m.krishanu@iitg.ernet.in ; anilmishra@iitg.ernet.in
Keywords: Excess pore water pressure, Tyre chips, Hydraulic conductivity, Critical state parameter
1. Introduction samples under effective confining pressure of 50, 100,
Compacted sand-bentonite mixture is generally used as and 150 kPa.
an impermeable barrier material at landfill to prevent the
movement of harmful leachate towards the ground water 4. Important Outcomes
resources. Due to desiccation, large interlayer shrinkage It seems to clear that excess pore water pressure
and differential settlement crack are formed in the liner. decreased as tyre chip percentage increases. Critical state
Due to evaporation of water, the bentonite present in the parameter (M) is enhanced by application of tyre chips.
mixture shrinks producing a higher value of the Hydraulic conductivity and coefficient of consolidation
permeability. In addition to this, the compressibility, rate are slightly altered by inclusion of tyre chips.
of consolidation and strength are affected significantly
because of the development of cracks in the soil (Morris
et al. 1992). Recently, scrapped tyre chips are mixed
with sand and bentonite mixture to decrease the
desiccation shrinkage. United States alone produce 279
million scrap tyres each year (Cokca and Yilmaz 2004).
Cokca and Yilmaz (2004) suggested the possible use of
rubber and bentonite added with fly ash as a barrier
material. Mukherjee and Mishra (2017) investigated to
the impact of tyre chips on hydro-mechanical
performances of sand bentonite mixture and reported that
hydraulic conductivity and shear strength of the Fig 1 Stress strain and EPWP response of SB10
composite were significantly altered with inclusion of composite
tyre chips. 5. Conclusions
2. Motivation and Objective Effective internal angle improved from 27.30 to 28.40
From the literature, it is observed that not many studies and 310.Stress strain response of composite is exhibited
are carried out to evaluate the influence of addition of clear peak, with low percentage of tyre chips but stress
waste tyre chips on the engineering behaviour of strain response have shown mild peak by higher
compacted sand-bentonite mixtures which are used as a percentage of tyre chips. Hydraulic conductivity of the
liner material. The broad objective of this study is to composite increases as percentage of the tyre chip
investigate the impact of tyre chips on hydraulic increases. Rate of consolidation is enhanced by inclusion
conductivity, coefficient of consolidation and shear of all percentage of tyre chips.
strength that assists maximum use of tyre chips, which References
are important from environmental assessment.
Morris PH, Graham J and Williams D.J., (1992).
3. Methodology Cracking in drying soils. Canadian Geotechnical
Locally available bentonite and sand has been used for Journal, 29(2), pp.263–277
this study. The percentage of clay present in bentonite
was determined from the hydrometer test carried out as Cokca, E. and Yilmaz, Z., (2004). Use of rubber and
described in ASTM D422 (2002).The grain size bentonite added fly ash as a liner material. Waste
distribution of sand is determined per ASTM D422–63 management, 24(2), pp.153-164.
(2002). Water absorption capacity of tyre chips is Mukherjee, K. and Mishra, A.K. (2017). The impact of
measured as per ASTM D6270 (1998) and found to be scrapped tyre chips on the mechanical properties of
3.78%. Sand-bentonite-tyre chips mixture is prepared for liner materials. Environmental processes, 4(1), pp.219-
different contents of tyre chips by weight (0%, 5% and
233.
10%).One-dimensional consolidation tests are
performed as per as ASTM D2435 (2011). Consolidated
undrained (CU) experiments are performed as per ASTM
D4767 (2000) after isotropically consolidating the
114
Consolidation characteristics of bentonites in presence of salt solutions

Purabi Das
Jagori Dutta
Anil Kumar Mishra
E-mail: purabi.das@iitg.ernet.in; jagoridutta@gmail.com; anilmishra@iitg.ernet.in
Keywords: Bentonite, salt solution, diffuse double layer, compression index, coefficient of consolidation, coefficient of
volume change
1. Introduction Results also showed that with increasing consolidation
Clays are used as barriers in landfills, slurry walls and pressure, cv decreased, whereas, t90 increased. Similarly,
similar structures to slowdown the movement of mv increased initially, but after reaching a peak value it
contaminants. Bentonite is naturally available clay, started decreasing.
primarily consists of a mineral called montmorillonite,
2.5
has highly plastic characteristics (Mitchell and Soga,
2005). The compressibility of clays depends on the
mechanical properties of clays of the clay minerals and the
physico-chemical properties of the pore fluid (Bolt, 1956; 2.0
Sridharan and Rao, 1973; Sridharan and Jayadeva, 1982;

Mitchell and Soga, 2005). The performance of clay liner
Void ratio
can be affected by the presence of cations like sodium ions 1.5

(Na+) and calcium ions (Ca2+) in the fly ash and bottom
ash (Ohtsubo et al., 2004). Water
2. Motivation and Objective 1.0 0.01N NaCl ____ Bentonite-A

Study was carried out to investigate the effect of NaCl and 0.1N NaCl ........ Bentonite-B
CaCl2 solutions of varying concentrations on the 1N NaCl
consolidation behavior of two different types of 0.5
1 10 100 1000
bentonites, differ by their swelling characteristics and Pressure (kPa)
mineralogical composition. Bentonites were studied in
Fig. 1 Void ratio–pressure plot for Bentonites-A and -B at
terms of changes in the mechanical parameters including
various concentrations of NaCl solution.
the coefficient of volume change (mv), coefficient of
consolidation (cv), compression index (Cc) and time taken 5. Conclusions
to complete 90% consolidation (t90) in presence of salt Results shows that the Cc, mv and t90 of the bentonites
solutions. decreased; whereas, cv increased with the increase in salt
concentration indicating specimens consolidated faster in
3. Methodology salt solution in comparison to water. This study concludes
Two bentonites of different mineralogical composition that the effect of the salt on the properties of the bentonites
and swelling properties used for the studies. depends on the salt type, salt concentration.
Consolidation test was carried out in a standard
consolidometer of according to ASTM D2435 (1996). References
The coefficient of consolidation (cv) was obtained using ASTM (1996) Standard test method for one-dimensional
Taylor's square root time (√T) method (Taylor, 1948) (IS consolidation properties of soils, D 2435, American
2720 part XV). Atterberg limits were determined Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.
according to ASTM D4318 (2000). Solutions of 0 (i.e. DI
water), 0.01N, 0.1N and 1N concentration were prepared Mitchell, J.K., Soga, K. (2005) Fundamentals of Soil
by dissolving salts of NaCl and CaCl2 in DI water and Behavior. third ed. Wiley, New York.
used as permeants for the study. Ohtsubo, M., Li, L.Y., Yamaoka, S., Higashi, T. (2004)
4. Important Outcomes Leachibility of heavy metals and salt from bottom ash,
With increasing salt concentration, Cc, mv and t90 of the 5th Geoenvironmental Engineering Symposium,
bentonites decreased, whereas on the other hand, cv Japanese Geotechnical Society, pp.169–174.
increased. Bentonite of higher quality defined by having Sridharan, A., Jayadeva, M.S. (1982) Double layer theory
a higher cation exchange capacity, exchangeable sodium and compressibility of clays, Geotechnique, 32 (2),
percentage and swelling capacity, exhibited higher values pp.133–144.
for Cc, mv and t90 in comparison to lower quality bentonite.
115
Parametric Study for Stability of Liner Systems of Side-Slope Landfills

in Hilly Regions
AbinashMahanta
Manoj Datta
G.V. Ramana
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, HauzKhas, New Delhi– 110016
E-mail: abinashmahanta.am@gmail.com; mdatta@civil.iitd.ernet.in; ramana@civil.iitd.ernet.in
Keywords: landfills; stability; hilly regions; interfaces; toe-berm

1. Introduction the liner system for an engineered landfill is checked by
Due to exponential increasing rates of municipal solid varying the steepness of the base slope, hill-side slope,
waste generation worldwide, it is difficult to locate base length and also changing the leachate head in the
landfill sites in urban areas, especially in a densely waste mass. Stability is also checked with or without the
populated country like India. This challenge, however, earthquake effect for all the above conditions.
is magnified in context of hilly regions, as in such Furthermore, stability of the sloped liner has been
regions, flat ground for dumping of waste or landfilling increased by microscopic roughness of geomembrane.
are difficult to identify. In hilly regions, due to land
availability constraint, waste is very commonly
The angle of shearing resistance between geosynthetic
disposed on sloping ground like sides of a hill, valley
and soil plays critical role in governing stability of
etc. From various documented failure cases of landfills
landfills in sloping ground of hilly regions. . Limit
(Seed at al., 1990), (Koerner and Soong, 2000a) and
equilibrium methodology is adopted for analyses and
(Blight, 2007) it is observed that major slope failures
study reveals that the stability against sliding along liner
have occurred; such failures in most of the cases have
is low, whenever- a. hill side-slope inclination is high up
been shown to involve contributory factors or triggers
to a critical slope: b. base inclination is high; c.
such as high pore pressure, weak foundation soil or
leachate head is high; d. when base width is reduced.
failure along weak geosynthetic interfaces of liner
systems (Koerner and Soong, 2000b). These 5. Conclusions
contributory factors need more attention while dealing From the analyses, critical condition is observed to occur
with dump sites or landfills on sloping ground. during earthquake with ponding of leachate above the
liner. Factors of safety are observed to be higher when
The objective of this paper is to identify the factors textured geomembranes are used and when leachate
which play an important role in stability of liner systems removal efficiencies are high in terms of operation.
in sloping ground. A limit equilibrium methodology is References
adopted to analyses such landfills in sloping ground for Blight, G.E. (2007) Interpretations of surface movement
both semi steep and steep side slopes. In a hilly terrain, of a landfill built on steepy sloping ground. A
side slopes of a hill or valley are varying and in context cautionary case history, Waste Management &
of this paper, flat to semi-steep side slopes are Research, 25, pp.572-584
considered to be those which are less than 200 (0 -35 %)
and steep slopes are considered to be more than 20 0 Howes,D.E. and Kenk, E.(1988) Terrain classification
(35%) (Howeset al., 1988).The studies highlight the system for British Coloumbia, MOE manual
influence of following parameters on stability of an 10,Canadian Catalouging in Publication Data,Canada
engineered landfills on sloping ground (Blight , 2007) of Koerner, R.M. and Soong, Te-Yang. (2000a), Stability
hilly regions – a. slope inclination of hill side; b. slope assesmentof ten large landfill failures, Advances in
inclination of base; c. height of waste; d. length of base; Transportation and Geoenvironmental system using
e. leachate head in waste mass; and f.effect of geosynthetics, Proceedings of session of Geo Denver,
earthquake. ASCE Geotechnical special publication No. 103:1-38
3. Methodology Koerner, R.M. and Soong, Te-Yang. (2000b) Leachates
In an engineered landfill on sloping ground of hilly in landfills: The stability issues, Geotextile and
regions, stability analyses for sloped liner plays an Geomembrane, 18(8), pp. 293-309
important role in overall stability check for the whole
landfill. In this paper, stability analysis for the sloped Seed, Raynold B., Mitchell, James K. and Bolton, H.
base liner of an engineered landfill with two different (1990) Kettleman hills waste landfill slope failure I:
base slopes is being done using limit equilibrium based liner system properties, Journal of Geotechnical
software “SLOPE-W”. Stability of the liner system of engineer, 116 (4), pp.447- 668
116
A Study on Compressibility, Swelling and Permeability Characteristics

of A Bentonite-Sand Mixture
Binu Sharma
Smitakshi Sarma
E-mail: binusharma78@gmail.com; smitakshi.sarma92@gmail.com
Asuri Shridharan
Indian National Science Academy, Sapatagiri No. 40 West Park Rd
E-mail: sridharanasuri@yahoo.com
Keywords: swelling; swelling pressure; compressibility; permeability; bentonite-sand mixture
1. Introduction weight of 6kN/m3. A decrease in the swelling pressure is
Bentonite sand mixtures are used as engineered barriers observed with the addition of sand. The swelling
for containing the leachate produced from wastes. pressure is found to increase with increase in unit weight
Bentonite having high swelling capacity produces low of the soil. The e – log of effective stress plots show that
permeability barriers and addition of sand to it provides with the addition of sand to bentonite, the void ratio has
mechanical stability by avoiding shrinkage while drying. increased and with increase in unit weight void ratio has
Thus, a mixture of bentonite and sand can be used in an decreased. The values of permeability of the bentonite-
engineered landfill as liner. This article presents a sand mixtures as function of effective stresses show that
detailed study of the variation of swelling, the permeability varies inversely with the loading
compressibility and permeability characteristics of pressures. The effect of effective vertical pressure on
different bentonite-sand mixtures. permeability is less significant once it crosses 320
kN/m2. According to the results obtained experimentally,
2. Motivation and Objective the permeability for pure bentonite lies between 4.84x10-
Bentonite enhanced sand (BES) mixtures are widely 8 cm/s at 10kN/m2 to 7.1x10-9 cm/s at 640kN/m2. The
used as barriers to control the movement of liquid from permeability slightly increases with the increase in sand
waste disposal facilities because BES can combine percentage in the bentonite-sand mixtures. Here it is
relatively high strength and low compressibility with observed the k values of the mixtures are in a narrow
very low hydraulic conductivity (Stewart et al. (2003).
range. No clear picture is obtained about the increase or
Behaviour of bentonite sand mixture was studied by
decrease of permeability with the state of soil.
placing the dry mix in the cutter of the consolidation ring
in the loosest and then by saturating it (Sharma and
5. Conclusion
Deka, 2016). This present work is to study the behavior
One dimensional consolidation test on bentonite sand
of different proportions of the same bentonite sand
mixture showed that there is effect of unit weight in the
mixtures at a dry unit weight of 12kN/m3 and compare
swelling pressure of the mix. The coefficient of
the results with the loosest state.
permeability for pure bentonite is least and increases
3. Methodology with addition of sand to bentonite. Effect on permeability
In this study, one dimensional consolidation tests was of the unit weight of the soil is not observed for the two
performed in six bentonite sand mixtures by placing the states considered..
dry mix in the cutter of the consolidation ring at a dry
References
unit weight of 12kN/m3 and then saturating it. The
bentonite sand mixtures were formed by varying sand Sharma, B. and Deka, P. (2016) A study on
content in bentonite in increments of 5% from 5% to Compressibility, Swelling and Permeability behavior
25% by dry weight. Simultaneously, the permeability of of Bentonite Sand mixture, Proceedings of the Indian
the bentonite sand mixtures are evaluated at different geotechnical conference, IGC, 2016, Chennai, India.
stress ranges by falling head permeability test.
Stewart, D.I., Studds, P.G., Cousens, T.W. (2003)
4. Important Outcomes Factors controlling properties of bentonite enhanced
The swelling and swelling pressure is maximum for 100 sand, Applied clay science, 23(1-4), pp. 97-110.
% bentonite and it decreases with the addition of sand.
The swelling pressure for 100% bentonite is found to be
105.45KN/m2 at a dry unit weight of 12kN/m3 which is
found to be higher than the swelling pressure of
77.5kN/m2 at the very loosest state having dry unit
117
Physico - Chemical Behavior of Red Earth Contaminated With

Caustic Alkalis
P Lakshmi Sruthi
P Hari Prasad Reddy
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal– 506004
E-mail: plakshmisruthi@gmail.com; ponnapuhari@gmail.com
Keywords: Alkali, Red earth, Liquid limit, plastic limit
1. Introduction Table-2 Liquid limits (L.L) and Plastic limits (L.L) of red earth
Foundation soils of industrial plants often gets exposed at different curing periods
to wide range of salts, acid and alkali solutions which
subsequently has got direct impact on composition, Curing period 4N NaOH 4N KOH
physico-chemical properties and geotechnical behavior (days) L.L P.L L.L P.L
of soils. In recent times attention has been given to 7 54.91 22.60 20.08 37.61
alkalization of the soils to understand physico-chemical 14 62.09 24.30 23.21 37.45
and engineering properties. In the present work, 28 61.60 25.14 26.48 31.45
influence of highly alkaline solutions on red earth has 56 65.51 30.86 24.60 43.91
been presented in detail. The paper reports the effect of
interaction of alkalis on the properties (liquid limits and 5. Conclusions
plastic limits) of soil from which the geotechnical Effect of 4N NaOH on mineralogical transformations is
behavior can be well understood. The changes in the predominant when compared to 4N KOH. This is
properties of soil in the presence of alkalis have been mainly due the difference in their ionic sizes. Na+ being
explained with the help of X-ray diffraction and SEM more active due to its smaller ionic size enabled quicker
studies. dissolution process. Detailed XRD and SEM studies
have shown that Sodalite and Muscovite is majorly
2. Motivation and Objective formed in NaOH and KOH solutions respectively.
Many failures due to alkali contamination occurred in References
various part of the world (Sibley and Vadgama 1986;
Maltsev 1998) and also in India (Rao and Rao 1994; Sibley, M. H., Vadgama, N. J. (1986). Investigation of
Sivapullaiah, et al 2004). Therefore, mastery on the Ground Heave at ICI Mond Division, Castner-Kellner
influence of alkali on soil properties needs immediate Works, Runcorn. Geological Society, 2, pp. 367-373
attention to further avoid failures of foundations and Rao, S.M., Rao, S.K., 1994. Ground heave from caustic
failure of superstructures built on them. The main soda solution leakages-a case study, Soils and
objective of the study is to understand the effect of Foundations, 34, 13-18
different alkali solutions (NaOH/KOH) on the liquid
limit and plastic limit of soil at different periods of Mal'tsev, A. V. 1998. Theoretical and Experimental
interaction. Investigations of the Effect of Aggressive Wetting on
Various Types of Bed Soils. Soil Mechanics and
3. Methodology Foundation Engineering, 35(3), pp. 83-86.
The oven dried red earth (RE) passing through 425µ
sieve was used to carry out liquid limit and plastic limit Sivapullaiah P. V., Allam M. M. and Sankara G. (2004).
Structural distortion due to heaving of foundation soil
test. Physical properties of soil are presented in Table 1.
induced by alkali contamination. Proceedings of the
Soil specimen mixed with 4N NaOH and 4N KOH for International Conference on Structural and
desired periods were stored in polythene bags in order Foundation Failures, Singapore, 1, pp. 601–611
to achieve equal distribution of moisture, prior to
testing.
Table-1 Physical properties of red earth
L.L PL PI MDD OMC G
(%) (%) (%) (kN/m3) (%)
38.0 22.64 15.36 1.83 20.74 2.62
The amount and type of new minerals formed depends
on the type of alkali solution, and interaction time The
values of cured samples are presented in Table 2.
118
Feasibility of Using MSW Incinerator Ash in Geotechnical Applications

Garima Gupta
Manoj Datta
G.V. Ramana
B.J. Alappat
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi– 110016
E-mail: gamma840@gmail.com; mdatta@civil.iitd.ac.in; ramana@civil.iitd.ac.in; alappat@civil.iitd.ac.in
Keywords: waste-to-energy, incineration, MSW incinerator ash, bottom ash, MSWI

1. Introduction were collected from two Indian WtE plants (one mass
More than 2200 Waste-to-Energy (WtE) plants are burn and one burning segregated waste). Bottom ash
operational worldwide with a disposal capacity of 300 samples were air-dried for 3-4 days and on-site grain size
million tons of waste per annum. EU-28 countries (plus distribution and compositional analysis was carried out.
Switzerland and Norway) have an incineration capacity of
81 million tons, similar to China alone with over 200 WtE 4. Important Outcomes from Literature
plants. With more planned WtE projects emerging all The main constituents of MSWI ash are SiO2 and CaO.
across the world, the WtE market is likely to dominate in MSWI ash is typically amorphous silica, quartz and
the coming years. calcite. Well burnt MSWI ash has organics as low as 2%
but poor combustion results in organics being as high as
In India, this technology is relatively new. Five MSW 15%. FA has excess amount of leachable chlorides and
WtE plants are currently operational or are in the starting heavy metals and is thus classified as hazardous to be
phase in Delhi, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh with disposed in hazardous waste landfills. Excessive leaching
installed capacity of 66.5 MW. Ministry of Urban of chlorides from FA can attributed to their higher
Development (MoUD) has received 53 proposals from 22 concentrations in FA due to the APC systems adopted for
states with potential to generate 405.3 MW of electricity flue gas neutralization. BA is classified as non-hazardous
under under the frame work of “Swachh Bharat and can be disposed in MSW landfills. However, in some
Abhiyaan” goals of the country. cases excess leaching of heavy metals, chlorides and
sulfates has been reported in BA and thus requires further
2. Motivation and Objective studies before use in earthworks. MSWI BA lies in the
In the incineration process, reduction in volume (80-90%) range of sand and gravel whereas FA is mostly sandy silt.
and mass (70-80%) of MSW is accompanied by Both are non-plastic and have specific gravity lower than
production of solid residues: bottom ash (200-300 kg/ton soils. They exhibit high shear strength parameters
of MSW) and fly ash (10-50 kg/ton of MSW) which are comparable to that of dense sand and gravel (Puma et al.
dumped back to the landfills. If these residues can be 2013). Operating temperatures of furnace, incinerator
effectively recycled in geotechnical works like type, quality of input waste and additives play a key role
embankment, earthfill for low-lying areas, road in ash characterization.
pavements etc., it will add on to the capacity of landfills
and may lead to reduction in size of future landfills. With 5. Preliminary Testing Results of Ash
an objective to identify the critical aspects related to the On-site GSD of BA from two WtE plants of India indicate
reuse of MSWI ash, following has been accomplished in that more than 50% of the MSWI BA falls in the category
this paper: of medium-coarse sand (0-4 mm) and about 30% is in the
range of fine gravel (4-16 mm). Unburnt organics, metals,
(a) Review of chemical characteristics of MSWI ash glass, ceramics form less than 10% of the total material.
(b) Review of geotechnical characteristics of MSWI ash Organic content in 0-4 mm fraction is in the range of 2 to
6% by weight. BA from WtE plants has potential for reuse
(c) Preliminary testing on MSWI ash from two WtE in earthworks. However, more studies are required
plants in India relating to its organic content and leachable constituents
to determine whether pretreatment is required prior to its
3. Methodology reuse.
Grain size distribution (GSD), specific gravity,
compaction characteristics plasticity, shear strength and References
permeability of MSWI ash from various MSW
incineration plants across the world have been studied. Puma, S., Marchese, F., Dominijanni, A., & Manassero,
Chemical composition and leaching of ash are also M. (2013) Reuse of MSWI bottom ash mixed with
reviewed to study their implications on the environment. natural sodium bentonite as landfill cover material,
Samples of MSWI ash, bottom ash (BA) and fly ash (FA) Waste Management & Research, 31(6), pp. 577-584.
119
Tolerable Limits of Organic Matter for Use of Soil as Construction

Material and Stabilisation of Organic Soils
Mahabir Dixit
R. Chitra
Purabi Sen
Mukesh Sarin
CSMRS, MOWR, RD&GR, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-16
Email; mdixit64@Gmail.com, chitra009@Gmail.com, purabi_saayon@rediffmail.com and mukesh69sarin@yahoo.com
Keywords: Atterberg limits, Maximum Dry Density (MDD), Optimum moisture content (OMC), Unconfined
Compressive Strength (UCS), Loss on ignition (LOI), Stabilization, Permeability, Organic soil)
1. Introduction 2.5
Tolerable limit of organic matter in soil has so far not
UCS , kg/sq. cm
been specified in any code in spite of poor strength, high 2
compressibility and large deformations associated with 1.5 7 Days

organic soils. In the present paper, attempts have been Immediate
1
made to study the effect of blending of organic manure
on index and engineering properties of inorganic clay in 0.5
order to set tolerable and workable limit of organic matter 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
for construction purpose. In additional study efforts were Blending Material, %
made to stabilize organic soil by blending with lime and

local river sand. Fig2. UCS versus % organic manure
2. Motivation and Objective Marginal improvement in both UCS and MDD values
The objective of the study was to assess safe limit was observed with increase in lime content. The results
(tolerable limit) of organic matter in construction soils with sand were much better. These test results indicate
beyond which detrimental effects on soil properties are that sand is better additive as compared to lime provided
observed. Study was also done to see that how organic that plasticity index and permeability are under safe limit
soil can be made usable by adding lime and locally 2 Sand
available river sand in various proportions.
1.5 Lime
UCS kg/sq cm
3. Methodology
1
In the present study, the tolerable limit has been set on
the basis of gradual addition of organic manure to a CI 0.5
group soil sample till there is significant change in test 0
results of Atterberg limits, Maximum Dry Density 0 10 20 30
(MDD), Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and % Additive
Laboratory Permeability.The organic manure was found
to have LL, PL,PI and organic content as 76.0, 52.5, 23.5 Fig3. UCS versus % additive
and 21 % respectively. In other study organic soil sample
5. Conclusions
was mixed with lime and sand and same series of tests Tolerable limit of organic matter in soil was found as10
were carried out. % of organic manure (equivalent to 2 % of effective
4. Important Outcomes organic matter). Sand is better additive to stabilize
Appreciable change in atterberg limits, MDD and UCS organic soil as compared to lime provided that plasticity
were observed after organic manure increased beyond 10 index and permeability are under safe limit
% (equivalent to 2 % of effective organic matter). The
References
results of MDD and UCS presented in Fig. 1 and Fig 2.
1.9
Edil, T.B.(1997) Construction Over Peats and Organic
1.8
Soil, Proc. Conf. on Recent Advances in Soft Soil
MDD, g/cc
Engg., Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia,1, pp. 85-108.

1.7
1.6 Sen P., Mukesh, Dixit M., Chitra, R., Ratnam, M. (2014)
0 5 10 15 20 Effect of Organic Content on the Index Properties and
Organic manure, %
Compaction Parameters of Soil, IJETAE, 4(4).
Fig1. MDD versus % organic manure
120
Impact of Measurement Methodologies Used for Establishing Water

Retention Characteristic Curve on Shear Strength of Fly Ash
A. Prakash
B. Panda
B. Hazra
S. Sreedeep
E-mail: atma.prakash@iitg.ernet.in; biswajit30107@iitg.ernet.in; budhaditya.hazra@iitg.erent.in; srees@iitg.ernet.in
Keywords: Measurement methodology; Suction; WRCC; Unsaturated Shear strength; Fly ash
1. Introduction to 64 kPa (TM).With further increase in 𝜓 this difference
Water retention characteristic curve (WRCC) is a crucial increases significantly
input parameter with respect to unsaturated modelling in 160
a geomaterial like fly ash. It is well established that the TM
measurement methodologies play an important role in MPS
140
imparting uncertainties to the obtained WRCC (Abhijeet EQT
and Sreedeep 2015). In this work impact of the same on
120
estimated unsaturated shear strength (𝜏) of fly ash is
investigated and discussed. It is observed that the
 (kPa)
100
variation of 𝜏 with suction (𝜓) is highly sensitive to the
instruments being used to measure the WRCC. Shear
strength can vary from monotonically increasing to sharp 80
post peak behavior with suction.
60
It is usually believed that with increase in 𝜓, 𝜏 increases 40
monotonically. However this may not be the case for a
material with high desaturation rate (Lu et al. 2007) like 0 200 400 600 800 1000
fly ash. The main objective of this work is to investigate  (kPa)
the impact of various instruments used for determination Fig. 1 Variation of 𝜏 with 𝜓 for various instruments
of WRCC on unsaturated shear strength of fly ash. 5. Conclusions
3. Methodology This work investigated the impact of various instruments
Four fly ashes are collected from different thermal power used to determine the WRCC, on estimated shear
stations. Three commonly used instruments (Table 1) for strength. Two important conclusions of this work are: (1)
measurement of 𝜓 are employed to obtain the WRCC for Variation of 𝜏 with 𝜓 is highly sensitive to the instrument
each of the fly ashes. These WRCCs are them employed being used to determine the WRCC. (2) Monotonic
to obtain the variation of 𝜏 with 𝜓 using Lu and Griffiths increase in 𝜏 with 𝜓 cannot be guaranteed in case of fly
(2004) equation. ashes.
Table-1 Instruments details for suction measurement References

Instrument Suction range Abhijeet, D. and Sreedeep, S. (2015) Evaluation of
TM 0-100 kPa measurement methodologies used for establishing
MPS 0-500 kPa water retention characteristic curve of fly ash, J. Test.
EQT 0-1000 kPa Eval., ASTM, 43(5), pp. 1066-1077.
Lu, N., Wu, B. and Tan, C.P. (2007) Tensile strength
characteristics of unsaturated sands, J. Geotech.
4. Important Outcomes Geoenviron. Eng., ASCE, 133(2), pp. 144-154.
It is found that, variation of 𝜏 with 𝜓 is highly sensitive
to the instruments being used for determination of Lu, N., and Griffiths, D.V. (2004) Profiles of steady state
WRCC. Fig. 1 presents the variation of 𝜏 with 𝜓 for a fly suction stress in unsaturated soils, J. Geotech.
ash specimen. For the same fly ash, shear strength can Geoenviron. Eng., ASCE, 13 (10), pp.1063-1076.
vary from monotonically increasing (EQT) to sharp post
peak reduction behavior (TM, MPS). Even at relatively
low suction value of 200 kPa, 𝜏 varies from 98 kPa (EQT)
121
Reliability Analysis of Rainfall Induced Slope Failure at Seattle Area

near Washington
A. S. S. Raghuram
B Munwar Basha
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy – 502285.
Email: raghuram.ammavajjala@gmail.com, basha@iith.ac.in
Keywords: Rainfall induced slopes; Suction stress; Reliability; Unsaturated soil; Shear strength.
1. Introduction safety and reduces the probability of failure.
Deterministic analysis shows that the slope is safe with
Under tropical and subtropical climate regions, rainfall respect to factor of safety analysis, however the
induced slope failures are quite common in many parts reliability analysis indicates that the slope is not stable
of the world (Zhang et al. 2016). These climatic changes as the reliability indices are less than one.
influence the depth of slip surface. Generally, the slip
surfaces lie in unsaturated zone (i.e., above the water
table), hence suction develops. Suction stress increases
the stability of the slope in dry conditions. When water
ingress in to the soil pores, the suction stress decreases
drastically, which in turn decreases the stability of the
slope. Alonso (1976) reported that the shear strength
parameters, suction stress and hydraulic conductivity in
a slope are highly variable. It is not logical to apply the
same conventional deterministic approach as there are
uncertainties associated with rainfall-induced slopes.
Therefore, it is necessary to develop a Reliability Based
Design Optimization (RBDO) for the rainfall induced
slope failures.
2. Objective
The primary aim of this paper is to propose a conceptual Fig. 1 Geometry and properties of failed slope
theoretical framework for the reliability analysis of the 5. Conclusions
rainfall induced slopes. Shallow slope failure at Seattle Reliability analysis of rainfall induced slope failure has
area near WA is presented to examine the factor of been performed. It can be concluded, that the
safety, suction stress, and reliability indices. A limit conventional deterministic approach alone may not be
state function for calculating reliability index is sufficient for stability analysis of slopes as it render
formulated against sliding slope failure. unrealistic factor of safety due to uncertainties.
Therefore, reliability analysis is carried out as it
3. Methodology
accounts for the uncertainties.
Fig. 1 shows the geometry and properties of the failed
slope near Seattle area. Lu and Griffiths (2004) References
presented the suction stress equation considering the
rainfall infiltration. The same is considered in the Alonso, E. E. (1976) Risk analysis of slopes and its
present study for evaluating the factor of safety. In Fig. application to slopes in Canadian sensitive clays,
1, Hw and H represents, the depths of water table and Geotechnique, 26(3), pp. 453-472.
slip surface. The methodology developed by Basha and Basha, B. M., and Babu, G. L. S. (2008). Target
Babu (2008) for the calculating of reliability index is Reliability Based Design Optimization of Anchored
adopted in the current study. Cantilever Sheet Pile Walls. Can. Geotech. J., 45(3),
pp. 535-548.
4. Important Outcomes Lu, N., and Griffiths D. V. (2004). Suction stress
Depth of water table is fixed at 5m below the ground profiles in unsaturated soils, J. Geotech. Geoenviron.
level and by varying the depth of slip surface, the factor Eng., 130(10), pp. 1063-1076.
of safety and corresponding suction stress and reliability Zhang L., Li J., Zhang J., Zhu H., (2016). Rainfall-
indices variations is presented. It can be observed that as induced soil slope failure: Stability analysis and
the distance above water table increases, the suction probabilistic assessment, CRC Press, Taylor and
stress increases which in turn increases the factor of Francis Group, UK.
122
Ageing Effect on Microstructure of Compacted Bentonite under Various Applied

Suction
R. Bag
K. Rao Jadda
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, 801103
E-mail: rkbag@iitp.ac.in; koteswararaojadda@gmail.com
R. Reddy Katipelly
E-mail: fullfilurdreamz@gmail.com
Keywords: Bentonite; waste disposal; micro structure; vapor equilibrium technique.

1. Introduction maintained different suction values such as 4, 38 and 82
This paper presents the effect of ageing on MPa by using saturated salt solutions of K2SO4, NaCl
microstructure changes of compacted bentonite under and Mg(NO3)2 respectively. After placing the specimens
different applied suction. Vapor equilibrium technique inside desiccators, the weight of the specimens were
was used to establish the suction versus water content/ monitored for every three days, until equilibrium was
degree of saturation relationship for compacted reached. During weighing process, in order to minimize
bentonite specimens of dry densities 1.3, 1.5, and 1.7 the evaporation loss, weighing process was completed
g/cc, under the controlled suctions in the range of 4 - 82 in less than 15sec (Tang et al., 2005). Scanning Electron
MPa. Water holding capacities of the compacted Microscope test results (images) of ageing specimens
specimens at various densities were found to be similar. are analyzed in two different approaches, (i) Comparing
Microstructural observations of the specimens were the specimens of different dry densities subjected to
carried out using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) equal suction i.e. maintaining same moisture content
after 1, 60, and 90 days of agening. By maintaining and (ii) Comparing the results of particular dry density
constant water content over a long period, the gap subjected to different suction ranges i.e. at different
between the clay plates was found to increase, and moisture contents.
homogeneity took place due to the gradual introduction
of water molecules into the porous of bentonite. 4. Important Outcomes
Figure 1 presents the suction versus water content for
the dry densities of 1.3, 1.5 and 1.7 g/cc. The results
The motivation of the study to investigate the effect of shows that suction-water content relations are similar
dry density on water retention properties and irrespective of dry density.
microstructure change of the bentonite specimens along
with ageing under various applied suction. The current
study would be helpful for better understanding the
long-term behavior of engineered barrier waste disposal
system.
3. Methodology Fig. 1.Suction versus water content relationship of compacted

The Bentonite used for the study was collected from bentonite specimens at various dry densities
Bikaner, Rajasthan, India. The specific gravity of
bentonite was found to be 2.69.The consistency limits of 5. Conclusions
bentonite such as liquid limit, plastic limit, and It was noted that the suction- water content relationship
shrinkage limits were found to be 139%, 58% and 37%, is independent of dry density for the water content
respectively. The stainless steel rings of dimensions 23 below 20%. The SEM results showed that, the soil
mm (dia) × 22 mm (height) were used for preparing the fabric was more homogeneously oriented with increased
specimens of different dry densities. In total period of ageing irrespective of compaction density.
9specimenswere prepared for compacted dry densities
1.3, 1.5 and 1.7 g/cc. Three identical specimens were References
prepared at each compacted densities. After compaction Tang, A.M. and Cui, Y.J. (2005) Controlling suction by
to the specified density, specimens were placed inside vapor equilibrium technique at different
three desiccators. Each desiccator accommodates three Temperatures, application to the determination of the
specimens. The water retention properties were studied water retention properties of MX80 Clay. Can.
at 20oC room temperature. Inside the desiccators Geotech. J., 42 (1), pp. 287-296.
123
Hysteresis in Soil Water Characteristic Curve of a Highly Plastic Clay

Yagom Gapak
Tadikonda Venkata Bharat
E-mail: y.gapak@iitg.ernet.in; tvb@iitg.ernet.in
Keywords: Hysteresis; soil water characteristics curve; clay; degree of hysteresis.

1. Introduction
Soil water characteristic curve (SWCC), which is the Therefore, the DDL thickness will increase or decrease
relationship between water content (w) and soil suction significantly on addition or removal of water from the
(Ψ), is an important parameter in many constitutive soil pores leading to larger hysteresis. Whereas at the
models that describe unsaturated soil behavior such as higher suction range, water predominantly exists in the
flow, volume change and shear strength. In general, the microstructure and electrostatic attraction (drying
soil undergoes drying process such as evaporation and case)/repulsion (wetting case) between the interlayer clay
wetting process such as infiltration that result in plates is not significantly affected by decrease/increase
hysteretic SWCC. Hysteresis in SWCC refers to the in water content. Therefore, the wetting SWCC nearly
difference between drying and wetting water retention coincides with the drying SWCC at higher suction. The
curve which is an indicator that water content is not average degree of hysteresis, Dh value was found to be
unique for particular matric suction. The hysteresis 0.44. Pham et al (2003) model was used to predict the
phenomenon is mainly attributed to ink bottle effects that main wetting curve from initial drying curve instead of
arises due to non-homogeneous pore size distribution, main drying curve. It can be observed from Fig 1. that
variation of dynamic contact angles in the advancing or Pham et al (2003) model predicted the main wetting curve
receding water-air interface menisci, presence of very well. The coefficient of determination, R2 between
entrapped air and change in pore fabric due to swelling the experimental and predicted main wetting curve was
and shrinkage (Likos et al. 2013). found to be 0.954.
600
2. Motivation and Objective Measured initial drying data
The objective of this work is to investigate hydraulic 500
Gravimetric water content,w (%)
Measured main wetting curve
hysteresis in soil water characteristic curve of a highly 400

Fitted (Eq 1, Eq 7)
plastic soil. The hysteresis quantification was done in 300 Predicted main wetting
terms of degree of hysteresis, Dh. In the literature, the 200
main wetting curve was predicted from main drying

100
curve using Pham et al (2003) model. An attempt was
made to predict main wetting curve from the initial 0
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Suction (kPa)
drying curve which is the major motivation of our study.
3. Methodology Fig. 1 Prediction of main wetting curve by applying Pham et
A commercially available highly plastic Indian bentonite al (2003) model.
procured from Kutch region of Gujrat was considered for 5. Conclusions
this study. The drying and wetting gravimetric soil water Soil plasticity has a profound effect on hysteresis in
retention curve was established in the laboratory by three SWCC. Pham et al (2003) model worked well for
different techniques independently. Osmotic technique highly plastic clay. The main wetting curve could be
was applied for controlling matric suction for the range accurately predicted from the initial drying curve which
20<  <2000 kPa. Vapor equilibrium technique (VET) was attempted for the first time in our study.
was adopted to control matric suction at higher range, 
> 20000 kPa. The chilled-mirror hygrometer (WP-4) was References
used to indirectly measure total suction for the range > Likos, W.J., Lu, N. and Godt, J.W. (2013). Hysteresis
1000 kPa. and uncertainty in soil water-retention curve
4. 4. Important Outcomes parameters. J. of Geotech. & Geoenviron. Engg,
Higher hydraulic hysteresis was observed at the lower 140(4), p.04013050.
suction range whereas hysteresis was insignificant at Pham, H.Q., Fredlund, D.G. and Barbour, S.L.
higher suction range (Fig. 1). Bentonite has high (2003). A practical hysteresis model for the soil-
percentage of montmorillonite content that causes water characteristic curve for soils with negligible
volume changes. volume change. Géotechnique, 53(2), pp. 293-298.
124
Unsaturated Shear Strength of CH Combination Soil Using Matric

Suction and Conventional Shear Strength Testing
Saloni Pandya
Akash Sakkari
Ajanta Sachan
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar – 382355
E-mail: pandya_saloni@iitgn.ac.in; sakkari.akash@iitgn.ac.in; ajanta@iitgn.ac.in
Keywords: Unsaturated; Matric suction; Filter Paper tests; Conventional Triaxial tests; Shear Strength
1. Introduction values of obtained tan b and corresponding unsaturated
Shear Strength of Unsaturated soil is a function of two shear strength (f) of CH combination soil.
stress state variables: net normal stress (n – ua) and
Table-1 Unsaturated Shear strength of CH combination soil
matric suction (ua-uw), where ua & uw represent pore air
pressure and pore water pressure respectively. Presence w Sr cu ua -uw f
(kPa) tanb (kPa)
of matric suction in unsaturated soil controls the overall (%) (%) (kPa)
strength behavior of soil. Shear strength response of the 9.5 30 78 7781 0.0083 104
unsaturated soil remains inconsistent with the principles
of classical soil mechanics. Hence, it is important to 13.5 43 68 5441 0.0108 95
understand and evaluate the shear behaviour of 16.5 52 60 4101 0.0132 88
unsaturated soil considering influence of matric suction.
19.5 62 41 618 0.0685 71
2. Motivation and Objective 23.5 75 21 123 0.2418 53
Experimental procedures to obtain unsaturated shear
strength of soils are time consuming, expensive and
limited to the range of matric suction. This leads to rare 4. Observations
implementation of unsaturated shear strength of soil in Unsaturated shear strength incorporating influence of
geotechnical engineering practice. An attempt has been matric suction was observed to be 1.3-2.5 times higher
made to assess the unsaturated shear strength of soil than undrained shear strength of the soil at various
using formulation proposed by Vanapalli et al. (1999) saturation values (Sr = 30% - 75%). A significant
using matric suction measurements & conventional reduction in unsaturated shear strength of soil was
undrained shear strength parameters. observed with increment in degree of saturation and
reduction in matric suction of Ahmedabad soil.
3. Methodology
Soil was collected at 0.5m depth from Ahmedabad; 5. Conclusions
which had 1% gravel, 15% sand, 52% silt & 32% clay. The presence of matric suction introduces an additional
The soil had 51% LL, 20% PL, 14% SL & 30% DFSI; inter-particle resistive force, which provides higher
and classified as CH combination non-swelling soil. strength and stiffness to the soil in unsaturated state. With
Methodology proposed by Vanapalli et al. (1999) for a increase in water content, the resistive force prevalent
planar failure envelope estimates tan b, representing the among the soil particles diminished leading to significant
angle of shearing resistance w.r.t matric suction, which reduction in unsaturated shear strength of soil.
can be evaluated using regular shear strength parameters References
(cu, c&) and matric suction (ua – uw) values. Obtained
tan b is incorporated in the shear strength equation Vanapalli, S. K., Pufahl, D. E., and Fredlund, D. G.
proposed by Fredlund et al. (1978) to evaluate (1999) Interpretation of the shear strength of
unsaturated shear strength of soil. A series of filter paper unsaturated soils in undrained loading conditions,
tests & unconfined compression tests were performed on In Proc of the 52nd Can. Geotech. Conf., Regina, Sask,
soil specimens prepared using moist tamping method to pp. 25-27.
obtain matric suction and undrained cohesion at varying Fredlund, D. G., Morgenstern, N. R., and Widger, R. A.
water content and constant dry density of 1.46 g/cm3. (1978) The shear strength of unsaturated soils. Can.
Detailed procedure for Filter Paper method along with Geotech. J., 15(3), pp. 313-321.
corresponding matric suction values for the same soil has
been specified in Pandya and Sachan (2017). CU triaxial Pandya, S., and Sachan, A. (2017) Effect of matric
tests were conducted on slurry consolidated specimens of suction and initial static loading on dynamic behaviour
CH combination soil to obtain its effective shear strength of unsaturated cohesive soil, Inter. J. Geotech. Engg.,
parameters (c=17 kPa & =27°). Table 1 represents the pp. 1-11.
125
Optimisation of Base Width of a Typical Concrete Gravity Dam Under

Different Seismic Conditions Using Static Seismic Loading
Sukanya Talukdar
Prasanna Kumar Khaund
Department of Civil Engineering, Jorhat Engineering College, Jorhat - 785007
E-mail: talukdar_sukanya@yahoo.in; prasannakhaund@yahoo.co.in
Keywords: Design Base Width, Horizontal Earthquake Coefficient, Tail Water, Vertical Earthquake Coefficient.
1. Introduction the tail water in dam increases the uplift forces in a dam.
A concrete gravity dam is a major hydraulic structure Only in case of base width calculated for factor of safety
whose own weight resists the external forces like water against shear friction the trend was not followed due to
pressure, uplift pressure, pressure due to earthquake the effect of shear strength of concrete that is considered
forces, silt pressure, ice pressure, wind pressure and as a constant parameter.
wave pressure etc. It is very essential to consider the
major external forces like water pressure, uplift pressure
and pressure due to earthquake forces and get a proper
design base width, so that the entire weight of the dam
resists the overturning moment due to earthquake and
other forces.

Consideration of earthquake force is a major concern for
the construction of major structures like dams. The main
objective of this study is to obtain the variation of
design base width of a dam for different seismic
conditions by varying the earthquake coefficients in
both vertical and horizontal directions.
3. Methodology Fig. 1 Variation of Base Width with the effect of αh, for
The shape of the Mettur dam in India is considered for different values of αv for sliding effect (For no tail water
condition)
the study. The study has been done taking a constant
head of water at the reservoir, which is the maximum 5. Conclusions
It may be seen from these curves that there is a regular
reservoir water level and a constant height of tail water.
variation of the base width, B, in each case due to the
Equations are obtained by equating the factor of safety
application of static earthquake forces. The result of
for sliding, factor of safety for overturning and factor of
largest value of the base width obtained amongst the
safety for shear friction factor, for tail water and no tail
factor of safety for sliding, factor of safety for
water condition under different earthquake conditions,
overturning and factor of safety for shear friction factor
with their respective limiting values and are solved by
shall be considered. Here we observe that the base width
linear approximation method of Newton Raphson, using
obtained is maximum for factor of safety for sliding
a programme in C++ to get different values of base
only when the αv and αh are less. The base width
width of dam for the varying earthquake conditions.
gradually increases and becomes maximum in case of
Different values of vertical earthquake coefficient, αv
factor of safety for overturning as αv and αh increases to
were considered and the horizontal earthquake
0.1g.
coefficient αh was varied accordingly for every value of
αv and the design base width was obtained for each case. References
Ali, M.H., Alam M.R., Haque M.N., Alam, M.H. (2012)
Comparison of Design and Analysis of Concrete
The figure shows a particular case of variation of base
Gravity Dam. Natural Resources, 3(1): 18-28,
width for factor of safety against sliding for no tail
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/nr.2012.31004.
water condition. The variation of design base width is
plotted in the x-axes as can be seen in the graph below. Arun, K.S. and Raghuraman, S. (2016) Study of
It was seen that there was an increase in base width of response of gravity dam under earthquake
dam as earthquake forces increases. Further the increase acceleration. IJSTE – Inter.l J. Sci. Tech. & Engg.,
was seen to be more in case of tail water condition since 2(12): 461-465.
126
Modelling of Infiltration for Different Types of Soil Conditions -

Guwahati
Gayatri Das
Mimi Das Saikia
U.C Kalita
Department of Civil Engineering, Assam down town University, Panikhaiti – 781026
E-mail: adorabellegayatri92@gmail.com, mdassaikia@gmail.com, utsav.kalita@gmail.com
Keywords: Infiltration, infiltrometer, infiltration models, soil types, soil cover, correlation coefficient.
1 Introduction which has well graded sand. Again, Deepor Beel,

The process through which water enters the soil from the ADTU, Panikhaiti, Eastern Retreat, Panikhaiti and Zoo
ground surface is known as infiltration. Infiltration Road has low plasticity soil, whereas Bonda and Narengi
capacity may be defined as the maximum rate at which a Housing Colony has clay and silt of low plasticity. Also,
given soil at a given time can absorb water and is after soil texture analysis, we found that Deepor Beel has
expressed in cm/h or mm/h or inches/h. Infiltration of Silty Clay Loam soil, ADTU, Panikhaiti has Clay Loam
water into the soil can be determined by a simple soil, Eastern Retreat has Sandy Loam soil, Zoo Road has
instrument called infiltrometer. There are two types of Sandy Clay Loam soil, Narengi Housing Colony and
infiltrometers- Single Ring Infiltrometer and Double Bonda has Silty Loam soil. It is also seen that though
Ring Infiltrometer. In this project, double ring Bonda and Narengi Housing Colony has different type of
infiltrometer has been used as the water penetrates in one soil cover and conditions, their soil type is same. It is
direction, i.e., towards the ground water without much found that for silty clay loam soil the type of infiltration
wastage of water whereas in single ring infiltrometer the is slow-moderate, for clay loam and sandy clay loam soil
water will spread both horizontally & vertically. the type of infiltration is moderate whereas, for sandy
loam soil we got moderate-rapid rate of infiltration. It is
2 Motivation and Objective found that the values of parameters of infiltration models
The city Guwahati has been selected for the project since (Horton, Kostiakov, Green-Ampt, Philip) found by
there is a large variability of topography, climate, regression vary according to their soil type.
humidity, temperature, altitude, soil behaviour, etc. The
infiltration rate of soil in inner space has been 5 Conclusions
determined using double ring infiltrometer. The From the research work it is found that constant
infiltration curve of various infiltration rates obtained infiltration rate of silty clay loam soil is 2 cm/hr, for clay
from the different study areas have been developed. Soil loam soil 2.66 cm/hr, sandy loam soil 10.73 cm/hr, sandy
samples have been collected from the study areas and clay loam soil 2.06 cm/hr, and for silty loam soil 1.93
soil tests have been done in the laboratory of Assam cm/hr in the selected region. From the correlation
down town University. Infiltration models have been coefficient and standard error calculations it was found
developed for the obtained soil types using the that for all type of soils (silty clay loam, clay loam,
experimental data and finding out the parameters of sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and their conditions,
infiltration using regression analysis and the estimated Horton’s model is best fitting with high degree of
infiltration has been validated by the developed models correlation coefficient and minimum standard error
with the field data collected using Double Ring except for silty loam soil to which Kostiakov model is
Infiltrometer. best fitting
3 Methodology References
A total of 6 places in Guwahati, namely, Deepor Beel Adindu Ruth U., IgbokweKelechi K. and Dike Ijeoma I.
(Case 1); Assam down town University, Panikhaiti (Case (2015) Philip Model Capability to Estimate Infiltration
2); Eastern Retreat, Panikhaiti (Case 3); Zoo Road (Case for Solis of Aba, Abia State, J. Earth Sci. Geotech.
4); Bonda (Case 5)and Narengi Housing Colony (Case 6) Engg., 5(2), pp 63-68.
has been selected to conduct the test by using double
ring infiltrometer. The study areas are selected in such a
way that the soil type differs from each other and are
with different soil covers.
4 Important Outcomes
After performing the soil tests, we found that all the
places have poorly graded sand except Deepor Beel
127
Modelling of Embankment Breaching With Special Reference to Barak

Valley, Assam
Korabi Das
Mimi Das Saikia
Utsav Chandra Kalita
Department of Civil Engineering, Assam Down Town University, Guwahati-781026
E-mail: korobidas268@gmail.com; mdassaikia@gmail.com; utsav.kalita@gmail.com
Keywords: Breach modelling, Average breach width, highest flood level, Soil type
1. Introduction Assam. Soils testing of each sample have been carried

Earthen embankment for example dikes and dams out in the soil mechanics laboratory of Assam Down
provide large amount of benefit to people all over. Large Town University (Sieve analysis, Plastic limit, Liquid
numbers of embankment structures are man-made limit and Moisture content), to develop a series of
structures. The north eastern part of India being situated models based on soil properties, by grouping the dikes in
in a region of heavy rainfall, get affected by flood almost different groups of similar soil properties.
every year. In this region, the total flood area consist
12% of the country. Frequent and sudden failure of river 4. Important Outcomes
dikes causes great damage to the nearby area. In validation of proposed model, three observed model
were considered viz. USBR (1988), Xu and Zhang
2. Motivation and Objective (2009) and Froehlich (1995) to determine which is the
Detail study for embankment breaching for Barak most accurately predicted measured for embankment
Valley, Assam has been carried out under the study. For breaching. The proposed breach curve and predicted
this purpose, real case data have been collected from breach curve of breach models against water level were
2006-2016 from the water resource department of Barak drawn for different soil under different soil condition and
valley. Statistical frequency has been done and it is observed that initially the breaching rates are lower
probability based models have been developed for and increases with water level. Standard error was
obtaining ultimate breach width for river dike of Barak calculated to provide a goodness of fit (GOF) term for
Valley. On the basis of available data it is seen that most each model, The USRB model is considered as good
of the failure occur between 10-50m breaches widths and fitted for Clay loam soil, Silty Clay Soil and Sandy Clay
the highest number of breaches and highest flood level Loam Soil as the standard error is found minimum in this
recorded in 2010, it also be observed that due to soil types and in the Sandy Loam Soil, Froehlich model
overtopping 57.07% of breaches occur, 17.07% by is considered as good fitted for minimum standard error.
erosion, and 8.40% by piping. It is also been observed
that with 50% probability the breach width is less than 5. Conclusion
30m, and with 60% probability the breach width is less The breach opening varies with soil condition as
than 40m and so on; higher value of probability means maximum breach occurs and water level measured in
enlargement of breach width but it occur in very rare silty clay soil viz number of breach occur 66 and water
cases. For better result, an effort has been made to level 28.89 but the highest breach opening value
develop a series of models based on soil properties by observed in Clay loam soil i.e. 304 m. On the basis of
groping the dikes in different groups of similar soil these comparisons the accuracy of the proposed models
properties. The modelling of embankment breaching has are justified and thus the model is claimed to be
been developed. From validation of the models, the satisfactory for embankment breaching in the proposed
goodness of the fit term for each models are calculated situation.
from standard error.
References
3. Methodology
Breach records has been collected of river dikes of Barak Froehlich, D. C., (2008) Embankment Dam Breach
Valley, Assam from 2006 to 2016, breach records of Parameters and their Uncertainties, J. Hydraulic Engg.,
eleven years has been considered, as 212 breach cases 134(12), pp. 1708-1720.
have been recorded during that period. The soil samples
have been collected from the different rivers (Shingla
River, Nununchra River, Longai River, Kushiyara River,
Katakhal River, Barak River, Sonai River, Ghogra River,
Madhurai River and Deolakhal River) of Barak Valley,
128
A Study on Hydroelectric and Irrigation Potential of Dikhow River
Punit Al Barik
Mrinal Kumar Dutta
Department of Civil Engineering, Jorhat Engineering College, Jorhat - 785007, Assam, India
E-mail: punitalbarik@gmail.com, mrinaldk@rediffmail.com
Keywords: Hydropower, Remote sensing, Dams sites selection, Catchment area, ArcGIS, Global Mapper,
Geotechnical, Geological, Hydrographs
1. Introduction various maps of the river basin. Also data on discharge
Hydropower as a form of renewable resource is very and depth of the river Dikhow were collected from the
essential in the sustainable development of a country. On Upper Assam Investigation Division of Water Resources
the basis of various studies made on Dikhow a perennial Department, Jorhat. The collected data were then
river of length of 255.8 km using GIS and remote tabulated, analyzed and presented in the form of charts,
sensing, an attempt has been made to locate suitable sites diagrams to get into the conclusion of finding a suitable
of dams for generating power or supplying water for dam site in the Dikhow River.
irrigation and other purposes. The river Dikhow
originates from the hills of Nagaland at 26.08°N latitudes 4. Important Outcomes
and 94.56°E longitudes and flows through the plains of Using the DEM and with the help of ArcGIS software
Assam and finally meets the river Brahmaputra at contour maps, aspect maps, slope maps, fill sinks map
26.99°N latitudes and 94.45°E longitudes. and flow direction maps were extracted.
Using the discharge and elevation data from 1990 to
2. Motivation and Objective 2009 of the river Dikhow data hydrographs were plotted
As the main livelihood of people of Assam is agriculture which further used to calculate stage discharge
and the demand has been growing for more agricultural relationship, flow duration curves and flood frequency
production to ensure food security, the need to construct analysis.
dams has been growing vastly to meet the requirement of Tests have been done on the rock samples for
water supply, clean hydroelectric energy and irrigation. determining their engineering characteristics like-slake
The main objective of the project is to study the durability index, uniaxial compressive strength, abrasion,
hydroelectric and irrigation potential of Dikhow river. density, porosity, water absorption etc.
An attempt has been made to create a thematic Again from the soil samples collected from different
assessment map to locate suitable sites for dam using sites tests have been performed to determine water
remote sensing and geographic information system content, field unit weight, liquid limit, plastic limit,
(GIS). A database of the river catchment area of 4128.42 plasticity index, cohesion, angle of internal friction etc.
km2 have been created with the help of different software The calculations for power were made considering 60%
(Arc GIS 10.1 and Global Mapper 11) to decide the discharge of dependable year from the flow duration
locations of the proposed dams. To determine the curve.
suitable site for constructing a dam by studying the
geotechnical properties of soil as well as detailed 5. Conclusions
geological properties of the samples collected during the Initially three sites (Site 1, 2 and 3) were selected by
field surveys. Using the samples collected from these studying the various parameters of the basin with the
sites various tests of soil as well as of rocks were help of ArcGIS 10.1 and Global Mapper 11. After
performed to determine the strength and other studying the various engineering properties of rock and
engineering properties. soil of the sites, site 2(N26°46′14″, E94°49′42.1″) can be
considered as an ideal site for hydroelectric project. Also
3. Methodology Site 1(N26°48′0.26″, E94°47′39.5″) is considered as
This work is mainly confined to studies based on data ideal for constructing a dam for irrigation purpose.
collected from various sources as well as tests that have
References
been performed on the various soil and rock samples that
were collected along the bank of the river at different Abushandi, E., & Alatawi, S. (2015) Dam site selection
locations of Assam and Nagaland. Toposheets of using remote sensing techniques and geographical
Geological Survey of India at 1:50000 scales were used information system to control flood events in Tabuk
to demarcate the basin area of Dikhow River and satellite City, Hydrology: Current Research, 6(1), 1.
imagery and DEM collected from USGS have been used
to prepare the land use and land cover map of the study Deere, D. U. (1963) Technical description of rock cores.
area using GIS. These were further used to generate Geol. u. Bauw. J, 28.
129
Response of Earth Dams to Toe Drain Clogging

Priyanka Talukdar
Arindam Dey
E-mail: priyanka.talukdar@iitg.ernet.in; arindamdeyiitg16@gmail.com
Keywords: Earth dams; Toe drain; Clogging; Finite element modeling
1. Introduction stability analysis has been performed after every stage of

Earth dams supporting a reservoir is always associated clogging with the aid of the SLOPE/W module in
with the problem of seepage. The water seeks path of GEOSTUDIO. The same methodology has been carried
least resistance through the dam and its foundation. Toe out for different ke/kf ratio, (ke and kf are the permeabilities
drains, are primarily provided to lower the phreatic line of the embankment and the foundation respectively).
(upper surface of zone of saturation) reaching the
downstream face of the embankment, so that water does 4. Important Outcomes
not ingress through the dam body. These drains exude the Analysis of the model shows that there is a drastic
excess water inside the confining structure and reduce the reduction in the pore water pressure with the installation
pore pressures increasing the stability of the dam. of the toe drain which increases the stability of the
However, this appurtenance is prone to long-term earthen dam. However, the sequential clogging of the
accumulation of fine micron-sized particles leading to the drain results in the increase of the pore water pressure as
reduction in the permeability and resulting intolerable shown in Fig. 2. The fluctuation of the phreatic surface
decrement in their drainage capacity. Many studies in has also been observed, where with the increase in drain
recent decades documented reports of dam failures clogging, the zone of saturation within the dam body
associated with inadequate filter design (Vaughan and increases.
Soares 1982). Koerner and Koerner (1991) concluded
that particulate clogging is a major factor in flow rate
reductions in drainage layers.

In this paper, a simple model has been developed to
simulate particle clogging in the toe drain and its effect
on the pore water pressure distribution and stability of the
dam.
3. Methodology
The model used in the study has been shown below in
Fig. 2 Variation of pore water pressure with clogging
Fig. 1.
5. Conclusions
Installation of toe drain is a crucial element governing the
stability and performance of the earth dams. However,
clogging of these drains results in tremendous increase in
the pore water pressure which increases the vulnerability
of the dam against failure.
Fig. 1. Model for the present study

References
A steady state seepage analysis has been carried out using Vaughan, P.R., and Soares, H.F. (1982) Design of filters
the SEEP/W module of Geostudio 2012. In the seepage for clay cores of dams, ASCE J. Geotech. Engg., 108:
analysis, the embankment has been described using the 17–33.
saturated/unsaturated model, whereas the foundation has
been described with the ‘saturated only’ model. The Koerner, R.M., and Koerner, G.R. (1991) Landfill
reservoir has been modeled using a constant head leachate clogging of geotextile (and soil) filters. US
boundary condition. The clogging of the toe drain has Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Reduction
been modeled by sequentially decreasing the Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio. EPA
permeability of the drain material in five stages. A Project Summary EPA/600/S2–91/025.
130
Study of Soil Water Characteristics or Unsaturated Curves of

Different Soil Strata, using FEMWATER
Karishma Chetia
Triptimoni Borah
Department of Civil Engineering, Assam Engineering College, Guwahati-781013.
E-mail: triptimoni.ce@aec.ac.in; karishmachetia1993@gmail.com
Keywords: Aquifer, FEMWATER, Relative Conductivity.

1. Introduction study and. Here only one characteristic comparison
Groundwater is a significant water supply resource. It is curve has shown.
observed that Groundwater table is decreasing in many
parts of the world due to excessive overexploitation and
contaminant carried by groundwater is considered as a
serious concern. In this aspect it is essential to study the
aquifer property to maintain the quantity and quality of
groundwater. One of the major environmental problems
today is contamination in subsurface environment.
Movement of contaminant depends on the aquifer
parameter.
In this study an attempt has been made to observe the
soil water characteristics of different soil strata of the
Figure 1- Comparison curves of pressure head vs moisture
aquifer of Deepor Beel, Asssam, in an unsaturated zone content
for the ground water flow through the heterogeneous
5. Conclusions
unconfined aquifer using FEMWATER.
This modeling effort in FEMWATER considered
variable pressure head boundary conditions over the
3. Methodology
model domain. It is observed that pressure head,
FEMWATER is a three-dimensional, finite element,
moisture content, water capacity and relative
groundwater model. In this paper it is used to simulate
conductivity are varied with different stratified layers.
flow only for the unsaturated zone to find out soil-water
Comparison curves are made for the soil layers to
characteristics of the considered aquifer. Four types of
compare the patterns of curves with the Fisher study
soil layers are considered in the aquifer. Table-1
and it is observed that the curve patterns are almost
summarizes the hydraulic conductivity for the four
types of soil strata. similar.
Table 1- Hydraulic conductivity for four types of soil References
strata.
Hydraulic Assouline, S., Tessier D. and Bruand A., (1998) A
Values in conceptual model of the soil water retention curve,
conductivit Reference
m/day
y Water Resources Research, 34(20, pp. 223-231.
Shan H., National Chiao Tung
Sand 8.64
University Fisher, J. C., (2005) A Coupled Systems Approach to
Shan H., National Chiao Tung Solute Transport within a Heterogeneous Vadose
Silt 0.00864
University Zone-Groundwater Environment, phD thesis,
Shan H., National Chiao Tung University of California Los Angeles.
Clay 0.000864
University
Sandy loam 0.1524 Waghdare N. et. al., 2003
Lin H. J., Richards D. R. and Talbot C. A., (2001) A
Three-Dimensional Finite Element Computer Model
for Simulating Density-Dependent Flow and
The results obtained by FEMWATER simulation such
Transport in Variably Saturated Media, Version 3.0,
as pressure head, moisture content, water capacity and
Reference Manual, pp. 587
relative conductivity are observed for different stratified
layers and for each type of soil layer the soil water
characteristic curves are varied with variable negative
pressure head. Comparison curves are made for the soil
layers to compare the patterns of curves with Fisher
131
Foundation Investigation of Cross Drainage works of Wainganga-

Nalganga Link Canal project, Maharashtra - A Case Study
Mahabir Dixit
Mukesh Sarin
C.B. Sarma
R. Chitra
Central Soil and Material research Station, Olof Palme Marg, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016
Email: mdixit@nic.in; mukesh69sarin@yahoo.com; cbsarma2003@gmail.com; rchitra@nic.in
Keywords: Link Canal; In-situ tests; In-situ density; Tri-axial Shear; Standard Penetration Test
1. Introduction  Consolidated Un-drained Tri-axial Shear tests
The Wainganga (Gosikhurd) - Nalganga (Purna Tapi)
Link Canal Project is an inter-state link proposed by 4. Important Outcomes
Maharashtra Government. The objective of this link The depth of overburden in the bore holes vary from 4.0
project is to transfer the surplus water available in the m to 12.0 m. In general, the foundation strata at the bore
Wainganga River at Gosikhurd dam to Nalganga stream hole comprises of bouldry strata and fine grained soil/
at Purna Tapi River in addition to augmenting municipal barring few exceptions.
water supply to Nagpur city. Enroute the link, there are Based on Insitu permeability test results, it is inferred
29 major Cross Drainage works (12 Aqueducts, 16 Super that the foundation strata possess impervious to pervious
passages) and 17 CM works (10 DLRBs, 7 Rly bridges), drainage characteristics.
one Head Regulator, 10 Nos. Cross Regulators and four
escapes. The presented investigation includes the Based on the SPT tests results, insitu Density and
foundation investigations carried out at the 12 Cross laboratory test results (triaxial), it is inferred that the soil
Drainage Works sites. In addition suitability of is likely to exhibit good shear strength characteristics.
foundation has been discussed. 5. Conclusions
2. Motivation and Objective The studies based on field and Laboratory investigation
The basic motivation is the sharing of the information of soil samples investigations confirmed competency of
regarding the set of field and laboratory tests to be foundation for the intended function to construct cross
conducted on foundation investigation of cross drainage drainage structure on all these CD sites of the canal.
works of link canal to confirm competency of foundation References
for the intended function of to construct cross drainage
structure i.e. 12 Aqueducts and 16 Super Passages on IS: 2720 (Part XII): 1981, Determination of Shear
these CD sites of the canal. The objective of the papers is Strength Parameters of Soil from Consolidated
to discuss the issues involved in foundation investigation Undrained Triaxial Compression Test with
of cross drainage works of link canal project due to Measurement of Pore Water Pressure
significant variation in type of soil, variability of strata,
IS: 5529 (Part 1): 2013, In-Situ Permeability Tests Part 1
optimization of time, cost and adequacy of the data.
Tests in Overburden — Code of Practice
3. Methodology
IS: 2131: 1981 Indian Standard Method for Standard
As of now, total of 12 bore holes were drilled up to depth
Penetration Test for Soils
of 7.0 m to 31.5 m at 6 CD/CM sites, 1 bore hole each at
U/s & and D/s of each CD/CM work sites. The field tests IS: 2720 (Part5):1985 Indian Standard Method of Test for
include the following: Soils Part 5 Determination of Liquid and Plastic Limit
 Field Permeability Tests IS: 2720 (Part 4): 1985 Indian Standard methods of Test
for Soils part 4 Grain Size Analysis
 Standard Penetration Tests
Report No.01/Soil-II/SM/CSMRS/E/03/2017 Central
 Collection of undisturbed soil samples Soil and Materials Research Station, Report on the
The laboratory tests include the following: Foundation Investigations for Cross Drainage Works
along the canal alignment of the proposed Wainganga
 Mechanical Analysis and Atterberg Limits - Nalganga Link Canal Project, Maharashtra.
 In-situ Density & Moisture Content Tests
132
Deformability Characteristics of Augen Gneisses

Bharti Chawre
Hari Dev
S.L. Gupta
Central Soil and Materials Research Station, New Delhi, Delhi-110016
E-mail: bharti.bhanu.2005@gmail.com; haridev65@gmail.com; slgupta@nic.in
Keywords: Deformation Modulus, Augen Gneiss, In-situ tests for deformability, Anisotropy
1. Introduction Table 1 Comparison of Deformation Modulus
Deformability means the capacity of rock to strain under
Name of Test Modulus of Static ModulusDynamic Modulus
applied loads or in response to unloading upon
Deformation of Elasticity, of Elasticity,
excavation (Goodman, 1989). Deformability parameters (Ed),GPa GPa GPa
of rock mass include modulus of deformation (Ed) and
In situ Tests
modulus of elasticity (Ee). Deformation modulus has a
PJT (Vertical 4.86 - -
vital importance for the design of projects since it loading)
represents the pre-failure mechanical behaviour of the GJT 1.72 - -
rock material and of a rock mass (Palmstrom et al. PLT Vertical 1.12 - -
2001). In-situ tests are essential for representative values Loading
of deformation modulus. Static modulus of elasticity is Horizontal 1.55 - -
determined from laboratory experiments on core samples Loading
and dynamic modules of elasticity for rock samples can Laboratory Test 11.67 24.72
be estimated from empirical equation.
5. Conclusions
2. Motivation and Objective • About 38% higher modulus values were observed with
In the present study, modulus of deformation was stress application across the foliation compared with
evaluated using different field tests viz: Plate Load Test those along the foliation from the PLT results.
(PLT), Goodman Jack Test (GJT) and Plate Jacking Test
• Modulus from PJT was found to be higher than PLT
(PJT) in Augen Gneiss rock mass at one of the
and GJT. Modulus values obtained from PLT and GJT
hydroelectric project in Himalayan region. Laboratory
were in close agreement with each other with around
tests were also carried out on rock samples collected
10% variation whereas modulus from PJT was found
from drillholes. Static modulus of elasticity was
to be 4.34 and 2.82 times higher compared with PLT
determined in laboratory and ultrasonic pulse wave
and GJT.
velocity data was used to evaluate dynamic modulus of
elasticity using empirical relation (Hudson, 2005).The • Dynamic modulus of elasticity is usually larger than
main objective was to study the anisotropy and stress static modulus of elasticity (Stacey et al. 1987).The
deformational characteristics of Augen Gneisses with study showed ratio of dynamic to static modulus as 2.1
stress application in different planes. which is well within the range suggested by Stacey
(between 1 and 3).
3. Methodology
Field and laboratory tests were carried out as per the References
available Indian and ISRM standards.
Goodman, R.E. (1989) Introduction to Rock Mechanics.
4. Important Outcomes 2nd edn. London: John Wiley & Sons.
Stress was applied along and across the foliation plane in
PLT, to see the anisotropic deformational behaviour, Hudson, J. A. (2005) Engineering Properties of Rocks.
whereas PJT were conducted with stress application Elsevier, Oxford
along the foliation and measuring the deformations
Palmstrom A, Singh R. (2001) The deformation modulus
inside the drill holes. The test results from PLT and PJT
were compared. Goodman Jack Tests were conducted in of rock masses - comparisons between in-situ tests
the available boreholes drilled for PJT. However, the and indirect estimates, Tun and Undrgrnd Space,16,
stress in GJT was applied in a plane perpendicular to the pp .115–31.
drill hole axis i e. in the horizontal plane to see the
variation in modulus values. Comparison of all test Stacey, T. R., Van Veerden, W. L. and Vogler, U.W.
results is given in Table 1. (1987) Properties of intact rock. Ground Engineer’s
Reference Book, Ed: F.G. Bell, Butterworths,
London, U.K.
133
Implication of uncertainties in in-situ stress measurement in rock-mass

Shashank Pathak
G. V. Ramana
Hari Dev
S L Gupta
Central Soil and Materials Research Station, New Delhi – 110016
E-mail: ramana.laxmi@gmail.com
Keywords: in-situ stress; rock-mass; underground powerhouse, hydro-fracturing test

1. Introduction alignment is along the direction of the least horizontal
Underground excavations are important structures principal stress and (d) Minimum tunnel deformation
which are used to house turbines, electrical generators, when tunnel alignment is along the direction of the
transformers, etc. in hydroelectric projects. maximum horizontal principal stress.
Underground excavations are subjected to in-situ
topographic/virgin stresses. Hydraulic fracturing is a 4. Important Outcomes
popular borehole field-test method to assess the state of The uncertainty analysis (Fig. 1) has shown that
in-situ stresses in the rock-mass in the plane maximum effect of uncertainty in shut-in pressure gets
perpendicular to the axis of the borehole and principal reflected on the minimum tunnel deformation in Case-
stress directions are derived from the fracture C. However, the minimum effect is obtained in Case-B.
delineation on the borehole wall. Success of this test Cases B and D do not involve the re-opening pressure
depends upon three main factors, (a) choice of bore-hole and therefore, in these cases resultant uncertainty is
location, (b) selection of test sections in the bore-hole, always smaller as compared to Cases A and C, which
and (c) interpretation of the obtained test data. involve both re-opening and shut-in pressure terms.

Design of geometry and support system for
underground cavities utilize magnitude and direction of
in-situ stresses as boundary conditions. Now, the matter
of concern is that the measured values of in-situ
horizontal stresses suffer from uncertainties caused by
aleatory uncertainties of in-situ rock-mass and epistemic
uncertainties in the assumptions involved in the
interpretation of experimental data. Therefore, in this
work, an investigation is carried out to assess the net
effect of the uncertainties (in the experimental data) on
the estimated design parameter (radial tunnel Figure. 1. Effect of uncertainty in measurement of shut-in
pressure on tunnel deformation
deformation or ovalization). This is important for the
practicing designers as well as those involved in in-situ 5. Conclusions
stress measurement to know that how the uncertainty in The work presented in this paper highlights that
a field measurement propagates to the final values being uncertainty in tunnel deformation estimate can be
directly used in design. large enough such that coefficient of variation of
tunnel deformation may reach upto the order of 50%.
3. Methodology A parametric study indicated that with increasing
Using the results of hydro-fracturing test at one of the uncertainty in measured test data, the uncertainty in
hydropower project site, shut-in and re-opening final design estimate increases proportionally. It is
pressures are obtained and using Pender’s (1980) recommended for the practitioners that the in-situ data
solution, the tunnel deformations are estimated. The must be reported along with their uncertainties and it
effects of uncertainties in in-situ data on tunnel is recommended for the designers that these
deformation estimates is studied using 1st order Taylor’s uncertainties must be incorporated in the estimation of
approximations for the four cases: (a) Maximum tunnel final design parameters.
deformation when tunnel alignment is along the
direction of the least horizontal principal stress, (b) References
Maximum tunnel deformation when tunnel alignment is Pender, M.J. (1980) Elastic Solutions for a Deep
along the direction of the maximum horizontal principal Circular Tunnel, Technical Notes, Geotechnique, 216-
stress, (c) Minimum tunnel deformation when tunnel 222.
134
Effect of Geological Strength Index on Factor of Safety of Jointed Rock

Slope
Abhishek Dixit
Arnab Kumar Pal
Amalesh Jana
S. Sreedeep
E-mail: abhishek.dixit@iitg.ernet.in; arnab.pal@iitg.ernet.in: janaaamalesh@gmail.com: srees@iitg.ernet.in
Keywords: Phase2, GSI, Critical SRF

1. Introduction
Consideration of all joints in the analysis of jointed rock
slope requires intricate field observations and high
computational time. To overcome this, Equivalent
Continuum Model coupled with Generalized Hoek
Brown (GHB) failure criteria (Hoek et al. 2002) is
adopted. Equivalent Mohr Coulomb parameters can be
generated from GHB failure criteria. The most important
parameter of GHB criteria is Geological Strength Index
(GSI) (Hoek et al 2002) which depends on the surface
characteristics and joint structure of the rock and is
entirely judged by visual inspection. Mohr-Coulomb
parameters, which are indirectly dependent on subjective
parameter, GSI, are used to calculate the factor of safety
that judges the stability of slopes. Fig. 1 SRF vs GSI for different UCS (Height=30 m)
The variation of factor of safety with the GSI values
becomes an important concern because GSI being a
subjective parameter may vary with different
perspectives. In this paper, the variation of factor of
safety with respect to different GSI values for different
slope heights as well as unconfined compressive strength
(UCS) of intact rock have been studied.
3. Methodology
PHASE2, a 2D elasto-plastic finite element stress
analysis program is adopted in this study for modeling
jointed rock slope. Equivalent continuum model coupled
with GHB failure criteria was used. Factor of safety was
calculated from shear strength reduction method and was
termed as critical strength reduction factor (SRF). In this Fig. 2 SRF vs GSI for different height (UCS=148 MPa)
study Rudraprayag metavolcanics rock was 5. Conclusions
considered. The variation in critical SRF was very less for GSI
values less than 40 for both the cases. The change in
4. Important Outcomes critical SRF was high for GSI values greater than 40.
Case 1: The variation of SRF with different GSI values This conclusion suggests that the judgment of GSI
for various UCS was observed (keeping slope height should be very critical if it is ≥ 40.
constant) as shown in Fig 1.
Case 2: The variation of SRF with different GSI values References
for various slope height was observed (keeping UCS
value constant) in Fig 2: Hoek, E., Carranza-Torres, C. and Corkum, B. (2002)
Hoek-Brown criterion – 2002 edition, Proceedings of
the NARMS-TAC Conference, 10 July 2002, Toronto,
Canada 1, 267–273. University of Toronto Press
135
Stability Analysis of Rock Slope using Combined Continuum Interface

Element Method
Amalesh Jana
Arindam Dey
Sreedeep S.
E-mail: j.amalesh@iitg.ernet.in; arindam.dey@iitg.ernet.in; srees@iitg.ernet.in
Keywords: jointed rock; Limit equilibrium method; Shear strength reduction; Finite element method; Interface element
1. Introduction the numerical model to analyze the jointed rock mass
Every year different parts of Himalayan terrain have been without creating explicit joints in the model. In order to
suffering mass movement from the slope because of introduce joints in the finite element model combined
Seismic activity and unprecedented changes in continuum interface element as joints is used in this study
hydrological condition. In this study stability analysis of (Fig. 2). Table 1 shows the variation of critical strength
the rock slope, located on National Highway (NH-58) in reduction factor (SRF) with joint combination which
India is performed considering shear strength reduction controls the stability.
technique using finite element based modeling to assess
the vulnerability of the concerned slope which will help to
provide necessary mitigation measurements.
The primary objective of this study is to compare the
result of equivalent continuum approach and combined
continuum interface element approach in order to perform
stability analysis of jointed rock.
3. Methodology
The concerned slope possesses three set of joints and the
equal area stereographic projection of all the joints is
depicted in Fig.1. The effect of orientation of joints on the Fig. 2 Explicit jointed model of rock slope
stability of rock is investigated using combined
continuum interface element method. Table 1 SRF considering different joint combination
Case Joint combination SRF
1 J1+J2+J3 1.03
2 J1+J2 3.33
3 J1+J3 1.16
4 J2+J3 0.93
5 J3 1.83
5. Conclusions
Conventional continuum method considering equivalent
rock mass properties predicts higher factor of safety
whereas jointed model predicts lesser factor of safety
value. The concerned slope is marginally stable which
necessitates protection measurements. Rock bolts are
Fig. 1 Equal are stereographic projection of joints designed to stabilize the slope.
From the equal area stereographic projection on lower
hemisphere (Fig. 1), it is clearly observed that the joints Hoek, E., Carranza-Torres, C. and Corkum, B. (2002)
do not create a predefined plane along which instability Hoek-Brown criterion – 2002 edition, Proceedings of
can occur. Equivalent strength parameters of rock mass the NARMS-TAC Conference, 10 July 2002, Toronto,
(Hoek et al. 2002) considering effect of joints are used in Canada 1, 267–273. University of Toronto Press
136
A Methodology to Model Effective Two Dimensional Plane Strain

Analysis of Jointed Rock Slope
Anangsha Alammyan
Seema Pegu
Amalesh Jana
Sreedeep S.
E-mail: anangsha.alammyan@iitg.ernet.in, seemapegu@iitg.ernet.in, janaaamalesh@gmail.com, srees@iitg.ernet.in
Keywords: Slope Stability; Finite Element Method; Limit Equilibrium Analysis

1. Introduction Kinematic Analysis using friction cone method shows
In case of jointed rock slope, stability deeply depends that there is possibility of wedge failure along line of
upon the joint orientation with respect to loading ◦
direction which requires appropriate model of slope intersection (dip direction 288 ) on slope face because
considering three dimensional (3D) orientation of joints.
Stability analysis of 3D model of jointed rock slope the intersection of the two joints located inside the
considering all the joints in the model requires high failure envelope (Fig. 1) (Hoek and Bray 1981). The
computation efficiency. In this scenario, it is essential to FOS obtained from limit equilibrium analysis is 1.37
simulate effective two dimensional (2D) model of which is less than the minimum value of 1.5 generally
jointed rock slope which resembles actual 3D recommended for slopes adjacent to roads (Hoek and
orientation of joints in the 2D plane. In this study, Bray 1981). It is found that sliding takes place along J1
stability analysis of a vulnerable rock cut slope located while J2 acts as the release plane. The numerical
on State Highway (SH -72), Maharashtra, India is analysis yields sliding along joint J1 with a critical stress
investigated. A step wise methodology is presented to reduction factor (SRF) of 1.29, which indicates the slope
convert 3D orientation of joints in 2D plane for effective is potentially vulnerable.
emulation of joints in 2D plane.
The main objective of this study is to perform stability
analysis of jointed rock slope considering explicit joints
in the numerical model of plane strain analysis
considering converted 2D orientation of joints. This
study aims to relate the kinematic analysis and limit
equilibrium analysis with the finite element explicit
jointed model (FEEJM).
3. Methodology
The angular relationship between the joints and the
slope face was determined using stereographic Fig. 1 Kinematic analysis showing wedge failure
projection. The kinematic analysis was then carried out,
which suggested a wedge mode of failure. This was 5. Conclusions
verified by the limit equilibrium analysis. Trace plane is The kinematic and limit equilibrium results predicted
a cross-sectional plane of the 3D model which is possible sliding along critical joint set J1 which is
assumed to be vertical and perpendicular to the slope numerically proved by FEEJM. The effective 2D jointed
face. This concept was used to convert 3D orientation of model predicted potential failure zone by depicting
joints in 2D explicit joint model. Numerical analysis critical failure surface which will help to provide
was then carried out using shear strength reduction necessary mitigation measures.
technique to obtain factor of safety (FOS) and critical
failure surface of jointed model without assuming any References
predefined failure surface. Hoek, E. and Bray, J. (1981) Rock Slope Engineering,
3rd edn, Inst. Mining and Metallurgy, London, UK.
137
Stability Assessment of a Heavily Jointed Rock Slope using Limit

Equilibrium and Finite Element Methods
Aswathi C.K.
Amalesh Jana
Arindam Dey
Sreedeep S.
E-mail: aswathi@iitg.ernet.in; j.amalesh@iitg.ernet.in, arindamdeyiitg16@iitg.ernet.in, srees@iitg.ernet.in,
Keywords: Limit equilibrium methods; Finite element method; Factor of safety; Jointed rock slop: Shear strength
reduction technique
1. Introduction non-circular slip surfaces. FEM analysis is performed
Failure mechanism of a heavily jointed rock slope is using shear strength reduction(SSR) technique to find the
guided by a general failure surface developed through factor of safety value without assuming any predefined
intact rock and joints. In order to perform stability analysis failure surfaces.
of a heavily jointed rock slope, incorporation of all the 4. Important Outcomes
joints in numerical model, require immense The minimum FOS value obtained from the LEM is 2.34,
computational efficiency. Under such cases, equivalent as which is predicted by Morgenstern-Price methods
continuum model (Hoek et al. 2002) considering using auto refine search algorithm to generate non-
homogeneous, isotropic system of reduced rock mass circular slip surface (Fig. 1a). Shear strength reduction
strength parameter derived from Geological strength technique incorporated in FEM predicts non- circular
index, is useful to predict the stability of rock slope. critical slip surface with a critical SRF of 1.95. It can be
However, selection of an appropriate method of stability seen from the Fig. 1 that the failure slip surface shape from
analysis is an important task and effort should be given to the FEM analysis is in fair agreement with that obtained
understand their failure mechanism which resembles the from LEM based on Morgenstern Price methods.
actual field instability. Limit equilibrium method (LEM)
and finite element methods (FEM) are the two most
Critical
common methods used in the geotechnical computations. FOS=2.34
SRF=1.95
Detailed study of working principles of LEM and FEM 00
with reference to the stability analysis of rock slope is
presented in this paper.
Stability analysis considering different types of failures
can be performed using different techniques. Each of (a) (b)
these procedures accounts for different assumptions to Fig. 1 critical failure surfaces for (a) LEM (b) FEM
achieve the factor of safety values. The aim of the study
is to compare the FOS values and the corresponding 5. Conclusions
failure mechanism obtained from LEM and FEM Among all the limit equilibrium methods Morgenstern
techniques, considering equivalent continuum model. The Price methods, predicts minimum FOS and gives better
present study reports about the stability analysis of a result for non-circular slip surface. FEM, using shear
typical cut slope along a road way in Rudraprayag, strength reduction technique predicts the critical slip
Uttarakhand, India surface without assuming any predefined failure surface.
The result shows that the FOS obtained from FEM
3. Methodology analysis is less than that obtained from LEM. Since SSR
The most basic purpose of slope stability analysis is to does not need to assume failure shape and location, failure
assess the current state of vulnerability of a slope against mechanism is well simulated by FEM. This enhances the
a potential failure. Such an evaluation is presented in applicability of FEM equivalent continuum model to
terms of the Factor of safety, provided in terms of the predict stability of heavily jointed rock slope.
mobilized shear strength along the most probable failure
envelope. References
In this study, Limit equilibrium analysis of the slope was
performed using ordinary, Bishop’s simplified, Janbu Hoek, E., Carranza-Torres, C. and Corkum, B. (2002)
simplified, Janbu corrected, Spencer and Hoek-Brown criterion-2002 edition, Proceedings of the
GLE/Morgenstern Price methods for both circular and NARMS-TAC Conference, 10 July 2002, Toronto,
Canada 1, 267-273. University of Toronto Press
138
Analysis of Offshore Rock Socketed Monopile Foundations

Nivya Basheer
Tanusree Chakraborty
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi - 110 016,
E-mail: nivya.basheer@gmail.com; tanusree@civil.iitd.ac.in
Khalid Abdel-Rahman
Johannes Albiker
Martin Achmus
Institute for Geotechnical Engineering (IGtH), Leibniz University of Hannover, Appelstraße 9A,D-30167 Hannover,
Emails: khalid@igth.uni-hannover.de, albiker@igth.uni-hannover.de, achmus@igth.uni-hannover.de,
Keywords: cyclic loading; finite element modelling; lateral deformation; rock socketed monopile; stiffness degradation
method.
1. Introduction whereas the increase in deformation with loading cycles
There are a number of offshore wind farms where the become insignificant with increasing socketing depth.
monopile foundations of the wind turbine structures are 0 0
socketed into the rock layers. The offshore monopile 5 5
Depth below seabed (m)
Depth below seabed (m)

foundations are subjected to random wind and wave 10 10
loading through its lifetime. Many studies have been 15 d=2m

N=1
15 d=4m
N=1
20
conducted in the past in order to understand the N = 10
N = 100
20 N = 10
N = 100
25 N = 1000 25 N = 1000
behaviour of laterally loaded and axially loaded 30
N = 10000 N = 10000
30
monopiles ([1] and [3]) and some design guide lines are 0 10 20 30 40
Lateral deflection of monopile (cm)
50 0 5 10 15 20
Lateral deflection of monopile (cm)
25
also available in the literature ([4] and [5]). But the rock- Fig. 1 Behaviour of piles with increase in rock socketing depth
monopile interaction under cyclic loading is less
discussed, however, often, the ocean bed is made up of
5. Conclusions
rock. Thus it is necessary to understand the response of
Parametric studies are carried out by varying the rock
rock socketed offshore monopiles.
socketing depth (d) and rock conditions to evaluate the
2. Motivation and Objective long-term permanent deformation of the offshore rock
It is necessary to understand the response of rock socketed monopile foundations. It can be concluded that
socketed offshore monopiles in the present day scenario with increased rock socketing of the pile, the deflection
when the modern day civilization is often dependent on of the pile decreases. Moreover, with increasing number
wind energy from wind turbine standing on monopile of loading cycles, the deflection of non-socketed piles
structure. The objectives of the present work are to increase significantly whereas the increase in
understand the response of offshore rock-socketed deformation with loading cycles become insignificant
monopile under cyclic lateral load due to wave and wind with increasing socketing depth.
and the rock-monopile interaction.
References
3. Methodology
Achmus, M., Abdel-Rahman, K., and Kuo, Y.-S., 2008.
In the present work, numerical modelling of rock
Design of monopile foundations for offshore wind
socketed monopile is done using finite element (FE)
energy plants. 11th Baltic Geotech. Conf. Geotechnics
software Abaqus under simplified sinusoidal lateral
in Maritime Engg, Gdansk, Poland.
loading condition. A stiffness degradation method
(SDM) is applied in the FE model to predict the Achmus, M., Kuo, Y. –S., Abdel-Rahman, K., 2009.
behaviour of rock under cyclic loading conditions. Behaviour of monopile foundations under cyclic lateral
Further, parametric studies are carried out by varying the load. Comp. and Geotech., 36(5):725-735.
rock socketing depth (d) and rock conditions to evaluate
the long-term permanent deformation of the offshore Albiker, J., Achmus, M., 2012. Cyclic performance of
rock socketed monopile foundations. horizontally loaded piles in layered subsoil, 12th Baltic
Sea Geotech. Conf., Rostock, Germany.
Fig. 1 shows the lateral deflection of the piles with Schmoor, K.A., and Achmus, M., 2013. On the
different socketing length with depth below seabed. validation of reliability and partial safety factors for
From this Figure, it can be seen that with increased rock axially loaded piles in dense sand. Proceedings of the
socketing of the pile, the deflection of the pile decreases. 4th International Symposium on Geotech. Safety and
Moreover, with increasing number of loading cycles, the Risk (4th ISGSR), Hong Kong.
deflection of non-socketed piles increase significantly
139
Role of Empirical Rock Mass Classification in Evaluating Stress

Induced Condition in the Himalaya
M. Ghosh Roy
Imran Sayeed
NHPC Limited, Faridabad 121003, Haryana, India
E mail: mainakgr@yahoo.co.in, sayeedimran2009@gmail.com
Keywords: Rock Bursting, Empirical rockmass classifications, Generalized Hoek & Brown criteria, Kaiser criterion,
Martin's empirical criterion
1. Introduction of brittle failure determined from Martin's criterion was
This paper reports a case study which reviews stress- found to be ±7m assuming tunnel diameter to be 6.8m.
induced events like rock bursting in few stretches of a
32km long head race tunnel presently under
construction in Dhauladhar range of NW Himalaya in
highly brittle Quartzite rock and incorporates different
in-situ stress components into empirical rockmass
classifications such as RMR, Q and Modified RMR to
evaluate potential rock bursting under high stress
conditions.
Tunnelling in brittle rock under high in-situ stress
conditions poses a number of unique challenges.
Objective of this paper is to calculate approximate range Fig. 1 Consolidation of test specimen (after Head, 1992)
of in-situ stress components like σV, σH, σcm and SRF
responsible for rock bursting encountered in head race 5. Conclusions
tunnel of the study area, to identify potential rock Less attention has been paid to utilize different
bursting zones and to determine depth of brittle failure empirical rockmass classifications such as RMR and Q
based on calculated range of in-situ stress components to evaluate potential rock bursting under high stress
using different empirical criteria. conditions. Head race tunnel being excavated in strong
and brittle Quartzite under a vertical cover of more than
3. Methodology 1000m in Himalayas known for its tectonic instability
Different in-situ stress components have been was chosen for assessment of potential rock burst
determined using Hoek and Brown (1980) and conditions with the help of empirical rockmass
Generalized Hoek and Brown criteria (2002) and classifications. It is emphasized that more cases of
incorporated into different empirical rockmass incidences of rock bursting in the tunnels should be
classification parameters to determine potential zones of studied to establish approximate range of the tectonic
rock bursting. Stress adjustment factor has been applied stress components capable of causing rock bursting in
to Bieniawski's RMR classification to determine the Himalaya.
Modified RMR and correlate with Q measured from
tunnel parameters. Kaiser (2006) criteria, σmax/ σci >0.8 References
was taken into account to determine potential condition Hoek E. and Brown E.T. (1980) Underground
for initiation of rock bursting. Approximate depth of excavations in rock. Institution of Mining and
brittle failure in the tunnels has been determined using Metallurgy, London
Martin (1999) empirical formulae.
Hoek, E., Carranza-Torres, C. and Corkum, B. (2002)
4. Important Outcomes Hoek-Brown failure criterion - 2002 Edition, eds.,
It was found that range of magnitude of vertical and Mining and Tunnelling Innovation and Opportunity.
horizontal in-situ stresses responsible for rock bursting
varies from 25-40MPa and 10-15MPa respectively. Martin, C.D., Kaiser, P.K. & McCreath, D.R. (1999)
From the application of Kaiser criterion it was found Hoek-Brown parameters for predicting the depth of
that σmax/σci value ranges between 0.7-1.3 in RMR brittle failure around tunnels. Canadian Geotechnical
Class-II & III rocks which exceeds Kaiser threshold Journal 36(1), pp. 136-151.
limit for initiation of rock bursting. The average depth
140
Dynamic Response of Tunnel in Blocky Rock Mass with EPS Geofoam

as Seismic Buffer
Nishant Roy
Shiv Dayal Bharti
Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur – 302017
E-mail : nishantciv@gmail.com; sdbharti@mnit.ac.in
Rajib Sarkar
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Dhanbad – 826004
E-mail : rajibdeq@gmail.com
Keywords: Blocky Rock Mass; Tunnel; Seismic Response; Voronoi
1. Introduction failure may occur either in shear or tension depending on

A prominent observation about recent cases of tunnel the specified constitutive relation. Thus, this feature
damages under seismic conditions reported in the allows the formation of random sized rock blocks, which
literature has been the high vulnerability of sections under the seismic motion may attain added degrees of
passing through poor geological setting and high kinematic freedom in case the induced stress along the
overburden depth (Li 2012). The manifestation of edges exceeds the strength.
damages, in terms of cracking of tunnel lining, buckling
of steel reinforcements, unraveling of rock blocks, uplift 4. Important Outcomes
of invert, etc. has been widely reported following The comparison of maximum hoop stress for two liner
seismic events. A common observation made for these configurations is shown in Fig. 1. It is noted that the
vulnerable sections has been the presence of joints and inclusion of an EPS geofoam layer results in a marked
fractures which break the geological medium into a decrease in the maximum hoop stress developed in the
blocky rock mass. Thus, the rock mass in these sections tunnel liner during the dynamic action.
possess low self-arching capability and leads to the Single Liner
400000
formation of loose rock blocks under dynamic loads. EPS Geofoam 0.4m
Hoop Stress (kPa/m)

Any investigation with regard to the seismic response of
tunnels must take into consideration the blocky nature of 200000
the geological medium. However, many numerical
studies have been conducted through idealization of the 100000
geological medium as a continuum material. Such an
idealization fails to account for the multiple reflections 0
which occur when the seismic waves interact with the 0 100 200 300
inherent joints and fractures encountered in the field. Angle (in deg)
Moreover, it fails to account for the development of
Fig. 1 Absolute max. hoop stress distribution
loosened rock blocks which may vibrate under dynamic
action. Given the ensuing discussion, the major
objectives of the present study are summarized as 5. Conclusions
follows: The results indicate that the inclusion of EPS geofoam
1. To numerically simulate the formation of loosened improves the seismic performance of tunnels in blocky
rock blocks in the vicinity of tunnel excavation under rock mass. However, more rigorous analyses are
dynamic loads. required to be carried out in future to ascertain the
2. To evaluate the effect of EPS geofoam as an effective feasibility of this aseismic measure.
seismic buffer for tunnels in blocky rock mass. References
3. Methodology Li T (2012) Damage to mountain tunnels related to the
To simulate a circular tunnel in the blocky rock mass, the Wenchuan earthquake and some suggestions for
Voronoi tessellation scheme has been utilized. This Aseismic tunnel construction. Bulletin of Engineering
feature allows the discretization of the entire problem Geology and the Environment 71:297-308.
domain into random sized polygonal blocks. The edges
of these blocks provide potential pathways along which
141
Stability Assessment and Designing of Jointed Rock Slope Using Finite

Element Method
Kallam Naveen Reddy

Manash Jyoti Bora
Amalesh Jana
Sreedeep S
A. Murali Krishna
Email: naveen2016@iitg.ernet.in, manashjyoti@iitg.ernet.in, j.amalesh@iitg.ernet.in, Srees@iitg.ernet.in,amurali@iitg.ernet.in
Keywords: Rock slope; Finite element method; Shear strength reduction; End anchorage bolt
1. Introduction unreinforced slope is 1.06 (less than recommended value
1.5), hence the slope is to be stabilized to reduce the
Discontinuities are the weakest zone in the rock mass. displacement and to increase the stability. The bolt
Failure mechanism of rock slope deeply depends on the diameter, bolt orientation and bolt length is varied to
characteristics of discontinuities (Cai and Hori 1992). determine the factor of safety. When the bolt diameter
Discontinuities in the form of joints, bedding planes and 20mm and length 6m installed at 400, the factor of safety
faults create anisotropy in the rock mass. Rock slope is found to be 1.56 (Fig. 2b).
fails in one or more combination of failure mechanisms
like circular failure, plane failure, wedge failure,
toppling failure and buckling failure. Stability
assessment of rock slope is very much essential for
suitable mitigation measurements. In this study stability
of a vulnerable rock slope is checked and a mechanism
of the stabilization method is also reported using finite
element method (FEM).
2. Motivation and Objective Fig. 1 Numerical model of jointed slope

The main purpose of this study is to perform the stability
analysis of jointed rock slope considering joints in
numerical model. Working mechanism of the end
anchored rock bolt is also reported to stabilize the
vulnerable jointed rock slope.
3. Methodology
The properties of the rock mass are taken from the
existing vulnerable rock slopes in Rudraprayag district,
Uttarakhand, India. The rock type considered for the
analysis is characterized by phyllite. Numerical model
(Fig. 1) of the rock slope is developed in an elasto-plastic
finite element program. Joints are introduced in between
intact rock as zero thickness interface element which Fig. 2 Critical SRF and displacement contour of (a)
creates semi discontinuum behavior in rock mass. Mohr unreinforced slope (b) reinforced slope
Coulomb failure criteria are used to define material
characteristics of joints and intact rocks. Shear strength 5. Conclusions
Stabilization of jointed rock slope is effectively modelled
reduction (SSR) method has been used for the analysis of
using FEM shear strength reduction technique. Rock bolt
both unreinforced and reinforced slopes to obtain factor
of safety of the rock slope. Interaction of bolt with joints works properly when bolts are installed at an angle less
is reported and working function of the bolt is checked than the normal to sliding joint plane.
using SSR technique. References
4. Important Outcomes Cai M, Horii H (1992) A constitutive model of highly
Fig. 2a presents sliding failure along critical joint set jointed rock masses. Mechanics of Materials 13: 217-
where dip angle of the joint is less than the slope face. 246
The critical strength reduction factor (SRF) for
142
Challenges in Tunneling Through a Low Cover Zone of a Railway

Project - A Case Study
Venkata S Dronamraju
Rail Vikas Nigam Limited, Mylapore, Chennai- 600004
E-mail: dronamraj@gmail.com
Sachin K Tripathi
CDM Smith India Pvt. Limited, Chennai-600017
E-mail: tripathigem@gmail.com
Ram Kumar
SEW Infrastructure Limited, Hyderabad- 500016
E-mail: ramgeo77@gmail.com
Keywords: Tunnel, Low cover, Ground improvement, Grout holes, Micro piles
1. Introduction holes and micro piling. Internal improvement during
Rail Vikas Nigam Limited (RVNL), India is a Special tunneling included Spiling in addition to lattice girders,
Purpose Vehicle established by Government of India for shotcrete and rockbolts.
Infrastructure development and RVNL is constructing a
new railroad of 115 Km long to provide connectivity 4. Important Outcomes
from Krishnapatnam Port to inlands with existing The tunneling was successfully done in the C&C zones
Railway system in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India. which resulted in huge cost savings. The cost of grout
The Project includes construction of two Tunnels of 0.96 hole was INR 1800/m and cost of micro pile was INR
Km and 6.62 Km long through a hilly terrain situated in 2000/m. The entire cost of completing Tunneling in all
a forest area. The maximum dimensions of the horseshoe the C&C zones was INR 10 cr. The assessed cost by
shaped Tunnel for providing a single line track is about carrying out traditional cut and cover in these 3 locations
8m both in horizontal and vertical direction with an was INR 24 cr plus cost of obtaining additional forest
excavated face area of 56 sqm. The finished area after land. The time of completion of the said locations was 5
secondary supports of permanent lining is 44 sqm. New months since C&C 1 was a parallel activity. The time that
Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM) was used for would have taken for cut and cover method was assessed
Tunneling. to be more than one year plus the time of few years taken
for obtaining additional forest land.
Usually, cut and cover locations are done by excavating 5. Conclusions
the ground up to the bottom of Tunnel with proper side The innovative method resulted in considerable savings
slopes. In view of various site challenges like possible in terms of cost and time. Extensive monitoring of site
delay in acquiring additional forest land and resulting from surface and inside Tunnel through instrumentation
cost overruns, it was contemplated to use improved helped safe execution. The case study throws light on the
tunneling method in lieu of Cut and Cover by ground innovative method to carryout Tunneling in lieu of cut
improvement techniques and additional precautions and cover. However, utmost care is to be taken to find out
while tunneling. the suitability of this method at a new project location. In
any case, instrumentation and monitoring of all sites is a
3. Methodology key to successful execution of Tunneling in C&C zone
In order to overcome the obstacle of C&C zones, too.
alternative methodologies were explored so that the
properties of overburden are modified which would help References
increase standup time by improving its tensile and shear Barla,G. and Barla, M. (2008), Innovative Tunnelling
strength. Besides the methodology would also took care Construction Methods in Squeezing Rock, Italy.
of any possible squeezing of rock mass since squeezing
behavior in phyllite and clay-shales is common due to Kanjila, V.K. (2008) Tunneling in India TRIBUNE, ITA
deformability and poor strength properties (Barla et al., News Letter, June 2008, ISSN 127-8422.
2008). It was decided to improve the overburden strength
properties by ground improvement techniques externally
and carry out Tunneling with additional support system
internally. External ground improvement included grout
143
A Comparative Study of the Laboratory Parameters of Dolomitic

Limestone
Arup Bandyopadhyay
Sachin Gupta
S. L. Gupta
Central Soil and Materials Research Station, New Delhi-110016
Email: arup@nic.in, sachin.gupta@nic.in, slgupta@nic.in
Keywords: UCS; Strength; Brazilian; Dolomite; Limestone
1. Introduction of D2 are also higher than D1. Whereas, the

The paper presents the comparative study of the Water recommended values of Indirect Tensile Strength (σt) of
Related and Engineering Properties of two varieties of D2 is lesser than D1. The recommended values of Point
Dolomitic Limestone (D1 and D2) from two different Load Strength Indices of D2 are lesser than D1.
locations belonging to close proximity. Based on the
comprehensive laboratory assessment, the properties and On the basis of the XRD analysis (Fig. 1), it has been
parameters of the rocks were evaluated, comprising Bulk observed that the Quartz content in D2 is five times
Density (dry and saturated), Grain Density, Porosity, higher than D1. The lime content in D1 is negligible, but
Water Content (at saturation), Slake Durability Index, it is 5.3% in D2. D1 contains graphite, but D2 contains
Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS), Modulus of no graphite.
Elasticity (E), Poisson’s Ratio (µ), Shear Strength,
Indirect Tensile Strength (σt) and Point Load Strength
Index (Diametral and Axial). All the tests were
performed on the samples in the saturated state.
D1 D2
The objective of the study was to compare the water
related and engineering properties and parameters of the
two varieties of Dolomitic Limestone (D1 and D2) and
to interpret the test results on the basis of their mineral Fig. 1 XRD analysis of D1 and D2
composition.
5. Conclusions
3. Methodology The study demonstrates that there is no one-to-one
The investigations of the two varieties of rock (D1 and correspondence between any two properties and
D2) were carried out to evaluate their properties and parameters of the two varieties of Dolomitic Limestone.
parameters, according to ISRM Suggested Methods The mineralogical composition of the two variants
(Blue Book 2006). NX size cylindrical rock core samples modifies their engineering parameters.
were tested to find the strength and deformability
parameters, the Indirect Tensile Strength (Brazilian References
method) and the Point Load Strength Index. The XRD
analysis of the two varieties of rock was compared to Bieniawski, Z.T. (1974), Estimating the Strength of
interpret the test results. The result is computed in the Rock Materials, Journal of the South African Institute
Table-1 given below. of Mining and Metallurgy, pp.312-320.
Table-1 Engineering properties of Dolomitic Limestone Hatheway, A. W. (2009), The complete ISRM suggested
UCS methods for rock characterization, testing and
E
Rock µ c φ σt monitoring; 1974–2006.
(MPa) (MPa)
D1 24 32 0.28 2.0 55 5.5
D2 30 55 0.19 4.5 45 2.5
Although the water related properties of the two varieties
of rocks were similar, the values of UCS, E and µ of D2
are higher than the corresponding values of the D1. The
recommended values of the Apparent Cohesion in case
144
Stability of Rock Slopes in Soft and Stratified Rock Mass

Mithresh K P
A Murali Krishna
E-mail: mithresh@iitg.ernet.in; amurali@iitg.ernet.in
Keywords: Rock slope stability; stratification; soft rocks; numerical analysis

Stratification is generally observed in rock slopes The kinematic analysis manifested the possibility of
composed of sedimentary rock masses. The stability of flexural and oblique toppling failures with the bedding
rock slopes formed in such stratified rocks thus depend plane serving as the base plane for the unstable rock
significantly on the dip and mechanical parameters of the blocks. The static analysis yielded a critical SRF value of
bedding plane. The presence of secondary discontinuities 1.06 (Fig.1) which infers that the slope is vulnerable even
will lead to the formation of large sized rock blocks, under static conditions. With the application of dynamic
which may fall, or slide along the bedding plane. The loading, greater displacements are found to occur owing
situation gets further aggravated for rock slopes in soft to the amplification of seismic waves. The effect of
rocks where weathering of the rocks causes deterioration amplification of seismic waves is pertained to the
of slope material at the interior of the slope. During the influence of topography, material contrast, and anisotropy
event of an earthquake, larger displacements take place due to discontinuities (Gischig et al. 2005).
due to loss of slope material at the toe, which brings down
the sliding mass in the form of monolithic bodies.
Numerous rock slope failures are reported subjected to the
low strength and stratifications present in sedimentary
rock masses. The present study focusses on understanding
the behaviour of rock slopes in soft and stratified rock
masses under the effect of both static and dynamic loading
using finite element based numerical modelling.
3. Methodology Fig. 1 Displacement contour under static conditions
The study considers a rock cut slope which is composed
of sedimentary shale which is thinly bedded in nature. 5. Conclusions
Kinematic analysis followed by a finite element based The major conclusions of the study are,
numerical analysis is performed using Phase2 9.0
1. The presence of stratifications forms release
(Rocscience 2016). The seismic stability of the slope is
planes for unstable blocks for sliding or
investigated using the acceleration-time history data of
toppling failures.
Table-1 Input parameters used for the analyses
2. The seismic waves have undergone
Property Value of parameter amplification due to the effect of topography,
Unit weight (kN/m3) 21.33
material contrast.
Young’s modulus (Ei, GPa) 2

3. The seismic waves also suffer attenuation due
to the low stiffness and closer spacing of
UCS (σci, MPa) 9.71 stratifications.
Orientation References
Bedding plane
20/280 Gischig, V. S., Eberhardt, E., Moore, J. R., & Hungr, O.
Joint 1 85/180
(2015) On the seismic response of deep-seated rock
slope instabilities - Insights from numerical modeling.
Joint 2 85/90 Engineering Geology, 193(August 2016), pp. 1–18.
Slope 45/270 Rocscience (2016) Phase2 v9.020, finite element analysis
Sikkim-Nepal earthquake 2011. Table 1 defines the for excavations and slopes. Rocscience Inc., Ontario
various input parameters used in the study.
145
A Numerical Study on Permeability Evolution in Porous Sandstones

during Cataclastic Flow
Vaishakh T K
Arghya Das
E-mail: vaishakh@iitk.ac.in; arghya@iitk.ac.in
Keywords: Compaction band; Permeability; Porous sandstone; Particle breakage

Cataclastic flow indicates a compactive deformation The model prediction of permeability agrees reasonably
mechanism, which involves particle crushing, cement well with the experimental counterpart (Vajdova et al.
bond breakage and pore collapse in porous rocks while 2004). The analysis quantitatively demonstrates the
subjected to high confining stress. The mode of effects of localized particle breakage on the overall
deformation includes development of localized failure permeability in a laboratory scale specimen (3 order of
zones, also known as compaction bands, which are magnitude).
oriented perpendicular to the major principal stress. Such
failure is a significant issue in the petroleum industry, as 1000
the compaction bands reduce the permeability and
compartmentalize the pore fluids in reservoir rocks. In 100
consequence, the hydrocarbon extraction process
Permeability (m2)
hampered. 10 experiments
2. Motivation and Objective simulation
Due to the presence of localized deformation, closed form 1
solution for such permeability reduction cannot be
obtained. In the present study, the hydro-mechanical 0.1
response of porous sandstone during cataclastic flow and 0 200 400
permeability reduction is examined using numerical Effective mean stress (MPa)
analysis.
Fig. 1 Localized deformation in the cylindrical specimen and
3. Methodology permeability variation against the mean stress.
Drained triaxial compression on cylindrical rock
specimen is simulated using finite element code 5. Conclusions
ABAQUS. An additional (small) pore pressure difference Permeability in rock specimens with localized
is created between the top and the bottom of the specimen deformation cannot be estimated with a single analytic
to maintain the pore fluid flow. In order to reproduce the formulation. In this context, a robust numerical exercise
cataclastic flow in the rock specimen, breakage-damage is presented to demonstrate the effect of cataclastic
constitutive model (Das et al. 2014) is implemented via deformation on the permeability evolution while
user defined subroutine (UMAT). The model accounts considering the porosity reduction and particle size
macroscopic stiffness and strength alteration due to variation. The analysis successfully captures the sudden
particle breakage and cement debonding using internal drop in permeability during inelastic deformation under
variables (breakage & damage) besides plasticity. The cataclastic flow as commonly observed in experiments.
following form of Kozeny-Carmen equation is used for
permeability estimation: References
Das, A., Tengattini, A., Nguyen, G.D., Viggiani, G., Hall,
𝑘 = 𝐶𝑛𝑝 𝐷𝐻2 (1) S. A., and Einav, I. (2014) A thermomechanical
where, C is the material constant determined through constitutive model for cemented granular materials with
permeability of the undeformed specimen, 𝑛 is the quantifiable internal variables. Part II - Validation and
porosity, the power p represents the combined effect of localization analysis, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 70, pp. 382–
porosity reduction and tortuosity change which can be 405.
calibrated from the permeability evolution during elastic Vajdova, V., Baud, P., and T.-f. Wong (2004)
deformation and DH is the harmonic mean grain size Permeability evolution during localized deformation in
which is a function of breakage internal variable. Bentheim sandstone, J. Geophys. Res., 109(B10).
146
Challenges & Learnings in Execution of Plug Construction of Dt-1 in

Tandem with Final Reservoir Impounding In Koldam Hep
Prashant Narayan Gaur
Vinod Kumar Mauriya
NTPC Ltd, EOC Noida, Gautambudhnagar, India-201301
E-mail: pngour@gmail.com: vkmauriya@ntpc.co.in
Keywords: Koldam; Diversion Tunnel; Plug construction; Reservoir; Impounding.
1. Introduction minimize the leakage from gate and reduction in the

The Koldam HPP (4x200MW) located on river Satluj, seepage from the weep holes (T-1).
utilizes a drop of about 140 meters by constructing a 167
m high rock & gravel fill Dam with impervious central 4. Conclusion
clay core and having surface power station at the toe of During execution of the plug construction in tandem
the dam, housing 4 vertical Francis turbines of 200 MW with final reservoir impounding, abundant engineering/
each. The diversion scheme of the Satluj River was execution issues originated on continuous basis due to
envisaged through two parallel 14 m finished diameter various reasons e.g. design changes, geological changes/
(excavated dia 16.4m) horseshoe tunnels (T1-901m & surprises, constrained site conditions, additional
T2-934m). These tunnels (T1 & T2) were essentially requirements etc. These issues have been addressed
made for low pressure, but occasionally the pressure timely and on continuous basis as delay in resolving the
could reach about 50 m for successful operation of inlet issues could severely hamper the further progress of
gates, corresponding to the height of the upstream work.
cofferdam. The tunnel T-2 was envisaged with half plug Major activities carried out around plug included Slope
with flow regulation during & after impounding and protection, Seepage control from inlet gates and T-1 plug
tunnel-T1 was envisaged with full plug at mid-section. area by additional grouting etc. In spite of the various
challenges & surprises encountered during pre-
The plug of T-2 was planned to be constructed before impounding and final reservoir impounding of the
impounding however plug of T-1 was to be constructed Koldam reservoir, the work of T-1 plug construction was
in tandem with final reservoir impounding. The objective successfully executed during impounding without
of the present paper is to state the challenges affecting the planned reservoir impounding.
encountered with learnings from those in the execution References
of plug works in T-1 in tandem with impounding. IS 15026: 2002 Tunnelling Methods in Rock Masses-
Guidelines.
3. Methodology
During pre-impounding, T-2 inlet gates were closed and
seepage were observed in bottom outlet area (half plug). NTPC 2017: Project Completion Report (Koldam),
Possibility of water seepage through T-1 inlet gates were March 2017(Unpublished document).
also anticipated considering the fact that it has been
functioning for a much longer duration than initially
expected. The T-1 plug construction works involved
activities viz. approach road, Muck filling for platform,
dewatering requirements to keep working area dry,
Chipping in existing concrete lining, Anchoring,
Concreting, Grouting, installation of valves, instruments
etc. in constrained working conditionsThe final
impounding was possible only after manageable seepage
in T-1. Also, the scheduled works for T-1 were to be
completed in limited time of reservoir filling from El.560
to 625m. Considering the historical data of river
discharge, the activities for scheduled works of T-1
could be started tentatively during October only. The
execution of works inside T-1 was required to be carried
out at the minimum water level u/s of T-1 gates to
147
Analysis and Design of Lining of Canal Tunnel
Parmeshwar Kumar Verma

A. K. Singh
E-mail: pkvnitjsr@gmail.com; aksingh.civil@nitjsr.ac.in
Keywords: Lining; Tunnel; Arching of soil; cut and cover; Earth pressure
sections of tunnel lining. In present study, a ‘D’ shape

1. Introduction tunnel has been analysed. The most critical loading
Tunnels play a vital role in our way of life as it ease the condition is considered due to overburden, backfill, self-
method of transportation and canal. Lining is the weight of structure and empty condition of tunnel. It can
necessary permanent ground support system to the be analysed using IS: 7563 (1986) and USBR
periphery of a tunnel or shaft excavation. The term monograph for various loading conditions and
“lining” does not normally include temporary support foundation reactions. The half of the tunnel has been
(Brierley et al., 2016; Hoek and Marinos , 2009). Lining divided into 14 segments and then moment, thrust and
in tunnels is technically an important component and shear at all the segments have been computed for
generally constitutes 30 % to 40 % of the total cost of different loads and reactions using USBR monograph.
the tunnel. Lining may be of timber, steel, masonry,
precast and cast in-situ concrete, fiber-reinforced 4. Important Outcomes
concrete. Tunnels forming part of water conductor The thickness of ‘D’ shaped canal lining including
system have to be invariably lined with reinforced bottom raft has been computed (500 mm) considering
cement concrete from structural and hydraulic acting moment, shear and thrust on tunnel lining and
considerations with some exceptions when the rock is verified with the design of canal tunnel which is
extremely hard, sound and massive (Hossam, 2011). In constructing at Sundernagar site of Jamshedpur
this study, analysis and design of lining of canal tunnel (Kharkai barrage at Ganjia to Jojobera), Jharkhand by
has been done for cut and cover method of construction. Department of Irrigation, under Suvarnrekha Multi-
The structural design of lining is affected by many Purpose Project.
factors, namely, shape of tunnel, nature of foundation,
physical properties of fill materials, overburden 5. Conclusions
pressure, ground water position, etc. Singh & Kumar For design of canal tunnel lining, saturated overburden
(1990) concluded that the concrete lining of pressure fill is the most critical case. The D shaped tunnel
tunnel needs to be reinforced on several situations. In including top arch, side wall and bottom raft can be
the present study, different loads such as overburden analysed using USBR monograph. Arching effect of soil
pressure, horizontal earth pressure, self weight, water in is highly influencing factor in canal tunnel. In analysis
canal, underground water acting on canal lining, effect and design, uplift pressure, buoyant force and seepage
of seepage forces and moments on different sections of force do not play a vital role in creating critical situation
the lining have been analyzed and accordingly the of tunnel lining.
dimensions of the sections has been designed.
References
In hilly region like Jharkhand, surface level is undulated Brierley, G., Gamal, M. and Berends, R. (2016), Tunnel
and it is very difficult to construct canal without lining design: Seven things you need to know,
elevated section or underground section. Reduced level Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Congress,
should be maintained in canal to flow water and if ASCE, 1834-1849p.
elevated ground surface or hill is encountered in the
way of canal then it is highly essential to construct Hoek, E. and Marinos, P. G. (2009): “Tunnelling in
underground tunnel. There is scarcity of underground overstressed rock”, Taylor and Francis, London.
water in Jharkhand and hence dam and canal is the only IS: 7563 (1986): “Code of practice for structural design
solution to supply water. To study the complexity of of cut and cover concrete conduits”, Bureau of Indian
different forces and moments on canal lining, analysis Standards, New Delhi.
and design procedure, to develop knowledge among
young engineers are the main objective of this work. Singh, B. and Kumar, P. (1990): “Design of reinforced
concrete lining in pressure tunnel”, Tunnelling and
3. Methodology Underground Space Technology, Vol. 5, 91-101p.
In cut and cover tunnel, due to arching effect, the
overburden pressure of fill material is reduced to about
50 %. Arching helps in reducing the dimension of
148
Effect Of Curing Periods On The Strength Development Of

Geopolymerized Kaolinite Clay
Padmakumar C
Parvathi K
Jayasree P K
Leema Peter
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India - 695016
E-mails: padmakumar910123@gmail.com; parvathi.k24@gmail.com: jayasreepk@cet.ac.in;leema.cet@gmail.com
Keywords: Geopolymer; Fly ash; Kaolinite; Room temperature

1. Introduction development. Finally microstructural characterization
Geopolymers are considered as an alternate stabilizing was done using scanning electron microscope (SEM)
agent for cement because of their high performance and imaging.
low environmental impact (Phetchuay et al., 2016). They
are formed by the activation of alumina- and silica- 4. Important Outcomes
containing material in an alkaline medium through a This study will determines the optimum chemical ratio
polycondensation process, in which the tetrahedral silica of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide for
(SiO2) and octahedral alumina (AlO4) are linked with geopolymerization of Kaolinite clay at room
one another through sharing the oxygen atoms. The silica temperature.
rich industrial waste material like fly ash (F) can be used
as precursors for geopoymerization process (Phetchuay 5. Conclusions
et al.,2016), so they promotes sustainable development The studies on the strength development of geopolymers
by field application of industrial wastes. at low temperature curing were less. The present study
analyse the strength development of geopolymerized
2. Motivation and Objective Kaolinite soil at room temperature and constant humidity
Most of the studies on geopoymers used high condition. This study will paves way for field application
temperature curing for strength development (Sukmak et of geopolymers by determining the optimum sodium
al., 2013; Phetchuay et al., 2016), but for pavement silicate and sodium hydroxide ratio for Kaolinite clay.
subgrade application, temperature curing is not practical.
In this study, curing was carried out at room temperature References
in constant humidity condition. This study aimed to Phetchuay, C., Horpibulsuk,S., Arulrajah, A.,
determine the effect of curing periods on strength Suksiripattanapong, C., Udomchai, A., (2016),
development of geopolymerized kaolinite clay cured at Strength development in soft marine clay stabilized by
room temperature. fly ash and calcium carbide residue based geopolymer,
3. Methodology Applied Clay Science, vol. 127–128, pp. 134–142
The clay – fly ash geopolymer was prepared with fly ash Sukmak, P., Horpibulsuk, S., Shen, H. L., (2013),
content fixed at 30 % relative to the dry weight of soil, Strength development in clay–fly ash geopolymer,
because a 30 % fly ash replacement ratio is found Construction and Building Materials, vol. 40, pp.
effective in many soils (Sukmak et al., 2013 and 566–574
Phetchuay et al., 2016). The liquid alkaline activactor (L
solution) used for this study was a mixture of sodium
silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The
sodium silicate solution consists of 9 % Na2O and 30 %
SiO2 is diluted in the ratio 1:1 to ensure the workability
of mix. The concentration of sodium hydroxide was
taken as 10 molars. Four different ratios of Na2SiO3 and
NaOH, 40:60, 50:50, 70:30, and 90:10 were used. The
strength development of geopolymer specimens was
ascertained by unconfined compression test. Samples
were prepared in a split mould of 50 mm diameter and
100 mm height. The extruded specimens were covered
by plastic sheets and then cured for required periods at
room temperature. After curing, the samples were tested
for their unconfined compressive strength in order to
analyze the effect of curing periods on strength
149
Experimental Investigation of Lateritic Soil treated with Calcium

Lignosulfonate
A. U. Ravi Shankar
Panditharadhya B. J.
K. Jaya Chandra Reddy
Amulya S.
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal – 575025
E-mail: aurshankar@gmail.com; pandith23@gmail.com; jayachandra.reddy@outlook.com
Keywords: lateritic soil; calcium lignosulfonate; Unconfined Compressive Strength; California Bearing Ratio;
durability.
calcium lignosulfonate is 1.5 % and 2.0 % respectively
1. Introduction for standard and modified compactions, since it has
The engineering properties of the lateritic soil can be around 25% increase in UCS of treated soil when
enhanced by treating it with suitable additives. In this compared to other three dosages. Therefore, these two
study, locally available lateritic soil is investigated to dosages were considered for CBR test. Untreated soil
check the improvement in its properties when it is yields CBR of 6% and 8% for standard and modified
treated with Calcium Lignosulfonate from 0.5% to 2% compaction densities and for treated soil 7% and 9%
with increments of 0.5% by weight of soil. Lateritic soil respectively. In case of wet-dry test for checking the
and stabilized soils were compacted at both standard durability of the treated soil, the samples failed in first
and modified proctor densities. Stabilized soil samples and second cycles for standard and modified proctor
were subjected to Unconfined Compressive Strength densities respectively. As soon as the sample was
(UCS), California Bearing Ratio (CBR). The durability dropped in the water, calcium lignosulfonate got
tests, i.e., Wet-Dry (WD) and Freeze-Thaw (FT) tests separated and the sample collapsed. This phenomenon
were conducted as per ASTM D559 and 560. seems to be linked to the hydrophilic nature of the
lignosulfonate, as it will tend to dissolve in water. But
2. Objective the samples completed 12 full freeze-thaw cycles and
The strength and durability aspects of lateritic soil the percentage weight loss (Table 1) is not more than
treated with calcium lignosulfonate are to be 14% (ASTM D560).
investigated to check the suitability of treated lateritic
soil as sub-base for the pavements. Table-1 Percentage weight loss during the alternate
cycles of Freeze-Thaw for Standard and Modified Proctor
3. Methodology Compactions
The UCS and CBR values are determined in the Cycles Percentage Weight Loss (%)
laboratory to know the improvement in strength of Soil + 1.5 % CLS Soil + 2.0 % CLS
treated soil. In the WD test for durability, samples with (Standard (Modified
76mm height and 38mm diameter were submerged in Compaction) Compaction)
water for 5 hours and its dimensions and weight were Freezing Thawing Freezing Thawing
taken. Then the specimens were dried at 71°C for 42 1 3.26 2.07 2.63 2.15
hours and thoroughly brushed parallel and again 2 3.53 3.72 2.73 2.53
11 6.91 6.66 4.90 4.97
dimensions and weight were taken. In FD test, samples
12 7.43 6.70 4.94 4.99
were placed in water-saturated felt pads and stood on
carriers in a freezer at a temperature not higher than -
10°C for 22 hours and then kept in a moisture room for 5. Conclusions
22 hours and dimensions and weight were taken after The treated soil shows a marginal increase in strength
brushing. The weight loss of specimen for WD and FT with respect to UCS and CBR values. To use the soil
should not be more than 14% after 12 repeated cycles. as sub-base for the pavements, it must pass the
durability tests. Even though FT cycles were
4. Important Outcomes completed, the treated soil could not pass the WD
After adding calcium lignosulfonate to the soil in the cycles. Based on the test results, lateritic soil treated
increasing order of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 %, the OMC of with calcium lignosulfonate cannot be used as sub-
compacted soil was reduced and MDD increased. This base.
may be due to the electro-static reaction process of
References
calcium lignosulfonate with water. At standard and Tingle, J.S. and Santoni, R.L. (2003) “Stabilization of
modified compaction densities, the UCS value obtained clay soils with non-traditional additives.” Transp.
was 554 kPa and 776 kPa respectively for treated Res. Rec.: J. Transp. Res. Board, 1819,
samples. Hence it is found that the optimum amount of Transportation Research Board, 72–84.
150
Numerical Analysis on Protection of Buried Pipelines using Geotextile

Reinforced Fly Ash Bed
Y.Z. Beju
J.N. Mandal
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai – 400 076
E-mail: yzbeju@iitb.ac.in; cejnm@civil.iitb.ac.in
Keywords: Buried pipeline; jute geotextile; fly ash; pipe deformation; bearing pressure
1. Introduction standard test methods. The material properties used for the
Pipelines often serve as lifelines that may convey numerical analysis are shown in Table 1.
resources such as water supply, natural oil and gas supply,
Table-1 Properties of materials used in numerical modeling
industrial and domestic wastes and other fluids that are
necessary to the support of human life. The results of the Parameters Fly ash Stone dust Pipe
pipelines damages have a direct influence on the social, Material Model M-C M-C Plates
economic, and environmental sectors. Frequently, these Drainage type Drained Drained ---
pipelines are buried at shallow depths in trenches with the Unit weight (kN/m3) 13.2 21.6 9.57
help of unsuitable fills.
Modulus (MPa) 4.5 4.8 816
1. Motivation and Objective Poisson's ratio 0.36 0.35 0.46
In general, if the pipelines are buried in deep depth into Cohesion (kPa) 15 13 ---
the ground the pipes may be safe or deform by heavy Friction angle (o) 34 38 ---
overburden pressure because the safety of buried pipelines
depends on the mechanical properties of the backfill 3. Important Outcomes
material and the stiffness of the pipe itself. Meanwhile, The numerical analysis results indicate that the use of jute
the excavation cost of deep trenches and suitable backfill geotextile reinforcement system significantly reduces the
material is also another problem. Therefore, to increase deformation of the pipe as compared to unreinforced fly
the safety of embedded pipelines and to reduce burial ash bed. Above 58% reduction in the pressure and more
depth, use of either lightweight infill or geosynthetic than 47% reduction in the deformation in the pipe values
materials to reinforce the infill material is the best option. were observed in the reinforced bed as compared to the
The jute geotextile is less costly and easily available than unreinforced bed at different depths. Moreover, the
other geosynthetic materials. The significant of jute performance of the buried pipe was also found to be
geotextile as reinforcement materials have been reported affected by the location of the pipe, even in the presence
by Ghosh et al (2005), Dutta and Mandal (2015). of the reinforcement system.
2. Methodology 4. Conclusions
This paper describes the numerical studies on small The fly ash and stone dust are used as filling material in
diameter HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene Pipe) pipes the buried pipe instead of the conventional materials, this
buried in unreinforced and jute geotextile reinforced fly can solve environmental pollution and disposal problem.
ash through PLAXIS three dimensional (3D) software. The results obtained on the behavior of buried pipes using
The objective of the study was to assess the suitability of jute geotextile reinforced fly ash are encouraging, it
the jute geotextile reinforcement system in protecting the decreases pressure on the pipe and fly ash surface
buried pipelines in fly ash infill and stone dust as a settlement significantly. However, the performance of the
foundation layer. The model geometry was created in the buried pipe was found to be affected by the depth of
program over a surface area (700 x 360 mm) to develop a placement of the pipe.
bottom volume of 550 mm height to represent the fly ash
infill. At the center of the fly ash infill a surface are of 360 References
x 110 mm was subjected to 60 mm prescribed Dutta, S. and Mandal, J.N. (2015). Model studies on
displacement at a rate of 2 mm/min to represent a strip geocell reinforced fly ash bed overlying soft clay, J. of
footing. A pipe with an external diameter of 110 mm and Materials in Civil Engg, ASCE, 28(2), pp. 1-13.
length of 360 mm was modeled below the infill fly ash
surface at different depths ranging from 2 to 3D (D is the Ghosh, A. and Bera, A.K. (2005). Bearing capacity of
diameter of the pipe). The Jute geotextile with 146.8 kN/m square footing on pond ash reinforced with jute-
tensile stiffness was used as the reinforcement material. geotextile, J. of Geotext. Geomembr., 23(2), pp.144–
The material properties used for the finite-element 173.
modeling are determined from laboratory tests as per
151
Behavior of Cellular Reinforced Clean Sand Using Triaxial Tests

R. S. Dalvi
Niraj Sahare
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Pune, Maharashtra – 411005
E-mail: rsd.civil@coep.ac.in
Keywords: sand; triaxial; reinforcement; shear strength

A wide range of natural and manmade reinforcement has It is observed that as the confining pressure increases
been used to improve soil performance. Geotextiles, deviator stress also increases for unreinforced as well as
bars, strips and rods are common types of reinforcement reinforced soil. Further, contractive behavior has been
used by various researchers for reinforced soil observed for unreinforced samples and increase in
application. Further, manmade fiber such as cellular deviator stress seen for reinforced specimens. However,
reinforcement has been used for bearing capacity maximum value of deviator stress has been observed for
improvement, under footing, road subgrade and soil 40 mm cellular reinforcement specimen at 150 kPa
erosion solution. It is locally available, cheap, easy to confining pressure. As the height of reinforcement
recycle and easy to handle three dimensional increases the surface area of reinforcement in contact
reinforcement. with soil also increases which increase the internal
Khedkar and Mandal (2009) conducted a series of friction between them results in higher deviator stress.
triaxial tests on unreinforced and reinforced sand with The result showed that angle of internal friction
single layer as well as double layers of cellular increases as the height of reinforcement increased, which
reinforcement. It is observed that the shear strength ultimately increased the shear strength of soil.
parameters are increasing with the increase in the height The maximum variation of results between experimental
of reinforcement. study and finite element analysis is seen as 12.45% for
Lal and Mandal (2014) used fly ash and locally available 30 mm double layer reinforcement.
plastic bottles to make use as a cellular reinforcement.
The tests results indicated that fly ash can be used as a 5. Conclusions
good alternative to conventional backfill materials and 1. Peak deviator stress is found increasing with increase
wastewater bottles as reinforcing materials in the field of in height of cellular reinforcement. Maximum value of
geotechnical engineering. deviator stress is observed for 40 mm height cellular
reinforced specimen due to increase in surface area of
2. Motivation and Objective the reinforcement.
Present study aims to achieve a better understanding of
the interaction between soil and cellular reinforcement 2. Evaluated shear strength parameter () is found
under triaxial loading conditions. Consolidated increasing with increase in height of cellular
undrained triaxial tests are performed on clean sand reinforcement.
reinforced with double layers of cellular-reinforcement. 3. The finite element results for deviator stress– strain
Furthermore, Finite element simulation is also carried relationship are found in reasonably good with the
out with Plaxis 2D professional software to visualize the experimental results.
failure patterns and horizontal displacement.
References
3. Methodology Khedkar, M.S. and Mandal, J.N. (2009) Behavior of
The clean sand used in this study was obtained locally cellular reinforced sand under Triaxial loading
and classified as SP according to the unified soil conditions, J. Geotech Geol Engg., Springer, 27(5), pp.
classification system (USCS). The index properties of 645–658.
sand are G=2.42, γmax =15.16 kN / m3, γmin =13.98 kN /
m3, emax = 0.728, emin = 0.593, D50 = 0.28 mm. Lal, R.R. and Mandal, J.N. (2014) Behavior of cellular-
reinforced fly-ash walls under strip loading, J.
The tests are conducted at 30 % relative density for three Hazardous Toxic and Radioactive Waste, ASCE,18(1),
confining pressures of 50 kPa, 100 kPa and 150 kPa on pp. 45-55.
75 mm × 150 mm sample size (H / D = 2). The cellular
reinforcement used in this study are locally available
plastic bottles of diameter 60 mm and height of the
reinforcement are 20 mm, 30 mm and 40 mm.
152
Effect of Compacted Moisture Content Variation On Compressive

Strength Of Fiber-Reinforced Cohesive Soil
Suchit Kumar Patel
Baleshwar Singh
E-mail: p.suchit@iitg.ernet.in; baleshwar@iitg.ernet.in
Keywords: Cohesive soil; glass fiber; unconfined compression test; failure mode
In past few decades (30-35 years), research to investigate From the tests results, it is found that the stress-strain
the behavior of fiber-reinforced soils has been carried response and UCS of specimen increases with fiber
out, with an intention of improving the engineering content up to 0.75% and decreases at 1% fiber content.
properties of soils (Shukla et al. 2009). Fiber-reinforced Further, stress-strain response is found to be greater for
soils have some advantage over traditional soil specimen compacted at OMC and decreases on either
reinforcement. The mixing of discrete fibers with soil side of OMC with higher reduction in wet side. The
mass is quite similar to the mixing of admixtures like shear failure of unreinforced specimen with a dominating
cement and lime; randomly distributed fibers can provide single shear plane gets progressively changed to multi-
an isotropic increase in the strength by evading potential shear failure pattern with increasing fiber content.
weak planes. Fiber-reinforced soil is also feasible for use Occurrence of distinct multi-shear planes along with
in areas of limited space, where application of traditional barreling in a part of the specimen is noted at higher
reinforcement is difficult. These advantages of randomly fiber content. At moisture contents on dry side of OMC,
distributed fiber-reinforced soils have attracted the there is localized appearance of wide multiple surface
increasing attention for its use in geotechnical cracks all around the specimen surface. On the wet side
engineering field applications. of OMC, the appearance of surficial cracks is minimized
and the reinforced specimens undergo bulging failure
1. Motivation and Objective with small fissures.
In most of the earlier studies, the compressive strength of
cohesive soil was investigated for specimen compacted 4. Conclusions
at a constant water content corresponding to a particular The strength, deformation and failure pattern of glass
dry unit weight. In present study, the effect of specimen fiber-reinforced cohesive soil with varying fiber content
compacted moisture content variation on compressive and compacted moisture content were investigated in this
strength has been explored for both unreinforced and study. Test results shows that the UCS of cohesive soil is
reinforced specimens. The analysis was done in terms of optimum with 0.75% fiber content at any compacted
strength and deformation characteristics of the reinforced moisture content. The strength is greater at OMC and
soil and its failure patterns. decreases on both side of OMC. The failure axial strain
of specimens increases with fiber content and compacted
2. Methodology moisture content, transforming the brittle behavior of
The physical properties of a low plasticity cohesive soil unreinforced specimen to ductile behavior. The brittle
(CL) are given in Table 1. The soil was reinforced with failure pattern with a single distinct shear plane of the
10 mm glass fiber of four different fiber content (fc = unreinforced soil specimen is gradually transformed to
0.25 to 1% by dry weight of soil), and compacted at four multi-shear failure pattern along with barreling shape at
moisture contents varying on both wet and dry sides of low fiber content, and then to plastic bulging failure with
optimum moisture content (OMC), keeping dry unit a network of minor fissures at higher fiber content and
weight equal to the maximum dry density (MDD). moisture content.
Unconfined compression strength (UCS) test was carried
out on specimens of 38 mm diameter and 76 mm height References
as per ASTM D2166/D2166M.
ASTM D2166/D2166M (2013) Standard test method for
Table-1 Physical properties of soil unconfined compressive strength of cohesive soil,
Sand Silt Clay ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
LL PL OMC MDD
Gs size size size
(%) (%) (%) (kN/m3) Shukla, S.K., Sivakugan, N., Das, B.M. and Singh, A.K.
(%) (%) (%)
(2009) Fundamental concepts of soil reinforcement: an
2.62 25 54 21 47 25 19.4 16.8 overview, Int. J. of Geot. Engg., 3, pp. 329-342.
153
Strength Characteristics of Fly Ash Stabilized Sandy Soil Reinforced

With Glass Fibers
Yachang Omo
Department of Civil Engineering, Central Institute of Technology Kokrajhar – 783370
E-mail: y.omo@cit.ac.in
Netung Tayeng
Ajanta Kalita
Department of Civil Engineering, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli – 791109
E-mail: netungtayeng123@gmail.com; ajanta.pari@gmail.com
Keywords: Sandy Soil; Fly Ash; Glass Fiber; CBR; UCS

1. Introduction soil with 50% fly ash and 1% glass fibre mixes was 215
An experimental study was conducted to determine the kPa, which is 1555% more than that of the soil alone after
strength characteristics of soil obtained from national 28 days curing. Soil stabilized with 30% fly ash and 1%
highway, Karsingsa. Fly ash was added in varying glass fibre achieved UCS equal to 1401 kPa and that of
percentages of 10, 30 and 50% by dry weight of soil. soil stabilized with 10% fly ash and 1% glass fibre was
California bearing ratio (CBR) tests and unconfined 916% both after 28 days curing.
compression tests at curing period of 7, 14 and 28 days
were conducted on soil-fly ash mixture. To further Table-1 Physical properties of Soil and Fly Ash
increase the strength of soil-fly ash mixture, it was
reinforced with varying percentages of glass fibers of Maximum
Specific OMC
0.25, 0.75 and 1%. Similar tests were conducted on soilfly Material dry density Cu Cc
gravity (kN/m3) (%)
ash-glass fiber mixture. Use of class F fly ash (Arora and
Aydilek 2005) for soil stabilization have been studied Soil 2.68 17.95 13.69 1.56 1.00
earlier, it was reported that the strength of a mixture is Fly Ash 2.48 13.83 18.34 3.75 0.96
highly dependent on the curing period, compactive
energy, fly ash and water content at compaction. The 5. Conclusions
behavior of fiber reinforced sand have been studied by The stabilized soil showed improvement in CBR and
other researchers (Jiang et al. 2010; Sadek et al. 2012). UCS. Thus, making it suitable for civil engineering works.
Natural and synthetic fibers have been found to have
significant effect on strength of soil. References
2. Motivation and Objective Jiang, H., Cai, Y. and Liu, J. (2010) Engineering
The hilly terrain with lose sandy soil having low bearing Properties of Soils Reinforced by Short Discrete
capacity and shear strength is prone to landslides and Polypropylene Fiber, J. of Materials in Civil Engg.,
settlements. The objective of this study was to determine ASCE, 22(12), pp. 1315-1322.
a suitable method and materials to stabilize the sandy soil Arora, S and Aydilek, A.H. (2005) Class F Fly-
and improve its strength characteristics. AshAmended Soils as Highway Base Materials, J. of
3. Methodology Materials in Civil Engg., ASCE, 17(6), pp. 640-649.
Soil was collected from shoulder of the highway at a depth Sadek, S., Najjar, S.S., Freiha, F. (2010) Shear strength of
of 0.40 to 0.80 m from the top surface. Index and fiber-reinforced sands,J. of Geotechnical and
compaction properties of the soil was determined. The soil Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, 136 (3), pp.
was classified as sandy and poorly graded. Soil was 490-499.
stabilized with fly ash of 10, 30 and 50% and reinforced
with glass fibers of 0.25, 0.75 and 1%. CBR and USC tests
were carried out using BIS recommended procedure.
Effect of fly ash, glass fibers and curing period have been
interpreted and presented.
Stabilization of the soil with fly ash up to 50% was
effective to improve the CBR and UCS. Increase in curing
period had increasing effect on UCS. Addition of glass
fibres delays the shear failure when cured. The UCS of
154
Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Load-Settlement

Behaviour of Stone Columns Reinforced Fly Ash Backfill
Abhijit Anand
Rajib Sarkar
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, Dhanbad – 826004
E-mail: ananabhijeet@gmail.com; rajibdeq@gmail.com
Keywords: Fly Ash; Stone Columns; Load-Settlement

1. Introduction columns are considered for the study. Experimental
results are then used for validation of the three-
The physical behaviour of fly ash is similar to silt and is dimensional numerical model.
an alternative choice as backfill material. This reduces
the burden of disposing large amount of fly ash
Proving
generated from coal based thermal power plants. Bearing Ring Dial Gauges
Sand
capacity and settlement are the required design Cushion Loading
Plate
parameters for the design of foundation of such fills.
However, very few studies have been carried out on the Fly Ash Stone Column 0.6m
load carrying capacity of fly ash and the limited Square Tank
literature studies show that fly ash possess very low load
1m
carrying capacity because of its high compressibility and
lesser unit weight (Babu et al. 2014). Therefore it is still Fig. 1 Laboratory load test set up for fly ash reinforced with
not confidently recommended by engineers/researchers stone columns
for building structures on the fly ash backfill. The use of 4. Important Outcomes
stone column in improving the load settlement response Load settlement responses of the fly ash bed and fly ash
of soft soil has already been established by many bed reinforced with stone columns were obtained. Three-
previous researchers (Ambily and Gandhi 2007). In this dimensional numerical investigation has also been
regard, in the present study, the suitability of stone carried out. Load settlement responses obtained from
column in enhancement of the load settlement behaviour three-dimensional numerical investigations were found
of the fly ash bed has been comprehensively studied and to be in agreement with the experimental results.
reported.
5. Conclusions
2. Motivation and Objective The installation of stone column increases the ultimate
The motivation behind the present study is to conduct load by about 27% whereas reducing the settlement of
load-settlement tests for fly ash reinforced with stone the footing by 70% and therefore it may act as a suitable
columns in Geotechnical Laboratory of IIT(ISM) ground improvement technique for fly ash backfill.
Dhanbad. The other motivation is to develop full three-
dimensional numerical model and validation of the REFERENCES
numerical results with that of the laboratory results. The Ambily, A.P. and Gandhi, S.R. (2007) Behaviour of
major objectives of the present study are as follows stone columns based on experimental and FEM
analysis. Geotech. and Geoenv. Engg., 133, pp. 405-
 To characterize the fly ash collected from a nearby 415.
thermal power station and to obtain the load-
settlement characteristics of unreinforced fly ash Babu, G.L.S. and Raja, J. (2014) Strength and
compacted to its maximum dry density for a rigid deformation characteristics of fly ash mixed with
footing. randomly distributed plastic waste, Materials in Civil
Eng., ASCE, 26(12), doi 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-
 Load-settlement behaviour of fly ash backfill 5533.0001014.
reinforced with single/groups of stone columns
 Comparison of three-dimensional numerical
investigation with laboratory test results.
3. Methodology
Figure 1 shows the schematics of the laboratory load test
set up used for determination of load-settlement
behaviour of the stone column reinforced fly ash
backfill. Single stone column and group of stone
155
Experimental Model Study: Improvement of Peat Soil by Construction

of Floating Peat-Cement Columns through Application of Deep Mixing
Method
B Ramu
Abhinaba Paul
Monowar Hussain
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Silchar–788010.
Email: baadigaramu@gmail.com; paulnab09@gmail.com; monowarhussain@gmail.com
Keywords: Peat, Peat-cement column, Undrain shear strength, pH, Electric Conductivity
1. Introduction strength of intervening soil of the peat-cement column

Peat soil is an extreme soft soil where it comprises a gradually decreases at radial spacing of 0.5D to 2D from
heterogeneous mixture of vegetable matter and a the center of the column, beyond that it is found to be
diminutive portion of inorganic soils. Its weakest marginally unchanged. Moreover, the undrained shear
inherent properties such as high water content, void strength of intervening soil of the PCC increases along
ratio, compressibility and low shear strength clearly the depth of the column. The pH and electric
suggest to avoiding such type of soil for construction conductivity of intervening soil of the PCC decreases up
activities. to a radial distance of 2D from the center of the column
beyond that it is found to be unaffected. However, pH
2. Motivation and Objective and EC of intervening soil along the length of the PCC
However, due to large demand and scarcity in the usage found to marginal change.
of land for industrial and constructional activities, it
becomes essential to use such extreme soft soil. In this 5. Conclusions
work an experimental investigation is carried out to These changes of pH and EC of the intervening soil
evaluate the performance improvement of peat soil by reflected the ion migration from the PCC which
constructing the floating peat-cement columns (PCC) stabilized the intervening soil and hence improved the
through application of deep mixing method (DMM). strength. Therefore, application of floating peat-cement
columns by deep mixing method can be provided as a
3. Methodology possible solution to improve the peat soil.
In this work, ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is used as
a chemical agent for stabilization purpose. Initially, peat References
soil is mixed with different percentage of cement i.e. ASTM D 4609 - 94 Standard guide for evaluating
5,10,15,20 & 30% by dry weight of soil. Based on effectiveness of chemicals for soil stabilization, Annual
unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and pH of book of ASTM Standards.
cement treated peat soil at 28 days curing period,
optimum cement content (OCC) is obtained as per
ASTM D 4609 - 94 standard. The OCC is used to
construct short and long floating peat-cement columns in
a circular mould of size 250 mm  250 mm at very low
shear strength (i.e. ≤ 5 kPa). The top feeding method
with the lifting of the casing in each stage of compaction
is carried out during construction of columns. The load–
settlement behavior of PCC was observed at continues
loading with a strain rate of 1.25 mm/min. Further,
undrained shear strength, pH and electric conductivity
(EC) were evaluated at a different depth (i.e. 0-76 mm,
174-250 mm) and radial distance (i.e. 0.5D - 3D, where,
D = diameter of the column) from the center of the PCC
at 14 days of curing period.
The load-settlement responses of peat-cement columns
indicated a substantial improvement of load bearing
pressure and reduction of a settlement with increasing
length and diameter of columns. The undrained shear
156
Load Carrying Capacity Response of Reinforced Sand with H-V Inserts

Prince Karandeep Singh Sandhu
Prashant Garg
Kulwinder Singh
Department of Civil Engineering, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana,Punjab
Email: immortalkhalsa300@gmail.com, prashant.ce@gmail.com, gillkulwindersingh@yahoo.in
Jagadanand Jha
Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology, Muzaffarpur-Bihar
Email: jagadanand@gmail.com
Keywords: H-V reinforcement, reinforced sand bed, two side vertical strips etc.
1. Introduction A1 & A2 are 2cm each. Fig. 2 shows pressure settlement
The concept of multi directional reinforcement was first response for different reinforcement.
introduced by Lawton et al (1993) through laboratory
investigation on sand reinforced with geo jack. H Type
Afterwards Zhang (2006), Hou (2010),Juan Hou(2016), A1
Harikumar (2016) etc. performed series of laboratory V-H Type
tests to investigate the performance of 3D reinforcement
made of different materials. Most of them concluded that
A1
3D reinforcement has an added advantage over 2D V-H-V Type
reinforcement since it also offers a passive resistance. In A2
present study 20mm wide metal strips of different shape
and dimensions were used to observe the effect of its Fig.1 Three types of reinforcement
shape and dimensions on load carrying capacity.
The aim of present study is to investigate the feasibility
of H-V reinforcement in improving the load carrying
capacity of land. In the present study, optimum shape of
H-V reinforcement was aimed to determine to maximize
the load carrying capacity.
3. Methodology Fig 2 pressure settlement response for different reinforcement.
Experiments were conducted in a test tank of size
1500x500x800mm. A gradual load @ 2mm/min (strain 5. Conclusions
controlled) was applied through a hydraulic jack on Steel Following conclusions may be derived with the present
plate strip footing of 600x100x25mm size. Load cell and study: H-V reinforcement may be used effectively at an
two LVDTs were attached to record load, settlement optimum depth of 0.8B to increase the bearing capacity
response of footing resting on unreinforced and of system. The maximum increase in increase pressure
reinforced medium dense sand at 63% relative density. settlement is observed with V-H-V type reinforcement
Three types of reinforcing metal strips were used as with A1 and A2 as 2cm high.
shown in Fig. 1. The height of vertical strips (A1 & A2)
were varied from 0 to 3 cm in any sets of experiments References
but the spacing between vertical strips were kept Zhang, M.X., et al (2006) Triaxial tests of sand
constant. reinforced with 3D inclusions. Geotextiles and
4. Important Outcomes Geomembranes 24, pp 201-209
An increase of 80% in load carrying capacity was
observed when sand was reinforced with H type Harikumar, M., Sankar, N., Chandrakaran, S., (2016)
reinforcement. When V-H type inserts with A1 as 1 cm Behavior of model footing resting on sand bed
was introduced, 225% increase in load carrying capacity reinforced with multidirectional reinforcing elements.
was observed. It further increased to 302% when A1 was Geotextiles and geomembranes 44. pp 568-578.
kept 2cm and start decreasing with further increase in
A1. The same trends in load carrying capacity was
observed with V-H-V type reinforcement. Max increase
in Load carrying capacity was found to be 353% when
157
Comparison of Ground Improvement Using Coconut-Leaf Ash and

Lime with Fly Ash and Lime
Leonardo Souza
Pooja Arolkar
Purnanand Savoikar
Department of Civil Engineering, Goa Engineering College, Farmagudi, Goa – 403401.
E-mail: lrdcs@rediffmail.com; psavoikar@gmail.com
Keywords: IGC2017, Ground Improvement, Coconut Leaf Ash Soil Stabilization, Sustainable Soil Stabilization,
Saraswat Soil Stabilization
1. Introduction
There is a strong contemporary demand for modern and Table-1 Physical properties of Soils
environmentally friendly materials (Isah B W (2014),
Olugbenga et al. (2010)). Coconut leaf ash is a natural
pozzolan and has been used for stabilization and ground
improvement throughout the history in Goa. This paper
investigates the feasibility and effectiveness of using
coconut leaf ash and shell lime in traditional earthen
embankments.
Ancient Saraswat Civilization that settled in Goa has
used lime-ash stabilized traditional coconut tree lined
bunds for low-land reclamation for agriculture and
housing. They used a mix of shell-lime and coconut leaf
ash to stabilize the sandy silty locally sourced soil. The
exact proportions are now lost. This paper seeks to roads, river protection works and embankments. As India
rediscover the ratios used and their effectiveness. pushes for massive growth and sustainability this ancient
technique is ideal for use in coastal villages.
3. Methodology
Cylinders were cast of various ratios of lime:fly ash and References
lime:coconut-ash and UCS tests were carried out. The Isah, B. (2014) Effect of coconut shell ash on properties
best results were obtained for 1:5 for lime:fly-ash and of fired clay brick, J. of Civil Engg. and
2:5 for lime:coconut-ash. Coconut leaf ash was screened Environmental Technology, 1(6), pp. 7-11.
through a 1 mm mesh screen to exclude organic matter.
A series of experiments (pH, density, compressive IS: SP: 36(1)-(1987), Compendium of Indian Standards
strength, shear strength, CBR value, etc.) were carried on Soil Engineering-Laboratory Tests on Soils: Bureau
out to find the best proportions to be for locally sourced of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
lateritic soil IS: SP-36(1)-1987. Comparative results Olugbenga, O. and Akinwole, A. (2010) Characteristics
have been tabulated in Table 1. of bamboo leaf ash stabilization on lateritic soil in
4. Important Outcomes highway construction, International J. of Engg. and
Density, pH and soil friction decrease while UCS, CBR Technology, 2(4), pp. 212-219.
and cohesion show an increase with coconut ash as
compared to fly ash. There is a significant improvement
of geotechnical engineering properties of soil when
coconut leaf ash is used.
5. Conclusions
The ancient technique of using lime-coconut leaf ash and
burnt shell lime is more effective than the modern
system of using lime-fly ash. It is also free, ecofriendly
and sustainable. There is a problem of mass availability
and need for screening, this makes it unsuitable for use
in road and railway embankments. It is, however, very
suitable for low-cost rural infrastructure like village
158
A Study on the Performance of Circular Skirted Foundation on

Medium Dense Sand
Rishma Hussain
Nayanmoni Chetia
Department of Civil Engineering, Jorhat Engineering College, Jorhat – 785007
E-mail: rishmahussain@gmail.com ; nayanmoni.chetia@gmail.com
Keywords: model footing; skirted foundation; skirt-diameter ratio; skirt-depth ratio; improvement factor
1. Introduction Sand bed is prepared inside the test tank maintaining
Present day situation demands utilization of all types of 50.8% relative density with pre-calibrated compacting
soil either in strong or in weak condition to raise energy. At first the three MFs are tested by applying
different structures of various weights. Improvement of loads at specific intervals and recoding settlements and
bearing capacity and reduction in settlement of shallow the ultimate bearing capacities obtained as per IS
foundation is a matter of utmost importance on weak soil 1988(1982) are in good agreement to the values obtained
conditions. Structural skirt to a conventional shallow from Terzaghi’s equation. The close proximity observed
foundation may prove to be beneficial in this context. in Table 2 proves the reliability of the results. The tests
Generally structural skirts consist of a slab and a shell are repeated for skirted foundations corresponding to S-
and may have any shape depending upon the shape of the Da ratio 1, 1.5 and 2 and S-Dp ratio 0, 0.5 and 1.
shallow foundation. Structural skirt restrains the soil
Table-2 Comparison of Bearing Capacity
beneath laterally and behaves as a single unit with the
confinement to transfer the load from superstructure to Diameter (m) 0.15 0.225 0.30
soil. Experimental value (t/m2) 2.26 3.52 4.39
2. Motivation and Objective Value from Terzaghi’s equation(t/m )

2
2.33 3.34 4.34
The aim of this study is to estimate the improvement in
bearing capacity and reduction in settlement by using 4. Important Outcomes
circular skirts. Parametric variations have been studied For all diameters of MF viz. 0.15m, 0.225m and 0.3 m,
for different skirt-depth ratios (S-Dp) i.e. the ratio of provision of skirt resulted in increased bearing capacity
depth of skirt to diameter of footing and skirt-diameter and decreased settlements. For different S-Dp ratios and
ratios (S-Da) i.e. the ratio of diameter of skirt to diameter S-Da ratios improvement factors (IF) have been
of footing. calculated out and some of the results are shown in Table
3.
3. Methodology Table-3 Improvement factor for 0.15m diameter
A test set up comprising of a loading frame, inverted
hydraulic jack, pre-calibrated pressure gauge and the test Plate dia Skirt S-Da Skirt S-Dp IF
tank with the various footing assembly is used for the (m) dia(m) ratio depth(m) ratio
present study. Model footings (MF) of mild steel having 0.15 0.15 1 0.075 0.5 2.25
diameter 0.15m, 0.225m and 0.30m and thickness
0.006m are used along with skirts of diameter 0.15m, 0.15 0.225 1.5 0.075 0.5 1.5
0.225m and 0.30m and depth 0.075m and 0.15m. 0.15 0.30 2 0.075 0.5 1.25
Different combinations of S-Dp and S-Da have been tried
for finding out the improvement in bearing capacity for a
particular footing diameter. Coarse sand from Kanaighat 5. Conclusions
(Kalioni River) of Golaghat District, Assam has been Out of the various tests performed a maximum bearing
used to fill the tank. The properties of sand are capacity IF of 3.25 is obtained for increase in the length
determined as per IS: 2720 (part-4)-1985 and IS: 2720 of confinement up to a S-Dp ratio of 1. IF is more for a
(part-13)-1986 and are tabulated in Table 1. S-Da ratio of 1.5 as compared to a S-Da ratio of 2.
Considerable reduction in settlements up to 12% has
Table-1 Physical properties of sands been observed and reduction in settlement is more for
Material φ° D60 D30 D10 Cu Cc higher S-Dp ratio.
(mm) (mm) (mm)
Reference
Sand 33.2 0.55 0.34 0.19 3 0.87 Al-Aghbari, M.Y. (2007) Settlement of shallow circular
foundations with structural skirts resting on sand, The
Journal of Engineering Research, 4 (1), 11-16.
159
Influence of Waste Marble Dust on the Behaviour of Expansive Soil

Nitish Jauhari
Ajit Kumar
Department of Civil Engineering, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand
E-mail: njauhari753@gmail.com, ajitkfce@yahoo.com
Keywords: marble dust; expansive soil; differential free swell; California bearing ratio.
1. Introduction the mixture is allowed to cure overnight in air tight

Expansive soil is one of the problematic soil faced by polythenes for proper blending. The strength
many geotechnical engineers in the field. The expansive characteristics were checked after 0, 7, 14 and 28 days
soil is known to cause severe damage to structures that are curing.
founded on it. Expansive soils are the soils which expand
when the moisture content of the soil is increased and 4. Important Outcomes
shrink when the moisture content of soil is reduced. The The compaction characteristics revealed that with the
soil is generally dry because in such places, the water increase in marble dust content, OMC increased and M
table is quite low. During rainy season, they becomes wet DD decreased. the increasing OMC with increasing
and get expanded resulting in severe damage. The marble dust content is thought to result from the
damages may occur to buildings, roadways, pipelines and increasing desire for water, as more water is required for
other structures founded on such soil if proper preventive the formation of the lime-like product Ca(OH)2, and
dissociation of this product into Ca + and OH − ions, in
2
measure is not adoptive. This study offers an attempt to
sustainably utilize the waste marble dust in expansive soil order to supply more Ca for the cation exchange reaction.
as an admixture. In India, about 6 M T of waste from The unconfined compressive strength tests highlighted
marble industries are being released from marble cutting, that the maximum strength is achieved at 8% marble dust
polishing, processing, and grinding. mixture. Results also showed that curing was an
important factor in achieving higher strength with passage
2. Motivation and Objective of time. The highest rate of attainment of strength was
The marble dust is usually dumped on the riverbeds and found to be between 7 and 14 days curing period. Strength
this possesses a major environmental concern. In dry increase during curing is explained in terms of the action
season, the marble dust dangles in the air, flies and of cementing gel material produced following pozzolanic
deposits on vegetation and crop. All these significantly reactions which take place over a period of time. The
affect the environment and local ecosystems. highest CBR value was also achieved at 8% marble dust
The objective of the study is to effectively stabilize the addition.
expansive soil by the use of marble dust, a waste product
resulting from the quarrying and crushing of marble. 5. Conclusions
The evidence from this study points towards the
improvement of clayey soil stabilized with marble dust.
3. Methodology The stages of attainment of strength is thought to be
similar to soil-lime mixture; that is, an immediate cation
3.1 Material Used exchange reaction followed by a time dependent
Soil used in this study was obtained from a site situated pozzolanic reaction, during which strength is developed.
near Sitarganj, Uttarakhand, India. The clay was sampled The findings from Atterberg limits indicate that the plastic
after removing the top layer of 50 centimeters. The marble index decreases with the increase in marble dust
dust was collected from marble cutting industry in percentages. This is desirable from the point of view of
Rajasthan, India. soil workability and stability.
References
3.2 Laboratory Tests
A series of laboratory tests consisting of particle size Okagbue, C.O. and Oneyeobi, T.U.S. (1999). Potential of
distribution, Atterberg limits, standard Proctor marble dust to stabilise red tropical soils for road
compaction, unconfined compressive strength, California construction. Engg. Geology, 53, 371-389.
bearing ratio, differential free swell and triaxial tests were Pappu, A., Saxena, M., Asolekar, S.R (2005). Solid
performed on the untreated and treated soil. The wastes generation in India and their recycling potential
percentage of marble dust added to the soil was 0-10% at in building materials. Building and Environment 42
the increment of 2%. The mixing was done by hand and 2007: pp.2311-2320.
160
Nanomodification of Natural Weed to Improve Its Efficacy as Soil

Reinforcing Material
Gunendra Sharma
Chayanika Devi
Department of Civil Engineering, Assam Engineering College, Jalukbari, Guwahati – 781013
E-mail: gunendrasharma69@gmail.com; chayanikadevi64@gmail.com
Sanandam Bordoloi
Ankit Garg
Sreedeep S.
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati-781039
E-mail: sanandam@iitg.ac.in; g.ankit2@iitg.ernet.in; srees@iitg.ernet.in
Keywords: nanomodification; fiber reinforcement; Eichhornia crassipes

Inserting random fiber inclusions to improve the shear The soil was classified as ML (Inorganic silt of low
strength characteristics and bearing capacity of the plasticity). Based on FE-SEM images it is clearly seen
existing soil has been practiced in soil improvement. that bonding has taken place between Fe(OH)3 nano
Due to environmental concerns, sustainable soil particles and fiber surface. The moisture absorption
improvement is considered a critical part of modern decreased significantly from 550% to 225%. The tensile
infrastructure development. Investigation studies on strength of the treated fiber was found to increase from
alternative forms of reinforcement other than the 312 ± 15 MPa to 370 ± 26 Mpa. The UCS values
mainstream synthetic fibers, has therefore taken pace in increased from 168 kPa for bare soil (BS) to 324 kPa for
this field. In the recent past, use of natural fibers treated fiber reinforced soil (TF +S).
extracted from an infested weed species named
Eichhornia crassipes, has gained traction as a soil
reinforcing material (Bordoloi et al. 2015). Fibers
extracted from its shoot were subjected to quick
precipitation treatment wherein iron nano-particles were
impregnated on the fiber surface to improve the strength
characteristics of a local soil and decrease the fiber Untreated Fiber Treated fiber
hydrophilicity. Fig. 1 Change in fiber surface at nano level
Use of such enhanced sustainable natural weed as 5. Conclusions
reinforcing agents can greatly help in developing The nanomodification treatment of natural fibers is
economical rural infrastructures. Use of these invasive successful in increasing the strength of fiber and
weed as reinforcement material also forms an decreases moisture absorption. There is an increase in
unconventional form of waste management. UCS strength for the treated composite as compared to
bare and untreated fiber composite.
3. Methodology
The main objective is to focus on the strength References
improvement of the soil reinforced with randomly Bordoloi et al. (2015). Study on the efficacy of harmful
inserted water hyacinth fiber, having a fiber percentage
weed species Eichhornia crassipes for soil
of 0.5%, 0.75% and 1% of the dry weight of soil. The reinforcement. Ecological Engineering, 85, 218-222.
density of the soil was fixed at MDD. The moisture
content of the soil was varied at OMC, OMC+5% and Anggraini et al. (2016). Reinforcement Benefits of
OMC-5% to investigate its strength characteristic. A Nanomodified Coir Fiber in Lime-Treated Marine
series of unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests Clay. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 28(6),
were conducted to ascertain the strength of the soil 06016005.
composites. Moisture absorption tests and tensile
strength test of natural fibers were also carried out. The
nano modification was carried out as per method in
Anggraini et al. (2016).
161
Jute Geotextiles for Mitigating Soil Related Problems Naturally

P K Choudhury
National Jute Board, Ministry of Textiles, Govt. of India, Kolkata-70001
E mail: jutegeotech@gmail.com, pradip1451@yahoo.co.in
Keywords: jute geotextile

1. Introduction References
Usage of geotextile for mitigating soil related problems Thomson, J.C. and Ingold, T.S. (1986). Use of Jute
in civil engineering is a well-tried and accepted concept Fabrics in Erosion Control. Report of the International
worldwide. Application of Jute Geotextile (JGT) in this Trade Centre, United Nations Conference on Trade and
field has started commercially since three decades though Development, Geneva.
its use was documented as early as in 1920 in Scottland
and latter in 1933 at Kolkata for road construction work. Rickson, R.J. (1988). The Use of Jute Geo-textiles in Soil
Erosion Control, Proc. Fifth Int. Soil Consolidation
2. Motivation Conf., Bangkok, Thailand, Vol. V, p. 627-633.
JGT is a natural permeable textile made from 100% jute
fibre having required physical, mechanical and hydraulic
properties suitable for geotechnical applications. When
applied in or on soil it has been found to improve the
engineering properties of soil.
3. Important outcomes and conclusion
Some intrinsic properties of jute like, high initial tensile
strength, moisture absorption capacity, unique
drapability etc. had prompted scientists / technologists
for development and application of JGT in civil
engineering fields. Most of the products so far developed
has been standardized by the appropriate authority in
India and elsewhere. The field work was initially started
in India by the R & D organizations during 1980s.
Varieties of product developed, number of experiments
and field applications were conducted with success in
association with reputed organizations. Efficacy of the
products has been established in mitigating soil related
problems including slope stabilization as a measure of
bio-engineering support. Environment conscious people
around the world prefer this natural biodegradable and
eco-friendly material for use in this field where jute-
products fit well. The properties of jute and JGT along
with the findings of a study in the relevant area is
highlighted here.
162
Cyclic Loading Responses of Off-Lane Test Track Laid on Expansive

Soil Subgrade
G. Radhakrishnan
University College of Engineering, JNTUK, Kakinada – 533 004, India.
Email: radhakrishnan.gunupudi@gmail.com
M. Anjan Kumar
BVC College of Engineering, Palacharla – 533 104, India.
Email: anjan_mantri@yahoo.com
G.V.R. Prasada Raju

University College of Engineering, JNTUK, Kakinada – 533 004, India.
Email: gvrp_raju@yahoo.com
Keywords: cyclic loading, off-lane test track, expansive subgrade

The progressive deformation of expansive soil subgrade The outcomes of the study are results of the laboratory
due to seasonal moisture variations may cause distress testing of untreated and treated expansive soil. Results
to flexible pavements in the form of cracking, uneven, of the cyclic plate testing give the variation of total and
rutting etc., during their service period. These elastic settlements with applied pressure. Coefficient of
expansive subgrades necessitate different additives for elastic uniform compression, Elastic Modulus and Shear
their stabilization. The additives may be either natural, Modulus were evaluated to define the stiffness of the
manufactured or waste products of different industrial untreated and treated stretches.
processes which could be used for stabilization of
expansive soil. In this present work, an attempt has
been made to study the cyclic loading responses of
different stretches of a test track laid on the expansive
subgrade and stabilized expansive subgrade stretches.
The additives used for stabilization and their quantity
are assessed based on the laboratory experimentation.

The swell shrink behaviour of expansive soils is always Fig. 1 Variation of settlement of plate during testing
creating a major challenge to the Geotechnical
engineers and is posing a problem to many National 5. Conclusions
Highways constructed. The main objective of this work Flyash and aluminum chloride were found to be
is to identify suitable stabilizing agents through effective in improving properties soil. Test track stretch
laboratory testing and validation of these results by provided with treated subgrade shows reduced volume
constructing a test track on untreated and treated changes during both the seasons. The parameters used
subgrade layers. In addition pavement performance for defining the elastic properties of pavement revealed
over time and relative performance were evaluated. the increased stiffness and bearing resistance of the
treated subgrade.
Laboratory testing was carried to evaluate the combined Edil, T., Acosta, H., and Benson, C. (2006) ‘Stabilizing
effect of flyash and aluminum chloride chemical in Soft Fine-Grained Soils with Fly Ash’, Stabilization
modifying the properties of expansive soil. Optimum of Geomedia Using Cementitious Materials, ASCE,
percentage of these additives was evaluated. An off 18(2), pp. 283-294.
lane test track was laid on two different stretches. One
stretch is on untreated and other on treated subgrade. IS: 5249 (1992), Determination of dynamic properties
Subbase and base courses were laid as usual. Track was of soil, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
monitored for volume changes during dry and wet
seasons. Cyclic plate load testing was carried as per the Sienberg, M.L. Al. Qadi, I.L. and Bhutta, S.A. (1999).
IS code specifications and results were articulated. ‘In-situ Measurements of Secondary Road Flexible
Pavement Response to Vehicular Loading", TRR
1652, TRB, pp. 206-216.
163
Effects of Footing Width to Length Ratio on Critical Thickness of

Granular Fill over Soft Soil
Subinay Saha Roy
Faculty of Technology, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar – 736165
E-mail: sahasubinay@gmail.com
Kousik Deb
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur – 721302
E-mail: kousik@civil.iitkgp.ernet.in
Keywords: plate load test; rectangular footing; soft soil; critical thickness; ultimate bearing capacity
1. Introduction
Construction on soft soils is a challenging task for the Table-1 Details of test program
geotechnical engineers due to its high compressibility,
Footing Sand thickness to footing Number
low shear strength and low bearing capacity. Thus, the
construction on soft soils requires the application of Size(mm) width ratio (H/B) of Tests
ground improvement techniques. One of the common 150×150 7
treatment methods is the use of compacted granular fill 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and
(such as sand) over soft soil. This can be done by either 100×150 7
4.0
placing granular fill over soft soil directly or replacing 75×150 7
the poor soils up to the required depth (H) with stronger
granular fill. The critical thickness of the granular fill 4. Important Outcomes
(Hcr) is the depth of granular fill over soft soil beyond The test results indicate that the ultimate bearing
which no significant increase in bearing capacity is capacity of the granular fill-soft soil system increases
observed. Meyerhof (1974) reported that the critical with an increase in H/B value until it reaches a critical
thickness of sand over soft clay is twice the width and value (i.e. critical thickness) [as shown in Fig. 1]. It is
diameter of the square and circular footings, also observed that the critical thickness is varied with
respectively. In the present study, the critical thickness the B/L ratio of footings.
of sand underlain by soft clay is determined for
rectangular footings.
Literature review revealed that most of the works to
determine the bearing capacity of sand overlying clay
are conducted on strip, square and circular footings.
Very limited studies have been performed on
rectangular footings. Studies are also required to
determine the critical thickness of sand over soft clay
for rectangular footings. The objectives of the present
study are to evaluate the ultimate bearing capacity of
three different shapes of rectangular footings (B/L=1.0, Fig. 1 Ultimate bearing capacity versus H/B ratio
0.67 and 0.5) and suggest a relationship between Hcr/B 5. Conclusions
and B/L where, B and L are the width and length of The ultimate bearing capacity of footing increases with
rectangular footing, respectively. the increase of sand thickness over soft clay up to a
certain thickness (i.e. critical thickness). The critical
3. Methodology thickness ratio decreases with the increase in B/L ratio
The model plate load tests were conducted in a of footing. Based on the experimental results,
combined test bed and loading frame assembly. Three relationships are proposed to estimate the critical
different sizes (75mm × 150mm, 100mm × 150mm and
thickness ratio of other shape of footings.
150mm × 150mm) of footings were used. The
dimensions of the test tank were 900mm × 900mm × References
1000mm, which are adequate to avoid any boundary
effect during tests. Poorly graded sand at medium dense Meyerhof, G.G. (1974) Ultimate bearing capacity of
condition and silty clay at soft state were used as testing footings on sand layer overlying clay, Canadian
materials. Test program is shown in Table 1. Geotechnical Journal, 11(2), pp. 223–229.
164
Improvement of Brahmaputra Silt for Embankment Construction

Kashmiri Deka
Arup Bhattacharjee
Department of Civil Engineering, Jorhat Engineering College, Jorhat - 785007
E-mail: dekakashmiri452@gmail.com; bhatta_arup@yahoo.com
Keywords: Brahmaputra silt; bentonite; shear Parameter; permeability; swell index.

1. Introduction Different percentages of bentonite are used to determine
Excess silt deposition is a major concern for the River the influence of bentonite on shear parameter, seepage
Brahmaputra. The use of the Brahmaputra silt for some characteristics and stability of the Brahmaputra silt in
use full work like land filling engineering, stabilization embankment construction. The details of the tests
of expansive soil etc. is one of the ways to mitigate this performed are presented in the table 1.
siltation problem. Construction of embankment by using
the silt also helps to mitigate the siltation problem of the 4. Important Outcomes
river. While due to lack of strength and highly From the experiment liquid limit of the sample is 30.45
permeable characteristics of silty soil, it cannot be used and it is non-plastic. The OMC and maximum dry
as construction material for the embankment. However density of the silt sample are 15% and 1.62 gm/cc
by modifying the engineering properties of silty soil can respectively. Permeability of the sample is very high.
be used for embankment construction. The use of Cohesion and angle of internal friction of the sample are
admixtures is one way of modifying the geotechnical 1 KPa and 23°. After the addition of 5-20% bentonite
properties of the soil. The use of bentonite is very the liquid limit and OMC increases; MDD initially
effective in decreasing the hydraulic conductivity of the increases upto 10% bentonite content and then
soil. Since the stability is major concern of an decreases and co-efficient of permeability also
embankment and it is influenced by the hydraulic decreases. After the addition of bentonite with
conductivity of material, the use of Brahmaputra silt Brahmaputra silt, free swell index of mix increases with
mixed with adequate amount of bentonite is very increase in bentonite content. Since the permissible
suitable for the embankment construction. value of free swell index considered for embankment
construction is 50%, so the amount of bentonite in the
mix can be allowed upto 10% (Crooks, R.A., 2013 and
The objective of this work is to study the suitability of NRRADA, 2007).
the use of Brahmaputra silt as a construction material
for embankment by modifying it with bentonite and to 5. Conclusions
determine the adequate amount of bentonite to achieve A significant decrease in values of permeability is
the required strength and stability to meet the design observed with increase in percentage of bentonite from
requirement of the embankment. 5-20%. But the percentage of bentonite should be
allowed upto 10% because beyond that extent, free
swell index value of the mixtures exceeds the
3. Methodology
The sample is collected from the bank of the River permissible value of 50% considered for an
Brahmaputra at Nimati of Jorhat city. Detailed embankment construction.
experimental studies are conducted to investigate the
characteristics and behaviour of the Brahmaputra silt References
mixed with bentonite. Crooks, A.R. (2013) Application of shrinkage and
Table-1 Details test programme swelling factors on State Highway Construction,
Auburn University.
Test Mix
Ghazi, A.F. (2015) Engineering characteristics of
Soil + 5% Bentonite compacted sand bentonite Mixtures, Edith Cowan
Liquid Limit, Plastic University.
Soil + 7% Bentonite
Limit, Compaction,
Direct Shear,
NRRAD (2007), Quality Assurance Handbook for Rural
Soil + 10% Bentonite
Permeability, Roads, Vol II, Ministry of Rural Development, Govt.
Soil + 15% Bentonite of India.
Cosolidation
Soil + 20% Bentonite
165
Statistical Approach for Three Dimensional Consolidation Using Saw

Dust Drain
R. P. Shrivastava
D. T. Shete
A. V. Shroff
Department of Civil Engineering, Parul Institute of Engineering and Technology, 391760
Email: ruchishri111@gmail.com; dtshete@yahoo.com; dravshroff@yahoo.co.in
Keywords: Saw dust drain, co-efficient of radial consolidation, Annova

1. Introduction
In recent years, soil improvement is required to provide
adequate bearing capacity and improve shear strength of
the soft cohesive soils to satisfy the need for various type
of construction on sites underlain by such soft soils.
Amongst various ground improvement techniques the
technique of preloading or pre-compression used in
combination with vertical drains is one of the oldest and Fig.1. Rowe Type Oedometer
most widely used techniques to preconsolidate and
strengthen weak compressible soils in situ. 4. Important Outcomes
It is concluded that the variations in the area, height and
2. Motivation and Objective shape of PVD affect the CVR. CVR is affected by
The efficacy of saw dust drain is examined in interaction between area & height and height & shape of
accelerating rate of consolidation and to compare degree PVD. Other interactions do not affect the CVR.
of consolidation using settlement computations. An From settlement readings, plots of dial gauge reading
attempt is made to study various consolidation versus logarithm of time for various pressures are plotted.
parameters using hydraulically pressurized Oedometer of The time required for 50% consolidation at 40 kpa is
diameter 254mm with central drain of ‘n’ value 10. 2900 minutes which reduces to 760 minutes at 320kpa.
Further optimization with reference to the shape of the
drain in accelerating the rate of settlement of soft Dgr v/s logt for 40kPa,SD drain
Kaolinite clay under long term loading is examined. The 3000
2500
circular drain and cross shape are designed in such a way 2000
that their surface area remains constant so that Cr=1.26×10-4cm2/sec
Dgr
1500 t50=2900 min

comparison of both the drains can be done properly. For 1000
the construction of drain an open mandrel driven 500
0
technique was used. The above study will definitely give 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
time(min)
a ready clue to field engineers regarding selection of
Fig.2 Dgr Vs Log T at 20KPA
drain geometry particularly using saw dust as filler
material in optimizing the functioning.
5. Conclusions
There is considerable gain in shear strength of soil due to
3. Methodology
radial consolidation compared to vertical consolidation.
The experimental setup used in the present investigation
Gain in shear strength is 123.6 kPa with SD drain. It is
is Rowe Type oedometer as shown in the Fig-1. The
also observed that shear strength is more at the radial
complete setup consists of:
(i) Hydraulic Pressure System point near to the drain and it decreases at the radial points
(ii) Oedometer away from the drain i.e. at r2 and r3. Further work can be
done with band drain with saw dust as a filler material to
(iii) Pore pressure measurement system.
study the consolidation parameters.
(iv) Settlement measurement system
The value of settlement and pore water pressure is References

measured with respect to time and co-efficient of radial
Chu J, Bo M.W, Choa V. (2004) Practical Considerations
consolidation is calculated. For statistical approach
for using Vertical Drains in Soil Improvement Projects,
analysis of variance is used.
Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 22, 101-117.
166
Experimental Study on Bamboo-Jute Composite Reinforced Soft Clay

Soundara B
Mehala S
Kiruba Shankar M
Kalyani B
Jayanthi V
Department of Civil Engineering, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam – 638401, Tamilnadu, India
E-mail; soundara@bitsathy.ac.in;mehala.ce14@bitsathy.ac.in, jayanthiv@bitsathy.ac.in
Keywords: soft clay, bamboo, jute, bearing capacity, composite

1. Introduction The size of the footing is 100 mm diameter and the
The stability of any structures over soft clay is thickness of clay bed is 300 mm. The test descriptions
problematic owing to the high compressibility and low are listed in Table-2.
shear strength of the soil. Soil reinforcement is a
technique where soils are strengthened by tensile Table-2. Details of tests
elements such as metal rods or strips, non-biodegradable
fabrics such as geotextile, granular materials and green Description Notation
natural materials like jute, bamboo, etc. The application Virgin soil (thickness – 30 cm), Unreinforced
of bamboo to improve the bearing capacity and reduce
the settlement of soil has been proved to be an Soil with single layer of BJC at the centre of BJC-1.5 (1)
economical alternative approach for soil improvement. the clay layer (grid size -1.5 cm square)
With high tensile strength and good bending properties, Soil with two layers of BJC; each at 1/3rd BJC-1.5 (2)
bamboo is suitable to be used as an earth reinforcing height of clay (grid size -1.5 cm square)
material. Issues related to the use of bamboo as a green
Soil with single layer of BJC at the centre of BJC-2 (1)
material have been addressed by recent researchers
the clay layer (grid size -2 cm square)
(Khatib 2009, Hedge and Sitharam 2015, to name a
few). Together with low-strength jute textile as a Soil with two layers of BJC; each at 1/3rd BJC-2 (2)
separator, this Bamboo-Jute Composite (BJC) system height of clay (grid size -2 cm square)
could be used as cheap soft clay reinforcement for
embankment construction.
Figure 1 represents the bearing pressure-settlement
2. Motivation and Objective behaviour of the clay bed reinforced with different cases
Limited work has been done in the utilization of of reinforcements as listed in Table 2. A substantial
bamboo grid for the stabilization soft clay. Also the increment in the bearing capacity was observed due to
study on the composite effect of bamboo grid and jute the provision of reinforcements as compared to
textile is scarce in the literature. Hence in this unreinforced clay bed.
investigation, bamboo grid with varying aperture size is Fig. 1 Load settlement curves for the model tests
taken along with jute textile referred as Bamboo-Jute
Composite (BJC) system, utilized as soft clay
reinforcement for increased bearing capacity and
reduced settlement.
3. Methodology
Local clayey soil was collected, dried, crushed and
sieved through 2 mm sieves to perform the load tests. 5. Conclusions
The properties of clay soil are listed in Table 1. All the The load carrying capacity is increased with increase
tests were done for a consistency index of 0.4. in the number of inclusions of BJC and increased with
Table-1 Properties of clay increase in the size of bamboo grid.
wl wp dmax OMC
Soil (%) (%) Gs (kN/m ) 3
(%) References
Clay (CI) 36 20 2.64 17.9 12.8 Hegde A and Sitharam T. G. (2015). “Experimental and
Analytical Studies on Soft Clay Beds Reinforced with
Bamboo Cells and Geocells”, Int. J. of Geosynth. and
A cylindrical tank of size 290 mm in diameter and 350 Ground Eng., DOI 10.1007/s40891-015-0015-5.
mm in height was used for performing the load tests.
167
Stabilisation Strategies Based on Mineralogical Constituents
V. Swaroopa Rani
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal – 506004
E-mail: swarumani@gmail.com
V. Ramana Murty
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal – 506004
E-mail: vrm_nitw@yahoo.com
Keywords: mineralogy; expansive soil; plasticity; cation exchange capacity (CEC); specific surface area; total
potassium
1. Introduction 4. Important outcomes
Expansive soils, due to their intrinsic volume change These studies are still in progress with respect to the
behaviour, threaten the stability of most of the lightly evaluation of mineralogy by conducting the cation
loaded civil engineering structures. The losses due to exchange capacity, specific surface area and total
structural damage over these deposits across the world potassium.
amount to billions of dollars. Several foundation
techniques and modification methods were suggested 5. Conclusions
based on the continuous research carried out by various This paper demonstrates how to determine clay mineral
investigations all over the globe. Despite these fractions and dominant clay mineral in the soils. This
developments, there still lies a need to modify the clay mineral information along with plasticity
suggested techniques to suit the variable soil and information will improve current stabilization
climatic conditions. guidelines, because stabilization performance of a soil is
dependent on chemical reactions and interactions
2. Motivation and Objective between stabilizer additives and clay minerals in a given
Most of the stabilization methods are based on the grain soil.
size distribution and plasticity properties of the soils. In
the recent years, it is felt that these stabilization methods References
can be supported by the mineralogical constituents. In
the present work, an attempt is made to evaluate the Chittoori, B., & Puppala, A. J. (2011). Quantitative
mineralogical composition of the local black cotton soil estimation of clay mineralogy in fine-grained
and support the stabilization strategies for it. soils. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental
engineering, 137(11), 997-1008.
Pedarla, A., Chittoori, S., & Puppala, A.
3. Methodology
(2011).Influence of mineralogy and plasticity index
on the stabilization effectiveness of expansive
clays. Transportation Research Record: Journal of
Characterization of black the Transportation Research Board, (2212), 91-99.
cotton soil
Determination of CEC, SSA and TP

of the clay
Estimation of clay mineral fractions
Suggesting stabilization methods based on

plasticity index and also mineralogy
168
Laboratory Shear Strength Studies of Sand Admixed with Building

Derived Materials
M. Jayatheja
A.K. Suluguru
A. GuhaRay
A. Kar
Department of Civil Engineering, BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad – 500078
E-mail: jayathejam@gmail.com; ashokkumarsuluguru54@gmail.com; anasua08@gmail.com; arkamitra1@gmail.com
N. James
Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Ropar, Rupnagar – 140001, Punjab
E-mail: naveen.james@iitrpr.ac.in
Keywords: building derived materials; shear strength; bearing capacity; ground improvement.
1. Introduction
The load-settlement graphs obtained from plate load
Building derived materials (BDM) are generated due to tests (Fig. 1) shows that the load carrying capacity
construction of new infrastructure, or demolition and increases proportionally with addition of BDM till it
renovation of the existing ones. Thus, BDM represent reaches an optimum quantity of replacement.
solid waste which may result in eco-hazards, if not
disposed properly. One of the possible avenues to reuse
BDM is by admixing them with loose sand, as is
adopted in this study. Existing literature has shown the
applications of BDM in geotechnical applications after
recycling them using various mechanical and chemical
treatments. According to Silva et al. (2016), the strength
properties of soil increase when mixed with finer
fraction of recycled aggregate. Hasan et al. (2016) Fig. 1 Load-Settlement Response of soil-BDM mix
observed that the unconfined compressive strength of
soil increases when it is combined with construction
5. Conclusions
wastes. However, the treatment processes incur
The study proposes an effective way of disposal of BDM
additional cost and hence, the present study aims to use
by reusing them for soil treatment. The study shows that
the BDM in their virgin state to promote an economic
the shear strength and bearing capacity are increased
technique for their practical application.
upon adding an optimum of approximately 17 – 23% of
2. Motivation and Objective BDM to existing loose sand.
The broad goal of the present study is to promote the
practical application of virgin BDM in geotechnical Acknowledgement: The authors would like to thank
applications. The specific objective is thus to determine SERB-DST, Govt. of India for providing financial
the optimum content of BDM in soil so as to enhance support (Project ID: ECR/2016/000522)
the shear strength and load bearing capacity of soil and
References
simultaneously reduce the dumping of BDM as solid
Silva, R.V., Brito, J. and Dhir, R.K. (2016),
waste.
“Performance of cementitious renderings and
3. Methodology masonry mortars containing recycled aggregates from
In the present study, index properties, shear strength, construction and demolition wastes”, Construction
and load bearing capacities are determined through and Building Materials, Elsevier, 105, pp. 400 – 415.
laboratory tests conducted on sand, virgin BDM, and
Hasan, U., Chegenizadeh, A., Budihardjo, A.M
soil in combination with varying BDM content up to 30
and Nikraz, H (2016). “Experimental Evaluation of
% by its mass. Shear strength properties are determined
Construction Waste and Ground Granulated Blast
using a large shear box of dimensions 300 mm × 300
Furnace Slag as Alternative Soil Stabilisers” Jrnl. of
mm. Load carrying capacities of the same are evaluated
Geotech. & Geological Engg. 34(6), pp 1707 – 1722.
by a model static plate load test set-up.
169
Determination of Compacted Granular Layer Thickness on Soft Clay

using Odemark’s Method for Design of Shallow Foundation
P. P. Biswas
M. K. Sahis
A. Sengupta
Department of Construction Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata – 700032
E-mail: drppb@yahoo.in; manojsahis@gmail.com; senguptaagni@gmail.com
Keywords: odemark method, strip footing, elastic modulus, compacted sand, soft clay
1. Introduction 4 B=1.5m
Presence of weak soft clay within the influence zone B=2.0m
Sand layer thickness (m)

below shallow foundation affects adversely the load B=2.5m
carrying capacity of soil. In order to increase the bearing 3
capacity of such soil, filling of compacted layer of
granular soil is done after excavating and removing the
soft clay up to a specific depth. Therefore, 2
determination of optimum depth of compacted sand
layer is important to ensure the stability of the 1
foundation system and the economy of the project.

Present paper aims to suggest a methodology for 0 10 20 30 40 50
determination of optimum depth of stiffer granular layer Angle of Internal Friction ( ° )
on the top of soft clay as ground improvement
technique. Fig. 1 Variation of sand layer thickness (h) with angle of
internal friction Φ (Foundation load intensity=80 kN/m2 and c
3. Methodology =20 kN/m2)
In this paper, load on foundation has been assumed as
uniformly distributed load acting on strip footing on 5. Conclusions
compacted sand bed followed by a soft clay layer in the It has been found that the depth of sand bed increases
form of a two layered system. Primarily the depth of with the increase in foundation load and decrease in
soft clay layer at which the bearing capacity of clay cohesion of clay. Moreover, the depth of the sand bed
layer becomes equal to the vertical stress developed also decreases with the increase in Φ and decrease in
under strip load has been determined using Terzaghi’s foundation width.
and Boussinesq’s approach. The depth of homogenous
soft clay thus obtained has been transformed in to a References
two layered system by reverse application of Odemark’s P.Ullidtz (1998) Modelling flexible pavement
approach. The two layer system thus derived consists of response and performance, pp-38-41
compacted sand layer on top followed by the soft clay
layer at bottom, thereby indicating the depth of top layer Yoder and Witczak (1975), Principle of pavement
also. design, Wiley son, New York
Present analytical approach reveals that the factors
associated with the variation in compacted thickness of
sand layer are the foundation loading, foundation size
and type and the elastic modulus of sand and clay layer.
Such variations are presented in Table-1 and Fig.1 when
c = 20 kN/m2 and q =80 kN/m2.
Table-1 Variation of sand thickness (h) with Foundation width

B (2.0 m) and Load (q), Φ = 30°, c = 20 kN/m2
q (kN/m2) 50 100 150 200
h (m) 0.20 1.32 2.44 3.56
170
Improvement of Engineering Properties of Cohesive Soil using Brick

Dust as Admixture
Silpi Sikha
Prasanna Kumar
Department of Civil Engineering, Jorhat Engineering College, Jorhat
Email:silpisikhabaruah@gmail.com; prasannakhaund@yahoo.co.in
Keywords: OMC; MDD; cohesion; angle of internal friction; permeability.

The quality of a road and its life mainly depends on the In the present study variations on the shear strength and
subgrade soil. If the quality of the sub-grade is poor, then permeability of the soil mass with the addition of varying
stabilization of the sub-grade soil is required. Poor soils percentages of brick dust was observed and finally from
are generally clayey and expansive in nature which is these observations following conclusions have been
having low strength characteristics. Soil stabilization is made.
done by using various method by adding different 1. It is found that on addition of brick dust, MDD
admixtures and by reinforcing the soil by geogrids, increases while OMC decreases, which helps in
geomembranes etc. stabilizing the subgrade of the road and embankment.
In this present study, brick dust with varying increasing 2. On addition of brick dust to the soil mass leads to
percentages are to be used as stabilizing additive to poor reduction in cohesion and increase in angle of internal
soil (clay soil) to improve engineering properties of soil friction. Shear strength of the soil mass increases so brick
which helps in stabilizing the subgrade of the road and dust as a stabilizer is appropriate in stabilizing the soil
embankment. mass.
3. On addition of brick dust to the soil, change in
2. Motivation and Objective permeability with addition of brick dust was not so
The basic objective of the present study is to improve the significant up to the addition of 20% of brick dust. Only
engineering properties of highly cohesive soil with with high percentage of brick dust; variation in
varying percentages of brick dust. permeability was observed which is not encouraged in
3. The Methodology practical situations.
The soil sample used in this investigation was collected
from NH- 37 of location Kakadonga and Jaysagar. These References
soils are very clayey in nature are as classified as CH soil. IS: 2720 (part 4)-1985. Methods of test for soil: Grain size
A series of Liquid limit test, Plastic limit test, Proctor analysis. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
compaction test, Triaxial test, Falling head permeability IS: 2720 (part 5)-1985. Methods of test for soil:
test were carried out. The engineering properties of soil
Determination of liquid and plastic limit. Bureau of
mainly OMC, MDD, cohesion, angle of internal friction Indian Standards. New Delhi
and coefficient of permeability are studied with varying
percentages of admixture. The effect of OMC and MDD IS: 2720 (part 7)-1980. Methods of test for soil:
is observed by performing proctor test, the effect of shear Determination of water content - dry density relation
parameters (cohesion and angle of internal friction) is using light compaction test. Bureau of Indian Standards,
observed by performing triaxial test and the effect of New Delhi
coefficient of permeability is observed by performing
falling head permeability test. IS: 2720 (part 11)-1981. Methods of test for soil:
Determination of shear strength parameters of soil from
4. Important Outcomes unconsolidated undrained triaxial compression test
From the experiment, it is found that OMC decreases and with the measurement of pore water pressure. Bureau of
MDD increases (Kumar et al. 2016, Patel et al. 2014) Indian Standards, New Delhi
while cohesion decreases and angle of internal friction
increases with varying percentages of brick dust (5%, IS: 2720 (part 17)-1986. Methods of test for soil:
10%, 15%, 20%, 25%). The coefficient of permeability laboratory determination of permeability. Bureau of
increases with addition of brick dust was not so significant Indian Standards, New Delhi
up to 20% of brick dust. Only with high percentage of Kumar, A., Kumar, A., and Ved, P. (2016). Stabilization
brick dust; variation on permeability was observed which
of Expansive Soil with Lime and Brick Dust.
is not encouraged in practical situations.
International Journal of All Research Education and
Scientific Methods (IJARESM) ISSN: 2455-6211, 4(9).
171
Study on Stress-Strain Behaviour of Marine Clay Replaced With

Sodium Lignosulfonate and Cement
Anita Susan Mathew

Amal P Sasi
Aswathi S Nair
Abhishek Nair V.
Department of Civil Engineering, Federal Institute of Science and Technology, Angamaly – 683577
E-mail: anitassn@gmail.com, amalpscool@gmail.com, abhisheknrv0@gmail.com
Sowmya V Krishnankutty
Department of Civil Engineering, Federal Institute of Science and Technology, Angamaly – 683577
E-mail: sowmya.krishnankutty@gmail.com
Keywords: marine clay; sodium lignosulfonate; cement; unconfined compressive strength; brittle
1. Introduction cement treated soil was observed as shown in Fig 1.
Marine clay is identified as the one with high organic This proved that LS treated soil is less brittle when
content and as an expansive soil which shrinks and compared with cement treated soil.
expand rapidly causing damage to foundations, hence
unsuitable for any construction works. Many stabilizers
are used to improve its strength and other engineering
properties. Improvement in the properties of these soils
may make it suitable for various purposes especially for
road pavements. This paper presents the stress strain
behavior of marine clay stabilized with sodium
lignosulfonate and cement. Lignosulfonate is a lignin
based polymeric compound derived as a waste product
from the wood/paper processing industry and is an
inexpensive and eco- friendly stabilizer.
2. Motivation and Objective Fig. 1 Variation of modulus of elasticity with strain
The geotechnical properties of marine clay are
improved by the addition of various admixtures. 5. Conclusions
However it was observed that addition of traditional Lignosulfonate treated marine clay was observed to
admixtures such as cement and lime are found to cause increase the compressive strength (by about 57.59%) of
brittle nature in soil and also induce toxicity to the soil soil without reducing its failure strain. The electrical
to a level that vegetation on the land is affected. The conductivity test results showed that LS treated soil has
usage of lignosulfonate has found to be a solution to this lower conductivity when compared with cement treated
problem. soil and thus making it eco-friendly and non-toxic over
the traditional admixture.
3. Methodology
The various engineering properties of soil such as liquid References
limit, unconfined compressive strength, grain size J S Vinod (2012) Elastic modulus of soil treated with
distribution, electrical conductivity and the maximum lignosulfonate, 11th Australia - New Zealand
dry density was determined in this extensive Conference on Geomechanics: Ground Engineering in
experimental program. The variation in strength of a Changing World (pp. 487-492), Australia.
marine clay on addition of sodium lignosulfonate (LS),
and that with cement was determined using Unconfined D. Koteswara Rao et al. (2011) Laboratory Studies on
Compressive test. The electrical conductivity of both the Properties of Stabilized Marine Clay from
lignosulfonate treated soil and cement treated soil was Kakinada Sea Coast, International Journal of
determined by using an electrical conductivity meter. Engineering Science and Technology
4. Important Outcomes S Basack (2009) Engineering properties of marine clay

The optimum percentage of lignosulfonate and cement from east coast of India, Journal of Engineering and
to be added was determined using UCC test and was Technology Research
found to be 5% and 2% respectively. The increase in
failure strain for LS treated soil when compared with
172
Field Studies of Model Flexible Pavements Laid on Lime and

Metakaolin Treated Expansive Soil Subgrades
D. Venkateswarlu
Dept. of Civil Engineering, GIET(A) - 533296,
Email: dumpa.venkateswarlu@gmail.com
M. Anjan Kumar
BVC College of Engineering, Palacharla, Rajahmundry - 533104,
Email: anjan_mantri@yahoo.com
G. V. R. Prasada Raju
Civil Engineering, JNTUK, Kakinada- 533 003,
Email: gvrp_raju@yahoo.com
D. S. V. Prasad
B.V.C. Engineering College, Odalarevu- 533210,
Email: drdsvp9@gmail.com
Keywords: Expansive soil, Lime, Metakaolin, Geotextile, Flexible pavement

1. Introduction subbase with WBM-III as base course in the field. The
The problems of expansive soil cracks under the test results indicate that the load carrying capacity of the
changing environment have been serious concern for flexible pavements laid on treated expansive soil
geotechnical engineers in the recent past. The problem of subgrade was improved and further it was increased by
expansive soil crack has gradually become a research introducing geotextile between the subgrade and
hotspot, elaborates the occurrence and development of subbase.
cracks from the basic properties of expansive soil and
points out the role of controlling the crack of expansive References
soil strength. Owing to such soils of poor engineering Petry, T.M., and Little, D.N. (2002). “Review of
properties a great diversity of ground improvement stabilization of clays and expansive soils in pavements
techniques such as soil stabilization and reinforcement and lightly loaded structures – history, practice and
are employed to improve their mechanical behaviour, future.” J. mater. Civ. Eng., 14 (6), 447-460.
thereby enhancing the reliability of construction. Bhasin, N.K., Dhawan, P.K., and Mehta, H.S. (1978).
“Lime requirement in soil stabilization” Bulletin No.7,
2. Motivation
As a good stabilizing agent, lime and metakaolin Highway Research Board, Washington, DC, 15-26.
individually are extensively applied in soil stabilization Venkatapparao, G and Benerjee P K., “Geosynthetics:
for foundations or road Subgrade. Recent Developments”, Indian Journal of Fibre &
Textile Research, Vol. 22, December 1997, pp. 318-
3. Important outcomes and conclusion
Lime + metakaolin treatment for these weak subgrade 336.
soils, as an alternative to the traditional “remove and
replace” strategies commonly utilized was found to be
satisfactory in the laboratory evaluation. Hence the
authors added an optimum content of Lime, metakaolin
to expansive soil and further used the treated expansive
soil as subgrade over laid by Lime + cement treated fly
ash subbase with WBM-III as base course to study the
performance of treated expansive soil under cyclic load
conditions in the field. Each pressure increment was
applied cyclically for 10 cycles until there was
insignificant increase in the settlement of the plate.
Further the authors studied the performance of treated
expansive soil subgrade by introducing geotextile
between the subgrade and Lime + cement treated fly ash
173
Swell Characteristics of Expansive Soil Reinforced with Polyester

Fibres
Subhasish Pasupalak
Abdhesh Kumar Sinha
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, Jamshedpur - 831014
E-mail: subhasishpasupalak@gmail.com; abdheshsinha@gmail.com
Keywords: expansive soil, heave, oedometer, polyester fibre, swell pressure.

3
1. Introduction 0%
This paper presents the investigation on the swell 2.5 fc=0.05%
characteristics of expansive soil reinforced with discrete fc=0.1%
fc=0.15%
polyester fibres. One-Dimensional swell-consolidation 2
Heave in mm
fc=0.2%
tests were conducted using oedometer to study the swell 1.5
characteristics. The swelling behaviour of expansive soil
was studied with varying fibre content and its effect on 1
swelling characteristics was noted. 0.5

Expansive soils like black cotton soil is considered 0.1 1 10 100
Time in log scale in mins
1000 10000
problematic due to its volume change with variation of
moisture. These soils swell when absorb moisture and Fig. 1 Rate of heave in 3mm fibre length
shrink when dried. Expansive soils cause structural 0.6
distress in poorly designed structures. In this paper, the 0.00%

use of Geo-fibres as a reinforcement material for 0.05%
0.5
0.1%
stabilizing expansive soils have been investigated.
0.15%
Voids ratio, e
0.2%
3. Methodology 0.4
One-Dimensional swell-consolidation tests has been initial voids ratio
conducted in accordance with IS 2720 – Part 41. Dry

0.3
expansive soil is mixed with randomly oriented polyester
fibres and compacted to constant dry density. The
amount of fibres has been varied as percentage weight of 0.2
dry soil. The chosen fibres have constant effective 1 10 log σv (kPa) 100 1000
diameter. The effective length of fibre has been varied to Fig. 2 e – log σ curves for 3mm fibre length
get different aspect ratios. The study has been conducted 5. Conclusions
on varying fibre content over four different aspect ratios. From this study, it has been concluded that polyester
Table-1 Physical properties of soil fibres reduces the heave and swell pressure of expansive
soil. So, it has been concluded that for a group of length
Soil Gs PL LL Ip DFS of fibres an optimum fibre content is attained at which
CI -CH 2.41 15 50 35 57 the heave and swell pressure is minimum.
References
4. Important Outcomes Al-Akhras, N. M., Attom, M. F., Al-Akhras, K. M. and
In this study, observations noted mainly includes, Malkawi, A. I. H. (2008). “Influence of fibres on
maximum heave at equilibrium state, swell potential and swelling properties of clayey soil”. Geosynthetics
swell pressure exerted by the soil. Rate of heave (Fig. 1) International, 15, No. 4, 304–309. [doi:
and e – log σ graphs (Fig. 2) have been plotted to obtain 10.1680/gein.2008.15.4.304]
the swell pressures for fibres of different aspect ratios.
B.V.S. Viswanadham, B.R. Phanikumar, Rahul V.
The optimum content for each aspect ratio have been
Mukherjee, (2009). “Swelling behaviour of a geofibre-
found.
reinforced expansive soil”, Geotextiles and
Geomembranes 27 (2009) 73–76
174
Design of Rigid Pavement on Expansive Soil after Stabilizing with

Lime
Sharma Hari Ballabh Dutt
R. P. Tiwari
Department of Civil Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Allahabad- 211004
E-mail: hariballabhdutt@gmail.com; rpt@mnnit.ac,in
Vijay Kumar
Department of Civil Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Allahabad- 211004
E-mail: vkr@mnnit.ac.in
Keywords: flexible pavement, rigid pavement, stabilization, lime
1. Introduction more as compared to liquid limit, so overall the
Black cotton soil is very weak in strength, as it has high plasticity index of soil decreases. The C.B.R value
swelling property when comes in contact with water. So which is an important parameter for design of rigid
when water availability is more the soil start swelling pavement also increases.
and decrease in strength and when the soil get dried the
water comes out and shrinkage of soil take place. That’s 5. Conclusions
why the lime is added to stabilize the black cotton soil, As black cotton soil have a swelling property on contact
so that the soil get strength by reducing its swell with water, so after adding lime the swelling property
shrinkage property. The stability and performance of the reduces. The plastic nature of the soil also decreases and
pavements are greatly influenced by the sub grade and the soil starts growing stiffness with increase in
embankment as they serve as foundations for percentage of lime. The C.B.R value of BC soil
pavements. For developing a good and durable road increases with increasing varying water content. As the
network in black cotton soil areas, the nature of soils lime improves the property of BC soil as well as
shall be properly understood. economical, so is the best material for stabilization.

The object of this paper is to stabilize the soil by using Prakesh, K., Sridharan, A. and Rao, S.M. (1989) Lime
lime, so that the property of soil can be improved and addition and curing effect on the index and
can be used as a subgrade for design of pavements. compaction characteristics of a Montmorillonite soil.
Geotech. Eng., 20, 39-64,
3. Methodology
Black cotton soil from Hamirpur (U.P) was used for Bairwa R., Saxena A. K., and Arora T. R (2013) Effect
determining the basic property of soil such as OMC, of lime and fly ash on Engineering Properties of Black
MDD, plastic limit, liquid limit, plasticity index, C.B.R. Cotton soil, LNCT Bhopal
Then the amount of lime varying from 3% to 12% is
added in the soil with the increment of 3% and the basic
test are performed. Then the variation in physical
properties of different lime content samples are
analyzed and the lime content corresponding to C.B.R
of 8% is used for the stabilization of expansive soil for
the design of rigid pavement over there. The thickness
of the pavement is calculated by using IRC 58-2015
after stabilization using traffic data.
Table-1 Physical properties of B.C soil (Hamirpur bypaas)
Soil OMC MDD P.L L.L P.I C.B.R
CH 16% 1.70g/cc 24% 51% 27% 2.48%
On increasing percentage of lime the OMC value
increase, MDD value decrease, plasticity index shows a
decreasing trend. The plastic limit and liquid limit both
values increases but the increment in plastic limit is
175
Bearing Capacity Improvement of Incompetent Foundation Soil for a

Reinforced Earth Wall
Vikas Pratap Singh
Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Infrastructure Technology Research and Management, Ahmedabad – 380026
E-mail: vikas.p.singh@iitram.ac.in
Keywords: reinforced earth; soft soil; bearing capacity; numerical simulations

1. Introduction friction as about 400 and unit weight 20 kN/m3; and
In India, reinforced earth (RE) walls are being widely Option(c): introduction of stone columns of 0.5 m
used as a component of infrastructural development in diameter and depth 8 m spaced 1.5 m x 1.0 m of suitable
the transportation sector. Bearing capacity of foundation material so as to provide an axial stiffness of 27250
soil plays an important role in the long term stability of kN/m. Observations were made with regard to the
RE walls. Often, in-situ conditions are made up of vertical settlement of RE wall for the above options of
unfavorable soil types such as soft clay with low bearing capacity improvement.
bearing capacity (e.g. Palmeira et al 1998, Bergado et al
2002, Borges and Cardoso 2002). In this article 4. Conclusions
referring to a local case, alternatives for the Fig. 1 shows the pressure settlement curves for the
improvement of the bearing capacity of foundation soil various options. From Fig. 1, it is evident that the use
for the construction of RE wall are explored. Study Geocells provided the best improvement of bearing
involved extensive laboratory investigation of soil capacity of the foundation soil. This conclusion was
properties and a rigorous analysis using a computational also supported with other observations such as
code (Plaxis 2016). The alternatives studied for bearing maximum horizontal displacement of RE wall and
capacity improvement included metal strips, geocells maximum axial force in lower most geogrid layer.
and stone columns.
2. In-situ Conditions and Material Properties
The soil samples were obtained from the proposed
construction site for the determination of basic index
and strength parameters as per Indian Standard
procedures. Table 1 summarizes soil properties for
various components of the proposed RE wall. The
design height of the wall is 10 m and it is subjected to a
surcharge of 22 kPa. Further, the wall is located in the
geographical region with horizontal seismic coefficient
equal to 0.25 and the ground water table is situated
much below the zone of interest.
Table-1 Summary of soil properties Fig. 1 Pressure settlement curves for RE wall
Foundation Foundation
References
Reinfo-
soil (Layer soil (Layer
Parameter Backfill rced
1) 2)
Bergado, D.T., Long, P.V. and Murthy, B.R.S. (2002) A
soil case study of geotextile-reinforced embankment on
0 – 10 m 10 – 20 m
soft ground, Geotext. Geomemb, 20(6), pp. 343-365.
c (kN/m2) 0.0 0.0 44 67
φo 32 32 5.0 6.0 Borges, J.L. and Cardoso, A.S. (2002) Overall stability
γ (kN/m3) 18 20 18.90 19.6 of geosynthetic-reinforced embankments on soft soils,
Geotext. Geomemb, 20(6), pp. 395-421.
3. Methodology Palmeira, E.M., Pereira, J.H.F. and Silva, A.R.L. (1998)
RE wall is simulated using a finite element based Back analyses of geosynthetic - reinforced
computational code with following three options. embankments on soft soils, Geotext. Geomemb,
Option(a): providing 6 layers of 14.5 m long with 16(5), pp. 273-292.
vertical spacing 0.5 m, reinforcement density 10 strips /
3 m in each layer; Option(b): replacing the 3 m of the Plaxis (2016) Reference Manual, Delft University of
foundation soil with geocells having equivalent soil Technology and Plaxis B.V., the Netherlands.
properties as cohesion as 56.4 kN/m2, angle of internal
176
Stabilization of Sedimented Flyash Deposits Using Chemical Columns

Aparupa Pani
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela – 769008, Odisha, India
E-mail: aparupapani@gmail.com
Suresh Prasad Singh

E-mail: spsingh@nitrkl.ac.in
Keywords: flyash; chemical column; unconfined compressive strength; hydraulic conductivity; pH value;
1. Introduction 35cm and 45 and are subjected to various tests shown in
Pond ash deposits possess low bearing capacity and Fig 1.
very high compressibility rendering it unsuitable for any 4. Important Outcomes
construction over it. To address this problem, in the From the model tests, it is observed that the ash beds
present experimental investigation sedimented flyash treated with lower concentration of chemicals (1% and
beds were prepared in cylindrical tanks having diameter 2%) show better trend of chemical migration than
105 cm and 120 cm height with a centrally installed higher concentration of 3%. At higher concentration; the
chemical column of 20 cm diameter. After initial migration effect is mostly felt up to a radial distance of
sedimentation period of one month the central column 1.15D whereas in lower concentration the effective zone
was filled with NaOH solutions and the amount of extends up to 2D from the column surface.
chemicals introduced into the columns are 1, 2 and 3%
of the dry mass of the flyash. Undisturbed specimens
are collected from different radial distances after curing
periods of 7, 30, 60 and 90 days and the in-situ water
content, dry density, unconfined compressive strength,
hydraulic conductivity and pH are measured. This
method is found to be more effective in increasing the
unconfined compressive strength and reducing
hydraulic conductivity of the ash deposits in addition to
altering other geotechnical parameters like in-situ water Fig. 1 Details of Model Test Tank Showing All Sampling
content, dry density and pH value. A considerable Locations (all dimensions are in cm)
increase in strength is noticed up to a radial distance of
2D (where D is the diameter of the chemical column) 5. Conclusions
from the center of the column. This technique is found to be very effective in
increasing the strength, reducing hydraulic conductivity
of ash bed. A higher concentration of chemicals in the
The objective of the present work is to stabilize the
column ensures quick formation of hydration products
sedimented ash deposits by using chemical columns so
which makes the surrounding ash impermeable,
as to accomplish adequate strength which will make it
prohibiting further migration of chemicals to the
suitable for construction purpose.
peripheral region. This creates a highly stabilized zone
very close to the column surface whereas the
3. Methodology
stabilization effect is not that prominent in farther up
Sedimented ash beds were prepared in large circular areas. Also, at a specified curing period the hydraulic
galvanized iron model test tanks having diameter 105 conductivity is the minimum at locations closer to the
cm and 120 cm height. Before placing slurry in the test column and the same increases with increase in the
tank, steel casings with GI mesh of small aperture is radial distance.
placed exactly at the center of test tank. An initial
sedimentation period of 30 days is allowed to facilitate References
initial sedimentation and consolidation under self-
Chand, S.K. and Chillara, S. (2007) In-place
weight. After completion of initial sedimentation period
stabilization of pond ash deposits by hydrated lime
the amounts of chemicals introduced into the columns
columns. Journal of Geotechnical and Geo-
are 1, 2 and 3% of the dry mass of the flyash. After
environmental Engineering, 133(12), pp. 1609-1616.
curing periods of 7, 30, 60 and 90 days samples were
collected from different radial distances of 15cm, 25cm,
177
Mechanical Behavior of Lime Stabilized Dredged Soil

Obaid Qadir
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar-190006
E-mail: obaidqadir193@gmail.com
B. A. Mir
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar-190006
E-mail: p7mir@nitsri.net, bamiriitb@gmail.com, bashiriisc@yahoo.com Cell: 09419002500
Keywords: dredged soil, floods, solid waste, lime stabilization, sustainable soil stabilization.
1. Introduction
Dredged soil deposits are generally soft soils possessing 4. Important Outcomes
a low bearing capacity and high compressibility and The mechanical properties of the selected weakest soil
pose a great challenge to geotechnical engineers as both sample-2 were improved using different percentages of
safety and serviceability requirements may not be lime as an additive. The test results revealed that the
satisfied (Mir 2015, DOER 1999). Therefore, using such addition of hydrated lime has significant increase in the
soil deposits either as a foundation medium as or a strength of dredged soil. The optimum lime content has
construction material in its in-situ condition is not been found out to be 8 % (Fig. 1). With increase in
recommended. This study deals with improvement of curing period up to 7 days the strength is further
soft soil deposits generated by dredging the flood spill increased. The lime treatment flattens the compaction
channel of Jhelum River Srinagar. Test specimens were curves thereby ensuring that given percentage of the
prepared with different percentages of lime as an prescribed density can be achieved over a much wider
additive. The stabilizing effect depends on the reaction range of moisture contents. Both cohesion (c) and
between lime and the clay minerals (Bell 1996). friction angle (ϕ) increased with lime content, changing
the denseness of the soil from very loose to dense state.
The main objective of this study is to characterize and 600
stabilize soft soil by improving the mechanical
UCS, qu (kN/m2)
Untreated dredged soil

properties so as it could be used as an engineered 7D cured: Lime =0%
construction material, and to successfully manage the 400 7D cured: Lime =4%
7D cured: Lime =8%
dredged soil in a manner that is protective of human
7D cured: Lime =12%
health and the environment in and around Jhelum River. 7D cured: Lime =16%
200
3. Methodology
In this study various soil samples at three different sites
of flood channel were collected. Various soil tests like 0
gradation, specific gravity, consistency limits, 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
compaction tests and unconfined compressive strength Axial strain, a (%)
and direct shear tests were conducted to determine the
shear strength parameters as per Standard Codal Fig. 1 Strength behavior of stabilized dredged soil
procedures. Some of the physical properties are given in
Table 1. 5. Conclusions
Table-1 Physical properties of dredged soil The stabilization of the solid waste soil such as dredged
soil with lime is an effective means of chemical
UCS DST stabilization of soils. It is seen that engineering
Site No
(%)
LL OMC MDD
finer cu cu properties of dredged soil have significantly improved
75
(%) (%) (kN/m3) ° by the addition of lime.
(kPa) (kPa)
1 90 38 22 16.5 54.4 13.3 25.3 References

2 96 39 26 15.4 34.7 23.7 16.1 Mir B. A. (2015) some studies on geotechnical
characterization of dredged soil for sustainable
3 95 43 21 16.4 47.2 5.5 13.9 development of Dal Lake and environmental
restoration, Int. J. Tech. Research and Applications,
Special Issue 12 (Jan. 2015), pp. 04-09.
178
A Comparative Study of Geotechnical Behaviour of Pond Ash Using

Lime and Cement
Amit Gaurav
Rakesh Pratap Singh
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, Jamshedpur – 831014
E-mail: agaurav5288@gmail.com; rpsingh.ce@nitjsr.ac.in
Keywords: Pond ash; Lime; Portland slag cement; CBR; UCS

1. Introduction values. The optimum value of lime and cement also
Development of a nation is linked with its industrial affects shear strength, unconfined compressive strength,
growth. Presently, about 75% of India’s energy supply curing period as well as compaction characteristics.
is from coal based thermal power plants. So with rapid
0 day lime 7 days lime
industrialization the quantity of wastes generated by 28 days lime 0 day cement
these industries is about 180 million metric tons of fly
Unsoaked CBR
100 7 days cement 28 days cement
ash annually whereas only 38% is utilized which creates 80
disposal problem and environmental degradation. These 60
(%)
wastes are mainly utilized for structural fills, 40
construction of highways and embankments. But pond 20
ash is non plastic and light weight material and also 0
possesses less shear strength, CBR value and specific 0 2 4 6 8 10
Lime and Cement content (%)
gravity compared to conventional earth material and
Fig. 1 Variation of unsoaked CBR with lime and cement
efforts have been made to improve these properties by
adding lime and cement. This nominal addition will 250
Lime
increase its shear strength and CBR value. The paper 200
UCS (kN/m²)
Cement
describes the best possible admixtures to be used with 150
pond ash in terms of strength and economy.
100
50
This project highlights key concepts to improve
environmental and operational performance of waste 0
reduction at the workplace. Hence, this study is about 0 2 4 6 8 10
Lime and Cement content (%)
the effect of lime and cement on pond ash for improving
the properties of pond ash material such as shear Fig. 2 Variation of UCS values with lime and cement
strength, compaction and CBR characteristics. The 5. Conclusions
comparison is made between lime and cement for its Pond ash properties are enhanced in terms of
suitability as admixture in terms of both strength and compaction, strength and CBR values with addition of
economy (cost per m³). admixtures and also comparison is made in terms of
economy so that pond ash (industrial waste) can be
3. Methodology effectively used as fill material and in construction
The various types of tests are conducted such as specific activities. The optimum value of lime and cement was
gravity (IS 2720 Part3-1980) using kerosene oil, sieve found as 8% and 6% respectively. As per economy
analysis (IS 2720 Part4-1985), standard compaction test criteria, lime is suitable admixture to be used though
(IS 2720 Part7-1980) direct shear test (IS 2720 Part13- pond ash cement mixes achieves higher strength as well
1986), unconfined compressive strength test (IS 2720 as CBR values.
Part10-1991) and CBR test (IS 2720 Part16-1987) on
lime stabilized pond ash. Physical properties of pond References
ash has been found to be as G = 2.13, maximum dry Ghosh, A. (2010) Compaction characteristics and
density = 11.62 kN/m³, OMC = 33.40%, soil bearing ratio of pond ash stabilized with lime and
classification as per IS1498-1970 is SM type and non- phosphogypsum, Journal of Materials in Civil
plastic. Engineering, ASCE, 22(4), pp. 343-351.
4. Important Outcomes Singh, S.P. and Sharan, A. (2013) Compaction
From the Figs. 1 and 2, it is clearly evident that there is characteristics of compacted pond ash, Geomechanics
an increase in CBR and UCS values till the optimum and Geoengineering, 9(1), pp. 9-17.
percentages of lime and cement is reached. Thereafter
further addition of lime and cement decreases the
179
Experimental Investigation and Microstructural Analysis of Nano-

Chemically Treated Soil
Sandeep Singh
Chandra Bogireddy
C. H. Solanki
S. A. Vasanwala
Applied Mechanics Department, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat – 395007, Gujrat, India
E-mail: ssinghcivil11@gmail.com
Keywords: Nanochemical; terrasil; index properties; shear parameters; electron microscopy

1. Introduction
Clay is present in the maximum region of Surat region Table-2 Improved properties of treated soil
and most of the clay is problematic soil because of its
PI FSI MDD
expansive nature when come in contact with water and Soil LL(%) c(KPa)
(%) (%) (g/cc)
shrinks when water vaporizes away from clay. With the
newly increased attention for the nanotechnology CI 38.5 12.8 14.4 1.67 241
applications in geotechnical engineering, soil
stabilization becomes a common approach used to CH 41.8 19.1 19.5 1.59 263
enhance soils to accomplish the specifications of
An increase in the maximum dry density generally
different projects (Kolias et al, 2005). Nanotechnology
indicates soil improvement.
is the use of very small particles of materials to create
new large scale materials (Ge & Gao, 2008). The The changes in cohesion value for CH soil is shown in
definition states that at least one dimension of a fig. 1
nanomaterial should be in between 1 to 100 nm. Terrasil
chemical is emerging as a new material for the
improvement of the soil.
It is found that a lot of research work on stabilization by
using nanochemical has been done and parameters like
consistency limits, free swell index, unconfined
compressive strength and CBR values have been studied
earlier. In the present study, mainly the attempt is made Fig-1 Variation of cohesion w.r.t Terrasil dose for sample 1
to study the cohesion value of untreated & treated soil (CH soil)
by performing laboratory triaxial test. 5. Conclusions
3. Methodology The conclusions drawn from the results of present
Two samples CH and CI type soil are taken for the study are- On adding terrasil, PI and FSI is reduced.
study. Laboratory test based on Indian standard codes On adding terrasil, it is found that cohesion of clay
are conducted for treated and untreated soil for finding soil is improving with a considerable amount for both
the consistency limits, free swell index, specific gravity the samples at 1.5% dose. The results of XRD show
& compaction test. Triaxial tests for untreated & treated that the flex width for all the minerals is decreasing.
soil are conducted as per IS-2720 part (11).Three Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed
different percentages of terrasil are diluted in calculated the aggregations and assemblages when treated with
amount of water and the prepared solution is introduced terrasil leading to a more dense structure.
in the soil. The mixture is air dried for a curing period References
of 7 days and 14 days. The dosage of terrasil is decided
from the previous researches. Ge, Z. and Gao, Z. (2008) Applications of nanotechnology and
nanomaterials in construction. First Inter. Confer. Construc.
4. Important Outcomes Develop. Countries, pp. 235-240.
The results obtained after 7 days curing by taking 1.5% Kolias, S., Kasselouri-Rigopoulou, V. and Karahalios, A.
terrasil dose are shown in table-2 (2005) Stabilisation of clayey soils with high calcium fly ash
and cement, Cement and Concrete Composites, 27(2), pp.
301-313.
180
Effect of Alkali Activated Fly Ash on the Strength of Clayey soil

R.R Pandya
A.J Shah
Applied Mechanics Department L.D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad, India
E-mail: risspan22@yahoo.com; alpa.jogin@gmail.com
Keywords: Alkaline Activator; Fly ash; NaOH; Na2SiO3; UCS

1. Introduction period the soil sample is tested on UCS device and that
As the construction industry grows, there is necessity to samples are compared with the soil mixture without
promote sustainable development. The alkali activation alkaline activator. The most effective mixture tested for
of fly ashes is a particular procedure by which the grey FTIR analysis.
powder (FA) is mixed with certain alkaline activators
and then the mixture is cured under a certain 4. Important Outcomes
temperature to make solid materials. The glassy The Unconfined Compression Test results for 10, 15
constituent of the fly ash is transformed into well and 20% fly ash for 7, 14 and 28 days at Optimum
compacted cement. A general chemical structure of Moisture Content are as follows.
geopolymer could be expressed as (Zhang et al. 2013).
12M
Mn[-(SiO2)q-AlO2] (1) 500 470.02
UCS Value(kPa)
Where M denotes an alkali cation, n represents the 400 % of

degree of polycondensation and 𝑞= 𝑆𝑖/𝐴𝑙 ratio. 310.61 Fly Ash
300
2. Motivation and Objective 10%
The objective of the current research work is to 200 150.24 15%
ascertain the suitability of alkali-activated fly ash as a
100 20%
soil stabilizing agent.
0
3. Methodology
For the present work soil was collected from Nalsarovar 7 Days 14 Days 28 Days
region from the depth below 2m.Properties of soil are DAYS
given in Table below. Fig. 1 UCS results at OMC
Table-1 Physical properties of soil 5. Conclusions
The unconfined compressive strength of soil mixture is
Properties Values
found to vary with the activator, fly ash and curing
Liquid Limit (%) 29.52 period.12M activator solution gives higher value in case
Plastic Limit (%) 18.5 of 28 days and for 20% fly ash at optimum moisture
Plasticity Index (%) 11.2 content. The strength is increase with increasing fly ash
and activator concentration for higher curing period,
Soil as per I.S CL maximum strength attained is 470 kPa.
Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) (%) 16
References
Maximum dry Density (MDD) (kN/m3) 18.02
Specific gravity 2.62 Nuno Cristelo, Stephanie Glendinning, Lisete
Fernandes, Amandio Teixeira pinto (2012) Effect of
Free Swell Index (%) 18.18
calcium content on soil stabilisation with alkaline
To prepare the soil samples first activator is made from activation Construction and Building Materials.
Na2SiO3 and NaOH. 1M Na2SiO3 solution mix with the Sarat Kumar Das and Partha Sarathi Parhi (2013)
12M concentrated of NaOH at the ratio of 2:1. Activator Stabilization of expansive soil using alkali activated
was mixed with the total solids (clay + fly ash) at the fly ash Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical
OMC and 3% dry side of OMC. In soil mixture (soil + Conference (IGC2013), Roorkee, India.
fly ash) the percentage of fly ash is taken as 10, 15 and
20%. The total mixture is expose to prepare the UCS Zhang, M., Guo, H., Korchi, T.E., Zhang, G. and Tao,
soil sample in plastic molds and left them for 24 hours M. (2013) Experimental feasibility study of
and then the mold were left for curing period of 7,14 geopolymer as the next generation soil stabilizer,
and 28 days in air tight container. At the end of curing Construction and building materials, pp. 1468-1478.
181
A Numerical Investigation on Bearing Capacity of Isolated Footing on

Fiber Reinforced Sands
Rajeswari J S
Rajib Sarkar
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, Dhanbad-826004
E-mail: rajeswarijs1993@gmail.com; rajibdeq@gmail.com
Nishant Roy
S D Bharti
Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur-302017
E-mail: nishantciv@gmail.com; sdbharti@mnit.ac.in
Keyword: Fiber reinforced soil; Triaxial test; Bearing capacity

1. Introduction studied. Using the properties of soil obtained from the
triaxial simulations, three dimensional numerical
To improve the performance of the isolated footings investigations have been carried out to investigate the
resting on weak soils, various innovative ground load settlement characteristics of a circular footing
improvement techniques have been used by researchers. resting on fiber reinforced sand. A rough circular footing
Soil reinforcement is one such technique which has been of diameter 2m resting on sandy soil is considered for
gaining importance in recent years owing to its great the study. The soil is assumed to be reinforced up to a
performance. Various forms of reinforcement such as depth of 0.5m (B/4) and diameter 2.5m (1.25B) beneath
fibers, geogrids, and geotextiles are used to study its the footing. An elastic-perfectly plastic Mohr-Coulomb
effect on strength and settlement characteristics of soil. model is used. In order to eliminate boundary effects, a
Fiber reinforcement is considered to be a cost effective cylindrical model of 20m diameter and 10m depth is
method among all the reinforcement techniques for the considered. Taking the advantage of symmetry, only
enhancement of bearing capacity of footings especially quarter of the geometry is modeled for the analysis as
for low to medium rise structures. shown in Fig. 1. Improvement of load carrying capacity
2. Motivation and Objective of fiber reinforced sand are quantified in accordance with
Incorporation of randomly oriented fibers into soil is Mandal and Sah (1992).
found to improve its load deformation behaviour since
fibers take a portion of stresses from soil through bond
or surface friction (Babu et al. 2008). Fibers possess high
tensile strength hence it prevent the formation of tensile
cracks in weak soil. Though few experimental studies
pertaining to fiber reinforced soil subjected to static
loading have been reported in literature, extensive
investigation on the improvement of bearing capacity of
fiber reinforced sands is still not available. Therefore, a
numerical investigation has been presented in the paper
to study the effect of fiber reinforcement on strength and
deformation properties of sand. Determination of load- Fig. 1 Schematic of footing resting on fiber reinforced sand
deformation characteristics of isolated footing resting on
fiber reinforced sandy soils has also been an important 4. Conclusions
aspect of the work presented here. This study provides an insight into the effectiveness of
addition of fibers in the sand of different strengths on the
3. Methodology bearing capacity of isolated circular footing.
A series of triaxial tests are carried out numerically for
soil reinforced with varying percentages of fibers References
(0.25%, 0.50%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%) using finite Babu, G.L.S., Vasudevan, A.K. and Haldar, S. (2008)
difference software package FLAC. From the stress- Numerical simulation of fiber-reinforced sand
strain response of triaxial simulations, elastic properties behaviour, Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Volume
and friction angle of the sand are evaluated and the 26, pp.181-188.
effects of inclusion of fibers on soil properties are
182
Laboratory Investigation of Lateritic Soil treated with Terrasil and

Cement
A. U. Ravi Shankar
Panditharadhya B. J.
Rahul Saini
Amulya S.
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal – 575025
E-mail: aurshankar@gmail.com; pandith23@gmail.com; sainirahul210@gmail.com
Keywords: lateritic soil; Terrasil; Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS); California Bearing Ratio (CBR);
1. Introduction were dried at 71°C for 42 hours and thoroughly brushed
Lateritic soil can be improved by treating it with various parallel and again dimensions and weight were taken. In
stabilizers. In this study, locally available lateritic soil is FD test, samples were placed in water-saturated felt
investigated to check the enhancement in its properties pads and stood on carriers in a freezer at a temperature
when it is treated with 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% of Terrasil not higher than -10°C for 22 hours and then kept in a
and also same combinations with 2.0% cement by moisture room for 22 hours and dimensions and weight
weight of soil. Lateritic soil and treated soils were were taken after brushing. The weight loss of specimen
compacted at both standard and modified proctor for WD and FT should not be more than 14% after 12
densities. Stabilized soil samples were subjected to repeated cycles.
Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), California
Bearing Ratio (CBR), indirect tensile strength test (IDT) 4. Important Outcomes
Plasticity index decreased from 13% to 8% immediately
and triaxial tests and compared with untreated soil
after mixing Terrasil with soil. It may be due to the
strength. The durability tests, i.e., Wet-Dry (WD) and
ionic exchange and chemical reaction of the soil with it.
Freeze-Thaw (FT) tests were conducted as per ASTM
The UCS test shows significant increase in strength at
D559 and 560.
1.5 % dosage (From 476 kPa to 1404 kPa). Soaked
2. Motivation and Objective CBR of treated soil is three times to that of the
The optimum dosage of Terrasil on lateritic soil with unsoaked CBR of untreated soil (From 28% to 72%).
2% cement is to be determined. And the main aim is to Untreated soils collapsed during the first cycle of WD
study the change in the strength and durability attributes test, whereas soil treated with Terrasil have passed 4
of the treated and untreated soil for the use of cycles and didn’t collapse till 10 cycles and samples
construction of low volume roads. treated with cement and Terrasil passed 6 cycles and
didn’t collapse till 12 cycles. The IDT value of treated
3. Materials and Methodology soil is four times that of normal soil. Before
Terrasil is a non leachable, works with all types of soil recommending Terrasil for the practical purpose of
and make it impervious to water. Terrasil react stabilizing weak subgrade soils or GSB layer, a cost
permanently with the soil surface, chemically converts comparison has to be done to ascertain whether it
water absorbing silanol group to water resistant alkyl
proves cost effective on the longer run.
siloxane surface at room temperature. Terrasil also
reduces expansiveness and builds impermeability. 5. Conclusions
Cement as a stabilizing medium can be very effective Terrasil increases the UCS, IDT strength as well as the
and is added at dosage of 2% of total weight. Treated CBR value of lateritic soil. From the cost analysis, it is
samples are air cured for 7, 14, 28 and 60 days, whereas known that treating with Terrasil and cement increases
for normal soil moist curing is done. The UCS, CBR, the cost by ten times. Terrasil treated soil would be used
triaxial shear and IDT strength values are determined in where the water logging and drainage problem is more
the laboratory to know the improvement in strength of and in the heavy rain area when water repellency
treated soil. The static IDT of a specimen is determined required is more. This proves that the combination of
using the procedure outlined in ASTM D 6931. The Terrasil and cement as stabilizing materials are working
compressive load indirectly creates a tensile load in the effectively and can be used in case of low volume roads.
horizontal direction of the sample. The peak load is
recorded and it is divided by appropriate geometrical References
factors to obtain the split tensile strength. In the WD test Gregory, P.K. (2012) Soil stabilization methods and
for durability, samples with 76mm height and 38mm materials in Engineering Practice, State of the art
diameter were submerged in water for 5 hours, its review, Department of Civil, Environmental and
dimensions and weight were taken. Then the specimens Natural resources engineering, Lulea, Sweden.
183
Performance study of Geopolymerized Black Cotton Soil Admixed

with Cement Kiln Dust
Prathap Kumar
Department of Civil Engineering, RNS Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560098
E-mail: drmtprathap@gmail.com
Sapna Devendra
Ghousia College of Engineering, Ramanagaram
E-mail: sapnadevendra@yahoo.co.in
Keywords: Cement Kiln Dust; Unconfined Compressive strength; Plasticity; Maximum Dry Density
1. Introduction showed significant increase in maximum dry density
Cement kiln dust (CKD) due to high alkali content of with a corresponding reduction in optimum moisture
CKD, its disposal as well as recycling poses problems. content. Maximum strength has been observed
In the present study, the utilization of CKD with its high corresponding to BC soil admixed with 12% CKD. The
alkali content in the production of geopolymerized BC increase in the strength by using geopolymers such as
soil is investigated. BC soil being a problematic soil, in sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate improves UCS
terms of strength as well as high plasticity requires significantly in a shorter curing period as shown in
stabilization in one form or the other. Chemical Table 1
polymerization using non-toxic grouting compounds Table 1 UCS in kN/m2 for geopolymerized BC Soil
such as sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate have been Curing Period Molarity 0 day 7 days 14 days 28 days
used to increase the strength of soil in a shorter period. BC soil alone 155.2 156.2 170.7 219.2
BC Soil+ 12% CKD 198.2 235.2 252.4 282.9
2. Motivation and Objective BC Soil+ 12% CKD- 15% GP 317.1 323.8 333.1
The objective of the present study is to underline the use BC Soil+ 12% CKD- 20% GP 4M 290.4 305.4 310.6
BC Soil+ 12% CKD- 30% GP 87.0 97.9 105.7
of CKD admixed BC soil to attain the higher strength by
BC Soil+ 12% CKD- 15% GP 333.6 384.9 416.1
geopolymerization process using additives such as BC Soil+ 12% CKD- 20% GP 8M 309.0 335.8 396.1
sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. The effect of BC Soil+ 12% CKD- 30% GP 124.6 142.5 154.9
molarity of sodium hydroxide on unconfined BC Soil+ 12% CKD- 15% GP 350.3 427.4 466.6
BC Soil+ 12% CKD- 20% GP 12M 315.5 365.7 413.5
compressive strength (UCS) of CKD admixed BC soil is BC Soil+ 12% CKD- 30% GP 153.2 174.3 186.6
investigated.
5. Conclusions
3. Methodology On the basis of present experimental study, the
The Black cotton soil (BC Soil) was brought from following major conclusions were drawn: 12% CKD
Gangapura in Gulbarga District. CKD collected from produce optimum benefits in terms of reduction in
ACC plant, Wadi. BC Soil was mixed with CKD at plasticity and increase in strength of BC soil admixed
different proportion and optimum dosage of CKD was with CKD. Increase in percentage of geopolymer
found on the basis of compaction test results as well as decreases UCS for a given molarity of geopolymer.
reduction in plasticity. Geopolymer activated solutions Increase in molarity of geopolymer causes an increase
were prepared using sodium hydroxide and sodium in the strength as well as increase in percentage of
silicate at different molarities (4M, 8M and 12M) and geopolymer reduces UCS.
mixed with BC Soil + optimum dosage of 12% CKD.
References
Geopolymer activated solutions with different
molarities (4M, 8M and 12M) at 15%, 20%, 30% and Baghdadi, Z.A. and Rahman, M.A. (1990) The Potential
50% by weight of total solids was used to polymerize of Cement Kiln Dust for the Stabilization of Dune
the CKD admixed BC soil. UCS test was conducted for Sand in Highway Construction, Building and
Geopolymerized BC soil to assess the increase in Environment, 25(4), pp. 285-289.
strength. SEM studies of geopolymer activated BC soil
combinations as well as BC soil alone, CKD alone and Bhatty, J.I., Bhattacharja, S. and Tordes, H.A. (1996)
BC soil + 12% CKD were done. Use of Cement Kiln Dust in Stabilizing Clay Soils,
Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Illinois, USA.
Plasticity of BC soil decreases and seem to stabilize F.O.P. Oriola and Moses G. Compacted black cotton
when percentage of CKD increases beyond 12% with a soil treated with cement kiln dust as hydraulic barrier
consequent reduction in plasticity index when material, AJSIR © 2011, ISSN: 2153-649X, pp 521-
percentage of CKD equals to 12%. BC soil + 12% CKD 30.
184
Behavior of Footings Resting On 3D Reinforced Trenches

Hema M
Unnikrishnan N
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Trivandrum– 695016
E-mail: hema03nov92@gmail.com; unnikrishnan_n@yahoo.com
Keywords: 3D reinforcement; trenches; footings; settlement

1. Introduction LOAD, N
Reinforced soil has been successfully used in many 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
geotechnical engineering applications where the soil as 0
unreinforced
such is not strong enough to take up the loads. Many
SETTLEMENT, mm
5 Vr=0.55%
types of geosynthetics and fibres have been used as Vr=1.1%
10 Vr=1.65%
reinforcing elements. Replacement of the weak zone by Vr=2.2%
a stronger soil is generally adopted for the purpose of 15
ground improvement. However, it is not often feasible 20
to replace the entire weak zone. Studies have been
conducted on the use of granular trenches for soil 25
improvement (Madhav and Vitkar, 1978, Unnikrishnan 30
et al., 2010). This study focuses on the use granular Fig. 1 Load Settlement Behaviour of Unreinforced and
trenches in improving the strength of cohesionless soil. Reinforced Soil
The soil within the trench is reinforced with 3D
5. Conclusions
reinforcements (Zhang et al., 2006, 2008, Harikumar et
The optimum percentage of reinforcement is found to be
al., 2016). Loads are applied through an automated and
1.65%. Significant improvement was observed after
computer controlled hydraulic cyclic plate load testing
introduction of reinforcement in the granular trench.
equipment.
Optimum triangular and rectangular trench
2. Motivation and Objective configurations were determined with w/d ratios of 2 and
Granular trench is a technique of partial replacement of 1.5 respectively. Triangular trenches performed better
the weak soil by a better one. It is cost effective and than rectangular trenches. Increase in relative density of
viable considering the selective replacement. The soil-reinforcement mix in the trench resulted in higher
behaviour of reinforced granular trenches under strength.
monotonic loading is reported in the proposed paper. 3D
References
reinforcement is used for reinforcing the soil within the
trench. Harikumar, M., Sankar, N. and Chandrakaran, S. (2016)
Behaviour of model footing resting on sand bed
3. Methodology
reinforced with multi directional reinforcing elements,
In the proposed paper, the behavior of reinforced
Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Volume 44, pp 568-
granular trenches in loose cohesionless soil under
578.
monotonic loading is reported. Two configurations of
trenches, namely, triangular and rectangular, are Madhav, M.R. and Vitkar, P.P. (1978) Strip footing on
investigated. Optimizations of the shape and size of the weak clay stabilized with a granular trench or pile,
trench are included. The trench has been reinforced by Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Volume 15.
filling it with sand, randomly reinforced with varying
percentages of 3D reinforcements. An optimum Unnikrishnan, N., Johnson, A.S. and Rajan, S. (2010)
percentage of reinforcement has been determined. Response of Strip Footings Supported on Granular
Trench, Indian Geotechnical Conference-2010.
Percentage of reinforcements is varied from 0% to Zhang, M.X., Javadi, A.A. and Min, X. (2006) Triaxial
2.2%. The optimum proportion of reinforcement is tests on sand reinforced with 3D inclusions,
determined as 1.65% (Figure 1). Further tests were then Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Volume 24, pp. 201-
conducted on trenches reinforced with soil randomly 209.
mixed with the optimum percentage of reinforcements Zhang, M.X., Zhou, H., Javadi, A.A. and Wang, Z.W.
thus determined. (2008) Experimental and theoretical investigation of
strength of soil reinforced with multi-layer horizontal-
vertical orthogonal elements, Geotextiles and
Geomembranes, Volume 26, pp. 1-13.
185
Shear Strength Behaviour and Regression Analysis of Cement

Stabilized River Bed Material for use in Sub grade
Champakali Das
Ambarish Ghosh
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah– 711 103
E-mail: champakali.rs2013@civil.iiests.ac.in; ambarish@civil.iiests.ac.in
Keywords: subgrade; triaxle; shearstrength

1. Introduction represent one sample in table No.3. The cylindrical
Subgrade is an important factor for a good road network sample placed in the triaxial test machine for
system. In this paper we have studied the Unconsolidated Undrained (UU) test under different
Unconsolidated Undrained (UU) shear strength confining pressure (100, 200 and 400 kPa) after the
behaviour of the cement stabilized Brahmaputra River specific curing days.
Bed materials after specific days of curing (7, 14, 28, 45
Table-1 Physical properties of stabilized river bed materials
and 90 Days) in the humidity controlled chamber (Temp
± 30℃, Humidity ± 95%). Cement
OMC MDD CBR CBR
Content
(%) (kN/m3) (S), % (US), %
2. Motivation and Objective (%)
This paper highlights the following objectives based on 0 19 15.6 19 22
experimental investigations and analysis to study the 2 17 16.4 37 30
engineering properties of river bed materials. The effect 4 17 16.5 50 31
of stabilization and curing period on shear strength 6 18 16.7 79 32
(UU) parameters of the river bed materials and CBR (S) =Soaked CBR, CBR (US) =Unsoaked CBR
development of regression model to assess compressive 4. Important Outcomes
strength (𝑞𝑢) of stabilized river bed materials based on
experimental results.
3. Methodology
Stabilized cylindrical samples were prepared with
different percentages of cement (2.0%, 4.0% and 6.0%).
The dry weight of river bed materials has been
𝑀
calculated from the dry density formula (𝛾𝑑 = ), where
𝑉
𝛾𝑑 is Maximum dry density (MDD) from Standard
Proctor test, M is mass of the cement stabilized river Figure 1. Effect of cohesion for different curing periods
bed material and V is volume of split sampler. The of cement stabilized river bed materials.
desired content of required water have been calculated 5. Conclusions
with the help of Maximum dry density (MDD) and a) Cement content increases the unconsolidated
Optimum moisture content (OMC) from Standard undrained shear strength and cohesion of soil is
Proctor Test. The mixing process continued in a dry also increases.
state until the samples has found to be homogeneous,
b) Angle of internal friction increased for cement
then water added until it has beenachieved the
stabilized river bed material with increasing
maximum dry density (MDD) of stabilized soil. After
amount of cement content and curing period but
the preparation of wet sample, it has been separately
the increment is minimum.
filled in three layer in the cylindrical split mould
c) Compressive strength (𝑞𝑢 ) can be predict for
sampler and compact each layer with standard Proctor
known curing period and cement content from the
energy to achieve the maximum dry density (MDD).
relations developed by using multiple regression
With the help of sample extractor it has to be removed
analysis.
and placed in desiccator to control the moisture for 24
hours. After 24 hours the samples were packed with References
cellophane paper so that moisture content will not be
changed and placed in the humidity control chamber Bushra, I. and Robinson, R.G. (2010) Strength
with ± 30°C and ± 95% humidity for specific curing Behaviour of Cement Stabilized Marine Clay Cured
days of 7, 14, 28, 45 and 90 Days. For each test, three Under Stress, Indian Geotechnical Conference – 2010,
samples were tested and the average was considered to GEOtrendz December 16–18, 2010
186
Influence of Cement and Polyester Fibres on Compaction and CBR

Value of Clayey Soil
Avinash Bhardwaj
B. S. Walia
Department of Civil Engineering, GNDEC, Ludhiana- 141006
E-mail: 07bhardwaj@gmail.com; bswalia@gndec.ac.in
Abhishek
Department of Civil Engineering, NIT, Hamirpur- 177001
E-mail: abhisheksharma401@gmail.com
Keywords: Cement; Polyester Fibre; Compaction; Compressive strength

Clayey soils exhibit properties of swelling and The effect of addition of fibre and cement on CBR
shrinkage when water content changes. Due to this values has been shown in figure. 1
property, the shear strength of these soils is very low 300
and it is very difficult to construct structures on these
soils. Various techniques have been incorporated in past 250
years to act as remedial measures for these types of Load (Kg) 200
soils. One on the important technique is soil S:P:C (100:0:0)
stabilization by addition of chemicals. In the present 150 S:P:C (93.5:0.5:6)
S:P:C (93:1:6)
study cement and fibre are used to stabilize the clayey 100 S:P:C (92.5:1.5:6)
soil. Various tests such as specific gravity, particle size
distribution, compaction test and CBR values of various 50
mixtures have been found out. 0
2. Motivation and Objective 0 5
Penetration (mm) 10 15
Fibre has good tensile properties and compressive Fig 1. CBR test results of mix at various percentages
strength of cement is also high. So keeping in view the
above properties both materials have been used
5. Conclusions
in stabilization of clayey soil. The following objectives
1. With the addition of varying percentage of cement
have been studied in the present study:
i.e. 0, 2, 4, and 6% the OMC of the soil decreases as
• To study the effect of addition of cement and fibre on 18.50, 17.8, 17.2, and 16%, respectively. Moreover
OMC and MDD properties of clayey soil. the MDD of the soil increases i.e. 15.6, 17.4, 17.5,
• To study the effect of addition of cement and fibre on
17.7 kN/m3.
CBR value of clayey soil.
2. As with the insertion of varying percentage of
3. Methodology polyster fibre the OMC of the soil gradually
Properties of soil have been evaluated in table below: increases i.e. 18.50, 19.2, 19.8, and 21% and the
MDD of the soil decreases i.e. 15.6, 15.5, 15.3 and
Table 1. Physical properties of clay 15.1 kN/m3, respectively.
Property Value
Specific gravity 2.62 References
Liquid limit (%) 38.5
Basha, E. A., Hashim, R., Mahmud, H. B. and
Plastic limit (%) 22.4
Muntohar, A. S. (2005) Stabilisation of residual soil
Plasticity Index (%) 16.1 with RHA and cement, Construction and Building
Soil classification CI materials, 19(6), pp. 448- 453.
Optimum moisture content (%) 18.5
Maximum dry density (kN/m3) 15.6 Oyediran, I. A. and kalejaiye, M. (2011) Effects of
Unsoaked CBR value (%) 2.55 increasing cement content on strength and compaction
parameters of some lateritic soils South western
The different mixtures of soil: cement, soil: fibre and Nigeria, EJGE, 16, pp.1501 – 1514.
soil: cement and fibre were prepared at various
percentages and optimum values were found out from
OMC and MDD curve.
187
Use of Green Binders in Improving Problematic Expansive Soil

K. Ramu
Department of Civil Engineering, University College of Engineering, JNTU Kakinada, Kakinada - 533003
E-mail : kramujntu@hotmail.com
R. Dayakar Babu
Department of Civil Engineering, Kakinada Institute of Technology and Science, Divili, Andhra Pradesh, South India, Pin – 533433
Email: kitscivilian@gmail.com
Keywords: Expansive Soil; Geopolymer; Flyash; Green Binders

1. Introduction 𝑀𝑛 {−(𝑆𝑖𝑂2 )𝑧 − 𝐴𝑙𝑂2 }𝑛 𝑤𝐻2 𝑂 (1)
Expansive soils undergo a large swell when they are
subjected to moisture fluctuations that create problems where “z” is 1, 2 or 3 or higher up to 32; M is a
in geotechnical engineering applications. It causes monovalent cation such as potassium or sodium, and
heavy damages in structures, especially in water “n” is a degree of polycondensation (Davidovits, 1994).
conveyance canals, lined reservoirs, highways, airport The source material for geopolymer based on alumino-
runways etc., unless appropriate measures are taken. silicate should be rich in silicon (Si) and aluminium
Various remedial measures like soil replacement, (Al). The by-product materials such as fly ash, silica
moisture control, pre-wetting, lime stabilization have fume, slag, rice-husk ash, red mud, etc. could be used as
been practiced to varying degrees of success. However, source materials. The choice of the source materials for
these techniques suffer from certain limitations with making geopolymers depends on factors such as
respect to their adaptability, like longer time periods availability, cost, and type of application and specific
required for pre-wetting the highly plastic clays, demand of the end users. The alkaline liquids are from
difficulty in constructing the ideal moisture barriers, soluble alkali metals that are usually Sodium or
pulverization and mixing problems in the case of lime Potassium based.
stabilization and high cost for hauling suitable refill
material for soil replacement etc. There are several 4. Experimental Program
methods that have been used to minimize or eliminate In the laboratory, various experiments were conducted
the effect of expansive soils on structures. Many for Expansive Soil with different percentages of
researchers, all over the world are working, to evolve Geopolymeric binder for various Curing periods.
more effective and practical treatment methods, to solve Differential Free Swell (DFS), Liquid Limit, Plastic
the problems caused to structures founded on expansive Limit, Compaction, CBR and Tri-axial tests were
soils. conducted with a view to determine the optimum
combination of Geopolymeric binder in expansive soil.
Keeping in view the research findings outlined above, in 5. Result
the present paper, an attempt made to study the effect of It is clearly observed that there is an improvement in the
a new green binder. i.e., Fly Ash based Geopolymer on behavior of Expansive soil stabilized with Geopolymer
the behavior of expansive soil. The research work as a binder. A relatively new binder which is eco
yielded that the green (sustainable) binder had shown friendly has evolved from this experimental study to
promising influence on the properties of problematic mitigate the problems caused by expansive soils,
expansive soil, thereby giving a dual advantage to this thereby giving a dual advantage to this type of
type of stabilization technique in improving a stabilization technique.
problematic soil and also solving a problem of waste 6. Conclusions
disposal Based on the laboratory experimental results, it can be
3. Methodology observed that the properties of the expansive soil can be
Davidovits (1988) was first introduced the term improved by stabilizing with the geopolymer.
geopolymer and proposed that an alkaline liquid could References
be used to react with the silicon (Si) and the aluminum
(Al) in a source material of geological origin or in Davidovits, J. (1988) Soft Mineralogy and
byproduct materials such as fly ash and rice husk ash to Geopolymers, Proceeding of the Geopolymer 88,
produce binder.Poly(sialates) are a chain and ring International Conference, the University de
polymers with Si4+ and AL3+ in IV-fold coordination Technologie, Compiegne, France
with oxygen and range from amorphous to semi-
crystalline with the empirical formula:
188
Effect of Fibre Reinforced Lime-Stabilized Fly Ash on the Unconfined

Compressive Strength of Clayey Soil
G. Sridevi
A. Shivaraj
G. Sudarshan
Department of Civil Engineering, BVRIT, Narasapur, Telengana.
E-mail: gudasridevi@bvrit.ac.in ; shivaraj.a@bvrit.ac.in; sudarshan.g@bvrit.ac.in
Keywords: Fibre; Lime-Stabilized Fly Ash; Unconfined Compressive Strength

1. Introduction A series of Unconfined compressive strength tests on
Clayey soils exhibit low strength and high specimen of 38 mm diameter and 76 mm. height are
compressibility. Several techniques, including conducted on samples of unreinforced and reinforced
reinforcement, are commonly used to increase the Lime-fly ash stabilized clay with different percentages
strength and decrease the deformation of clayey soil. of randomly distributed nylon fibers and the stress
Fly ash, byproduct from thermal industries is available strain behaviour is studied.
abundantly and is one of the favorable materials in
geotechnical constructions. The physical and chemical 4. Important Outcomes
properties of the fly ash and the mechanisms of both the Tests are conducted on lime-fly ash-stabilized soil
short- and long-term reactions involved in the fly ash specimen, fibre-reinforced fly ash - stabilized
stabilization of soils were extensively studied by many specimens. From the tests, it is observed that OMC
researchers. This paper presents the results of increases and MDD decreases with the addition of fly
investigation on the effects of fibres on the unconfined ash. There is a slight increase in the OMC as the fibre
compressive strength behavior of a lime-fly ash- content is increased.
stabilized clay soil reinforced with polypropylene fibres. The UCS value increases with the addition fibers.
The major factors affecting the strength of reinforced 12 mm fibers showed better performance when
soil are the characteristics the soil, the fiber and their compared with 6 mm fibers.
interaction. The orientation of fibres has a significant
effect on the behaviour of the reinforced soil. 5. Conclusions
The study indicates that the addition of fibres to lime-
2. Motivation and Objective fly ash-stabilized soil is an efficient method of ground
This study was undertaken to identify the influence of improvement.
fiber content and fibre length on the engineering
behavior of lime -fly ash -soil mixtures. In the present References
study discrete randomly oriented fibres are used. One of Athanasopoulou, A. (2014) Addition of lime and fly ash
the primary advantages of randomly oriented fibres is to improve highway subgrade soils, Journal of
the absence of potential planes of weakness that can Materials in Civil Engineering, 26(4), pp. 773-775.
develop parallel to oriented reinforcement
Kaniraj, S.R. and V. Gayatri (2003) Geotechnical
3. Methodology behavior of Fly Ash mixed with randomly oriented
Laboratory studies were carried out to study the fiber inclusions, Geotextile and Geomembrane
behaviour of clayey soil stabilized with class F fly ash Volume 21, pp. 123-149.
and Recron 3s fibres. Experiments were carried out in
two stages. In the first stage, the clayey soil is Michalowski, R. L. and J. Cermak (2003) Triaxial
stabilized with class F fly ash varying from 0 to 50% in Compression of sand reinforced with fibers, Journal of
increments of 10% and compaction tests and unconfined Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,
compression tests are conducted to find the optimum 129(2), pp. 125-136.
dosage of fly ash. Since it is a low lime fly ash, 2% of
Mir, B.A., and Sridharan, A. (2013) Physical and
lime by dry weight of fly ash is added in dry. The
Compaction Behaviour of Clay Soil–Fly Ash
optimum dosage was found to be 20% fly ash with 2%
Mixtures, GeotechGeolEng, Volume 31, pp. 1059–
lime. In the second stage, Lime-fly ash stabilized
1072.
clayey soil is further modified using three different
Recron fiber contents namely, 0.25%, 0.5% and 1% by
dry weight. For each fibre content two different lengths
of fibres, 6 mm and 12 mm were used.
189
Influence of fiber on strength characteristics of clayey soil

Subhradeep Dhar
Arindam Sarkar
Monowar Hussain
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Silchar -788010
Email: subhradeep24@gmail.com; sarkararindam2011@gmail.com; monowarhussain@gmail.com
Keywords: Clays; Fiber; Compaction; Compressive strength; Toughness

Clay is known to be problematic soil due to its poor It is observed that addition of both types of fiber
strength and high compressibility. Traditional treatment reduced the overall density and increased the OMC of
like compaction, surcharge loading, replacement with soil. It is also noticed that both lengths and fiber
higher quality fill are found quite expensive as well as contents plays an important role in the strength behavior
time consuming. Geotechnical Engineers now days of fiber reinforced soil. The peak compressive strength
proposed many ground improvement techniques like increases with increase in fiber content up to 1.5%
chemical stabilization, reinforced earth method to beyond that effectiveness of reinforcement reduced. For
stabilize the soft soil. Among all these, reinforced earth particular fiber content, soil reinforced with jute shows
method is widely used because of its low cost and eases greater strength value than polypropylene fiber because
of construction. Reinforcement is an ancient civilization of their rough surface. Further, soil with higher silt
method where people mixed plant roots to improve soil content found more beneficial on strength
brick properties. Historical monuments like Great Wall characteristics of fiber reinforced soil. Fiber
of China and ziggurats are some example of ancient amendments also improved the toughness of the clayey
earth reinforcement technique. In the modern era of soil soil. This toughness improvement enhances the
reinforcement, randomly distributed fiber-reinforced pavement life and stability of other geotechnical
techniques are much preferred than continuous planar infrastructures.
inclusions because of its strength isotropy and absence
of localized weak planes. Moreover, the interaction 5. Conclusions
between fiber and soil significantly improves strength Based on the experimental result it can be concluded
and stiffness, increased the axial strain at failure and the that both natural and synthetic fiber are good earth
crack reduction capacity of the soil composite (Hejazi et reinforcement material and can be used effectively in
al. 2012). different geotechnical engineering fields. But in large
scale project one may encounter with the difficulties
2. Motivation and Objective while mixing discrete fiber and soil due to lack of well-
Fiber reinforcement is cost competitive compared with equipped machineries. Further research is required to
other chemical stabilization and reduced the overcome the mixing problems in the field.
construction cost. Processing of natural and waste fiber
in to a usable form is an employment generation activity References
in rural areas. Further, definitive conclusion regarding Hejazi, S.M., Sheikhzadeh, M., Abtahi, S.M. and
the strength behavior of fiber reinforced cohesive soil is Zadhoush, A. (2012) A simple review of soil
still pending and it required additional evaluation. reinforcement by using natural and synthetic fibers,
Therefore, the work presented in this study is a step Constr. Build. Mater., Volume 30, pp. 100-116.
towards addressing that need.
3. Methodology
Soil collected from NIT silchar (CL) and Assam
university campus (CH). These two soils are mixed with
jute and polypropylene fiber at four different
percentages i.e. 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2%. The length of fiber
chosen are 12 and 24mm. Proctor compaction and
unconfined compression test are conducted on
reinforced as well as unreinforced soil according to
Indian standard (IS) guidelines.
190
Behaviour of Skirted Foundations in Granular Fills Overlying Clayey

Subgrade
Neelima P.
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Trivandrum-695016
E-mail: neelimakrishnan93@gmail.com
Bindu J.
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Trivandrum-695016
E-mail: binduj7@rediffmail.com
Keywords: Kaolinite clay; River sand; M sand; Skirt; Bearing capacity

1. Introduction
The idea of reinforcing soil beneath the foundations by
using skirts has gained importance for the past few
years. (Sawwaf and Nazer 2007, Eid et al. 2009, Eid
2013) In order to improve the bearing capacity of a
shallow footing, vertical plates or skirts are attached to
the footing below it. These constraint the soil between
them and improve the bearing capacity. This paper
presents attempts to evaluate the performance in terms
of improvement in the ultimate bearing capacity and
settlement reduction of a skirted footing resting on
granular layer over clayey subgrade and subjected to
vertical loading.
2. Motivation and Objective Fig. 1 Variation of width of skirt with respect to size of footing
The main objective of this paper is to find the optimum
width of skirt with respect to size of the footing in sand 5. Conclusions
layer provided over clayey subgrade by bearing capacity There have been a lot of studies on lateral confinement
tests. of sand by structural skirts, but studies on skirted
footings on sand layer over clayey subgrade have not
3. Methodology been conducted much. The optimum width required to
Model plate load tests were conducted for various skirt be provided below the footing was found to be 1.6 times
widths with respect to footing size. Clay was mixed width of the footing. By introducing skirts into the
with water content slightly less than the liquid limit to granular fill, the granular depth required above the
prepare the clay bed. Then sand was poured on the top clayey subgrade can be reduced.
of it and the skirt was pushed into the soil. Then this set
up was loaded using hydraulic jack with the help of References
proving ring and two dial gauges were placed in
Eid, H.T., Alansari, O.A., Odeh, A.M., Nasr, M.N. and
diametrically opposite directions to record settlement.
Sadek, H.A (2009) Comparative study on the
4. Important Outcomes behaviour of square foundations resting on confined
The main outcome of this research work was to sand, Can. Geotech. J., 46(4), pp. 438-453.
determine the optimum width of skirt which has to be
Eid, H.T. (2013) Bearing capacity and settlement of
provided. The optimum width was found to be 1.6 times
skirted shallow foundations on sand, Int. J.
the width of the footing for both circular as well as
Geomechanics, 5(10), pp. 645-652.
square footings. Also a comparison between Sea sand
and M-sand showed that M sand performed better Sawwaf, M. El, Nazer, A. (2005) Behavior of Circular
because of its higher angle of friction (Ф). From the Footings Resting on Confined Granular Soil, J.
graph, ’u’ refers to the width of the skirt and ‘D’ refers Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng.,Volume 131, pp.359-366.
to the width of the footing.
191
Empirical Relationships to Assess MDD, OMC, UCS and Compression

Index of Soil-Fly Ash
Subhra Das
Sujit Kumar Pal
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala – 799046
E-mail: suvranit@gmail.com; skpal1963@gmail.com
Keywords: maximum dry density; optimum moisture content; empirical relationships; soil-fly ash mixes
1. Introduction mixes 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50% on dry weight basis.
For ground improvement in the construction field, Nineteen numbers of samples are considered in this
knowledge of compaction characteristics, i.e., maximum study. Several empirical relationships are established
dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content between MDD, OMC, UCS and Cc. The value of the
(OMC) is very much important. Empirical relationships coefficient of determination (R2) is near about 1.00 for
through regression analysis for the compaction all the equations established in this study. The errors in
characteristics of soil/fly ash/modified fly ash/soil the predicted values of MDD (kN/m3) as function of
modified by adding admixtures are helpful for the field OMC (%) obtained from standard Proctor compaction
engineers. Previous researchers have developed test are in the ranges of ‒0.60 to +8.90%; errors of
correlations to study compaction characteristics of fly MDD (kN/m3) as function of G are in the ranges of
ash/modified fly ash (Kaniraj and Havanagi 2001). ‒0.14 to +1.70% and errors of MDD (kN/m3) as
Experimental results show the variations on MDD function of ei are in the ranges of ‒0.035 to ‒1.80%. The
which varied with specific gravity (Pal and Ghosh errors in the predicted values of UCS (kPa) as a function
(2011) reported that MDD values vary with the initial of OMC (%) are in the ranges of ‒0.004 to +1.80%, and
void ratio (ei). Brooks et al. (2011) presented one-way errors of UCS (kPa) as a function of MDD (kN/m3) are
analysis of variance for compaction characteristics of in the ranges of ‒0.533 to +0.83%. The errors in the
soil stabilized with limestone dust and coal fly ash. predicted values of Cc as a function of LL (%) are in the
ranges of ‒0.20 to +6.50% and errors of Cc as a function
2. Motivation and Objective of PI (%) are in the ranges of ‒0.5 to +6.3%.
This work aims to establish empirical relationships to
assess MDD, OMC, UCS and compression index of 5. Conclusions
soil-fly ash. The results of the study show that the equations are very
much practical and may be implemented in the field
3. Methodology easily. The results are also useful for the efficient design
In this study, Empirical relationships based on the and application for construction of fill, embankment and
regression analysis in the form of linear, logarithmic, liners/covers in the field. By using these empirical
exponential, power and polynomial curves are relationships, it is feasible to determine the different
established to assess MDD (kN/m3) as function of OMC geotechnical parameters, so that field engineers do not
(%), as function of G and as function of ei; empirical have to perform all the laboratory tests.
relationships also established in the form of linear and
logarithmic curves to assess UCS (kPa) as function of References
MDD (kN/m3) and OMC (%).. Empirical relationships
established to assess Cc as a function of LL (%) and PI Brooks, R., Udoeyo, F.F. and Takkalapelli, K.V. (2011)
(%) in the form of logarithmic, power, exponential, Geotechnical properties of problem soils stabilized
linear and polynomial curves; linear, logarithmic, with fly ash and limestone dust in Philadelphia, J.
exponential, power and polynomial curves are Mater. Civ.Engg., ASCE, 23(5), pp. 711-716.
established to assess OMC (%) as a function of G. Kaniraj, S.R. and Havanagi, V.G. (2001) Correlation
Empirical relationships are validated by data of earlier analysis of laboratory compaction of fly ashes,
researchers and also verified by present data which are Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, And
not used for development of these relationships. Radioactive Waste Management, ASCE, 5(1), pp. 25-
32.
Materials considered for tests in the laboratory are local Pal, S.K. and Ghosh, A. (2011) Compaction and
clayey-silt soil collected from Agartala, Tripura, India, hydraulic conductivity characteristics of Indian Fly
fly ash collected from Kolaghat Thermal Power Plant, ashes, Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical
West Bengal, India. Soil-fly ash mixes are also used in Conference, Paper No.L-326, Kochi.
this study with percentages of fly ash in the soil-fly ash
192
Biocementation in Marine Clays: Effect on Grain Size Distribution

Bindu J
Kannan K
Sajna S
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Trivandrum - 695016
E-mail : binduj7@rediffmail.com; kk260493@gmail.com; sachunisana@gmail.com
Keywords: biocementation; marine clay; MICP; grain size distribution; stabilisation; sustainable
Marine clays constitute a major part of the widely The study focuses on stabilization of marine clays by
varying Indian soil system, making up almost 5000 km MICP, a sustainable and cost effective alternative to
long south eastern and south western coasts of the presently practiced physical, chemical and physic-
country. With problems including low strength and high chemical improvement methods. Variations in gradation
settlement, stabilization of marine clays remains an area of treated samples were observed and a significant
to be addressed further. This paper presents a reduction in clay fraction was obtained. The reduction
sustainable method for stabilization of marine clays by in clay fraction is an index of improvement brought
biocementation. In particular, it details the application about by the treatment. Further studies are required
of Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitaion (MICP) by prior to field trials and monitoring may be required both
urea hydrolysis in clays and its effect on grain size during and post treatment. Clear however that MICP
distribution. treatment can be an effective solution to the problematic
costal soils in India.
Motivation of the work, in a broad perspective, involves References
the identification of a sustainable technique to
beneficially alter the properties of soil forming the DeJong Jason, T., Fritzges Michael, B. and Nusslein
coastal belt. More precisely, even as very little work has Klaus (2006) Microbailly induced cementation to
been reported on the application of MICP on marine control sand response to undrained shear, Journal of
clays, almost none details its effect on grain size of the Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,
clay. Hence an understanding of the altered grain size ASCE, Volume 132, pp. 1381-1392.
distribution can enhance the understanding of behavior Vinod, P., Bindu, J. and Kannan, K. (2017) Potential
of stabilized clays. Utilisation of MICP in Clays; Development of a
Suitable Application Method, Proceedings of
3. Methodology
Two clay samples were procured, one each from International Conference on Geotechniques for
Kuttanad and Kochi, regions composed primarily of Infrastructure Projects, February 2017,
marine clays. Samples were preserved in natural water Thiruvananthapuram.
content. Sporosarcina Pasteurii was identified as the
most suitable bacterium for treatment from literature
(DeJong et al, 2006) and was cultivated. The solutions
were introduced into soil samples, kept in cylindrical
moulds of PVC with inner diameter 72 mm and height
to diameter ratio 2:1, by a combined gravity and mixing
method (Vinod et al, 2017). The treated samples were
analysed for variation in grain size distribution at the
end of different durations post treatment.
The treated samples showed variation in gradation at all
durations in comparison to untreated control. Marked
reduction in percentage clay fraction was seen 26 days
post treatment for both samples indicating the
cementing effect brought about by the treatment. A
reduction in clay fraction can be traced to overall
improvement in soil behavior under engineering
conditions.
193
Synthesis and Characterization of Geopolymer Grout Material

Subhashree Samantasinghar
Suresh Prasad Singh
Prasadsubash Palsule
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela – 769008
Email : shree.singhar@gmail.com ; spsingh@nitrkl.ac.in ; 216ce1031@nitrkl.ac.in
Keywords: fly ash; slag; geopolymer; grout

The conventional cementing and grouting materials are Fly ash based geopolymer grout show high flowability,
mainly cement based which requires huge amount of lower viscosity and delayed setting but it takes longer
energy and utilizes mineral resources for its production. time for strength achievement. However, an addition of
Also, it has poor environmental context as it emits slag results in an early gain of strength along with
greenhouse gases during its production. Geopolymers significant improvement in strength. The influence of
has been placed as a possible substitute to cementitious relatively high solution to solid ratios has positive effect
materials in many civil engineering applications. on viscosity, flow, and setting time whereas it resulted
Geopolymers utilizes industrial waste materials such as in poor strength and stability. The strength is increased
fly ash, red mud and slag which are good source of with NaOH concentration and slag content.
alumino-silictaes and alkali for their activation. It also
consumes minimal energy and eco-friendly. The current 5. Conclusions
work focused on the properties of geopolymer grouts In order to design geopolymer grouts, the adjustment of
prepared from fly ash and slag activated with sodium water content is critical to achieve proper workability
hydroxide. and strength. Further the strength properties of fly ash-
slag based geopolymer grouts depends greatly on the
2. Motivation and Objective slag and alkali content. It can be concluded that fly ash-
The objective of the present work is to synthesize and slag based geopolymer grouts can be an alternate to the
characterize geopolymer from industrial by-products conventional cement based grouts thus reducing the
and assessing its rheological properties, strength and pollution load.
stability as a grout material.
References
3. Methodology
In this study, geopolymer grouts were designed from Cherki, El., Idrissi, A., Roziere, E., Loukili, A. and
two different alumino-silicate mineral sources that is Darson, S. (2016) Design of geopolymer grouts: the
Class F fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast- effects of water content and mineral
furnace slag (GGBS). Fly ash is procured from captive precursor, European Journal of Environmental and
power plant of Rourkela Steel Plant (RSP) and GGBS Civil Engineering, pp. 1-22.
from slag granulation plant. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) Ekaputri, J.J. (2016) Geopolymer Grout
is used as alkali activator. Mainly the effects of alkali Material, Materials Science Forum, Volume 841.
concentration, solution/solid ratio, and delay time on
flowability, viscosity, setting time, strength, and
stability against settlement and shrinkage of geopolymer
grout mixes has been studied. GGBS content has been
taken as 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% by weight of total FA-
GGBS mixture. 4M and 8M NaOH concentrations have
been used. The solutions to solid ratios have been fixed
as 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8 ml/g. The specifications of grouting
materials such as rheological properties, strength and
stability have been evaluated. The effects of NaOH
concentration and solution/solid ratio on flowability,
viscosity, stabilility against settlement and shrinkage,
setting time and strength of geopolymer grout mixes for
different ages have been studied. Further, the above
mentioned properties of fly ash-slag based geopolymer
grouts have been compared with cement grouts.
194
Enhancement of Index and Engineering Properties of Expansive Soil

using Chopped Basalt Fibers
A. B. Aravalli
A. M. Hulagabali
C. H. Solanki
Department of Applied Mechanics, SVNIT, Surat-395007
E-mail: akshataaravalli@gmail.com; anandmhulagabali@gmail.com; chs@amd.svnit.ac.in
G. R. Dodagoudar
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras-
E-mail: goudar@iitm.ac.in
Keywords: Chopped Basalt fibers; Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS); California Bearing Ratio(CBR)
1. Introduction
In the recent days one of the effective methods followed
is reinforcing the expansive soil using fibers. One such
fiber with effective strength is chopped basalt fiber,
which is made from a single material, crushed basalt,
from a carefully chosen quarry source. The effect of
basalt fiber in soil works out with good tensile strength.
Basalt fiber of three proportions, 0.15%, 0.20%, 0.25 Fig 2 Variation of plasticity index and CBR with respect to
are added to expansive soil, to determine the effect of varying basalt fiber content.
fiber on soil, and to observe the significant
5. Conclusions
improvement in the index properties and engineering The addition of basalt fibers with the expansive soil
properties of basalt reinforced soil. makes a significant improvement in engineering
3. Methodology properties of soil. Results obtained showed that, with
The expansive soil was taken from Dharwad district, increment in fibrous content the Unconfined
Karnataka. Chopped basalt fibers of length 12mm were Compressive strength as well as CBR values were
procured from Mumbai. Various tests were conducted to improved at optimum content of 0.25%. The plasticity
determine the Index and Engineering properties of index of the soil was found to decrease with increment
untreated and treated soil. The fibers were added in 3 in fibrous content.
proportions of 0.15%, 0.20%, 0.25%. Reinforced
References
samples were cured for 7, 14, 21 days for the
conduction of UCS test. CBR tests for soaked condition James, J. and Kasinatha, P. K. (2016) Plasticity, Swell
were compared for untreated and treated soil. Shrink, and Microstructure of Phosphogypsum
Admixed Lime Stabilized Expansive Soil,
4. Important Outcomes Corporation Advances in Civil Engineering, Hindawi
Publishing.
Lei, G., Hu, G., Xu, N., Fu, J., Xiang, C. and Yang, C.
(2015) Experimental Study on Unconfined
Compressive Strength of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Clay
Soil, Corporation Advances in Materials Science and
Engineering, Hindawi Publishing.
Fig. 1 Variation of UCS of reinforced soil
195
Alkali Activated Binder treated Jute Reinforced Soil: A Preliminary

Study
S. Gupta
A. GuhaRay
A. Kar
V. P. Komaravolu
Department of Civil Engineering, BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad – 500078
E-mail: shashankgupta196@gmail.com; anasua08@gmail.com; arkamitra1@gmail.com; f2015590@hyderabad.bits-pilani.ac.in
Keywords: Jute Geotextile; Alkali Activated Binder; Shear Strength of Soil; Plate Load Test; Ground Improvement.
1. Introduction geotextile as well as with AAB treated jute.

A lot of research is going on to improve the mechanical
properties and durability of biodegradable geotextiles.
Alkali treatment is another popular treatment method
that improves the tensile strength of jute (Saha et al.,
2010). However, there is increasing interest in the
practical application of alkali-activated binders (AAB)
(Provis et al., 2015). AAB are produced by the reaction
of industrial wastes (fly ash, slag) with an alkaline
solution of sodium silicate and NaOH. Practical
application of AAB reduces the need for disposal of the
industrial wastes, encouraging sustainability.
2. Motivation and Objective Fig. 1 Plate load test graphs

The main objective of this study is to develop an 5. Conclusions
economical treatment procedure for jute, such that it The study explores a sustainable technique of reusing
improves the load-bearing capacity of the soil, and also industrial wastes by introducing AAB-treated jute for
the mechanical properties and durability aspects of the ground improvement. Experimental study shows that the
bearing capacity of the soil is improved after AAB jute
jute geotextile. is introduced as reinforcement. However, the shear
3. Methodology strength of soil decreased after treatment. The
Shear strength, permeability, and bearing capacity of permeability of jute decreased slightly.
cohesionless soil reinforced with raw jute and AAB- References
treated jute were determined in the laboratory. The
Provis, J.L., Palomo, A. and Shi, C. (2015) Advances in
tensile strength and elongation of both raw jute as well understanding alkali-activated materials, Cement and
as treated jute were determined by the Constant rate Concrete Research, 78, pp.110-125.
extension machine. XRD and stereomicroscopic
Saha, P., Manna, S., Chowdhury, S.R., Sen, R., Roy, D.
analyses were performed to observe the change in
and Adhikari, B. (2010) Enhancement of tensile
crystalline structure as well as surface characteristic strength of lignocellulosic jute fibers by alkali-steam
after treatment. The cost of the treatment procedure was treatment, Bioresource technology, 101(9), pp. 3182-
calculated to find the economic viability of modification 3187.
process.
The load vs. settlement graphs (Fig.1) are obtained from
model static plate load tests. It is observed that the load
carrying capacity increases with the inclusion of a jute
196
Stabilisation of Kaolinite Clay by using Terrazyme

Elsa Jacob Joseph
Sayida M. K.
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Trivandrum, 695016
E-mail: elsajacobjoseph@gmail.com; sayidamk@rediffmail.com
Keywords: Subgrade; Stabilisation; Terrazyme; Unconfined Compressive Strength; California Bearing Ratio
1. Introduction and DPI is minimum at 0.1 ml/kg dosage of terrazyme.
Subgrade is a major component of a pavement. The UCCs increases by 2.77 times and CBR value
Subgrade conditions have significant influence since the increases by 25 times than the control sample after 28
stresses are distributed to the subgrade. Stabilisation days of curing. Correspondingly, the DPI decreases by
using bio enzyme is a comparatively newer technique to 58% after 28 days curing. Thus, 0.1 ml/kg of soil can be
improve the properties of the subgrade. Terrazyme selected as an optimum value.
(TZ), a natural, non-toxic, eco-friendly liquid, is one
such bio enzyme, obtained from sugar molasses. This 5. Conclusions
paper presents the stabilisation of Kaolinitic clay using The paper reported that terrazyme is an effective
Terrazyme. stabiliser to improve the properties of the kaolinitic
clay. The improvement in CBR and UCC and reduction
2. Motivation and Objective in DPI may be due to reduction in diffused double layer
Properties of subgrade are generally expected to around the particles of soil which results in densely
improve with the addition of stabilisers, by studying oriented soil. Thus terrazyme stabilisation can be
data from the literature available. The study by Saini et effectively used for subgrade improvement and the base
al. (2015) showed an improvement in CBR value by the and sub base thickness of pavement can be reduced.
addition of TZ in clayey silt soil. Another study by
Eujine et al. (2014) showed an improvement in UCC References
value in high liquid limit clay. However, the extend of Eujine, G. N., Somervell, L. T., Chandrakaran, S. and
this improvement in terms of strength is to be assessed Sankar, N. (2014) Enzyme Stabilization of High
for each stabilizer separately, for different dosages. The Liquid Limit Clay, EJGE, Volume 19, pp. 6989-6995
main objectives of the study are
Saini, V. and Vaishnava, P. (2015) Soil Stabilization by
i. To understand the extend of stabilization using Using Terrazyme, International Journal of Advances
Terrazyme in Engineering& Technology, 8(4), pp. 566-573.
ii. To evaluate the strength properties of stabilised soil
3. Methodology
The soil for the study is collected from Thonnakkal
region, Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala. Three
different dosages of Terrazyme are selected as shown in
table 1. The samples for different tests are made by
mixing the soil with water containing Terrazyme to
bring it to maximum dry density. Unconfined
Compressive Strength test, California Bearing Ratio test
and Dynamic Cone Penetration test are done. The
samples are tested after 0,7,14 and 28 days of curing.
Table-1 Dosage rates of Terrazyme
Dosage Dose 1 Dose 2 Dose 3
ml/kg of soil 0.05 0.1 0.15
The Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS),
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and Dynamic Cone
Penetration Index (DPI) are found after specified curing
periods. It was found that the UCS, CBR are maximum
197
Effect of Slenderness Ratio on the Behavior of Encased Stone Column

Preetynanda Nanda
School of Civil Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha,
E-mail: nandapreetynanda@gmail.com
Indraneel Sengupta
Suresh Prasad Singh
E-mail: indra3011@gmail.com ; spsingh@nitrkl.ac.in
Keywords: Encased stone column; slenderness ratio; bulging pattern; load carrying capacity.
1. Introduction capacity for a slenderness ratio of 2, 3 and 4. It is
Among the various ground improvement techniques observed that for 90% relative density the load carried
installation of stone columns (SCs) are extensively used was maximum than 30%, 60%. The stress-strain curve
for the construction of flexible structures. SC derives its is plotted in Fig.1.
load carrying capacity from the confinement offered by 400
l/d=1 l/d=2 l/d=3 l/d=4 l/d=5
the surrounding soil mass. Installation of stone column 350
in soft soil results in squeezing of stone aggregates into 300
250
the surrounding soil and intrusion of soft soil in to the
(kPa)
200
stone mass. Encapsulating the stone column with
150
suitable geosynthetic will increase the stiffness and 100
strength by many folds and it helps in preserving the 50
functions of stone column. In this paper behavior of 0

0 5 10 15 20 25
encased stone column (ESC) is studied by making a  (%)
variation in the slenderness ratio (0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4) of Fig.1 Stress-strain curve for ESC (l/d=0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4) at
ESC and relative density (30%, 60%, and 90%) of stone 30% relative density of aggregates
aggregates. Further, the ESC was reinforced with 5. Conclusions
horizontal strips of GI and PVC strip placed at various The slenderness ratio, relative density of stone
spacing with a variation in the slenderness ratio as 2 and aggregates and the stiffness of encasement influences
3. the load carrying capacity of stone columns. It is found
that ESC having slenderness ratio of 0.5 has failed by
2. Motivation and Objective the rupturing of encasement. Bulging is the cause of
The objective of the research is to enhance the load failure for ESC having slenderness ratio of 1 and 2,
carrying capacity and stiffness of the SC by whereas ESC with slenderness ratio of 3 and 4 fails due
encapsulating with suitable geosynthetics and to buckling effect. Circular GI disc placed at a spacing
reinforcing it with horizontal disc placed at various of 0.25d with relative density of stone mass 90%
spacing. This paper discusses the effect of slenderness enhance the load carrying capacity by 11.44 times over
ratio and relative density of aggregates on load carrying the ESC.
capacity of ESC.
References
3. Methodology
ESC was prepared keeping the diameter as 100mm and Castro, J. and Sagaseta, C. (2011) Deformation and
length as 50mm, 100mm, 200mm, 300mm and 400mm consolidation around encased stone columns,
for a slenderness ratio of 0.5,1,2,3 and 4 respectively. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Volume 29, pp. 268-
PVC net was used to encapsulate the stone column. 276.
Samples were prepared for a relative density of 30%,
60% and 90%. Circular disc of GI sheet and PVC mesh Gniel, J. and Bouazza, A. (2009) Improvement of soft
was used as reinforcement placed at various spacing for soils using geogrid encased stone columns,
ESC having slenderness ratio of 2 and 3. The samples Geotextiles and Geomebranes, volume 27, pp. 167-
were subjected to uniaxial compressive loading as per 175.
IS: 2720, Part X: 1991. Murugesan, S. and Rajagopal, K. (2010) Studies on the
4. Important Outcomes behaviour of single and group of geosynthetic encased
For the present test condition it is observed that as the stone columns, Journal of Geotechnical and Geo
slenderness ratio increases the load carrying capacity environmental Engineering, ASCE, pp. 129-138.
decreases and there is a small variation in load carrying
198
Load Tests on Strip Footing Resting on Prestressed Geotextile-

Reinforced Ferrochrome Slag
Ujjawal Prakash
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, India
E-mail: drakchoudharycivil@gmail.com; ujjawalprakash35@gmail.com;
Sanjay Kumar Shukla

Discipline of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Perth, Australia
Keywords: Load bearing capacity, Ferrochrome slag, Model testing, Prestressed geotextile, Strip footing
Reinforced earth technique is quite beneficial for From the results of test series B it was found that an
improving the strength and deformation characteristics embedment ratio of u/b = 0.3 to be optimum. Hence, for
of soil, especially cohesionless soils. It has been test series C, geotextile layer was placed at an
previously observed that, for low levels of settlement, embedment ratio u/b = 0.3. Geotextile was prestressed
strains in the soil are insufficient to mobilize tensile to 1%, 2% and 3% of its tensile strength
stresses in the geotextile reinforcement. This may not be
a desirable feature for shallow footings where
deformation allowed is very limited. To overcome this
problem, the geotextile reinforcement can be
prestressed.

This paper investigates the potential of using
ferrochrome slag as fill material when reinforced with
prestressed geotextile. Prestressing would be beneficial
in reducing the deformation of fill.
3. Methodology
Test bed-loading frame consists of a test tank and
loading system. The test tank was of following inner
dimensions: 1.0 m in length, 0.51 m in width and 0.70
m in height. Tests were conducted using a model
footing of width 10 cm and 50cm long. Reinforcement Fig 1 Bearing pressure versus normalized settlement curves
was placed below footing and prestressed in one with varying prestress force (Test series C)
dimension along the width of the footing. Prestressing 5. Conclusions
force on the reinforcement was varied by using a pulley The addition of prestress to the geotextile reinforcement
system attached to a roller grip. significantly improves the settlement response and load
The width of the footing (B), width of the geotextile (b) bearing capacity of ferrochrome slag. In unprestressed
and density of the fill were kept constant throughout the system, there is marginal increase in bearing capacity.
entire investigation. Three different series of tests i.e With addition of prestress force, the bearing capacity
unreinforced (series A); reinforced (series B) and increases significantly. With increase in prestressing
prestressed reinforced ferrochrome slag beds (series C) force, the allowable bearing capacity at the same
were carried out by varying geotextile parameters like settlement increases significantly.
the depth to the top of geotextile layer below the footing
(u) and amount of prestress force. The objective of these References
tests was to find out the influence of prestressing force
Lovisa, J. Shukla, S. K. and Sivakugan, N. (2010)
on the overall performance of the footing. Prestressing
Behaviour of prestressed geotextile-reinforced sand
force is applied as a percentage of tensile strength of the
bed supporting a loaded circular footing, Geotextiles
geotextile used.
and Geomembranes, 28, pp. 23 – 32.
199
Effect of Lime-Mud on Consolidation Characteristics of Soil

Sujay Choudhury
Pranjal Baishya
Sasanka Borah
E-mail: sujaychoudhury12@gmail.com; Pranjal269@gmail.com; sasankaborah.ce@aec.ac.in
Keywords: Settlement; Consolidation; Lime-Mud; Compression Index; Coefficient of Consolidation.

This article presents a detailed study of the variation of From the consolidation tests results, it has been found
consolidation characteristics of soil with varying that the compression index (Cc) and the coefficient of
percentages of Lime-Mud. Consolidation characteristics compressibility (av) decreases with increase in
are one of the prime considerations in determining the percentage of Lime-Mud and curing period which
bearing capacity of soil. This behavior of soil is directly implies that the soil becomes less compressible in
related to the settlement of the soil. Structures may nature. The coefficient of consolidation (Cv) initially
penetrate considerably into the soil; roads may undulate increases with addition of Lime-Mud but gradually
due to this settlement problem. Besides, differential decreases with increase in curing period. Besides, it was
settlement of structures may generate additional stresses also observed that with increase in lime-mud addition
which may be detrimental to the structures. Hence, it is the optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum
necessary for a Geotechnical engineer to understand the dry density (MDD) increased and decreased respectively
process properly which will eventually help in up to 10%.
mitigating problems related to settlement.
Due to rapid growth in population and industrialization,
large quantities of waste products are generated. Lime-
Mud is a by-product obtained from paper-mills. This
by-product has been dumped indiscriminately onto the
soil leading to contamination of the soil and also ground
water. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to
investigate about the suitability of this waste material as
a stabilizing agent. Baruah and Borah (2014) have
conducted a study on the effect of Lime-Mud on
unconfined compressive strength of soil. They found
that the undrained shear strength of soil increased with Fig. 1 Consolidation of test specimen with varying percentage
of lime-mud
addition of Lime-Mud and it was found to be maximum
at 10% addition of Lime-Mud. In this study, an attempt 5. Conclusions
has been made to understand the variation of Based on the results it can be concluded that with
consolidation properties of soil with increasing increase in percentage of Lime-Mud to the soil, the soil
percentages of lime-mud. becomes less compressible in nature and also the rate of
consolidation initially becomes faster but later decreases
3. Methodology with age.
In this study, a soil sample has been collected from the
campus of Assam Engineering College, Guwahati and it References
has been classified as CH soil based on the results of Baruah, B. and Borah, S. (2014) Effect of Lime-Mud on
various tests to which it has been subjected. This soil is Unconfined Compressive Strength of Soil, North-East
then mixed with 5%, 10% and 15% Lime-Mud and was Students Geo-Congress (NESGC 2014), IIT
subjected to consolidation tests. The variations of Guwahati, India.
consolidation parameters with increase in curing periods
have also been considered in this study. Lime-Mud has Hossain et. al. (2013) Effect of Lime on consolidation
been collected from Nagaon paper-mill, Jagiroad. characteristics of clay soil, Int. conference on
Mechanical Engineering and Renewable Energy
(ICMERE2013), ICMERE2013-PI-061, Bangladesh.
200
Improving Load Carrying Capacity of Copper Tailings by Waste Tire

Chip Reinforcement
Gourav Gill
Ravi Kant Mittal
Civil Engineering Department, Pilani Campus, BITS, Pilani, India
Email: gill.geotech@gmail.com
Keywords: Copper tailings, waste tire chips, construction sustainability, model footings tests, waste
management and mining wastes
1. Introduction reactive transport modeling Journal of Contaminant

Due to scarcity of construction sites engineers are forced Hydrology., 111(1-4), pp., 65–82.
to look for favorable construction spaces or adopt costly
ground improvement techniques. Due to limitations of Binquet, J., Lee, L.K., 1975. Bearing capacity tests on
afore mentioned techniques, geosynthetics was reinforced earth slabs. Journal of Geotechnical
developed in recent decades. Despite carrying several Engineering Division ASCE, 101 (12), 1241–1255
advantages over other techniques, it still has some Blight, G. E. (2008). Wind erosion of waste
disadvantages. Therefore, use of randomly reinforced impoundments in arid climates and mitigation of dust
soils are gaining popularity. Reinforcement can be in the pollution. Waste Management Resources, 26(6), pp.,
form of natural or synthetic fibers. 523–533.

Major industrial non-hazardous inorganic solid wastes
generated in India are coal combustion residues, bauxite
red mud, tailings from aluminum, iron, copper and zinc
primary extraction processes, generating around 290 MT
per annum of industrial waste per year. This study
focuses on use of copper tailings strengthened by
randomly distributed waste tire chips to expire its
viability as structural fill.
3. Methodology
For this purpose, model footing tests were conducted on
copper tailings reinforced with waste tire chips by
varying quantity of reinforcement from 5% to 30%.
Test results indicated that inclusion of waste tires
significantly enhances the bearing capacity of copper
tailings. Bearing capacity as high as 7 times that of
unreinforced case was observed. Therefore, the
technique has advantages utilizing two major wastes for
geotechnical applications and can provide sustainability
in construction.
References
Bea, S. A., Ayora, C., Carrera, J., Saaltink, M. W., and
Dold, B. (2010). Geochemical and environmental
controls on the genesis of soluble efflorescent salts in
coastal mine tailings deposits: A discussion based on
201
Parametric Study on Seismic Behavior of Black Cotton Soil Reinforced

With Granular Column
Chamala Surendra Reddy
Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana-500032, India
E-mail: surendrareddy.ch@research.iiit.ac.in
Supriya Mohanty
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi -2210005, India
Keywords: granular column; black cotton soil; seismic behavior

1. Introduction
Black cotton soil also known as expansive soil, mainly Table-2 Properties of reinforcing material
found in the central India and Deccan plateau such as Material Density E (kN/m2) μ Φ
Maharashtra, Western Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, (Mg/ m3)
Andhra Pradesh etc. Fattah et al. (2015) investigated Gravel 1.64 45E3 0.3 42
stabilization of swelling soil with geo cell column Stone 1.66 60E3 0.3 43
using FEM model in ABAQUS. Ambily and Gandhi
(2007) studied the behavior of stone columns by 4. Important Outcomes
performing experimental and numerical analysis. Effect of various parameters like column size, water
Limited literature is available on the parametric table and kind of reinforcing material on seismic
behavior of black cotton soil stabilized with granular behavior of reinforced soil deposit is studied and
column; hence it is attempted to study the effect of obtained various results pertaining to the possibility of
column size, water table and reinforcing material on application of the present study. Figure 1 shows the
seismic behavior of reinforced black cotton soil. variation of excess pore water pressure with depth for
C1 and C2 respectively.
The aim of the present study is to perform a parametric
study on seismic behavior of black cotton soil to
analyze the effect of column size, water table and
reinforcing material.
3. Methodology
In the present study, 3-dimensional seismic analysis Fig. 1 Variation of excess pore pressure for C1 and C2
for both the cases (C1: without granular column and
C2: with granular column) has been carried out using 5. Conclusions
finite element software OpenseesPL. Reinforcing Lateral displacement, excess pore pressure and shear
materials considered for the study are gravel and strain values are found to be less in the case with
stone. Diameter and length of granular column granular column in black cotton soil deposit than that
considered for C2 is 1m and 6m respectively. Soil of without granular column deposit except peak
domain of length 5m, width 3m and depth 8m has ground acceleration which is contradictory to the
been considered. Nepal earthquake (Mw: 7.8) has results of remaining parameters. It is due to the
been given as input motion for the present seismic decrease in time period (because of stiffening of soil
study. The details of physical properties of soil and deposit) thereby increasing the acceleration value. It is
granular column are presented in Table 1 and 2. observed that the lateral displacement, excess pore
pressure and shear strain values are reduced by 82%,
Table-1 Geotechnical properties of black cotton soil 93% and 96% respectively in reinforced case.
Soil ρ E μ G Vs Dampin Frequ
type (Mg/ (kP (kP (m g ratio ency References
m3) a) a) /s) (%) (Hz) Ambily, A.P. and Gandhi, S.R. (2007) Behavior of
Black 1.64 20E 0. 71 66 2 1 stone columns based on experimental and FEM
cotton 3 4 42. analysis, J. of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental
soil 86 Engg., ASCE, 133(4), pp. 405-415.
202
Effects of Delay Time on Plasticity and Compaction Characteristics of

Lime Modified Expansive Soil.
Soumya Prakash Sahoo
Suresh Prasad Singh
Ritesh Das
Email: 514ce1011@nitrkl.ac.in
Keywords: Expansive soil; lime stabilization; compaction characteristics; micro structure; delay time;
1. Introduction lime content and delay time is found to influence the
The modification of engineering properties of expansive compaction characteristics that is the shape of the
soils has become very important to geotechnical compaction curve, optimum moisture content (OMC),
engineers, as soils that are ideal become less available and maximum dry density (MDD) of the soil. The MDD
and the expansive soil covers almost 24% of land area value is found to increase marginally with addition of
in India. The most commonly used additives for treating very low percentage of lime thereafter there is steady
expansive soils is lime. During construction of lime fall in MDD value with further addition of lime. The
stabilized base courses sometimes unavoidable delays initial increase in MDD value may be attributed to the
occurs between mixing the stabilizer with the soil and loss of plasticity (stickiness) properties of soil that
compaction of the stabilizer mix which affect the improves the compactibility. Due to extensive
properties of stabilized soil. This paper focus on the flocculation of particles with higher lime content the
effects of delay time on plasticity and compaction MDD value is found to fall progressively with lime
characteristics of lime amended expansive soil. content. The chemical analysis shows the formations of
different new crystalline and amorphous products,
2. Motivation and Objective whose quantity are a function of the lime added and the
The key objective of the study is to investigate the storing time. The formations of these products are
effects of delay time on plasticity and compaction mostly responsible for the observed changes in the
characteristics of lime modified expansive soil. Further, plasticity and compaction characteristics of the lime
the chemical and microstructural alteration which brings added expansive soil.
about the modification in the above mentioned
properties has been investigated. 5. Conclusions
Both lime content and delay time is found to influence
3. Methodology the plasticity and compaction characteristics of
High plastic clay (CH) with liquid limit of 72% and expansive soil. The plasticity index is found to be
differential free swell value of 96% is used in this decreased substantially with addition of lime whereas
experimental program. The expansive soil was mixed increase of delay time reduces the plasticity index
with different proportions of lime as 0, 2, 4, 8 & 12% by marginally. The MDD value is found to increase
dry weight of the soil. The wet mixtures were stored for marginally with addition of very low percentage of lime
a period of 0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours and thereafter the thereafter there is steady fall in MDD value with further
plasticity and compaction characteristics of these soil- addition of lime. The observed changes are attributed to
lime mixtures were evaluated. All these tests were the colloidal reactions and the formation of new
conducted as per Indian Standard code of practice. chemical products.
Further, the chemical composition and morphological
changes were studied with the help of XRD, XRF and References
SEM images respectively. After specified periods of
storing (delay time), the representative samples were Di Sante, M., Fratalocchi, E., Mazzieri, F., & Brianzoni,
collected and are soaked in anhydrous ethanol to stop V. (2015). Influence of delayed compaction on the
further hydration. These samples were ground to sizes compressibility and hydraulic conductivity of soil-
less than 75µm before being used for the above tests. lime mixtures. Engineering Geology, 185, pp.131-
138.
4. Important Outcomes Osinubi, K. J. (1998). Influence of compactive efforts

The plasticity index is found to be decreased and compaction delays on lime-treated soil. Journal of
substantially with addition of lime whereas increase of Transportation Engineering, 124(2), pp. 149-155.
delay time reduces the plasticity index marginally. Both
203
FEM Analysis on Improved Performance of Soft Clay Foundations

Using Reinforced Granular Pile with Sand Pad
Partha Basu
River Research Institute West Bengal, Government of West Bengal, Mohanpur, Nadia – 741256
E-mail: pbasu77@gmail.com
Narendra Kumar Samadhiya

Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee – 247667, India
E-mail: nksamfce@iitr.ernet.in
Keywords: Bearing capacity, granular pile, random fiber, soft clay, bulging
1. Introduction observed due to application of random fiber in GP and
Granular piles (GP) are being increasingly used to placing sand pad over GP.
improve the bearing capacity and reduce settlement of
soft soil. In many situations it is found that even with 5. Conclusions
the provision of granular pile of adequate length, Based on the results of FEA, following main
spacing and diameter, the target bearing capacity can’t conclusions have been made:
be achieved, while deep foundation gives over safe Application of sand pad on top of granular pile
solution. In these situations, reinforcement in to reinforced soft soil, reduces stress concentration factor
granular pile may be a good option to attain the desired near the top of the pile and also reduces percentage load
capacity. carried by granular pile at top
2. Motivation and Objective With the increase in fiber content in GP, higher the
The improvement of reinforced GP soil system can be reductions in total settlement take place in significant
further enhanced by introducing randomly distributed amount.
fibers in to GP and placing sand pad at top. The main
objective of the study was to find out the effect of sand With the increase in fiber content in GP and provision
pad thickness on performance of soft ground reinforced of sand pad at top of GP, reductions in bulging take
by unreinforced and random fiber mixed GP. place in significant amount.
3. Methodology
This paper presents the results of finite element References
analysis, using PLAXIS 2D, on soft soil reinforced by Ambily, A.P. and Gandhi, S. (2007) Behavior of stone
granular piles with granular mat on top. FEM analyses column based on experimental and FEM analysis.
were done on unreinforced GP and as well as GP Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental
reinforced with randomly distributed fibers. For Engineering, Vol. 133(4), pp.405 - 415.
analysis, GP with diameter (d) of 50 mm and a length to
diameter ratio of 8 is chosen. For random fiber mixed Basu Partha, Samadhiya N.K. and Dalal S. S. De (2016)
GP, fiber contents have been selected as 0%, 0.5% and Enhanced capacity of granular pile by inclusion of
1%. The fiber lengths have been kept as 0.6d. The depth random fiber, Indian Geotechnical Conference, 15 –
of sand fiber mixture in GP is taken as 8d. Direct shear
17 December, 2016, Theme 03, Paper ID - 15.
tests have been conducted on random fiber mixed sand
to find out shear parameters. Bulging behavior, Ranjan, G., Singh, B. and Charan H. D. (1999)
settlement behavior and load sharing between soft soil Experimental study of soft clay reinforced with sand
and GP have also been studied. The results of this study
fiber core. Indian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 29(4),
have been compared with other published experimental pp. 281 - 291.
and analytical results.
4. Important Outcomes U.S. Department of Transportation, (1983) Design and
As compare to unreinforced GP, adequate increase in construction of stone columns. Vol. 1, Report No.
load-carrying capacity has been observed in random FHWA/RD-83/026.
fiber mixed GP. Further improvement has been
observed with sand pad application on top of GP.
Reduction in the settlement and bulge diameter are
204
Role of Gliment as an additive on the CBR Behavior of Kerewa Soils

M. Y. Shah
B. A. Mir
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Srinagar-190006
E-mail: yousuf@nitsri.net, p7mir@nitsri.net
Abid Ahmad Sofi

M. Tech Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Srinagar-190006
E-mail: abidsofi2012@gmail.com
Keywords: Kerewa soil, Gliment, CBR, Pavement construction material.
1. Introduction Pampore site both unsoaked and soaked conditions. The

Kerewa soils exhibit generally undesirable engineering decrease in CBR upon soaking is due to the decreased
properties. They tend to have low shear strength which effective stress and loss of surface tension forces. The
reduces further upon wetting or other physical low CBR of Kerewa soil is attributed to its inherent low
disturbances. These soil deposits are compressible, strength due to the dominance of clay fraction. Addition
swell when wetted and shrink when dried thereby of Gliment to Kerewa soil increases the CBR of the
exhibiting some undesirable characteristics, which need composite samples (Kerewa soil + Glimentl) due to the
to be stabilized before using for any construction pozzolanic reactivity from red Gliment in addition to the
purposes. Therefore, in the present study, Kerewa soils cohesion from the Kerewa soil.
were stabilized by adding different percentages of
Gliment as an additive for various laboratory tests as per 20
relevant codal procedures. Gliment is a chemical CBR: Unsoaked condition
additive prepared by mixing broken glass powder with 15 CBR: Soaked condition
lime in equal percentages (passing 75 micron IS sieve).

CBR (%)
10
CBR samples of Kerewa soil admixed with Gliment
were prepared in the laboratory at 0.95dmax and 5 Kerewa Soil: Pampore Site
corresponding water content on the dry side of optimum
and tested for unsoaked and soaked (soaked for 4 days) 0
conditions. Tests results showed tremendous 0 2.5 5 7.5 10
improvement in engineering properties and CBR value Gliment (%)

with increase in Gliment content. The test results show Fig. 1 Variation of CBR values of stabilized Kerewa soil
that the properties of Gliment- treated Karewa soils used
in sub-grades can be considerably enhanced. 5. Conclusions
2. Motivation and Objective It has been observed that 8 % of Gliment is the optimum
The main objective of this study is to characterize and amount required to maximize the CBR of the Kerewa
improve the Kerewa soil as a highway construction soil collected from Pampore site. There is marginal
material. effect of adding gliment beyond 8% on CBR values.
However, testing for other sites is in progress and same
3. Methodology would be included in the full length paper. Thus, if the
In this study, disturbed and undisturbed samples of objective is the bulk utilization of Kerewa soil as
Kerewa soil at three different sites Pampore, Pattan and highway construction material, the addition of about 8%
Ganderbal were collected. Various soil tests like of Gliment is an optimum content to be used for
gradation, specific gravity, consistency limits, construction of flexible pavements.
compaction tests, and CBR tests were conducted as per
Standard Codal procedures (ASTM D1883). References
4. Important Outcomes ASTM D1883 (2007) Standard Test Method for CBR
In this paper an attempt has been made to make bulk (California Bearing Ratio) of Laboratory-Compacted
utilization of Kerewa soil for construction of sub-grade Soils, American Society for Testing of Materials,
construction. Therefore, the performance behavior of Pennsylvania, USA.
Kerewa soil admixed with different percentages of
Gliment was evaluated by conducting various CBR tests
on the test specimens in soaked and unsoaked
conditions. Fig. 1 presents the variation of CBR for
205
Biostabilization of Geomaterial
Marlina Gowalla
G. Kalyan Kumar
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Telangana– 506004
E-mail :boonmaa13@gmail.com;kalyanu.g@gmail.com
Amitava Bandhu
Department of Biotechnology ,National Institute of Technology Warangal,Telangana– 506004
E-mail :suvofriendster@gmail.com
Keywords:Biostabilization,MICP,UCS,Permeability
Stabilization of soil by means of biological methods is Based on our present study (i.e. higher UCS and
known as biostabilization .Microbial Geotechnology is stiffness values were achieved for higher urea–CaCl2
an emerging branch of Geotechnical Engineering. (concentrations). For the same bacterial concentration of
Geotechnical engineers need a new understanding of 1*108 cells/ml, higher UCS values along with greater
geo-mechanics to reduce the damage to the environment permeability coefficient reductions were achieved for
and bio-stabilization could be one of such steps. This higher cementation solution concentrations. The change
study particular study was based on the findings of the could be observed from .Fig.1
effects of bio-stabilization on geo-materials as an
alternative to chemical and mechanical stabilization.
The process known as MICP is used. An indigenous
microorganism Sporosarcinapasteurii, was used to
prompt calcite and other precipitates that stabilized geo-
materials. A basic procedure for bacteria cultivation and
bio-treatment of soil stabilization was developed.Sand
specimens were treated using a standard concentration
of bacterial cell and varying concentrations of urea–
calcium chloride solutions and for a single injection
cycle. Measured strength and stiffness values from
unconfined compression tests ranged from 63 to
293kPa.Permeability coefficient values were reduced by Fig. 1 Stress –strain response of MICP treated sand
up to approximately one order of magnitude.
5. Conclusions
2. Motivation and Objective Single cycle staged injection produced significant
Investigation of the effects of bio-stabilization and to improvements in the UCS of the quartz sand
verify the effects of biostabilization on locally available investigated. The permeability coefficient values of the
sand of Warangal. treated sands reduced by less than approximately one
order of magnitude .XRD test was carried out and it
showed the introduction of a new mineral which
3. Methodology enhanced the increase ofstrength of the quartz sand.
Basic properties of sand is found out and details are
shown in Table1.Culturing of the bacteria References
Sporosarcinapasteurii.Test samples were made using Whiffin, V.S., van Paassen, L.A., Harkes, M.P. (2007).
UCC split moulds of size 38mm inner diameter to “Microbial carbonate precipitation as a soil
76mm long. improvement technique”.
Table-1 Physical properties of sand DeJong, J.T., Fritzges, M.B. and Nusslein, K. (2006).
Soil cu cc Gs emax emin Mineralogy “Microbially induced cementation to control sand
response to undrained shear”. Journal of Geotechnical
SP 3.78 1.02 2.67 0.85 0.41 Quartz and Geoenvironmental Engineering.
Ivanov, V., and Chu, J. (2008). “Application of
microorganisms to geotechnical engineering for
bioclogging and biocementation of soil in situ”.
Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology.
206
Effect of Lime and Calcium Chloride on Rice Husk Ash Stabilized

Expansive Soil
Eswara Reddy Orekanti
G Padmaja
C Saraswathi
C Sarala
Department of Civil Engineering, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, A. Rangampet – 517102.
E-mail: orekantieswar@gmail.com, vk18padmaja@gmail.com ; saraswathicivil66@gmail.com; saralaraji128@gmail.com
Keywords: Expansive soil; Stabilization; Rice husk ash; Calcium chloride; Lime.
1. Introduction mixes like Soil-RHA, Soil-RHA-L, Soil-RHA-L-CaCl2.
Certain types of clayey soils swell when they are wetted 10% RHA was maintained constantly in all mixes. Soil
and shrink when dried. Consequently, a severe damage specimens were tested for UCC strength at 1, 3, 7, 14
occurs to structures and poses a great problem for civil and 28 curing days, free swell and Atterberg limits were
engineers. Utilization of industrial waste material in determined after 28 days.
improving soil properties is an environmental friendly
and cost effective method. Fattah et al. (2013) studied 4. Important Outcomes
1200
the improvement of clay soil characteristics using rice
husk ash (RHA). Lime mortar, which can be produced, 1000
using a traditional kiln at a low cost, is compatible with 800

Strength (KPa)
stone and ancient brickwork and would likely be a

600
better stabilizer of expansive soils than cement (Rao et
al. 2011). RHA in combination with natural lime 400
improved expansive soil properties significantly.

200 Clay+10RHA Clay+10RHA+2.5L
Stabilizing effects of RHA and lime on engineering Clay+10RHA+5L Clay+10RHA+2.5L+1Ca
Clay+10RHA+5L+1Ca Clay+10RHA+5L+2Ca
properties of expansive soil are significant and this 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
RHA stabilization is an affordable green technology Curing Time (Days)
(Thomas, 2017). The present study is carried out to Fig. 1 UCC Strength vs curing time for all samples
establish the viability of using the combination of RHA,
lime and calcium chloride in stabilizing expansive soils. Addition of Lime and CaCl2 showed considerable
effects on the properties of the stabilized soils. It was
observed that mixes with calcium chloride exhibited
Literature review reveals that there is a need to innovate
high strength at 28 days curing than other mixes.
a technology that will effectively utilize waste materials
such as RHA and other industrial waste in geotechnical 5. Conclusions
applications. RHA has been used in soil stabilization by CL+10RHA+5L+2Ca mix had highest value of UCC
many researchers and results are not encouraging. Strength as compared to the CL+10RHA+5L+1Ca and
Hence, the objective of the present work is to improve CL+10RHA+2.5L+1Ca mixes. CL+10RHA+5L+2Ca
expansive soil using RHA, a waste material in mix has the highest value of UCC Strength for 28 days
combination with calcium chloride and lime. It is curing compared to 14 days and 7 days curing. It is due
intended to identify the appropriate mix of RHA, lime to formation of calcium silicate compound on reaction
and calcium chloride for significant improvement in the between lime and rice husk ash; and early gaining of
properties of expansive soil. Present study focuses on strength due to the reaction of CaCl2.
change in expansive soil properties such as Atterberg’s
limits, UCC strength and compaction properties with 6. References
varying curing period. Fattah, M.Y., Raphil, F.H. and Al-Soudany, K.Y.H.
(2013) Improvement of clay soil characteristics using
3. Methodology rice husk ash, J. Civ. Eng. Urban., 3(1), pp. 12–18.
The study focuses on the feasibility of combination of
RHA and lime as a suitable admixture for stabilizing the Thomas, R.K., James, W.K., Charles, K. and George, T.
expansive soil and changes were observed in presence (2017). Soil stabilization using rice husk ash and
and absence of calcium chloride. Both RHA and lime natural lime as an alternative to cutting and filling in
used for hardening expansive soil and calcium chloride road construction, J. Constr. Eng. Manage., 143(5),
reduced swelling, shrinkage potential and gained high pp.416-127.
early strength. Observations are made for different
207
Numerical Analysis of EAFS column Using PLAXIS 2D

Riya Robert
Annie Joy
Department of Civil Engineering, Toc H Institute of Science and Technology, Kerala-682313
E-mail : riyarobert1993@gmail.com, annjoy87@gmail.com
Keywords: Stone column, load bearing capacity, settlement, PLAXIS 2D
1. Introduction
Stone columns are the most economical and
environmental friendly ground improvement technique The installation of EAFS column has improved the
suited for improving the bearing capacity of soft soils. bearing capacity of the soft soil. A parametric study of
They are used for supporting flexible structures like varying the length to diameter ratio was done. It
embankments, storage tanks etc. EAFS columns are one resulted in the increase in load carrying capacity
which uses Electric Arc Furnace Slag, which is an compared to the unreinforced soft soil. Bulging effect
industrial byproduct, as stones. PLAXIS 2D is best were also studied.
suited software for the primary analysis of EAFS
column. Different l/d ratios considered in the model were 4, 4.5
and 5. EAFS column was having a length of 250mm
2. Motivation and Objective and diameter of 50 mm. clay beds was having depth of
As a co-product of the steel making process, Electric 250mm and diameter 200mm. EAFS column installed
Arc Furnace Slag has been produced in large amount in clay bed with l/d ratio 5 possess maximum load carrying
every year. It can be effectively used as aggregates in capacity.
construction industry. The objective of my work is to
analyze whether the EAFS is suitable for construction of 5. Conclusion
columns in soft soil as a ground improvement Use of EAFS was a new attempt in the construction of
technique. The EAFS columns will be analyzed for load stone column. From this study, it has proved to be an
settlement using PLAXIS 2D and compare the results effective method in the disposal of EAFS and utilization
with an unreinforced soft soil. Also the effect of length as a construction material. Compared to plain clay bed,
to depth ratio of EAFS columns on the load settlement EAFS column installed clay bed can take more loads
behavior is studied. due to the densification of the surrounding soil. An
EAFS column with end bearing condition is capable of
3. Methodology effective transfer of loads compared to floating column.
Material properties were determined for the modeling of
EAFS column. Soft soil used for the study was Marine References
clay. For doing the finite element analysis, Mohr
coulomb’s model was used. Axisymmetric analysis was A. P. Ambily and S.R Gandhi (2007), Behavior of Stone
carried out for a 15mm prescribed displacement. Columns Based on Experimental and FEM Analysis,
Fifteen-noded triangular elements were used for J. of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental
meshing and a medium coarseness was selected. Engineering Vol 133, pp. 405-415.
Table-1 Input parameters of clay and EAFS Aminaton Marto, Razieh Moradi, Farshad Helmi, Nima
Latifi,(2013,Performance Analysis of Reinforced
Parameters Marine clay EAFS Stone Columns Using Finite Element Method,
Young’s Modulus 800kPa 20000kPa Electonics J. of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 18,
Poisson’s ratio 0.3 0.25 pp. 315-323.
Cohesion 25 0
Angle of friction 47
0 Tandel Y.K., Solanki C. H. and Desai A. K (2012),
00
0 Reinforced Stone Column: Remedial Of Ordinary
Dilatancy angle - 17 Stone Column, International J. of Advances in
Engineering & Technology Vol. 3, pp. 340-348.
208
Characteristics of Fly Ash Mixed with Locally Available Soil of

Kokrajhar
Samaina Brahma
Souravjyoti Deka
Umaliu Rongmei
Nabajyoti Bayan
Shafi Kamal Rahman
Department of Civil Engineering; Central Institute of Technology, Kokrajhar – 783370
E-mail: samaina229@gmail.com ; b13cel240@gmail.com ; souravjyoti101@gmail.com ; navabayan999@gmail.com ;
sk.rahman@cit.ac.in
Keywords: Fly ash; Geotechnical properties; Sandy Soil; Ground Improvement .

1. Introduction result in terms of strength. MDD increased to 1.79 g/cc
This article presents details of experimental in this composition from 1.58g/cc for only soil while
investigation on properties of fly ash of NTPC Salakati OMC decreased to 14.5% from 22.5%. Again shear
mixed with sandy soil of Kokrajhar area. Samples are stress at applied normal stress 1.5kg/sq.cm increased to
prepared mixing soil and fly ash at different proportions 2.16 kg/sq.cm for 20% addition of fly ash from 1.972
and various tests are carried out. The results are kg/sq.cm of only soil. Again co-efficient of permeability
compared to study the effect of fly ash on properties of decreased from 2.455 x 10-4 cm/sec of only soil to
soil. 1.018x 10-4 cm/sec for 40% addition of fly ash.
2. Motivation and Objective Table-1 Summary of the important results

Coal is the major fuel in all the thermal power plants of S90 S80 S70 S60
India which produce tremendous amount of fly ash. Fly Property Soil
F10 F20 F30 F40
ash is a waste substance produced in this process which
contributes to environmental pollution, disrupts MDD (g/cc) 1.64 1.578 1.65 1.73 1.79
ecological cycles and sets off environmental hazards. Co-efficient
Again soil is an essential component of foundation of of 0.073 0.069 0.068 0.09 0.06
any structure. So inadequate qualities of soil can result consolidation
in premature failure of structures. This both problems 1.41 1.01
can together be solved if we use fly ash for ground Coefficient of 2.455 1.741 1.589
x X
improvement. That is the objective of this study. permeability x10-4 x10-4 x10-4
10-4 10-4
(cm/sec)
3. Methodology
The experimental investigation began by study of the 5. Conclusions
properties of soil and fly ash. The soil is of Kokrajhar Addition of fly ash shows positive results in various
area is found to be sandy. The fly ash contains high cases. Shear strength, MDD, consolidation and
amount of CaO according to XRF test .After that plasticity are increased by addition fly ash. Again
samples were prepared mixing fly ash at 5%, 10%, 15%, permeability, OMC, specific gravity and liquid limit
20% ,25%, 30% and 40% ratio by weight with soil. The decreased with increased amount of fly ash..
following tests are carried out on every sample-specific
gravity test, liquid limit test, plastic limit test, standard References
proctor test, consolidation test, direct shear test and Deb, T. and Pal, S.K. (2014) Effect of fly ash on
constant head permeability test. geotechnical properties of local soil-fly ash mixed
samples, IJRET: International Journal of Research in
4. Important Outcomes Engineering and Technology, Vol 03(5), pp. 507-516.
It is observed that maximum dry density (MDD), direct
shear value, consolidation increased till 20% addition of Chauhan, M.S., Mittal, S. and Mohanty, B.(2008)
fly ash. Above that it decreased again. Plasticity and Performance evaluation of silty sand sub-grade
cohesion increased by addition of fly ash, while specific reinforced with fly ash and fiber, Geotextiles and
gravity, optimum moisture content (OMC) decreased. Geomembranes, Vol. 26(15), pp. 429-435.
From experimental studies conducted, it is found that
20% addition of fly ash is showing optimum positive
209
Quantification of Sulphate Induced Heave in Lime Stabilized Soil

Arvind Kumar Jha
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan – 303007
E-mail: erarvindnp@gmail.com
P. V. Sivapullaiah
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, Karnataka-560012
E-mail: sivapullaiah@gmail.com
Keywords: ettringite; montmorillonite; sulphate; swelling

1. Introduction
Lime is well known chemical stabilizer to improve the 4. Important Outcomes
properties of soil subgrade (Mitchell and Dermatas, The swell of expansive soil is controlled completely
1992). However, failure of several stabilized projects with lime treatment. However, presence of gypsum
due to swell/heave leads to the questioning about the induces the swell in lime treated soil immediately after
validity of lime treatment, particularly in the presence of inundating the specimens with water. The swelling in
sulphate (i. e. gypsum) and hence, need to be address to the samples containing 1% and 2% gypsum is observed
overcome from possible future failures (Little et al., to be lower than the swell of parent soil (4.1%). This is
2009). Sulphate induced heave is attributed to the due to the lower gypsum content and cementing
formation of ettringite mineral due to ionic reactions behaviour of lime to soil and hence, the formation of
between calcium, aluminum present in soil and expansive minerals ettringite is restricted. The swell
sulphate at highly alkaline environment (pH>10) strain of lime stabilized soil increases significantly in
(Hunter, 1988). There are many controversial issues the presence of higher gypsum content of 4% and 6%
associated with the mechanism of swell/heave due to gypsum which are observed to be 5.1% and 6.7%,
ettringite formation (i.e. crystal growth or, hydration of respectively. The ionic reactions among aluminum
ettringite). Further research is needed to identify the present in soil, calcium present in lime, sulfate present
mechanism of ettringite formation and related in gypsum and water result the formation of ettringite
heave/swell in the lime stabilized sulphatic soil in order mineral which causes the swell in the lime treated soil in
to overcome the possible distress to the structures. the presence of gypsum. The hypothesis is validated
further on the basis of mineralogical, microstructural
The present work is aimed to quantify the heave/swell and chemical analyses.
in lime stabilized soil containing varying sulphate (in 5. Conclusions
the form of gypsum) content and to understand related Gypsum/sulphate leads to the rapid swell/heave in lime
mechanism of induced swell. treated soil. However, amount and time period to attain
maximum swell significantly depends on gypsum
3. Methodology
The physical properties of soil is presented in Table 1. content. The formations of different aspect ratios and
The swell tests were carried out as per Indian Standard quantities of ettringite crystal of varying patterns
(IS) 2720 (Part 15) –1986. The XRD and SEM analyses depend on the percentage of gypsum. Further, rapid
were carried on samples collected from middle portion formation of ettringite crystals is confirmed by chemical
of sample remaining after swelling test. test which reveals that swell induced is due to the
crystal growth mechanism.
Table-1 Physical properties of soil
References
Property Soil
Mitchell, J. K. and Dermatas, D. (1992) Clay soil heave
Specific Gravity 2.67 caused by lime-sulphate reactions, Innovations and
Sand (4.75 – 0.075 mm), % 6 Uses for Lime, pp.41-64.
Silt (0.075 – 0.002 mm), % 31
Clay (<0.002mm), % 63 Little, D. N., Nair, S. and Herbert, B. (2009) Addressing
Liquid limit, % 72.1 sulphate-induced heave in lime treated soils, J.l of
Plastic limit, % 31.7 Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,
Plasticity index, % 40.4 ASCE, 136(1), pp.110-118.
Shrinkage Limit, % 13.6
Free swell Index, % 72.7 Hunter, D. (1988) Lime-induced heave in sulphate-
Optimum moisture content, % 32.5 bearing clay soils, Journal of Geotechnical
Max. dry unit weight, kN/m3 13.4 Engineering, 114(2), pp. 150-167.
210
An Experimental Study of Granular Anchor Piles

Mohit Kumar
Ashish Gupta
Vishwas A Sawant
E-mail : mhtkmr123@gmail.com; shi_g2000@rediffmail.com; sawntfce@iitr.ac.in
Keywords: Granular anchor piles; Pull-out capacity; Length to diameter ratio

1. Introduction
Granular piles or stone columns are among the most
versatile ground improvement techniques, as they
improve the bearing capacity of weak soils, accelerate
consolidation, enhance stability of slopes and reduce
chances of liquefaction by virtue of improved drainage.
However, their inability to resist uplift limits their
application in some cases. In order to overcome this
limitation, a new innovative technique called Granular
Anchor Piles (GAPs) has been developed.
The study has been carried out to observe the variation
in pull-out capacity with length to diameter (L/D) ratio.
3. Methodology
The clay was dried, crushed and ground and then its
Fig. 1 Variation of pull-out capacity with L/D ratio
index properties were determined as mentioned in Table
1. The ground clay was then compacted at maximum 5. Conclusions
dry density by mixing water at optimum moisture The use of GAP in resisting uplift was successfully
content in a cylindrical tank. A bore hole was augered verified till an optimum L/D ratio after which the rate of
and GAP was installed with suitably graded aggregates increase in pull-out capacity did not increase
and pull-out load was applied with a system of pulleys appreciably.
and loads.
References
Table-1 Physical properties of clay
Property Value Phanikumar, B.R., Rao, A.S., and Suresh, K. (2008)
Field behaviour of granular pile-anchors in expansive
Specific Gravity 2.473 soils, In Proc. of the Institution of Civil Engineers,
pp. 199-206.
UCS (kPa) 120
Liquid Limit (%) 45.75 Ranjan, G., and Rao, B.G. (1986) Skirted granular piles
for ground improvement, In Proc. of 8th European
Plasticity Index (%) 26 Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation
Soil Classification CI Engineering, Helsinki.
Rao, A.S., Phanikumar, B.R., Babu, R.D. and Suresh,

4. Important Outcomes K.S. (2007) Pull-out behaviour of granular pile-
It was observed that with increase in L/D ratio, the pull- anchors in expansive clay beds in-situ, J. of
out capacity increased but not at a constant rate of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,
increase. ASCE, 133(5), pp. 531-538.
211
A Study on Compaction and Strength Properties of Shedi soil Treated

with Rice Husk Ash, Carbide Lime and Sodium Chloride
H N Ramesh
B V Manjunatha
Department of Civil Engineering and Dean of Engineering, UVCE, Bangalore – 560056, India.
Email: rheddur@yahoo.com, manjnathmbv@gmail.com
Keywords: Shedi soil; Rice husk ash; Carbide lime; unconfined compressive strength
1. Introduction Table-1 Physical properties of Shedi soil

Lithomargic soil also termed as Shedi soil (SS) is very
Liqui Plasti Shrin Speci UCS
common strata throughout west coast of India from
d c kage fic stren
Malabar (Kerala) to Ratnagiri in Maharashtra. Soil limit
limit limit gravi gth
Lithomargic soils are termed as Treacherous soil by % % ty kPa
%
Geotechnical engineers due to its low strength and
unpredictable behavior. Strength of the soil mainly Shedi
45 - 33 2.65 175
depends on density and compactive efforts. Further Soil
strength is altered by addition of admixtures Ramesh RHA - - - 1.95 -
et.al (2011). Rice husk ash is an agro-industrial waste
predominant in silica content. Addition of rice husk ash CL - - - 2.1 -
shows marginal improvement in strength due to lack of
lime content.
Shedi Soil
1400
2. Motivation and Objective 1200 Shedi Soil+20% RHA
Lithomargic soil loses its strength when gets saturated. 1000
UCS kPa
Hence an attempt has been made to study the behavior

800 Shedi Soil+20%
of lithomargic soil by adding RHA, CL and 1% NaCl to
600 RHA+6% CL
improve the strength properties of the soil.
400 Shedi Soil+20%
RHA+6% CL+1% NaCl
3. Methodology 200
Compaction tests were conducted for various 0
combinations of Rice husk ash, Carbide Lime and 0 50 100
Sodium Chloride. To know the effect of these additives Number of Days
on the strength of Lithomargic soils, samples were
Fig. 1 Variation in UCS strength With Curing days
prepared at a required MDD and OMC and the tests
were conducted at immediate, 7, 30, 60, 90 days of
curing period. 5. Conclusions
Sodium Chloride treated sample shows better strength
than Carbide lime treated sample due to the formation
4. Important Outcomes of more pozzolonic compounds.
Strength tests were conducted at required OMC and
MDD and outcome of the results showed that shedi soil References
stabilized with RHA shows a marginal improvement in
Ramesh H.N Nanda H.S. and Manoj Krishna K.V.
strength. Carbide lime treated sample showed a better
(2011) Effect of soaking on the strength behaviour of
improvement in strength than RHA. But Sodium
Shedi soil treated with NFA, IGC Kochi (paper No. L-
Chloride treated soil sample showed more improvement
295)
in strength. This is due to the formation of pozzolanic
Rajasekaran.G, Murali.K and Srinivasaraghavan (1997)
compounds such as C-S-H C-A-H and C-A-S-H gel is
Effect of Chlorides and Sulphates on lime treated
more compared to the carbide lime treated soil
marine Clays, Soils and Foundations Vol.37 (2), pp.
Rajashekaran et.al (1997).
105-115.
212
Optimal Foundation Solution for Storage Terminal in Mangalore

Tanmay Gupta
Valluri Sridhar
Madan Kumar Annam
Keller Ground Engineering India Private Limited, Mumbai-400059
Email: tanmay@kellerindia.com, sridhar@kellerindia.com, madankumar@kellerindia.com
Keywords: Storage Terminals, Ancillary Structures, Optimal Foundations, Ground Improvement, Vibro Stone
Columns, Hydrotest
1. Introduction and fixed roof type) founded over sand pad. The
This paper presents optimal foundation solution for one diameter of tanks is ranging from 13.5m to 28m with
such terminal located along the west coast of India. height varying from 15m to 20m. The height to diameter
Subsoil at the present location consists of filled up soil ratio for tanks is in between 0.7 to 1.3. Ancillary
followed by loose silty sand which is further underlain structures such as office building, truck loading
by soft to firm silty clay. In order to develop storage platform and pump room are also proposed in this
terminals in such type of soil, it is necessary to provide facility. State of the art quality control was observed for
suitable foundation technique to meet the technical vibro stone columns works. Extensive soil investigation
specifications. Ground improvement using vibro stone using boreholes and eCPTu were conducted to arrive at
columns is one of the technique to increase the bearing suitable ground improvement scheme for each of the
capacity and to reduce the total and differential tanks and buildings. Before start of main works, initial
settlements to acceptable limits. Besides minimizing the load test was performed to establish the safe bearing
differential settlement of tank foundations, vibro stone capacity of proposed treatment scheme. During
columns are also designed to address the liquefaction installation of vibro stone columns, quality control was
susceptibility of the loose silty sands. The various ensured using computerized M4 system which
aspects of sub soil conditions, design, construction continuously records depth, compaction effort and
methodology, quality control and hydro test results are movement of vibrator throughout the construction
discussed in this paper. process. Post construction quality assurance was
demonstrated using routine load tests and hydro tests.
Optimal foundation solution provides an alternative or 4. Performance of Ground Improvement Works
an approach that best fits the situation, employs Routine load tests and hydro tests were conducted to
resources in a most effective and efficient manner, and determine the efficiency and performance of proposed
yields the highest possible return under the given treatment scheme. Settlements for routine load tests
circumstances. Also, optimal foundation accompanied were observed to be well within acceptable limits, thus
by flexibility in design and time convenience, can also ensuring the performance of improved ground under
provide cost effective solution. Structures like steel expected loading intensity. Results of hydro tests show
tanks, mounded bullets and ancillary structures can be that total and differential settlements are in accordance
effectively founded over ground improvement using with estimated settlements.
vibro stone columns and have long proven track record.
The objective of this paper is to highlight the 5. Conclusions
performance of vibro stone columns as an effective Storage terminal comprising of steel tanks and ancillary
method of ground improvement for tank foundations structures is proposed on loose silty sand followed by
and ancillary structures. soft to firm silty clay in active seismic zone of India.
Vibro stone columns are designed to meet the technical
3. Optimal Foundation Solution specifications of proposed structures. Based on results
Ground improvement using vibro stone columns (dry and satisfactory performance of tanks, it is proven that
bottom feed method) introduces crushed stone the vibro stone columns can be employed as an optimal
aggregates as backfill material which acts as load solution to support the steel tanks and ancillary
bearing elements and functions as drainage elements. structures in similar type of soil.
With improvement, the variable soil layer is converted
to a homogenous mass which behaves uniformly, References
resulting in minimal differential settlements. Proposed British Standard, BS EN 14731:(2005) Execution of
storage terminal consists of ten nos. of steel tanks special geotechnical works – Ground treatment by
including two nos. of fire water tanks (internal floating deep vibration.
213
Strength and Durability of geopolymer stabilized soil

Sreelakshmi S
E. Krishnaiah
G. Kalyan Kumar
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, 506004
E-mail : sreelakshmi2192@yahoo.in; erukalkrishna@gmail.com; kalyanu.g@gmail.com
Keywords:Geopolymer, flyash, Unconfined compressive strength, Durability
1. Introduction and 76 mm of height. Three specimens of each mixture

In this paper, geopolymer synthetized from low calcium were moulded to provide representative results.
fly ash and an alkaline solution made fromsodium Additional three specimens were prepared for durability
silicate and sodium hydroxide was used to stabilize soil study. After the curing period each specimen was tested
in order to evaluate its strength and durability. for unconfined compressive strength by means of a 20
Cylindrical stabilized soil specimens with different fly kN capacity hydraulic testing machine. Every single
ash percentages were prepared and then cured for 7 result obtained was the average of 3 tested samples. The
days. Results show that strength is significantly specimens prepared for durability studies were
increased by this treatment as measured by unconfined subjected to W-D cycles according to IS: 4332 (Part –
compression strength tests. The effect of flyash IV) -1968. The 7-day cured specimens were subjected
percentage, activator to ash ratio and Sodium Silicate to to 0,1,3,7 and 12 cycles. After the completion of the
Sodium Hydroxide ratio on the strength of stabilized appropriate w-d cycle, unconfined compressive strength
soil was analysed .The specimens were also subjected to (UCS) tests were conducted.
different wet-dry (W-D) cycles and tested for
unconfined compressive strength. The UCS values after 4. Important Outcomes
W-D cycling were compared with those of the raw soil The unconfined compressive strength of samples were
specimens to determine the influence of geopolymer on found to be increased with increase in the percentage of
durability. flyash. It was also observed that the best SS/SH ratio is
obtained as 1. The weight of all specimens subjected to
2. Motivation and Objective W-D cycles decreased with time, due to the progressive
In order to facilitate the use of geopolymer cement loss of water during the curing process, which is related
synthesized from flyash, as a stabilizing agent in to the specificity of the geopolymeric reactions that
ground-improvement projects, it is essential to know the involve loss of water during hardening. The specimens
durability of the soil stabilized with geopolymers. were tested in unconfined compression. The strength of
Durability is the property of a geotechnical material that the specimens from the durability tests is higher than the
reflects its performance under freeze-thaw and wetting– strength of the specimens that followed normal curing,
drying cycles. Freeze-thaw tests should be conducted in since the geopolymeric reactions are highly accelerated
areas that are subject to freezing conditions, such as with temperature increase (Sukmak, et al., 2013).
cold regions, while wetting–drying cycles should be
conducted in allgeographic areas(Kamei et al., 5. Conclusions
2013).The aim of this paper is to study the effect of From these promising results, further tests should be
geopolymer cement in improving the strength of soft performed in this material to evaluate other properties of
soil. The effect of wetting and drying cycles is also this material that may allow its application in
studied to ascertain the durability of geopolymer pavements. If this material is well studied and a proper
stabilized soil when used as subgrade soil. standard is developed, it will be a great benefit for the
civil engineering industry. The possibility of using
3. Methodology waste materials instead of Portland cement is very
Different mixtures were prepared by adding the important to reduce the carbon footprint of soil
necessary quantities of soil, fly ash and the alkaline improvement techniques and therefore should be
activator. First the SH flakes were dissolved in water to continuously pursued.
meet the required concentration and when cooled down,
added to the sodium silicate solution. The soil and fly References
ash were first homogenized and then the alkaline Kamei, T., Ahmed, A. and Ugai, K., 2013. Durability of
solution was added gradually to the solids and mixed soft clay soil stabilized with recycled Bassanite and
manually. Extra water was added to meet the optimum furnace cement mixtures. Soils and Foundations,
moisture content. The mixture was statically compacted 53(1), pp.155-165.
inside a stainless steel mould with 38 mm of diameter
214
Effect of Polypropylene Fibre Reinforcement on Cement Stabilization

of Local Red Soil in Silchar Area
Raja Sarkar
Debjit Bhowmik
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Silchar, Assam 788010
Email:raja.skms1992.rs@gmail.com; debjit@civil.nits.ac.in
Keywords: cement-stabilization; polypropylene fibre; red soil; unconfined compression test

1. Introduction cement contents (5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5%). Finally, UCS
Many soil stabilization techniques have been developed tests were conducted on samples prepared with five
over the years by different researchers to improve different fibre content each with four different cement
different engineering properties of the soil. Two of contents. Hence, total 30 combinations of soil, fibre, and
those methods are mixing cement and reinforcement cement were used to prepare all the samples required for
fibre with different types of soil. Uddin et. al. (1997) the study. Table 1 presents different engineering and
studied the behaviour of soft clay stabilized using physical properties of local red soil.
cement. The effect of fibre reinforcement and cement on
behaviour of sandy soil had been studied by Consoli et. 4. Important Outcomes
al. (1998). Astudy was conducted to study the strength It is observed that the unconfined compressive strength
and mechanical behavior of short polypropylene fibre of cement stabilized soil initially decreases and then
reinforced and cement stabilized clayey soil (Chaosheng increases with the increase in percentage of fibre
et. al. 2007).Soganci (2015) studied the effect of content up to an optimum level (1.25%) and then
polypropylene fibre on the unconfined compressive gradually decreases for all cement contents.
strength of expansive soil. In the present study, it is Table-1: Properties of local red soil
aimed to investigate the improvement of ductile
property of cement stabilized local red soil using L.L. P.L. MDD OMC G γt CBR
polypropylene fibre reinforcement. % (%) (g/cc) (%) (g/cc) (%)
24 17.36 1.83 14.44 2.54 2.063 7.8
To study the effect of fibre on behaviour of cement
stabilized soil and suggest a suitable combination that to
improve ductility and strength properties. 5. Conclusions
The results show that the unconfined compressive
3. Optimal Foundation Solution strength increases with the increase in fibre content.
The present study has been conducted on four types of Further addition of fibre causes gradual decrease in the
soil samples prepared using local soil, and the same soil strength for all the samples tested for 7, 14 and 28 days.
mixed with fibre, cement, and both fibre and cement. Hence the final results show that 1.25% polypropylene
Routine laboratory tests such as Sieve Analysis, Liquid gives maximum unconfined compressive strength and
Limit (LL), Plastic Limit (PL), etc. were conducted on also increases the ductile nature of samples..
local soil samples to determine basic engineering
properties. Standard Proctor tests were conducted on References
different soil samples with or without fibre or cement to
Consoli N. C., Prietto P. D. M. ,Ulbrich L. A. (1998)
determine Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) and
Influence of fibre and cement addition on behaviour
Maximum Dry Density (MDD). All the samples for
of sandy soil, J .of Geotechnical and Geo-
Unconfined Compression Strength (UCS) test and
environmental Engineering. 124 (12), pp.1211–1214.
Unconsolidated Undrained (UU) Triaxial test were
prepared by compacting the soil at OMC to achieve
Soganci.S (2015) The Effect of Polypropylene Fibre in
required MDD with or without fibre or cement.
the Stabilization of Expansive Soils. journal of
Polypropylene fibres of 12mm length and 0.03 mm
Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and
diameter were used in this study. The fibres were mixed
Geophysical Engineering, 9(8), pp.994-997
with soil in varying proportions (0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25 and
1.5%)and UU triaxial tests were conducted to study the
effect of fibre alone on the shear strength of soil.
Subsequently, UCS tests were conducted on samples
prepared using local soil mixed with four different
215
Strength and Compaction Characteristics of Biologically Stabilized

Soil
DivyaViswanath
Asha M Nair
Sreelakshmi G
Department of Civil Engineering, CMR Institute of Technology, Bengaluru – 560037
E-mail : divya.v@cmrit.ac.in; asha.n@cmrit.ac.in, sreelakshmi.g@cmrit.ac.in
Keywords: Soil stabilization; Terrazyme; Compaction; Strength.

1. Introduction soils based on varying dosages of the bio-enzyme as
Ground improvement by mechanical or chemical means well as for different curing periods.
is widely adopted to stabilize soils for improving
strength and durability. A number of chemical additives, 4. Important Outcomes
both inorganic and organic, can be used to stabilize From the experimental investigations, a correlation is
soils. Recently Bio-Enzymes have emerged as a new made with respect to terrazyme dosage and curing
method for soil stabilization. Though microorganisms period on the strength parameters of lateritic and black
have the potential to bind soil particles by both adhesion cotton soils. Accordingly, a ratio called Improvement
of extracellular polymers and enzymes and by charge Factor is defined which helps in quantifying the
interactions (Burns et. al. 1980), no investigations have improvement in compressive strength of black cotton
clearly distinguished these effects in early 1980s. Bio- soil. Thus a fair understanding of the effectiveness of
enzymes are chemical, organic and liquid concentrated bio-enzyme as a stabilizing agent in two soils may be
substances which can be used to stabilize the soil sub developed.
base of pavement structures. It has been observed that 5. Conclusions
use of a bio- enzyme named Terrazyme altered the From the experimental investigations it is observed that
physical and chemical characteristics of soil and was bio-enzyme is effective in increasing the unconfined
found to be effective in stabilizing sand blended lateritic compressive strength of black cotton soil. The curing
soils (Ravi Shankar et.al., 2009) and black cotton soils period is found to play an important role in changing the
(Agarwal, 2014). Biologically stabilized soil ensures microstructure of the bio-modified soil and influence
significant improvement in the strength of the soil long term behavior of such soils. This non-toxic eco-
(Venkatasubramanian et al, 2011) and thereby friendly stabilizer may find its utilization for sustainable
eliminates the risk of liquefaction and increase the constructions.
stability of soil during earthquakes, landslides, etc.
References
The object of the present work is to assess the Agarwal, Puneet, and Suneet Kaur. (2014) "Effect of
interaction between enzyme and two soils with entirely bio-enzyme stabilization on unconfined compressive
different properties and thereby determine their effect strength of expansive soil, International Journal of
on strength and compaction characteristics of these Research in Engineering and Technology 3.(5) pp.30-
soils. It is also proposed to investigate the effect of 33.
microbial stabilization for different mineral Burns, Richard G. (1980) Microbial adhesion to soil
compositions and study the effect of this stabilization surfaces: consequences for growth and enzyme
method with respect to age. activities
3. Methodology Shankar, A. U., Harsha Kumar Rai, and R.
The two types of soils considered for the current study Mithanthaya.(2009) Bio-enzyme stabilized lateritic
are lateritic soil and black cotton (BC) soil. Laboratory soil as a highway material. Indian Roads Congress
tests were conducted to determine the engineering and Journal. Vol. 70(2).
index properties of lateritic and BC soil. These samples
were then blended with different dosages of terrazyme Venkatasubramanian C., and G. Dhinakaran.(2011)
and detailed study on strength and compaction Effect of Bio-Enzymatic Soil Stabilization on
characteristics were done in order to assess the Unconfined Compressive Strength and California
suitability of bio-enzyme as a stabilizer. From the Bearing Ratio. Journal of Engineering and Applied
experimental investigations, comparative studies are Sciences, 6.(5), 295-298.
done in order to evaluate the strength parameters of the
216
Influence of Quarry Dust and Tile Waste on Geotechnical Properties

of Expansive Soil
D S V Prasad
M Anjan Kumar
Department of Civil Engineering, BVC Engineering College, Odalarevu, AP, India.
E-mail: drdsvp9@gmail.com, anjan_mantri @gmail.com
GVR Prasada Raju

Department of Civil Engineering JNT University Kakinada,
E-mail: gvrp_raju@yahoo.com
Keywords: Expansive Soil, Quarry Dust, Tile Waste, Stabilization, CBR and Direct Shear test.
1. Introduction percentages of Quarry dust and Tile waste. CBR and

The problems posed by expansive soils have been compaction tests were conducted by using different
noticed all over the world. By virtue of their inherent percentages of Quarry Dust and Tile waste mixed with
capacity to undergo swelling and shrinkage in monsoon expansive soil for finding optimum percentage of
and dry seasons respectively. These soils can affect the Quarry Dust and Tile waste respectively.
functioning of the structures built on them. To minimize
the effect of swell, shrinkage and improvement of 4. Conclusions
strength of soil by stabilization with suitable stabilizer Maximum dry density of the modified soil is increased
and admixtures are necessary. by 12.36% for (10%) Quarry dust and 6.12% for
(20%) of Tile waste and OMC goes decreasing from
Now a day, utilization of aggregates from rock has 28.5% to 25.2% for 15% Quarry dust and 28.5% to
tremendously increased due to rapid growth of the 25.8% for 30% Tile waste, when blended with the
country. This has caused rise in production of solid unmodified soil. CBR (un Soaked) for the modified Soil
wastes such as Quarry dust and Tile Waste. The is increased from 3.2 to 8.24 for (10%) Quarry dust and
disposal of these wastes has become great issue in the 3.2 to 6.9 for (20%) Tile waste and CBR (soaked) for
solid waste management. One of the best solutions for the modified Soil is increased from 1.2 to 6.7 for (10%)
this problem is to utilise these wastes for construction Quarry dust and 1.2 to 5.1for (20%) Tile waste
purpose, for improving the properties of weak soil i.e.,
Expansive soil. Keeping this point in view, an attempt is Angle of internal friction goes on increasing from 190 to
made to select a better soil stabilization material, 290 with the addition of 10% quarry dust and 190 to
expansive soil is blended with Quarry dust and Tile 270 with the addition of 20% Tile waste to the
waste individually. Expansive soil. The cohesion of expansive soil was
found to be decreased from 16kN/m2 to 1kN/m2 and
2. Motivation and Objective 16kN/m2 to 2.1kN/m2 with the addition of different
The present work describes a study carried out to check percentages of quarry dust and tile waste respectively. It
the improvements in the geotechnical properties of is observed that addition of 10% Quarry dust to the
expansive soil with the addition of Quarry dust and Tile expansive soil results in attainment of higher Maximum
Waste. Quarry dust and Tile Waste are blended with Dry Density, higher CBR value and high angle of
unmodified soil in varying percentages like internal friction than the Tile waste.
5%,10%,15% and 10%,20%,30% respectively to obtain
the optimum percentage of admixture required for the References
soil stabilization. In this comparative study laboratory
tests such as Atterberg’s limit, Differential free swell
Sumayya K.,Mohammed Rafeequedheen.K,
test, Compaction test, CBR test and Direct Shear test Sameer V., Firoz, Khais p. and Jithin k ( 2016),
were carried out for both unmodified modified and Stabilization of Expansive Soil Treated with Tile
Expansive soil with Quarry dust and tile waste. Waste, SSRG International Journal of Civil
Engineering, volume 3, Issue 3, pp.67-75.
3. Methodology
Various tests were carried out in the laboratory for
finding the index and Engineering properties of
Expansive soil and Expansive soil treated with Different
217
Reliability Analysis for Settlement Calculation of Surface Strip

Footing under Different Soil Conditions using Fuzzy Sets Theory
Rajarshi Pramanik
Dilip Kumar Baidya
Nirjhar Dhang
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur –721302
E-mail : rajarshi.juconst@gmail.com; baidya@civil.iitkgp.ernet.in; nirjhar@civil.iitkgp.ernet.in
Keywords: strip footing; finite element analysis; fuzzy set; reliability analysis
1. Introduction deterministic settlement but the trend reverses beyond

Parameters involved in estimation of settlement of this limit and higher COV of Es gives higher δlim value
shallow foundation are generally involved with certain to abolish the existence of probability of failure.
degree of uncertainty and the reliability analysis is Moreover, higher θ values give higher range of δ lim
required to quantify this type of uncertainties. In values for same COV of Es to nullify the existence of P f.
classical reliability methods, physical randomness,
statistical and modeling uncertainty are incorporated
adequately but they are unable to capture the vagueness
or fuzziness and ambiguity of the parameters which is
systematically incorporate in reliability analysis using
fuzzy sets theory (Zadeh 1965). In this research paper,
reliability analysis for settlement calculation of surface
strip footing has been carried out using fuzzy sets theory
concept for different soil conditions considering spatial
variability of the input fuzzy variable (Es).
2. Methodology
Eight noded isoparametric quadrilateral elements have
been used for the settlement calculation of surface strip
footing of width (B) equal to 1.0m and stiffness matrix
has been determined using 2-point gauss quadrature
numerical integration. Reliability analysis has been
carried out using fuzzy set theory concept (Luo et al.
2011) considering the soil parameters as fuzzy numbers.
Moreover, spatial variability of the soil parameters has
also been considered and the probability of failure has Fig. 1 Pf vs δlim (a) θ = 0.1m, (b) θ = 1.0m
been determined using the α - cut interval and vertex
4. Conclusions
method for a range of limiting settlement values.
Based on the studies performed in this paper, the
3. Results and Discussions following generalized concluding remarks can be made:
A series of modulus of elasticity of soil (Es) values have (i) Pf values are highly dependent on the COV’s of Es as
been incorporated into the analysis to categorize sandy higher COV of Es gives higher δlim value to abolish the
soil from very loose (VL) to very dense (VD) state. The existence of Pf. (ii) Scale of fluctuations has significant
range is between 20 × 103 kPa to 60 × 103 kPa. effect on the failure probability as higher θ values give
Triangular membership functions of the fuzzy number higher range of δlim values for same COV of Es to
(Es) has been considered for the ranges stated above by nullify the existence of P f.
adopting the dispersion coefficient (k) as 2. Four
References
different scale of fluctuation values (θx = θy = θ =
Luo, Z., Atamturktur, S., Juang, C.H., Huang, H. and
0.1,0.25,0.5,1.0m) have been used for determination of
Lin, P.S. (2011) Probability of serviceability failure in
resulting fuzzy number (settlement). Figure 1 shows the
a braced excavation in a spatially random field: Fuzzy
variation of probability of failure (P f) with different
finite element approach, Comput. Geotech., Vol. 38,
limiting settlement values (δlim) for different COV’s
pp.1031–1040.
(VEs) of Es. In this case, medium dense (MD) type of
sandy soil has been considered. From Fig. 1, it can be
Zadeh, L.A. (1965), Fuzzy sets, Information and
seen that lower COV’s of Es gives higher Pf values upto
Control, Vol. 8, pp.338-353.
218
Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines for System Reliability

Analysis of Slopes
Subhadeep Metya
Department of Civil Engineering, Techno India University, Salt Lake City, Kolkata – 700091, INDIA
E-mail :subhadeep.metya@gmail.com
Gautam Bhattacharya
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah – 711103, INDIA
E-mail :bhattacharyag@gmail.com
Tanmoy Mukhopadhyay
Sondipon Adhikari
College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
E-mail : mukhopadhyaymail@gmail.com; s.adhikari@swansea.ac.uk
Keywords: Slope stability; System reliability analysis; Multivariate adaptive regression splines; MCS

After a decade of research, it is now well accepted that From the detailed results, it is observed that the failure
due to the potential existence of multiple failure modes, probability value considering multiple failure modes
system effects should be assessed in the probabilistic (system failure probability) is higher than that based on
analysis of a soil slope (Li et al., 2016). This article single mode of failure. The numerical results also show
presents a study on the system reliability analysis of a that the system reliability analysis with circular slip
homogeneous slope based on multivariate adaptive surfaces can significantly underestimate the system
regression splines (MARS) (Friedman, 1991; Liu and failure probability of the soil slope.
Cheng, 2016) and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS).
Novelty of the present study includes the application of 5. Conclusions
data driven MARS model to approximate the The application of the MARS based system reliability
relationship of the minimum factor of safety functional analysis procedure has been studied. It is noted that
and the location of the critical slip surface of general once the MARS model is constructed and verified, the
shape with the variation of the uncertain soil strength computational time needed for calculating the system
parameters. failure probability is negligibly small. Therefore, the
developed system reliability analysis procedure has
2. Motivation and Objective proved to be an effective as well as efficient tool for
The objective of the present study is to explore the system reliability analysis.
potential of MARS as an efficient mapping tool in
system reliability analysis of earth slopes. References
Li, D.Q., Zheng, D., Cao, Z.J., Tang, X.S. and Phoon,
3. Methodology
The developed methodology (Metya et al., 2017) is a K.K. (2016) Response surface methods for slope
two-stage process. First, a MARS model is constructed reliability analysis: review and comparison, Eng Geol,
based on a set of training samples that are generated by 203, pp.3–14.
Latin hypercube sampling (LHS). MARS model is Liu, L.L. and Cheng, Y.M. (2016) Efficient system
validated by a specific number of testing samples which reliability analysis of soil slopes using multivariate
are randomly generated following their underlying adaptive regression splines-based Monte Carlo
distributions. Second, the established MARS is then simulation, Computers and Geotechnics, 79, pp.41–
integrated with MCS to estimate the system failure 54.
probability of slopes. Spencer method is used as a slope
stability model in combination with the sequential Metya, S., Mukhopadhyay, T., Adhikari, S. and
quadratic programming (SQP) as a nonlinear Bhattacharya, G. (2017) System Reliability Analysis
programming technique of optimization. To compare of Soil Slopes with General Slip Surfaces Using
the results of the reliability analysis considering the Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines, Computers
single mode of failure, the FORM based probabilistic and Geotechnics, Volume 87, pp. 212–228.
critical slip surface has been located and the associated
minimum reliability index determined.
219
Effect of Uncertainty in Soil Type on Seismic Site Response

Aniket Desai
Ravi S. Jakka
Department of Earthquake Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee – 247667
E-mail: ani90.deq2016@iitr.ac.in; jakkafeq@iitr.ac.in
Keywords: seismic site response; modulus reduction; damping ratio; uncertainties; SHAKE
1. Introduction Further, it is noted that as plasticity index (PI) of clayey
The utilization of surface wave methods for soil increases, PGA is found to be increasing. Figures 1
geotechnical site characterization has increased recently and 2 show significant differences in frequency content
(Roy et al., 2013). Surface wave tests provide the most of the surface motions for two different types of soils.
important information (i.e Vs profile and Vs30 value),
40
which is essential for obtaining seismic site response
Fourier Amplitude
and the site class. However, they don’t provide the 30
(*10-4)g-sec
complete information about the subsoil stratification.
Here, an attempt has been made to see the effect of the 20
missing information on the seismic site response.
10
Seismic site response analysis is crucial for the 0 10 20 30
estimation of design ground motion, calculation of site Frequency (Hz)
amplification, assessment of liquefaction, doing seismic
slope stability analysis of slopes etc. For seismic Fig. 1 Fourier spectrum for soil type 3
response analysis, the information about soil type is one 60
of the required input parameters, apart from the Vs
Fourier Amplitude (*10-
50
profile of the site. However, this important information
is missing in surface wave investigations. Many times, 40
4) g-sec
soil types are assumed based on limited information 30

available from geotechnical field tests. Hence, it is very 20
much desirable to study the extent of the influence of 10
soil type on seismic site response. 0
3. Methodology 0 10 20 30
Frequency (Hz)
Initially, multichannel analysis of surface wave
(MASW) test was performed for acquiring the Vs Fig. 2 Fourier spectrum for soil type 5
profile. Then, ground response analysis was conducted 5. Conclusions
using SHAKE software. To study the impact of soil type For the same input bedrock motion, a clayey soil would
on seismic response, different soil types were produce higher surface motion compared to sandy soil.
considered and the corresponding results were evaluated For different cases of clayey soils, the soil type with
in terms of peak ground acceleration (PGA), Fourier higher plasticity would generate considerably higher
spectra, response spectra, etc. amplification at the surface. So, the soil type greatly
4. Important Outcomes affects seismic site response. And hence, it is very
Table 1 provides the PGA values observed for soil essential to find out the actual soil type and its plasticity
types. Figures 1 and 2 show the variations in Fourier characteristics along with the shear wave velocity
spectra for two different soil types. profile.
Table-1 PGA variation with soil type References
Soil Type Observed PGA (g)
Type I: Sand1 0.204 Roy, N., Jakka, R.S. and Wason, H.R. (2013) Effect of
Type II: Sand2 0.228 surface wave inversion non-uniqueness on 1D seismic
Type III: Clay1 0.230 ground response analysis. Natural Hazards, 68(2),
Type IV: Clay2 0.270 pp.1141–1153.
Type V: Clay3 0.316
It is noted from the results that lower PGA has been

observed for sandy soils compared to clayey soils.
220
Effect of Probability Density Functions on Reliability analysis of

Flexible Pavements
Pranav. R. T. Peddinti
Sireesh Saride
B. Munwar Basha
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana, 502285.
E-mail: ce14resch11005@iith.ac.in, sireesh@iith.ac.in; basha@iith.ac.in;
Keywords: Flexible Pavements; Probability density function (PDF); Reliability; Resilient modulus
1. Introduction and Burr distribution. It is observed that the change in
The accuracy of reliability based design optimization PDF has a high influence on βfat as compared to βrut.
(RBDO) depends on the appropriate quantification of From the overall analysis, in case of fatigue, Burr
variability associated with the design parameters. The distribution differs by about 10 – 35 % with lognormal
variability in various design parameters is modelled and 30 – 60 % with normal distributions. In case of
using probability density functions (PDF) of various rutting, the log normal and Burr distributions seem to
distributions. Therefore, using the appropriate PDF have fairly equal prediction. However, there is a
results in accurate value of reliability index. However, difference of about 20 – 35 % with normal distribution.
in view of simplicity, reliability techniques used in
pavements use normal and log normal distributions for
modelling the input parameters. Based on the recent
studies (Peddinti et al., 2016), the use of PDFs cannot
be generalized in pavements. In view of the variety of
materials used in pavements, conventional distributions
cannot handle the high variability arising from the
material properties of the pavement system. In this
regard, the present study attempts to investigate the
influence of using conventional and actual PDFs on
reliability analysis of the flexible pavement system.
The present study attempts to investigate the influence
of PDF on reliability indices pertaining to rutting failure
(βrut) and fatigue failure (βfat) in flexible pavements.
Fig. 1 Influence of PDF on βfat and βrut
3. Methodology
5. Conclusions
The Montecarlo simulation based reliability indices (β)
It can be concluded that the selection of PDF has a
with respect to fatigue and rutting failures are evaluated
substantial influence on the reliability level of flexible
for a given three layer pavement section. The available
pavements. Hence, appropriate selection of PDF is
limiting equations for fatigue and rutting are used to
highly recommended in order to quantify the variability
develop the performance functions for both the failure
associated with flexible pavements.
criteria. The regression equations given by Dilip et al.
(2013) are used to evaluate fatigue and rutting. References
To achieve the objective of the study, the reliability Dilip, D., Ravi, P., and Babu, G.L.S. (2013) System
analysis is performed assuming normal, lognormal and reliability analysis of flexible pavements, J. of Transp.
Burr distributions to the base resilient modulus of the Engg., ASCE, 139(10), pp. 1001–1009.
three layer pavement. The corresponding coefficients of
variation (COV) are assumed based on existing Pranav, R. T. P., Sireesh, S. and Basha. B.M. (2016)
research. The influence of these distributions on the Variability associated with resilient modulus of
reliability indices against rutting failure (βrut) and reclaimed asphalt pavements, ASCE, GSP, 270, pp.
fatigue failure (βfat) are presented. 708-717.
The results from reliability analysis (Fig. 1) indicates
that the reliability indices show a considerable
difference due to the assumption of Normal, Lognormal
221
Influence of Geotechnical Uncertainties and Design Traffic load on

Total Thickness of flexible pavement
Amit Srivastava
Vaishali Sahu
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The NorthCap University, Gurugram, Gurugram – 122017
E-mail: amitsrivastava@ncuindia.edu ; vaishalisahu@ncuindia.edu
Keywords: geotechnical uncertainty; flexible pavement; reliability analysis; Monte Carlo Simulations
1. Introduction reliability index value (β) is chosen as 3 for above

Reliability based decision making of total pavement average performance.
thickness is advocated with due consideration of
uncertainty in input parameters, i.e., soil bearing
capacity (in terms of CBR value) and design traffic load
(in terms of MSA). Through Monte Carlo Simulations
(MCS) combined with first order reliability based
(FORM) approach, design charts with due consideration
of uncertainty in input parameters, are presented for
deciding total thickness of flexible pavement that can
ensure certain level of reliability in the pavement
design. Based on the obtained results, these design
charts are suggested for determination of total thickness Fig. 1 Typical cross section of a flexible pavement
of pavement as they provide more realistic approach. Reliability index is calculated based on the statistical
2. Motivation and Objective information on mean and coefficient of variation in
In the present study reliability based approach is used to capacity (C) and demand (D) and with the assumption
determine the total thickness of flexible pavement based that the two follows log normal distribution and
on design traffic (in terms of million standard axle, statistically independent parameters. Following equation
MSA) and shear strength of soil (in terms of California was utilized to estimate the reliability index (β).
bearing ratio, CBR) with due consideration of 2
µ𝐶 √1+ 𝛿𝐷
uncertainty in the design parameters. ln[( ) ]
µ𝐷
√1 +𝛿2
 =
𝐶
3. Methodology [1]
2 )(1+𝛿 2 )]
√ln[(1+ 𝛿𝐷 𝐶
IRC developed design plates for estimating the total
thickness of the flexible pavement based on CBR value 4. Important Outcomes
of subgrade and Design traffic load (MSA) by Design charts are presented to read the total thickness of
considering typical cross-section as shown in Fig 1. flexible pavement directly based on the extent of
Assuming the input parameters, CBR value and MSA variation in the design MSA and CBR of soil.
are lognormally distributed continuous random
variables, with known values of mean and coefficient of 5. Conclusions
variation, N number (100 in the present study) of data The thickness of the pavement increases with increase
set for CBR and MSA is generated that follows the in the extent of variation in MSA and CBR. Though, the
given probabilistic distribution characteristics. For each proposed thickness was higher than as suggested by the
set of CBR and MSA value, the total thickness of the design codes, but, it considers the variation in the design
pavement is recorded from the IRC design plates. In this parameters and thus brings rationality in the design. The
way, Monte Carlo simulation using design charts are proposed design charts will help in deciding the total
performed to obtain N number of data set for the thickness of the flexible pavement corresponding to the
estimated total thickness of the pavement. It is further expected variation in design traffic load and subgrade
used to obtain the mean (D) and coefficient of variation CBR.
(D) in the total thickness of the pavement (D). References
The capacity (C) which will be the design thickness to IRC: 37 (2012). Tentative guidelines for the design of
be adopted should be chosen in such a way that it flexible pavements, IRC, New Delhi.
ensures a minimum level of reliability in the
performance of the pavement. In the present study, M.E. Harr (1987) Reliability-based design in civil
engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York.
222
A Statistical Approach to Bearing Capacity of Reinforced Foundations

Arindam Dey
E-mail : arindamdeyiitg16@gmail.com
Prabir K Basudhar
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology BHU, Varanasi - 221005
E-mail : rathin47@gmail.com
Keywords: Bearing Capacity; Reinforced Foundation Beds; Multivariable Regression Analysis; Sensitivity Analysis
1. Introduction function of the statistically significant parameters. A
Bearing capacity of foundation beds is one of the revised linear and nonlinear multivariable regression
inescapable interests for geotechnical engineers all over analysis is carried out with the possible presence,
the world. The problem of determination of appropriate detection and removal of outliers. Sensitivity analysis
bearing capacity becomes much more intricate for study is carried out using Local Perturbation Technique
reinforced foundation beds. Reinforcing of soil can be and also with the aid of SimLab sensitivity analysis
achieved by embedding various types of materials such package using Morris screening method, the variance
as metallic strips, geotextiles, geogrids and even rope based Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (FAST)
fibers. For single- or multi-layered reinforced technique and Sobol’s sensitivity analysis procedure.
foundation beds, the failure surface is significantly
affected by the interference of several physical elements 4. Important Outcomes
of the system such as the relative length of the footing It is found that the relative depth, number of layers of
and reinforcement, relative depth of reinforcement reinforcement and angle of internal friction of soil
beneath the footing, covering ratio of the reinforcement, significantly influence the sensitivity of the system,
number of layers of reinforcement, the tensile strength while the other parameters have moderate influence.
of the reinforcement, the unit weight and the angle of Relative length of reinforcement is found to affect the
internal friction of the granular fill. Hence, for such system negligibly (Fig. 1).
cases, assuming a theoretical failure surface to predict
the bearing capacity becomes even more complicated.
The solution to such problem can be determined by two
approaches – A conventional approach or a statistical
approach. Studies reported by Michalowski (2004) and
Huang and Menq (1997) belongs to the above
mentioned categories respectively. In contrast to the
calibration of the model in accordance to the output
Fig. 1 Result of Local Perturbation Technique and FAST
response as followed by Michalowski (2004), Huang sensitivity on seven parameter regression model
and Menq (1997) expressed the bearing capacity as a
function of the significant contributory parameters of
the reinforced foundation bed. 5. Conclusions
It is found that the relative depth, number of layers of
2. Motivation and Objective reinforcement and angle of internal friction of soil
The inclusions result in significant modification of the significantly influence the sensitivity of the system,
failure zones of a foundation in respect to what while the other parameters have moderate influence.
observed for a foundation in a natural soil bed. In such Relative length of reinforcement is found to affect the
circumstances, the bearing capacity theories (primarily system negligibly.
developed for unreinforced foundations) fail to replicate
the failure modes of reinforced foundation beds, and References
hence, needs substantial modification and refinement. Huang C.C. and Menq F.Y. (1997) Deep footing and
Hence, a statistical approach to bearing capacity needs wide slab effects in reinforced sandy ground, J. of
to be formulated wherein the sensitivity of various Geotech. Geoenv. Eng., ASCE, 123(1), pp. 30-36.
contributory parameters can be judged through a
sensitivity analysis. Michalowski R.L. (2004) Limit loads on reinforced
foundation soils, J. of Geotech. Geoenv. Eng., ASCE,
3. Methodology 130(4), pp. 381-390.
A refined statistical model with an enhanced dataset is
suggested for predicting the bearing capacity as a
223
Behavior of Geogrid-Reinforced Railroad Ballast in Direct Shear

Conditions
Kumari Sweta
Syed Khaja Karimullah Hussaini
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna – 801103
E-mail: sweta.pce13@iitp.ac.in, hussaini@iitp.ac.in
Keywords: ballast; geogrid; interface efficiency factor; interface friction angle; ballast-geogrid interface
The objectives of this current study are to investigate the
behavior of rail ballast-geogrid interfaces and explore the
role of geogrid aperture shape (triangular) and its size
(considering the latest products available in market) on
the interface shear strength.
2. Methodology
Large-scale direct shear tests were performed to
investigate the shear behavior of rail ballast-geogrid
interfaces. Fresh granite ballast having an average
particle size (D50) of 42 mm, specified by Indian Railway
(IRS-GE-1, 2004) and triaxial geogrids with different
aperture sizes were used in this study (Table 1). Tests
were performed at different normal stresses (σn) ranging
from 35 kPa to 100 kPa.
Fig.1 Variation of stress ratio (τ/σn) and vertical
Table-1 Physical characteristics and technical displacement (dv) with horizontal displacement (dh)
specifications of the geogrids used in this study
Aperture 4. Conclusions
Geogrid Aperture tra Tultb The behavior of ballast reinforced with triangular
size
type Type (mm) (kN/m)
(mm) geogrid has been investigated in this study. The internal
G1 1.5 46×46 19 friction angle of both ballast and ballast-geogrid
Triangular
G2 2.0 69×69 21 interfaces decreases non-linearly with an increase in
a
Rib Thickness; bultimate tensile strength normal stress. It is revealed that the shear strength of the
ballast has been improved when reinforced with
3. Important Outcomes geogrids. It is also found that there is a significant
The shear behavior of ballast with respect to the normal amount of reduction in breakage of the particles when
stress (σn) is plotted in the form of stress ratio (τ/σn) and stabilized with geogrids.
vertical displacement (dv) with horizontal displacement
(dh) (Fig. 1). It is observed that stress ratio (τ/σn) References
decreases with increase in normal stress (σn) (Fig.1).
Further, it is also observed that vertical displacement (dv) Indraratna, B., Hussaini, S.K.K. and Vinod, J.S. (2012)
decreases with an increase in normal stress (σn). The On the shear behavior of ballast-geosynthetic
laboratory experiment results showed that the shear interfaces, Geotech. Test. J. 35(2), pp. 305-312.
strength of ballast-geogrid interface is highly influenced IRS-GE-1 (2004) Specifications for Track Ballast,
by the geogrid aperture size. The ballast-geogrid Research Design and Standard Organisation (RDSO),
interface friction angle varied from 58° to 68°. The Ministry of Railways, India.
interface efficiency factor (α), defined as the ratio of the
shear strength of the interface to the internal shear Selig, E.T. and Waters, J.M. (1994) Track geotechnology
strength of ballast varies from 0.85 to 1.07. Moreover, and substructure management, Thomas Telford,
the sieve analysis after the testing revealed that a London.
significant amount of particle breakage (evaluated in
terms of Marsal’s Breakage, Bg) occurred during the
shearing. The breakage of ballast (Bg) increases from
5.12 to 11.2% as the normal stress increases from 35 kPa
to 100 kPa.
224
Bearing Capacity Improvement of Sand Using Geocell Reinforcement

Abhinandan Jaswal
K. S. Gill
Department of Civil engineering GNDEC , Ludhiana
E-mail: abhijaswal106@gmail.com; kulbirgillkulbir@yahoo.co.in
Keywords: Bearing capacity; geocell reinforcement; Strip footing.

1. Introduction with two LVDTs. Properties of sand used in study are
Earth reinforcement is an efficient and authentic shown in Table 1.
technique for increasing the bearing capacity of the soil. Table-1 Physical properties of sand
Geosynthetics are being widely used for last three
decades as soil reinforcement to improve the strength of Soil Cu Cc φ° γ ( kN/m3 )
soil. Geocell are three-dimensional honeycomb like Sand 3 0.80 36 16.22
structure of cells interlinked with each other. The particle
of soil can trap inside these pockets providing an overall 4. Important outcomes
confinement to the soil layer and hence improves its load Load settlement curves indicate that as the depth of
carrying capacity. In the current study, the geocell were geocell mattress is increased from at 0.5B, to 0.75B,
formed by using PVC pipe pieces of selected height 1.0B and 1.25B, the gain in load carrying capacity starts
having diameter 63mm and these cells were tied together reducing and the maximum increase of 388% was
with steel wire (2mm diameter). observed at 0.5B depth of geocell layer. Similar trend
was observed for different h/B ratio. Fig. 2, shows the
2. Motivation and objective load improvement for different u/B ratio.
The aim of this study is to determine the bearing
capacity of soil reinforced with geocells. A lot of Load (kN/m2 )
research has been reported in the literature regarding the 0 200 400
use of geocell as reinforcement but very limited work 0
Settlement (mm)
has been encountered where the effect of height of 10 unreinforced

geocell was studied. So the effect of various parameters 20 u/B=0.5
such as height (h/B) and variation of depth (u/B) of the 30 u/B=0.75
geocell mattress were investigated. The various test u/B=1.0 B
40
parameters are shown in Fig 1. u/B=1.25
50
Fig. 2 Load Settlement Curves for Different u/B Ratio
5. Conclusion
There is sufficient improvement in the load carrying
capacity with the use of geocells and the optimum depth
Fig. 1 Line diagram showing the experimental setup. of geocell layer was found to be 0.5B below the footing.
The increase in height of geocells also effects the load
carrying capacity in a positive way.
3. Methodology
The test model was conducted in a steel tank with a Reference
length of 1500mm, width 600mm and height 800mm. Choudhary, A.K., Jha, J.N. and Gill, K.S. (2010)
All the sides of test tank are braced to avoid the lateral Laboratory investigation of bearing capacity behavior
bulging due to axial load on the sand fill. Longitudinal of strip footing on reinforced fly ash slope, Geotex.
side walls of test tank are made of perspex sheet of 5mm Geomemb., 28, pp. 393-402.
thickness to observe the settlement behaviour of the
sand. The mild steel footing of width 10 cm length equal Dash, S.K., Krishnaswamy, S. K. and Rajagopal, N. R.
to the width of the tank was used to create plain strain (2001) Bearing capacity of strip footings supported on
conditions. All tests were performed at a relative density geocell-reinforced sand, Geotex. Geomemb., 19, pp.
60%, achieved by raining technique. The vertical load 235-256.
was applied on the footing using static hydraulic jack @
2mm/min settlement and the settlement were measured
225
Combined Effect of Geogrid and Waste Plastic Strip Reinforcement on

Bearing Capacity of Sand
Alok Sharma
K. S. Gill
Department of Civil engineering GNDEC, Ludhiana, Punjab-141006
E-mail:sharmaalok1023@gmail.com; kulbirgillkulbir@yahoo.co.in
J. N. Jha
Department of Civil Engineering, Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology, Muzaffarpur, Bihar-842003
E-mail: principal@mitmuzaffarpur.or
Keywords: Geogrid; Waste plastic strip; Bearing capacity.
1. Introduction and found to be at 0.5 B, where B is the width of footing
Improvement of bearing capacity of soil can be and increase in bearing capacity was observed to be
achieved by using different types of reinforcement such 100% as compared to unreinforced sand. The optimum
as geogrids, geocells and fibers of different material etc. location of second geogrid layer was found out at the
In the recent years, experts have extensively used depth 0.7B from the bottom of the first layer of geogrid
geosynthetic materials as reinforcement for improving and increase in bearing capacity was observed to be
the bearing capacity of soil. Fibers/Strips have high around 250%. Optimum content of plastic strip
tensile strength acts as good reinforcement material and reinforcement (1%) was mixed in the sand and
increases strength of the soil because shear stresses in sandwiched between two geogrid layers and about 450
soil mobilize tensile resistance in the fibers/strips[1]. % increase in bearing capacity was observed. Load
Though lot of research have been reported pertaining to intensity versus Settlement curves for different cases are
the use of geogrids, geocells and fibers as a soil shown below in Fig.1
reinforcement but the combination of geogrids and
strips of waste plastic has yet to receive the attention of
researchers. So in this study an effort has been made to
investigate the combined effect of geogrid sand plastic
strips from waste water bottles having aspect ratio 3 as
reinforcing material.
The main emphasis of this study is to explore the
utilization of waste plastic along with geogrids for
strength improvement of cohesionless soil. Plastic waste
being a non-biodegradable material poses serious threat
during its eco-friendly disposal and its use for
geotechnical purposes may be a suitable solution.
3. Methodology Fig.1 Comparison of Load intensity-Settlement curves
In steel test tank of dimension 1500mm x600mm
x800mm, medium dense sand was poured by pluviation
technique maintaining relative density of sand about 5. Conclusions
60%. Load was applied by the hydraulic static loading Load settlement behavior of soil indicates substantial
system on model steel strip footing of width 100 mm improvement with the use of plastic strips sandwiched
and length 60 cm which is equal to the length of test between geogrid layers.
tank. Settlement was observed using two LVDTs References
corresponding to different load values. Load intensity-
settlement curves were obtained for different cases i.e. Choudhary, A.K., Jha, J.N. and Gill, K.S. (2010), “A
unreinforced soil, with single layer of geogrid, double study on CBR behavior of waste plastic strip
layer of geogrid and plastic strip reinforcement between reinforced soil”, Emirates Journal for Engineering
the geogrid layers. Research, 15(1), 51-57.
During Load settlement tests optimum depth of first
geogrid layer from the bottom of footing was decided
226
Estimation of Deformation Moduli of Reinforced Foundation Beds

from Load Tests
M. Hari Bharghav
M. R. Madhav
V. Padmavathi
Department of Civil Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, India
E-mail: haribharghav@gmail.com, madhavmr@gmail.com, vpadma70@gmail.com
Keywords: Deformation Modulus; Schmertmann et al. method; Reinforced foundation beds

Reinforced Foundation Bed (RFB) is being used 1. The proposed method is found to be in good
increasingly with the advent of geosynthetic materials, agreement with Ueshita and Meyerhof (1967)
such as geocells and geogrids, as a form of near-surface approach, for a two-layered system.
ground improvement. The degree of improvement
2. The new method has been extended to find out the
offered by these materials is often estimated usually
from small-scale load tests or presumed. Literature deformation moduli of multi layered reinforced soil
shows that the degree of improvement offered by these system exclusively.
materials is often quantified in terms of bearing capacity 3. This method was used to find out the degree of
ratio (Davarifard and Tafreshi, 2015) or sub-grade improvement offered by increasing the number of
stiffness improvement factor, Ik, (ratio of moduli of Geocell layers in a sand bed in terms of its
subgrade reactions of reinforced to unreinforced cases). deformation moduli.
The factor, Ik, quantifies the degree of improvement of
reinforced zone and soil together but not of the
References
improvement offered by reinforced zone alone.
Currently, no method is available for estimating the Davarifard, S. and Tafreshi, S. N. (2015) “Plate Load
deformation modulus of the reinforced layer underlying Tests of Multi-Layered Geocell Reinforced Bed
strip and/or circular/square footing. Hence it is proposed Considering Embedment Depth of Footing”.World
to quantify the improvement in deformation modulus of Multidisciplinary Earth Sciences Symposium -
the reinforced layer in the range of working stress. WMESS 2015, pp. 105-110.
Ueshita and Meyerhof (1967) have given a plot of the Schmertmann, J. H., Hartman, J. P., Brown, P. R.
equivalent modulus of two-layer system in terms of a (1978) “Improved strain influence factor diagrams”.
modular ratio of the two individual moduli and the Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE,
normalized thickness of the upper layer. This paper 104(8), pp. 1131-1135.
presents a method to estimate the deformation modulus
of a two-layered/ multi-layered system using Ueshita, K. and Meyerhof, G. G. (1967) “Deflection of
Schmertmann et al. (1978) method of estimating Multilayer Soil Systems”. Journal of Soil Mechanics
settlements for circular/square footings based on which and Foundation Division, ASCE SM5, pp. 257–282.
a method is proposed to estimate the deformation
modulus of the reinforced layer.
Since the degree of improvement offered by the
reinforced layer exclusively is often assumed, a method
has been developed to quantify its degree of
improvement in terms of its Deformation modulus.
3. Methodology
Using Schmertmann stain influence factor method of
estimating settlements, the deformation moduli of
reinforced foundation beds are estimated.
227
Analysis of Reinforced Foundation Bed

Kota Vijay Kiran
Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai – 400076
E-mail:kotavijaykiran@gmail.com
Madhira R. Madhav
Department of Civil Engineering, JNT University & IIT, Hyderabad - 500085
E-mail:madhavmr@gmail.com
Keywords: Reinforced foundation bed, geosynthetic reinforcement, vertical stress distribution, Modular ratio.
1. Introduction minimal stress transfer over the soil bed, which

Geosynthetics, to reinforce soft soils offers an excellent ultimately results in reduced settlements. Stiffer the
solution for construction over weak ground. The upper layer, the better would be the spread of the
inclusion of geosynthetics, form a composite zone applied load over wider areas. This phenomenon was
(Reinforced Foundation Bed) (Figure 1) that results in more pronounced for higher values of modular ratio
improved load-carrying capacity of the foundation or (E1/E2). Stiff upper layer reduces stress beneath the
subgrade due to enhanced distribution of vertical stress center and redistributes the stresses over wider areas.
due to membrane, confinement and possibly flexural The load spread angle varies with increased stiffness of
effects (Chen et al., 2007). upper layer attesting to the effect of reinforcement in
RFBs.
It is important to note that the degree of improvement
pertaining to reinforced soil mass depends on many
factors, including soil type, geo-synthetic type and
stiffness, and number and spacing of reinforcement
layers. Therefore, understanding the influences of all
these factors is necessary for developing a design
procedure for foundations on reinforced foundation bed
(RFB). Hence, it is proposed to model RFB on soft
ground as a two-layered soil system with a stiff layer
overlying a relatively soft layer to evaluate the effect of
Fig. 1 Reinforced foundation bed as two layered medium
reinforcement on the vertical stress distribution in the
soil and thereby to quantify the degree of improvement
of the deformation modulus of reinforced granular layer. 5. Conclusions
The study quantifies the effect of geosynthetic
3. Methodology reinforcement in redistributing the applies stresses over
The analysis of RFB with multiple reinforcing layers is wider areas and on to the soft subgrade below leading to
analyzed as two layered system (Figure 1), assuming the better design especially of pavements on soft subgrades
soil layer below the bottom most reinforcement layer to and embankments on soft ground being built around the
be homogenous with deformation modulus, E2, and the country as part of development of the country through
upper block of composite/reinforced mass (foundation infrastructure projects. Furthermore, the need of
bed) with equivalent modulus of E1.The modular ratio continuing research on a number of factors which
(E1/E2) of the RFB was analysed based on Fox (1948) control the mechanism is suggested.
theory and quantified as function of geometric
parameters (width of loaded area, thickness of RFB), References
load levels, stress ratios and stress propagation angles. Chen, Q., Abu-Farsakh, M., Sharma, R.and Zhang, X.
The stress distribution under a footing was idealized as (2007) Laboratory investigation of behavior of
a Bell-curve and the forces were calculated using foundations on geosynthetic-reinforced clayey soil.
numerical integration. Transportation Research Record Journal of the
4. Important Outcomes Transportation Research Board, 2004, 28–38.
It is figured out that, in stiffer RFBs there would be a Fox, L. (1948) Computation of traffic stresses in a
significant decrease in the values of normalized stress simple road structure, Proc. 2nd intl. Conf. Soil Mech.
along the interface in comparison to those for the Fndn. Eng., Vol.1, p. 129.
unreinforced soil layer. Lower normalized stress implies
228
Effect of Configuration of Geosynthetic on the Behaviour of

Foundation Beds
Jayamohan J
Sruthy S
Sanchia Maria Morris
Adithya Mohan
Aswathy Nair
Arya Darsan Vaishnavi
Civil Engineering Students, LBS Institute of Technology for Women, Thiruvananthapuram – 695012
E-mail: jayamohan7@gmail.com; sanchiamaria62@gmail.com; adithyamohan90@gmail.com; aswathysivang@gmail.com;
darsan174@gmail.com
Keywords: Geosynthetic; Foundation Bed; Finite Element Analyses; Load-Settlement Behaviour

1. Introduction Theoretically, for the reinforcement to be effective, it
Application of geosynthetics for improving the must pass through the tensile arc. Hence the ideal
performance of shallow foundations has been studied by pattern for reinforcement will be horizontal below the
engineers over the past three decades. The beneficial footing and becomes progressively more vertical further
effect of a geosynthetic inclusion is largely dependent away from the footing. The objective of this paper is to
on the form in which it is used as reinforcement. For study the influence of the configuration of geosynthetic
example, the same geosynthetic material, when used in on the load-settlement response and internal stress
planar layers or geocells or discrete fibers, comprising distribution of a Reinforced Foundation Bed.
exactly the same quantity of material, will give different
strength improvements in different forms. This 3. Methodology
difference in strengths achieved is mainly due to the A series of finite element analyses are carried out to
different mechanisms of failure in soil reinforced with investigate the effect of configuration of reinforcement
geosynthetics in different forms. on the behaviour of a strip footing resting on Reinforced
Foundation Bed overlying weak soil. The results of
Table-1 Configurations of Reinforcement finite element analyses are compared with those
Pattern Figure Description obtained from laboratory model tests for validation. The
Horizontal Reinforcement at various configurations of reinforcement studied are
1 mid height of RFB outlined in Table-1.
Triangular pattern with centre
2 of Geogrid at Base of RFB Vertical Stress vs normalized settlement curves for
various patterns of reinforcement obtained from finite
Triangular pattern with centre
element analyses are presented in Fig. 1. It is seen from
3 of Geogrid at Mid height of the figure that Pattern 2 (Triangular Pattern with apex at
RFB interface) shows the best load-settlement behaviour.
Trapezoidal pattern with

4 bottom width = B, at mid
height of RFB

5 bottom width = 1.5 B, at mid
height of RFB
Fig. 1 Stress vs Normalized Settlement curves from FEA
6 bottom width = 2 B, at mid
height of RFB
Trapezoidal pattern with 5. Conclusions
7 bottom width = B, at base of The configuration of reinforcement considerably
RFB
influences the behaviour of a Foundation Bed

In almost every reinforced soil application, the common Jones C. J. F. P., 1996, Earth Reinforcement and Soil
trend is to place the geosynthetic in horizontal layers. Structures, Thomas Telford Limited
229
Impact of Prestressed Geosynthetic Reinforced Sand Bed on the

Performance of Square Footing
S. D. Konnur
P. G. Rakaraddi
Department of Civil Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering branch, Basveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot- 587103
E-mail: shravan.konnur@gmail.com; pgraddi@yahoo.co.in
Keywords: Prestressed reinforced bed, Geo-grid, Geo-textile, Sand bed

It is now well established fact that prestressing It was observed that for a prestressing amount of 2.5%,
geosynthetic materials results in significant increase of maximum bearing capacity was achieved for a
bearing capacity of footing and settlement reduction. settlement of 25 mm in both cases and U/B ratio of 0.25
(Jayamohan et al. 2012). The present work focuses on was found to be optimum depth for placement of
experimental analysis of two different types prestressed geosynthetic materials shown in Fig 1.
geosynthetic materials (Geo-grid, Woven-geotextile)
with sand as a bed material under square footing. Stress (kPa)
0 50 100 150 200 250
Unreinforced
The various parameters considered are prestressing 5 PGR-0%
Settlement (mm)
strength (1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3% of tensile strength), PGR-1%

depth of layer (U/B=0.25, 0.5, 0.75), density of sand. 10 PGR-1.5%
PGR-2%
The improvement in bearing capacity and settlement PGR-2.5%
reduction is analysed using load versus settlement 15
curves. 20
3. Methodology
25
The experimental program involved series of laboratory
plate load tests. The test are conducted in a wooden 30
square box of size 86cm x 86 cm x 46 cm filled with
well graded sand (G=2.64) by pluviation technique and Fig. 1 Comparison graphs for Prestressed geogrid at u/B=0.25
physical properties of sand are given in Table1. The
geosynthetic materials used are Geo-grid and Woven 5. Conclusions
Geo-textile, properties of which are given in Table 2. The results showed that, as the depth of prestressed
The model square footing of size 12 cm x 12 cm with reinforced bed increases the prestressing magnitude
thickness 10 mm was used. Separate test were carried decreases and also maximum bearing capacity values
out by placing geosynthetic materials at different depths are obtained for placement of prestressed geosynthetic
with varying prestressing magnitudes in uniaxial materials at a depth of 0.25B from base of footing,
direction for loose and dense sand bed conditions. (where B is footing width) for both geo-grid and geo-
Manual load was applied in increments to the model textile materials. Optimum mesh size was found to be
footing and the respective settlements were noted down five times the width of the footing.
using two dial gauges placed diagonally to each other.
References
Table-1 Physical properties of sands
Soil D60 D30 D10 Cu Cv φ° Jayamohan. J and Shivashankar. R. (2012), “Some
(mm) (mm) (mm) Studies on Prestressed Reinforced Granular Beds
Sand 0.21 0.39 0.99 4.76 0.72 33 Overlying Weak Soil,” International Scholarly
Research Network ISRN Civil Engineering, Volume
Table-2 Physical properties of geosynthetic materials 2012, Article Id 436327, pp 1-14.
Material
Tensile Strength Dhatrak A. I. and Khan Farukh A. (2014), “Behaviour
(kN/m) of Square footings on Prestressed Geosynthetic
Geo-grid 60
Woven geotextile 48
Reinforced Sand,” The International Journal of
Engineering and Science (IJES), Vol. 3, pp 2319 –
1805.
230
Experimental Investigation on the Behaviour of Geogrid-Reinforced

Soil Slope under Strip Loading
Tapan Kumar Nayek
Koushik Halder
Debarghya Chakraborty
E-mail: tapan.nayak009@gmail.com; koushikhalder@iitkgp.ac.in; debarghya@civil.iitkgp.ernet.in
Keywords: Bearing capacity; Settlement; Strip footing; Slope; Model test

1. Introduction
As compared to plane ground, a foundation on slope
exhibits relatively less bearing capacity (Chakraborty
and Kumar, 2013). Besides, stability of the slope is at
risk particularly when it is relatively steep, and the
structure is built close to its edge. One of the possible
means to improve the load bearing capacity of footing
as well as stability of the slope is to reinforce the soil
with polymeric geogrid (Lee and Manjunath, 2000).
2. Experimental Setup and Materials used
A series of small scale laboratory based model tests are
carried out to investigate the influence of various Fig. 1 Test setup
parameters such as slope angle (β), footing setback
Ultimate load (kN)
distance (b), depth of embedment of the first layer of 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
geogrid (u), number of reinforcement layers (N), and 0
N= 3
spacing between reinforcement layers (h) on the overall 2
N= 2
performance of the geogrid-reinforced soil slope under 4
Settlement (mm)
strip loading. Fig. 1 shows the two-dimensional view of 6

N= 1
the test setup. The load is measured by a proving ring N= 0

8
arrangement. Two dial gauges are mounted on two
10
opposite corners of the MS plate to measure the
settlement of the footing. Poorly graded sand is used as 12
fill up material. Friction angle (ϕ) and unit weight (γ) of 14 b/B = 0
sand are found to be 36° and 16.39 kN/m3, respectively. β = 30
16
Oriented polymer made biaxial geogrid having aperture
Fig. 2 Ultimate load versus Settlement for unreinforced
size of 25 mm X 30.5 mm is used as reinforcement in and reinforced slope
the model tests. Tensile strength of geogrid in machine
direction is found to be 17.5 kN/m. 4. Conclusions
Based on the experimental results it is observed that the
3. Results bearing capacity of footing increases with the inclusion
It is observed that for both unreinforced and reinforced of reinforcement, while settlement of the footing
soil slopes, bearing capacity increases with an increase reduces. The improvement in the bearing capacity and
in footing setback distance (b). However, after an settlement characteristics of footing-reinforced slope
optimum b value, slope effect is found to be negligible. system depends upon a number of parameters related to
With an increase in slope angle (β), bearing capacity of slope, footing geometry and layouts of geogrid layer.
strip footing placed on unreinforced as well as on
reinforced slope reduces. It is found that bearing References
capacity increases up to a certain u/B value, after that it Chakraborty, D., and Kumar, J. (2013) Bearing capacity
reduces. Optimum u/B values are found to be 0.9B, 0.7B of foundations on slopes, Geomechanics and
and 0.5B when number of reinforcement layers (N) is 1, Geoengineering, 8(4), pp. 274-285.
2, and 3, respectively. Fig. 2 shows that maximum
reinforcing efficiency of grogrid is observed for N = 3 Lee, K. M., and Manjunath, V. R. (2000) Experimental
case. Optimum value of vertical spacing between and numerical studies of geosynthetic-reinforced sand
geogrid layers (h) is found to be 0.5B when N =2. slopes loaded with a footing, Canadian Geotechnical
Whereas, for N = 3, optimum h/B value is 1. Journal, 37(4), pp. 828-842.
231
Experimental and Numerical Studies of Eccentrically Loaded Strip

Footing by Using Plaxis
R Sahu
C R Patra
B P Sethy
E-mail: roma.sahu.civ@gmail.com; crpatra19@yahoo.co.in; barada.jeetu@gmail.com
Keywords: Strip Footing; Load Eccentricity; Sand; Plaxis 3D; Bearing capacity.
1. Introduction
Shallow foundations such as isolated and strip footings 4. Important Outcomes
are widely used in transmitting loads from the Generally the type of failure in sandy soil was observed
superstructure to the supporting soils. In many cases, as General shear failure in both experimentally and
these footings are subjected to eccentric loading such as numerically. The general trends of the qu and ultimate
footing subjected to vertical load and bending moment. settlement variation with the number of geogrid layers
Due to this load eccentricity bearing capacity of soil agree fairly well in both the analysis and model tests.
decreases. This might be avoided either by constructing Load-intensity qu (kN/m )
2
the footing with larger dimensions to reduce the contact 0

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
pressure which lead to uneconomical design or by 2

e/B = 0
= 0.05
increasing the bearing capacity of the supporting soil by 4
= 0.1
= 0.15
using soil reinforcement technique. The aim of this Settlement (mm) 6
research was to study the effect of soil reinforcement on 8
the mechanical behavior and the failure mechanism of 10
12
the footing under eccentric load both experimentally
14
and numerically. To achieve that objective sixteen 16
number of tests were carried out on a model footing 18
along with numerical studies using finite element

analysis (Plaxis 3D). Fig. 1 Comparison of load settlement curve for N = 0 with
varying load eccentricity
Load-intensity qu (kN/m )
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
i. To evaluate bearing capacity of soil using finite 0
Model
element analysis by Mohr-coulomb failure criteria. 2
FEM
4
Settlement (mm)
ii. To compare the results of evaluation of bearing 6
capacity from Plaxis and experiments. 8
10
iii. To perform parametric study and to identify the 12
sensitivity of different factors influencing bearing 14
capacity. 16
18
3. Methodology
All the model tests were conducted in a steel tank with Fig. 2 Comparison of numerical and experimental results for
dimensions of 1m x 0.504m x 0.55m and with footing e/B = 0
size of 100mm x 500mm x 30mm. All the model tests
were conducted by using a poorly graded sand. Biaxial 5. Conclusions
geogrid (TGB 40) was used for the present tests. A Numerical analysis using an Mohr Coulomb model,
three-dimensional linear finite element program was gave results that have similar tendency to model tests.
used to model an eccentrically loaded strip footing References
resting over geogrid reinforced sand. The linear
behavior of sand was modelled using the Mohr-coulomb Ornek, K.H., Kaya, N. (2013) Experimental and
model. numerical studies of T-Shaped footing, Acta
Geotechnica Slovenica., pp. 43-58.
Table-1 Physical properties of sand
EI, S.M. (2009) Experimental and numerical study of
D50 D10
Soil Cu Cc φ° G eccentrically loaded strip footings resting on
(mm) (mm)
Reinforced Sand, J. of Geotech. Geoenv. Eng., ASCE,
Sand 0.46 0.325 1.45 1.15 41 2.61 23, pp. 1509-1518.
232
Laboratory Evaluation of Erosion Control Using Coir Geosynthetics

M. V. S. Sreedhar
C. Prashanth Kumar
Department of Civil Engineering, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India.
E-mail: mvs_sreedhar@yahoo.com; prashanthkumar911@gmail.com
Parimi Thrimuti Raju

Director at GeoSol Associates, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
E-mail: thrimurti@gmail.com
Keywords: Coir Geosynthetics, erosion control, rainfall simulator, bench scale studies
1. Introduction (I) In all the test conditions, higher the slope angle,
Efforts are made in the present study to develop a higher was the soil eroded per unit area. The increase
rainfall simulator and to study the erosion mechanism was in the range of 6.70 % to 73.10 %.
through bench scale laboratory studies. The bench scale (ii) The average percentage increase in erosion
studies have been performed on model embankment over that for a slope of 30°, with increase in slope angle
slopes prepared in a test tank of 0.85 m x 0.60 m x 0.60 between 30° to 60°. The variation is found to be linear.
m. While earlier studies were limited to erosion on slope (iii) The use of erosion control products has significant
only in isolation, erosion on shoulders together with effect with protection efficiency ranging from 80.80%
slope is modeled in the present study. The results clearly to 92.60%.
established that, for a given rainfall intensity and (iv) With maximum protection efficiency of 92.60%,
duration, higher the slope angle, higher was the soil the needle punched coir fibre with HDPE netting both
erosion. Further, the use of coir geosynthetics showed a sides (RECP-2) was proved to be more effective. (v)
definite improvement in control of erosion. The results indicate that, the average erosion on
shoulder portion is around 3.23% of that on slope
2. Motivation and Objective portion.
The objective of this study is to understand the
mechanics of erosion control and role of Geosynthetics 5. Conclusions
in erosion control and to make efforts in development of On the whole, this study modelled the embankment
design procedure. erosion in a more practical manner and hence provided
a better understanding of erosion of embankments
3. Methodology which benefit the design and practicing engineers.
The experimental set up fabricated indigenously and is Efforts are being made to bring a generalized design
similar to the guidelines provided in the standard ASTM procedure of which this study is a part.
D7101, the following significant modifications are
incorporated: References
(i) The preparation of soil specimen in the tray has ASTM D7101, “Standard Index Test Method for
been replaced by a model embankment prepared Determination of Unvegetated Rolled Erosion Control
in the test tank of 0.85 m x 0.60 m x 0.60 m size. Product (RECP). Ability to Protect Soil from Rain
This allows saturation of the soil below the Splash and Associated Runoff Under Bench-Scale
surface and simulates its influence on the erosion Conditions”, ASTM International, West
mechanism as in field application. Conshohocken, PA, USA.
(ii) Further, the model embankment simulates rainfall V.K. Midha and S.Suresh Kumar (2013), “Influence of
and runoff over shoulder, the drop at the edge and woven structure on coir rolled erosion-control
flow on the slope similar to the field phenomena. products”, Geosynthetics International, 20, No. 6,
(iii) The shower type rain fall simulator has been pp.396-407.
replaced by tank with perforations. This facilitates
equitable rainfall better than the shower.
Based on the test results, the following observations can
be made.
233
3D Numerical Analysis of Embankment Supported by Ordinary and

Encased Granular Columns
J. Jayapal
K. Rajagopal
E-mail: jayapal.jp@gmail.com; gopalkr@iitm.ac.in
Keywords: Granular Column; Encasement; Geosyntheics; slope stability

Introduction granular columns for the cases analyzed in this
Infrastructure forms the backbone of economic growth numerical study.
in a developing country like India. Highway and
Railway embankments form a major part of
infrastructure in the transportation sector, but often
these embankments rest on weak soils with low bearing
capacities which are prone to high settlements. Granular
columns have provided effective solutions for flexible
loading conditions, especially with embankments. This
technique along with geosynthetic encasement is used in
this 3D Numerical study in assessing its performance.
To study the behavior and advantage of using
geosynthetic encased granular columns over ordinary
granular columns under embankment. The study has
Fig. 1 FE model of Embankment section resting on granular
focused on the performance of the embankment slope
columns
with ordinary and geosynthetic encased granular
columns as foundation elements. 4. Conclusions
The performance increase of embankments loaded with
2. Methodology encased columns is quantified by the factor of safety
Half cut model of the embankment with a height of 6m improvement starting from virgin peat to the granular
was modeled using PLAXIS - 3D as shown in Fig.1. A columns with geosynthetic encasement. Apart from
slope of 1:2 is adopted in this study. The properties of adequate support to the granular column, the encased
the granular column, soft soil, and embankment are granular columns effectively control the bulging of the
indicated briefly in Table -1. The embankment is columns under the embankment unlike ordinary
constructed on a stage wise basis. The depth of the soft granular columns.
soil and the length of granular column is taken as 10 m.
References
Table-1 Material Properties of Granular Column and Soils
Abusharar, S. W. and Han, J. (2011). Two-dimensional
γb Dilatenc deep- seated slope stability analysis of embankments
C Material
Soil φ° y angle
(kPa) kN/m3 Model over stone column-improved soft clay, Engineering
(ψ°)
Geology, 120: 103–110.
Granular Mohr
2 42 20 6 Duncan, M.J Wright, G.S and Brandon, L.T, (2014) Soil
Column Coulomb
strength and slope stability, John Wiley & Sons, New
Mohr Jersey.
Peat Soil 3 20 12 0
Coulomb
Murugesan, S. and Rajagopal K. (2006). Geosynthetic-
Embank Mohr encased granular columns: Numerical evaluation,
10 30 16 0
ment soil Coulomb
Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 24 (6): 349-358.
The performance of the embankment in terms of safety
factor gets enhanced with the use of encased granular
columns. With higher geosynthetic tensile modulus the
encased granular columns perform better over ordinary
234
Evaluation of Effect of Stiffness and Orientation of Reinforcement on

Shear Strength of Sand
Rufaidah Shah
B. A .Mir
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Srinagar-190006
E-mail: rufaidahshah@gmail.com, p7mir@nitsri.net, bamiriitb@gmail.com, bashiriisc@yahoo.com
Keywords: Reinforced soil, cohesionless soils, soil-reinforcement interactions, reinforcement orientation, stiffness of
reinforcement, direct shear test.
1. Introduction The reinforcement was only embedded in the sand and
Soil-reinforcement interaction studies reported in was not anchored to the shear box at any point.
literature are mostly concerned with the use of
reinforcement in axial tension. To study the effect of 4. Important Outcomes
reinforcement orientation and stiffness on the shear The orientation of the reinforcement with respect to
strength of sand, a series of small size direct shear tests shear plane has a significant effect on the shear
were conducted on medium grained sand. Two resistance of the soil as shown in Fig. 1. However,
reinforcements of varying stiffnesses were oriented at further tests were conducted on the selected sample and
various angles to the vertical (both inwards and all the test results will be discussed in the full length
outwards) and the change in the shear strength was paper.
evaluated. Also, the post peak behavior of the reinforced 0.25
soil at different orientation was studied.
(τext /σ y)max
0.15
A large scale experimental study on soil-reinforcement
0.05
interaction by Padley et al. (1990) presented the data
from laboratory and field tests to show the measured
-0.05
effect of reinforcement bending stiffness. The data
supported the conclusion that the improvement in soil -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120
strength attained from the bending stiffness of the Orientation, θ
reinforcement is always small as compared to the Fig. 1 Variation of (τext /σ)max with the orientation of
improvement obtained from the axial capacity of reinforcement in loose state
reinforcement. The objective of the current investigation 5. Conclusions
is to evaluate the shear strength of reinforced sand using The conclusions derived from the investigation
small direct shear apparatus to study the effect of suggested that the attainment of maximum increase in
orientation and stiffness of the reinforcement on shear shear strength was observed when the reinforcement
strength of soil for an optimum orientation. was oriented at about +30° with the vertical for inward
orientation and about -60° with the vertical for out ward
3. Methodology orientation. The stiffness of reinforcement affects the
The laboratory tests were conducted on clean, poorly
post-peak behavior as well as the increase in shear
graded medium grained sand under undrained condition.
strength at various orientations.
The properties of sand used are given in Table-1.
References
Table-1 Physical properties of sand
Pedley, M. J., Jewell, R.A. Milligan W.E. (1990) A
Φ: large Scale Experimental Study of Soil-reinforcement
D60 D30 D10 Φ:
Cu Cc Med.
(mm) (mm) (mm) Loose Interaction-I, Ground engg., 23(6), pp.44–50
dense
University of Oxford.
0.8 0.58 0.16 5 2.6 40.6° 36.5°
Bauer, G. E. and Zhao, Y. (1993). Evaluation of Shear
Strength and Dilatancy Behavior of Reinforced Soil
The reinforcement used as rigid one was 2 mm long from Direct Shear Tests, Geosynthetic soil
black annealed reinforcement binding wire (glued with Reinforcement Testing Procedures, ASTM STP 1190,
sand particles to provide required friction). Another S. C. Jonathan Cheng, Ed., American Society for
reinforcement that was used as flexible reinforcement Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.
was a 25 mm long and 10 mm wide flexible Geogrid
strips. The sand was tested in loose and medium dense
states with reinforcement orientation (θ) with vertical.
235
Wetting and Drying Path Behaviour of Geosynthetic Clay Liner

V. Khan
S. Rajesh
E-mail: vishwjit@iitk.ac.in; hsrajesh@iitk.ac.in
Keywords: GCL; water content; suction; water potential sensor

1. Introduction suction and volumetric water content with time
The geosynthetics clay liners (GCLs) are used as a respectively.
hydraulic barrier in waste containment systems e.g.,
Table-1 Physical properties of GCL
landfill liners (Beddoe et al. 2011). The GCL can be act
as an excellent hydraulic barrier when the water content MGCL MBent. MCarr. MCov.
Bent.
of GCL is greater than a threshold value. But the water (g/m2) (g/m2) (g/m2) (g/m2)
content of cover liner of landfill is not constant and Sodium/
generally varied throughout the year due to the change 5283.4 4890.4 193.4 199.6
granular
of precipitation and temperature within the landfill area.
For the overall hydraulic performance of GCL in cover
liner, the wetting and drying path behaviour of GCL is 4. Important Outcomes
very essential (Lin and Benson 2000). The wetting and The wetting and drying path behavior is quantified by
drying path behaviour is quantified by suction-time the suction-time response and WRC. The water
response and water retention curve (WRC). The WRC is potential sensor and volumetric water content sensor
a fundamental relationship between water content and measures suction and volumetric water content with
soil suction. respect to time respectively. For drying path, increases
of suction with increase of time was noted by water
potential sensor whereas decrease in volumetric water
The objective of this paper is to investigate the
content was measured by volumetric water content
responses of GCL under wetting and drying paths.
sensor. For wetting path opposite responses from drying
3. Methodology path was observed. From the suction-time and
The GCL ST obtained from CETCO India Ltd. is used volumetric water content-time response, WRC was
in the present study. The GCL consists of granular obtained using suction- volumetric water content values
sodium bentonite sandwich between woven (carrier) and for different time.
non-woven (cover) geotextiles bounded by needle
5. Conclusions
punched fibers. 100 mm diameter GCL specimen was
The wetting and drying path behaviour of GCL was
cut from the GCL roll. Silicone sealant was applied on
obtained by using water potential sensor and volumetric
the periphery of GCL to avoid loss bentonite during
water content sensor. The results shows that the wetting
handling and testing. For drying path, GCL specimen is
and drying path behaviour is essential to understand the
hydrated to a saturated water content (225%) by
overall hydraulic performance of cover liner
immersing in water and after hydration specimen was
kept in double plastic bags to homogenize water for a References
period of 7 days. After homogenization period of GCL
specimen, small portion of silicone sealant was removed Beddoe, R.A., Take, W.A., and Rowe, R.K. (2011)
at two diametrically opposite places to insert water Water retention behavior of geosynthetics clay liners,
potential sensor and volumetric water content sensor. Journal of Geotechnical and Environmental
The GCL specimen along with sensors was placed at Engineering, 11(1), pp. 1028-1038.
laboratory temperature to dry with respect to time. For Lin, L.-C., and Benson, C.H. (2000) Effect of wet-dry
wetting path, the GCL specimen of 10-20% water cycling on swelling and hydraulic conductivity of
content (as manufactured) with the sensor as above GCLs, Journal of Geotechnical and Environmental
arrangement was placed over a porous stone kept in a Engineering, 126(1), pp. 40-49.
water container. The level of water in container is half
of the thickness of the porous stone, so that GCL
specimen can absorb water by the capillary action and
not through direct contact. The water content of
specimen increases with the time. The water potential
sensor and volumetric water content sensor measures
236
Dynamic Response of the Machine Foundation Resting on Geocell

Reinforced Soil Beds
H. Venkateswarlu
A. Hegde
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna – 801103
E-mail: hasthi.pce16@iitp.ac.in; ahegde@iitp.ac.in
Keywords: Geocell; Infill material; Equivalent composite approach; Dynamic response; PLAXIS 2D
1. Introduction that the minimum displacement was observed in the
The machine foundations are recurrently subjected to presence of aggregate infill material. In addition, the
the dynamic loads due to the moving parts of the resonant frequency increased by 1.67 times than the
machine. The repetitive nature of dynamic load leads to unreinforced case.
excessive settlement of foundation soil. The excessive
settlement of soil can be controlled by arresting the 0.03
Unreinforced
cyclic stresses developed due to machine vibrations. Geocell+Aggregates
Displacement Amplitude (m)
One of the options to control the cyclic stresses is by 0.025 Geocell+Sand
improving the stiffness of the soil. Among several Geocell+Red soil
techniques, soil reinforcement with geosynthetics is one 0.02
of the solutions for improving the stiffness of the soil
(Dash et al. 2001). Recent research studies have 0.015
highlighted that the geocell reinforcement is most
effective in enhancing the stiffness of the soil (Hegde 0.01
and Sitharam 2016).
0.005
The performance of geocell reinforced foundation beds 0
subjected to dynamic loading has not been well 0 5 10 15 20
investigated. The main objective of this study is to Frequency (Hz)
explore the new application of geocell to support
machine foundations. The focus will be evaluating the
Fig. 1 Variation of displacement amplitude with varying
effect of infill materials on the overall performance of frequency
the geocell supported machine foundations.
5. Conclusions
3. Methodology Geocell performance was found effective in enhancing
The finite element analysis software PLAXIS 2D was the stiffness of the soil and reducing the displacement as
chosen for the analysis. The case of the circular machine compared to the unreinforced bed. Results revealed that
foundation of 1m diameter, laid on saturated silty sand out of three tested infill materials, aggregate was found
was analyzed. Soil is modeled as elastic perfectly plastic to be the most useful infill material. As compared to the
material obeys Mohr-coulomb yield criterion. Primarily, unreinforced case, 66% reduction in displacement
the numerical model was validated with the results amplitude, 48% reduction in peak particle velocity was
reported in the literature and the validated model was observed in the presence of aggregate infill material.
utilized for the further investigation. In the present Similarly, geocell reinforcement with aggregate infill
analysis, the frequency of the loading system varied material improved the stiffness of soil by 3.75 times
from 0 to 15 Hz. Similarly, the height and depth of the than the unreinforced soil.
placement of the geocell was maintained constant.
References
Three different infill materials, namely, aggregate, sand
and red soil were used to fill the geocell pockets. The Dash, S. K., Rajagopal, K., and Krishnaswamy, N. R.
performance was studied in terms of reduction in (2001). Strip footing on geocell reinforced sand beds
displacement amplitude, peak particle velocity and with additional planar reinforcement. Geotextiles and
stiffness of the soil. Geomembranes, 19 (8), pp. 529-538.
4. Important Outcomes Hegde, A., and Sitharam, T. G. (2016). Behaviour of
The variation in the displacement amplitude with geocell reinforced soft clay bed subjected to
respect to the change in the frequency (under constant incremental cyclic loading. Geomechanics and
force) has shown in Fig.1. From the figure, it is evident Engineering, 10 (4), pp. 405-422.
237
Effectiveness of geofoam inclusion in reducing vertical deformation of

buried structures
Vinil Kumar Gade
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai –400076
E-mail : gadevinilkumar23@gmail.com; dasaka@civil.iitb.ac.in
Keywords: Geofoam; Earth pressure; Isolation efficiency; Deformation

1. Introduction 1.0 1.2, 1.6, 2.0 and 2.4 kN. Each load was maintained
From past four decades different types of geosynthetics for three minutes, and average values from three
materials had been used for civil engineering identical tests are reported here. Three thicknesses of
applications to improve serviceability and economize geofoam sheets, such as 50 mm, 100 mm and 150 mm
the cost of projects. Geofoam is one of the geosynthetic of EPS20, are used in the present study.
materials with considerable thickness compared to its
length and width. In spite of wide advantages of 4. Important Outcomes
geofoam (like readily compressible under applied loads, The term isolation efficiency, coined by Zarnani and
high stiffness to density ratio, etc.) its use is still very Bathrust (2007), is used in the present study to
limited in construction projects. understand the effect of thickness of geofoam in
reducing the vertical deformation of a structure.
2. Motivation and Objective Isolation efficiency is defined as the difference between
In view of the several advantages of Geofoam, present vertical deformation of the structure for the cases of
study is aimed at understanding the behaviour of without and with geofoam, divided by the vertical
geofoam under compressive loads. The objective of the deformation for the case of without geofoam, under
present study is to verify the effectiveness of geofoam identical load. Effect of geofoam thickness on isolation
in reducing the overburden pressure exerted on a buried efficiency is shown in Fig. 1. It is observed from the
structure such as underground pipeline, and associated model tests that up to 1.2 kN load, EPS geofoam is in
compressive strains, through small scale physical model linear-elastic state, and higher isolation efficiency is
studies. noted for higher geofoam thickness.
3. Methodology
A model set-up was used in the study to evaluate the
efficiency of geofoam in reduction of pressure/
deformation of an underground structure. Model set-up
consists of two plates with 150 mm × 150 mm × 6 mm
in size, one plate was used as structure plate (this plate
acts as retaining wall and/or footing) and another plate
was used as loading plate. The structure plate was made
up of steel with high stiffness, and vertical deformation
of this plate is very negligible and insignificant under
applied loads. To visualize the vertical deformation of
structure under applied load, 50 mm thick geofoam
samples are used in model tests, and these geofoam
samples act as highly compressible vertical springs. A Fig. 1 Isolation efficiency of geofoam for a structure
geofoam sheet of 20 kg/m3 density (EPS20) and 140 with various thickness of geofoam
mm × 140 mm × 50 mm (thick) size was placed below
the structure plate to act as spring. Afterwards structure 5. Conclusions
plate was axially loaded using Servo-hydraulic actuator From the model tests, it was observed that isolation
and deformations of plate were recorded using two efficiency of structure depends on the elastic limit of the
LVDTs and this case considered as without geofoam geofoam, and geofoam thickness.
(WOF) case. Above the structure plate one more References
geofoam sheet was placed and loading plate was placed
over geofoam. This case was considered as with Zarnani, S. and Bathrust, R. (2007) Experimental
geofoam (WF), and schematic representation of WF and investigation of EPS geofoam seismic buffers using a
WOF cases are shown in Fig.1 (a). Axial loads were shaking table tests, Geosynthetics International, 14(3),
applied on loading plate in increments viz., 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, pp. 165-177.
238
Anti-Erosion Works Along the Left Bank of Jiabharali River, Assam

Manish Gupta
Suresh Maurya
R. Chitra
Central Soil and Materials Research Station (CSMRS), New Delhi – 110016
Email: manishgupta@nic.in, mauryasuresh@yahoo.co.in, rchitra@nic.in
Keywords: Flood; Erosion; Geosynthetics; Protection
1. Introduction and Problem Description rapidly deployed to achieve maximum benefit to the
Jiabharali is one of the major tributary of Brahmaputra community, typically through the use of on-site
which originates from Himalaya. Flood and erosion are materials, innovative geosynthetics materials and
the two major problems of lower plain reach of construction techniques. Raising of the embankment is
Jiabharali River and hence become a matter of concern also carried out for the total length of 3600 m. Pre-
due to their devastating impact on life and property. The stressed concrete (PSC) porcupine works in the form of
River Jiabharali carries substantial quantity of silt along bars and screens are also carried out to provide
with discharge of 4429.73 cumec. The present additional protection to the banks on the upstream side
configuration of the bank at this reach is already by dampening the velocity of flow and inducing
forming a large U-shape out of erosion which is posing siltation in the vicinity of bank.
threat to the large population residing nearby.
Moreover, the downstream portion of the reach is 5. Conclusions
overtopped during normal flood wave due to the The paper presents the problems and the remedial works
absence of embankment. along the vulnerable reaches of River Jiabharali. The
flood protection and erosion control method adopted
2. Flood Management Scheme and Benefit with composite geosynthetics is a highly engineered
This paper describes flood management scheme with a solution. Such application replaces all other
case study where geosynthetics materials and gabions conventional methods for immediate protection where
are used in erosion control and flood protection flood is a regular phenomenon and construction is to be
measures from Chillanipam to Orangbasti on left bank completed in a limited time period. The use of
of Jiabharali River by construction of bank revetment geosynthetics materials permits to carry out the
with launching apron and raising of embankment at protection works at a faster rate. The use of the
places which are prone to floods. The Scheme will mechanically twisted zinc coated wire mesh gabion box
benefit thickly populated villages, other public and ensured the stability of the geotextile bags by providing
private properties and protect 1000 hectares of the peripheral confinement to the apron structures.
cultivated and homestead land. Creating such type of protection work with greater area
and uniformity in construction reduces damage to the
3. Laboratory Investigation base of structure and chance of sinking considerably.
Considering the advantages of geosynthetics materials, But the performance of restoration work is still to be
its use may rapidly increase in future and the observed in coming years as a long term measure and
importance of material evaluation should therefore be thereafter further decision can be taken for execution for
emphasized to ensure that the geosynthetics materials similar vulnerable reaches.
and gabions meet the qualifying criteria. The laboratory
investigations (CSMRS, 2015) undertaken for References
geosynthetics materials and gabions for the above
scheme are presented in this paper along with CSMRS (2015) ‘Report on Laboratory testing of
advantages of using geosynthetics materials. geosynthetics materials and gabions for protection of
T-dyke from Chillanipam to Orangbasti from erosion
4. Solution Implementation of River Jiabharali on its left bank’, New Delhi, India.
Sand filled geotextile mattress and geotextile bags along
with gabions are adopted in construction of bank Gupta et al (2015) Engineered Anti-erosion works, Inter
revetment and launching apron (IS:14262-1995) Symposium on Geosynthetic, CBIP, India, pp.202-219.
covering the most affected reach for a total length of IS: 1608 (2005), Metallic Materials –Tensile testing at
2075 m. Toe-key is formed at junction of bank & apron. ambient temperature, BIS, New Delhi, India.
Intermediate key placed at regular interval and
periphery key imparts further stability to the scour IS: 14262 (1995), Planning and Design of Revetment-
protection measures. Such an arrangement can be Guidelines, BIS, New Delhi, India.
239
Properties of Rock Flour of Different Parent Rocks and Suitability as

Fill Material in Reinforced Soil Structures
C.N.V Satyanarayana Reddy
Department of Civil Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam – 530003
E-mail :cnvsreddy@gmail.com
S. Srikanth Reddy
Department of Civil Engineering, S R K R Engineering College, Bhimavaram – 534204
E-mail :srikanth.satti109@gmail.com
S. G. Narayana Reddy
Department of Civil Engineering, Kakatiya Institute of Technology and Science, Warangal – 506009
E-mail :sgnr@ce.kitsw.ac.in
Keywords: Rock Flour; frictional fill, reinforced soil structure, interfacial friction angle.
1. Introduction and Charnockite origin, the interfacial friction angle
Rock flour is one of the largest produced industrial with woven geotextile is observed to be more than the
waste in the developed and developing countries. Sabat angle of internal friction of the respective materials.
et al (2012) reported that large amount of rock flour is Rock flour of Basalt mobilized higher interfacial
being produced in India annually from crushing of rocks friction angle with geotextile in modified direct shear
at crushing plants during processing of coarse aggregate test compared to pull out test. But, rock flours of
and is posing serious disposal problems. Rock flour Granite and Charnockite mobilized higher interfacial
consists of fine powdered rock with inert minerals and friction angles in pull out test compared to modified
has good shear strength and permeability (Reddy and direct shear test. Rock flour of Basalt showed lower
Moorthy, 2002; Soosan et al, 2005). Rock flour being angles of interfacial friction and a little adhesion with
granular material with majority of particles of sand size, woven geotextile.
it is being used to some extent in concrete making in
recent times. So, in the present work, it is intended to 5. Conclusions
assess the engineering properties of rock flours of  Rock flours of Granite and Charnockite origin can
different parent rocks and to evaluate their suitability for be advantageously used as fill material in
use as fill material in reinforced soil structures. construction of reinforced Soil structures
2. Objective  The interfacial friction angle of rockflours of
The present study is aimed at exploring the suitability of Granite and Charnockite rock flours shall be taken
rock flours from different rock crushing plants as equal to angle of internal friction of the rockflour.
frictional fill in construction of reinforced soil
structures. References
Sabat, A. K. (2012) A Study on some geotechnical
3. Methodology
Extensive laboratory investigations are carried out on properties of lime stabilised expansive soil-quarry
rock flours of Granite, Basalt and Charnockite rocks to dust mixes, Intl. Journal of Emerging Trends in Engg.
obtain the engineering properties. Based on the and Development, 1(2), pp.42-49.
properties of rock flours, the relative suitability of the Jones, C.J.F.A. (1985) Earth reinforcement and Soil
materials for use as fill material in reinforced soil Structure, Advanced series in Soil Engineering,
structures is assessed based on the specifications for London, Butterworths.
frictional fill given by Jones (1985). The interfacial
friction angles of rock flour of Granite, Basalt and Reddy, C.N.V.S. and Ramamoorthy, N.V. (2002)
Charnockite rocks with woven geotextile are determined Potential of rockflour for use in reinforced soil
from modified direct shear and pull out tests for use in construction, J. of Geotechnical engineering,
design of reinforced soil constructions. Southeast Asian Geotechnical Society, pp. 149-152.
4. Important Outcomes Soosan, T. G., Sridharan, A., Jose, B. T. and Abraham,

The rock flours of Granite and Charnockite origin B. M. (2005) Utilization of quarry dust to improve
satisfied the requirement of frictional fill material the geotechnical properties of soils in
whereas rockflour of Basalt satisfied the requirements highway construction, Geotech.Testing Journal,28(4),
of cohesive-frictional fill. With Rock flours of Granite pp. 391-400.
240
Liquefaction Susceptibility of Sagada River Sand Using Shake Table

Sasmita Sahoo
Anshuman Das
Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Kalahandi-766001
E-mail : rubygt01@yahoo.com; get2anshumandas@gmail.com
Keywords: Liquefaction; Relative Density; Unidirectional Shake Table; Pore Water Pressure; Shear strength.
1. Introduction
One of the major causes of widespread devastation due
to earthquakes is the loss of the ability of underlying
soil to support the structure above it, which results in
significant loss of life and property. The failure may be
in the form of fissure on the ground surface, lateral
spread, flow failure, uneven settlement of underlying
soil or loss of bearing capacity of the soil. The loss of
strength is a prominent cause of devastation and is
termed as Liquefaction. Soil liquefaction is the extreme
manifestation of excess Pore Water Pressure generated
in undrained saturated sandy soil deposits when
subjected to earthquake loading. Out of the various
methods available for analysis of the same, shake table Fig. 1 Pore Water Pressure vs. Time for Relative Density 30%
is one such commonly used model test that effectively
simulates ground conditions pertaining to earthquake. 5. Conclusions
The results obtained from the tests highlighted that the
The catastrophic devastations caused by Liquefaction sand did not liquefy during the cycle of loading though
calls forth serious investigations. The present study it lost a considerable part of its shear strength during the
pertains to evaluation of liquefaction susceptibility of process of dynamic loading, as the maximum Pore
Sagada River’s (near Bhawanipatna in Kalahandi Water Pressure ratio obtained was less than unity. It was
district) sand using an unidirectional shake table to observed that the sand at lower relative density was
simulate earthquake conditions in the laboratory. more susceptible to Liquefaction, as maximum Pore
Water Pressure ratio decreased as the relative density
3. Methodology was increased. This signifies that densification can be a
The experimental investigations were carried out on the viable solution to counter soil liquefaction. The built up
loose saturated cohesionless sand by subjecting it to time for attaining the maximum Pore Water Pressure
dynamic loading for 40 seconds as done by Maheswari ratio increased with increase in relative density.
et al (2010) at three different relative densities of 30%,
45% and 60% as done by Pathak et al (2013) at constant References
frequency (5Hz) and acceleration (0.2g). The Maheswari B. K., Saran S., and Singh H. P. (2010)
liquefaction resistance of sand sample was evaluated in Liquefaction Studies Of The Solani Sand Reinforced
terms of maximum Pore Water Pressure ratio (Umax) by With Geogrid, International Conferences on Recent
calculating the parameters such as Pore Water Pressure Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
built up time and Pore Water Pressure dissipation time and Soil Dynamics. Paper 18.
using glass tube piezometer and stop watch.
Pathak S.R, Kshirsagar, M.P., Joshi, M. S. (2013)
4. Important Outcomes Liquefaction Triggering Criterion Using Shake Table
The comparison of the three experiments highlighted Test;, International Journal of Engineering and
that maximum pore water pressure (ru) decreased as the Technology ISSN :0975-4024 Vol. 5 No 5 Oct- Nov
relative density increased. In all the cases the pore water 2013 ,4439-4449s in Geotechnical Earthquake
pressure reaches its peak during shaking itself, the peak Engineering and Soil Dynamics.
value was retained for a short time before dissipation
started. At the end of shaking, dissipation was in
progress and it continued till the pore water pressure
reached zero. The dissipation time in all the cases
ranged within 60 to 90 seconds.
241
Soil-Raft Foundation-Structure Interaction Effects on Seismic

Performance of Multi-Story MRF Building with Vertical Irregularity
Anuj K. Chandiwala
S. A. Vasanwala
Applied Mechanics Department, Sardar Vallabhbhai Nation Institute of Technology, Surat – 395007
E-mail : chandiwalaanuj@yahoo.com; vsandip18@gmail.com
Keywords: Soil Structure Interaction, Raft foundation, Story Displacement, Story Shear.
1. Introduction RS and TH method. The peak responses of story shear
Present studies shows that the effects of Soil Structure and story displacement are analyzed.
Interaction (SSI) may be adverse to the seismic response
Table-1 Elastic Properties and stiffness of soil area spring
of structure and neglecting SSI in analysis may lead to element.
un-safe design. Despite this, the traditional design
procedure usually involves assumption of fixed Modulus
condition at the base of foundation neglecting the Poisson of Kx Ky Kz
Soil
’s ratio Elasticity (KN/m3) (KN/m3) (KN/m3)
flexibility of the foundation, the compressibility of soil
(KN/m2)
mass and accordingly the effects of foundation
settlement on further redistribution of bending moment Stiff 0.33 240067 20384.8 20384.8 25481.0
and shear force demands. Flexibility of the soil causes
Medium 0.33 120033 10192.5 10192.5 12740.6
the decrease in stiffness resulting increase in the natural
period of the structure. Such increase in the natural Soft 0.33 60017 5096.26 5096.26 6370.33
periods, changes the seismic response of structure hence
it may be an important issue for design considerations.
This study aims to study the soil-structure-interaction
for multi-story buildings on raft foundation; evaluate the
approach of Indian Code seismic provisions for analysis
methods during the seismic design of buildings; to
discuss the alternative solutions for cases wherein
existing provisions do not lead to satisfactory results
and to quantify the effect SSI on the structural response
so that designers can be aware of the likely impact of
their decisions.
Fig.1 Configuration of 9-story building model: (a) Elevation of
3. Methodology fixed base model, (b) Elevation of Soil Structure Interaction
The underneath soil is modeled by Winkler spring model
approach. The effect of SSI are analysed for different 5. Conclusions
vertical irregularity building resting on raft foundation. The soil-structure interaction plays a considerable role
Three methods of analysis are used for seismic demand in seismic behavior of mid-rise building frames
evaluation of the moment resisting frame building: including substantial increase in the lateral deflections
equivalent static load (ESL), response spectrum (RS) and changing the performance level of the structures.
and Time history analysis (TH) methods. Three Thus, considering soil-structure interaction effects in the
dimensional models are prepared to analyze the effect of seismic design of mid-rise moment resisting building
different soil conditions. All structures are modeled and frames, particularly when resting on soft soil deposit, is
analyzed in this paper using ETABS 2016 version essential.
16.1.0 software. The building is modeled as three
References
dimensional frame structure using frame elements for
columns, longitudinal and transverse beams, shell Shehata E. Abdel Raheem, Mohamed M. Ahmed and
element for slabs and raft and spring element for soil. Tarek M. A. Alazrak (2014) soil-raft foundation-
structure interaction effects on seismic performance of
multi-story MRF buildings, Engineering Structures
Numerical results obtained using Soil structure
and Technologies, 6(2), pp. 43-61.
interaction model conditions are compared to those
corresponding to fixed-base support conditions for ESL,
242
Use of Rayleigh Damping in Geotechnical Finite Element Analysis:

An Evaluation
Sukumar Baishya
Talkeshwar Ray
Department of Civil Engineering, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli – 791109
E-mail: sukumar.baishya@gmail.com; raytalkeshwar@yahoo.com
Keywords: Rayleigh damping; Hysteretic damping; Geotechnical earthquake engineering; Finite Element; OpenSees
1. Introduction measured from the cyclic shear-stress versus shear-
The use of Rayleigh damping is common in structural strain plots for various consecutive cycles of the
dynamic and earthquake engineering Finite Element sinusoidal ground motion. The stiffness- and mass-
(FE) analysis. Various earlier studies have established proportional parameters are evaluated as per Hall (Hall,
the need of judicious or reasonable selection of 2006) for the frequency range of sinusoidal ground
Rayleigh damping parameters in order to minimise the motions used.
frequency dependence of the resulting equivalent
damping ratio. Hysteresis in soil is frequency Similar study is done by applying three recorded ground
independent in reality. However, in geotechnical FE motions to the model. The ground motions are selected
applications, some of the constitutive soil models used to cover a wide range of peak ground acceleration
for linear/non-linear analysis under dynamic loading (PGA), frequency content and duration. For each
calls for use of Rayleigh damping to model the ground motion, the Fourier Amplitude Spectra (FAS)
hysteretic damping ratio, since it is not incorporated by are used to identify the predominant range of
the constitutive model itself. In such cases, the frequencies. The Rayleigh damping parameters viz.
frequency dependence of the Rayleigh damping ratio stiffness- and mass- proportional parameters for a target
needs to be eliminated ideally, but can only be hysteretic damping ratio are calculated for this
minimised practically, as complete elimination is not identified frequency range. Time domain analysis of the
possible, which is evident from earlier studies (Lysmer, model, subjected to the selected ground motions, are
1978, Park and Hashash, 2004). Thus, it is necessary to performed and the resulting hysteretic damping ratios
examine the efficacy of the methods proposed to are measured in each case from the hysteretic loops
minimise the resultant error in hysteretic damping ratio obtained at the various instants of the ground motion
while conducting FE geotechnical earthquake record. The various parameters affecting the target
engineering analysis using Rayleigh damping. damping ratio viz. a) the soil characteristics, b) the
frequency of cyclic loading and c) frequency content of
2. Motivation and Objective applied ground motion are studied and their effects are
In this study, a simple method to minimise the highlighted.
frequency dependence of Rayleigh damping ratio (Hall,
2006), originally proposed for structural applications, is 4. Results and Conclusions
evaluated for its applicability in dynamic non-linear FE The results obtained indicate the following: a) In case of
modelling of soil under cyclic and transient loading cyclic loading, it is found that the error remains within
conditions. Thus the objectives are to evaluate the the pre-fixed bounds between the frequency limits
applicability of Hall’s method (Hall, 2006) in nonlinear which are used to derive the mass- and stiffness-
soil subjected to i) Sinusoidal ground motion covering proportional coefficients. b) In case of transient loading,
wide range of exciting frequencies and ii) Transient the target damping ratio remains within the prefixed
ground motion covering wide ranges of ground motion error limits during the peak cycles of the ground
characteristics. motions considered. During the remaining duration of
the ground motions the simple method yields damping
3. Methodology ratios which are smaller than the lower bound of the
Hall (Hall, 2006) has put forward a method to determine prefixed error limits.
the error in Rayleigh damping ratio as a percentage of
target damping ratio which depends on the frequency References
Hall, J.F. (2006) Problems Encountered from the use (or misuse) of
range of interest in the analysis. In this study, the non- Rayleigh Damping, Earthquake Engineering and Structural
linear soil viz. Pressure Dependent Multi Yield Dynamics, 35(5), 525-545.
constitutive model (http://opensees.berkeley.edu/) is Park, D. and Hashash, Y.M.A. (2004) Soil Damping Formulation in
first subjected to sinusoidal ground motions of different Nonlinear Time Domain Site Response Analysis, Journal of
exciting frequencies and time domain analysis is Earthquake Engineering, 8(2), 249-274, Imperial College Press.
performed. The resulting hysteretic damping ratio is
243
Liquefaction Potential of soil by Empirical and Computational Method

Based on SPT-N value-A Case Study of Lucknow City
Prashant Patel
Vijay Kumar
Department of Civil Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad – 211004
E-mail: prashantpatel031@gmail.com; vkr@mnnit.ac.in
Keywords: Liquefaction potential, standard penetration test, Idriss and Boulanger (I-B), ANFIS.
Liquefaction is the phenomenon in which structures In this paper, six combinations were formed for
located on the surface of liquefiable soil may severely evaluating CSR value by I-B method for the specific
damage due to the liquefaction of supporting soil during depth of water table, earthquake magnitude as shown in
earthquake. In this paper, the study is focuses on the Table 2.
evaluation of soil liquefaction by the empirical and
Table-2 Assumed water table depth, Earthquake magnitude and
computational method based on standard penetration amax .
test. The empirical method based on SPT-N value given
Depth of water table(m) 0 2 4
by Idriss and Boulanger (2006) method has been applied
for the evaluation of Liquefaction potential. In the Earthquake magnitude(Richter scale) 7.3 8.3
computational method, Evaluation of soil liquefaction is
done by making suitable models by Adaptive Neuro- Max. horizontal ground acceleration(amax ) 0.16g
Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) technique.
Lucknow city which is situated on seismic zone-III has 5. Conclusions
never been analysed for liquefaction behaviour. In Estimation of the liquefaction potential by the
India, few researchers are working in this area with computational method can be advantageous over the
insufficient geotechnical data as well as analytical empirical approaches. The results of the liquefaction
procedure. potential evaluate for the different combination of water
table and earthquake magnitude demonstrates the
3. Methodology closeness of ANFIS models to the I-B method. Out of
To evaluate of liquefaction potential of cohesionless soil 270 predictions only 9 predictions were deviated from
SPT data on different locations were collected from the the target values obtained by the develop ANFIS model
61 boreholes as it is most suitable site exploration test in I-B technique. Hence, prediction capabilities by the
for cohesionless soil. The essential soil properties were models are greater than 96%.
investigated in the laboratory to determine the
liquefaction potential of soil using I-B approach. To References
develop ANFIS models 476 datasets were collected in Idriss, I.M. and Boulanger, R.W. (2006) Semi-empirical
terms of input and output values of models. The range Procedures for Evaluating Liquefaction Potential
of soil properties get through SPT and other laboratory during Earthquakes, Soil Dynamics and Earth.
test used as input vectors in ANFIS method is shown in Engineering, 26, pp. 115-130.
Table 1.
Kumar, V., Venkatesh, K., and Kumar, Y. (2012)
Table-1 Ranges of input parameters Liquefaction Potential Evaluation of Alluvial Soil by
Input parameter Range Neuro-Fuzzy Technique , International Journal of
Depth (m) 1.5-30 Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering,
ISSN 2250-2459, 2(3).
SPT-N value 2-50
Yaseen, L.K., and Bind, Y.K.(2014) Neuro-Fuzzy
Particle finer than 0.075 mm (%) 6.14-97.92 Technique for the Estimation of Liquefaction
Natural water content (%) 8.7-49.8 Potential of Soil, International Journal of Scientific
Engineering and Technology Research, ISSN 2319-
Bulk density(gm./cc) 9.22-26.19 8885,3(4).
244
Seismic Ground Response Analysis and Pore Pressure Evaluation at

Selected Locations of Jorhat City
Sarfaraz Ahmed
Arup Bhattacharjee
E-mail : sarfarazahmed466@gmail.com; bhatta_arup@yahoo.com
Keywords: ground response; standard penetration test; deepsoil; liquefaction

1. Introduction acceleration of 0.09g and 0.15g respectively are used as
The extensive loss to life and property has been input motion in DEEPSOIL.
witnessed in the past due to earthquake. The extent of
damage depends on the response of the ground to 4. Important Outcomes
earthquake loading. The ground response is one of the The dominant soil profile of the Nazirani Bari borehole
major factors influencing the damage of structures. So it is SP. But from depth 9m to 13m and from depth 18m to
is important to take into consideration the response of the 20m the soil profile varies as CI, CL and CL-ML. The
ground to seismic loading prior to construction and soil profile from 6m to 8m is SP.
design the structures accordingly. All codes of standards The soil profile of the IWT site varies as CL and CI from
consider the ground response of design of structures. depth 1m to 12m. From depth 13m to 20m the soil
The response of a structure depends on the topography, profile varied as SP. Fig. 1 shows the variation of PGA
the materials, the mode of construction, the along the depth for the borehole. PGA obtained for the
characteristics and duration of ground motion and Nepal earthquake for both the borehole at the surface
various dynamic properties of soil. level varied in the range of 0.16g to 0.19g. PGA
obtained for the Bhuj earthquake for both the borehole at
2. Motivation and Objective the surface is 0.13g.
The objective of the study is to perform seismic ground
response analysis for Jorhat city and to analyse the The amplification ratio for Bhuj earthquake for both the
acceleration amplifications obtained at ground surface, borehole varies in the range of 1.35-1.37 and for Nepal
pore water pressure generation and liquefaction potential earthquake it varies in the range of 1.04-1.24. The PGA
for the input bedrock motion. obtained for the IWT site is greater than the NaziraniBari
site as the soil of the IWT site is softer. Fig. 2 shows the
3. Methodology variation of PWP ratio along the depth for both the
In this study seismic ground response analyses are borehole. From the figure it is clearly seen that the PWP
carried out for selected locations of Jorhat city. For that ratio at any depth is less than 1 establishing the fact that
purpose Standard Penetration test are conducted at two no liquefaction occurred at any depth.
different locations covering the densely populated areas
of Jorhat city. The standard penetration test are carried 5. Conclusions
out upto a depth of 20m for each borehole and standard Comparing the outputs it can be concluded that
penetration resistance (N) values are recorded. The soil amplification of PGA is effected by the local site
samples are collected at every 1m interval. Laboratory geology and input motion characteristics. PWP ratio is
test are conducted on the soil samples to find parameters dependent on the soil profile. PWP ratio obtained is less
like unit weight, water content, liquid limit, plastic limit, than 1 indicating that liquefaction will not occur at any
and sieve analysis to classify the soil and obtain a soil depth for both the borehole.
profile. Also shear wave velocity for each layer is
obtained using the recorded standard penetration References
resistance value (Maheswari et al.,2010). The obtained
Hashash, Y.M.A., Groholski, D.R., Phillips, C.A., Park,
soil profile and shear wave velocity is used as input
D. and Musgrove, M. (2011), DEEPSOIL version 4.0,
parameters in the DEEPSOIL software to carry out
Tutorial and user Manual, 98.
seismic ground response analysis using non linear
method ( Hashsash et al., 2011) and results are studied. Maheswari, R. U., Boominathan, A. and Dodagoudar, G.
The pore pressure generation is also studied. The R. (2010), “Use of Surface Waves in Statistical
liquefaction analysis is carried out based on pore Correlations of Shear Wave Velocity and Penetration
pressure generation at different depth and results are Resistance of Chennai.
compared with liquefied soil strains. Two earthquake
motions namely Bhuj and Nepal having peak ground
245
Seismic Performance of Traditional Stilted Houses of North-East India

Chayanika Das
Atanu Kumar Dutta
Department of Civil Engineering, Jorhat Engineering College,Jorhat-785007
E-mail: dchayanika983@gmail.com; emailatanu.dutta@gmail.com
Keywords: Stilted house; ikra; non-engineered

North-east India has a history of massive earthquakes The maximum top displacements of stilted house for
with magnitudes shooting up to 8.6 on the Richter scale. different conditions are shown in Table 2.
The region being predominantly hilly or plain, the
inhabitants of riverine and hilly areas generally go for Table-2 Roof displacement for different foundation
stilted houses made with locally available bamboo. The practices
traditional bamboo-ikra houses of this region have Displacement
Geological condition
performed exceptionally well during the past earthquake (mm)
events. Bamboo has been used as a construction
Simple insertion of bamboo
material in this region since ages. Its properties make 234.34
columns in plain terrain
bamboo a promising construction material for
seismically active regions. The light weight bamboo and Simple insertion of bamboo
350.21
ikra greatly reduce the weight of the building, due to columns in sloped terrain
which they do not require extensive foundations. Concrete bulb placed under
122.40
2. Motivation and Objective bamboo columns in plain terrain
This paper deals with the study of seismic performance Concrete bulb placed under
of the traditional stilted bamboo houses in different 211.30
bamboo columns in sloped terrain
geological conditions like plain and sloped terrains.
Also a comparison is studied for different foundation 5. Conclusions
practices like simple insertion of bamboo culms into the Traditional bamboo houses, due to the low weight, have
soil, placing of a concrete bulb under the column, etc. high seismic resistance potential. Good architectural and
structural features of these houses aid to better
3. Methodology performance. Placing of concrete bulb under the
2D FEM models of bamboo stilt house frames are bamboo columns reduce the top displacement of the
created in ANSYS® and simulated against selected building in comparison to simple insertion of columns
earthquake motions. The ground motion data for El into the soil. However, houses located in sloped terrains
Centro (18th May, 1940) earthquake is given as input for are susceptible to failure because of unsymmetrical
both the models. The properties for bamboo (Melocanna shaking due to unequal column lengths.
baccifera) are obtained from IS: 15912-2012 and
INBAR. Displacement at the top of the frame is References
obtained for all the cases and a comparison is drawn.
International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR)
Table-1 Properties for materials used (2005)- Bamboo in construction: An Introduction
Properties Values IS: 15912-2012, Structural Design Using Bamboo-Code
Elastic modulus of bamboo 1.293 × 107 kN/m2 of Practice, Bureau of Indian standards, New Delhi,
India
Poisson’s ratio of bamboo 0.15
Liao, H., Liu, J., Zhao, Y. and Xiao, Z. (2007) Analysis
Density of bamboo 751 kg/m3 of soil-structure interaction with finite element
Elastic modulus of silty soil 7 × 106 kN/m2 method, Key Engineering Materials, 341, pp. 1279-
1284.
Poisson’s ratio of silty soil 0.3
Density of silty soil 2039 kg/m3
Cohesion of silty soil 0
Friction angle of silty sand 28˚
246
Advanced Non-Linear Finite-Element Model for Site Response Analysis

of a Saturated Layered Soil Profile
Begum Emte Ajom
Arup Bhattacharjee
E-mail: begumemte@gmail.com; bhatta_arup@yahoo.com
Keywords: OpenSees; Finite-element; De-amplify; Amplification factor, Maximum shear strain.

1. Introduction which is proportional to the known velocity time history
of the ground motion, to the base of the soil column, at
A dynamic nonlinear analysis is always required to
the node which shares equal-degrees of freedom with
provide more reliable simulations for the evaluation of
Lysmer- kuhlemeyer dashpot. The geotechnical data was
seismic behaviors of ground, especially in the earthquake
collected by performing Standard Penetration Test for a
zones. To reproduce the nonlinear behavior of soil
depth of 24m. The data collected from field and
numerically, soil constitutive models play a great
laboratory tests in the form of unit weight, shear wave
important role. Site-response analyses are used to
velocities, etc. are used as input parameters for the soil
estimate the ground motion at the surface, as a function
model. The soil conditions represent medium to loose
of the properties of the soil profile and the bedrock
sand deposits with the ground water table at the surface.
ground motion at the base of the soil profile.
An advanced non-linear finite-element model for site 4. Important Outcomes
response analysis is presented in this paper. A bridge The recorders defined for this analysis give the outcomes
site in Golaghat district of Assam (India) is selected for such as the nodal displacements and accelerations in both
this study. Site effects are quantified via site response degrees-of-freedom and the stress and strain response at
analysis, which involves the propagation of earthquake each Gauss point in each element. Validation of the
motions from the bedrock, through the overlying soil seismic response of the soil mesh modeled in OpenSees
layers, to the ground surface. Two different earthquakes was completed by comparing the surface acceleration-
are considered as input motions to observe the effects of time series and PGA profile predicted using OpenSees
the various parameters of these earthquakes on the with that predicted using DEEPSOIL. The free field
response of the soil profile. Also the procedure of surface motion is quantified in terms of acceleration and
calculating the input parameters from the field and amplification factors for both the earthquakes. De-
laboratory tests data has been highlighted in this paper. amplification of surface acceleration is observed for
Loma Prieta earthquake, whereas in case of Bhuj
earthquake, the surface acceleration is amplified which is
The main objective of the study is to present a
due to the low amplitude of the input motion. Variation
numerically stable and computationally efficient finite-
of maximum shear strain with depth for two different
element model for analyzing the dynamic response of a
earthquakes is presented in Fig. 1 from which it is
saturated layered soil profile in terms of effective
observed that a large range of soil layers of the
stresses.
considered bridge site are most likely to liquefy as these
3. Methodology layers undergo large amount of strain.
A multi-layered soil column is modeled in 2D using the
5. Conclusions
OpenSees finite-element analysis platform with periodic
The study shows that the acceleration is de-amplified at
boundary conditions to emulate a 1D analysis and is
the surface for the considered bridge site in case of Loma
subjected to an earthquake excitation. The soil is
Prieta earthquake and amplified in case of Bhuj
modeled using the Pressure Dependent Multi Yield02
earthquake. The study also shows that lower amplitude
material for sand and Pressure Independent Multi Yield
of the input motion results in higher amplification of
material for clay. Nine node quadrilateral elements are
surface acceleration. Also, the maximum shear strain
used which are able to track displacements of the solid
plot is presented to have an idea of the probability of
and pore-water pressure in the fluid. The earthquakes
causing liquefaction in the soil profile.
considered for the analysis are Loma Prieta earthquake
(1989) and Bhuj earthquake (2001). A Lysmer-
References
Kuhlemeyer (1969) dashpot is incorporated at the base of
the soil column to account for the finite rigidity of the
Lysmer, J. and Kuhlemeyer, A.M. (1969) Finite dynamic
underlying half-space using the viscous uniaxial material
model for infinite media, Journal of the Engineering
and a zeroLength element (Mazzoni et al.,2006).
Mechanics Division, ASCE, 95, pp. 859-877.
Dynamic excitation is applied as a force time history
247
Development of Seismotectonic Model for Central Gujarat Region

Payal Mehta
T. P. Thaker
H. B. Raghvendra
Department of Civil Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Raisan, Gandhinagar, Gujarat.
Email: payalmehta2910@gmail.com; tejas.thaker@sot.pdpu.ac.in
Keywords: Earthquake catalogue, Declustering, Moment magnitude, Seismotectonic model

1. Introduction 4. Important Outcomes & Conclusions
The earthquake catalogue of the region plays very Region specific conversion relationships have been
crucial role in seismic hazard assessment. In the present identified for the Central Gujarat region which is further
paper, seismotectonic model for the Central Gujarat used for the preparation of homogenized earthquake
region has been developed considering 350 km radius catalogue. Declustering of catalogue has been done by
around Vadodara city as a centre covering the latitude various declustering methods. Final catalogue and
18° N to 26° N and longitude 68° E to 77° E in two Seismotectonic model for Central Gujarat region have
phases. In the first phase, the seismic data has been been developed.
compiled for past approximately 350 years from the
various agencies and published literatures and all
magnitudes have been converted into equal magnitude
i.e., moment magnitude Mw. Declustering methods like
Gardner and Knopoff (1974) and Reasenberg (1985)
have been applied to remove the aftershocks and
foreshocks from the main earthquake events. In the
second phase, the tectonic details have been collected
from various published literatures and other sources and
compiled in common platform using GIS.
Seismotectonic model for Central Gujarat has been
developed from the final catalogue.
2. Motivation and Objective Fig. 1 Observed mb (USGS) and predicted Mw (Das)
Hardly any attempt has been made to check out the
References
reliability of the conversion equations developed for the
Central Gujarat region. In the present work, various Das, R., Wason, H. R. and Sharma M. L. (2013)
relationships for the conversion of various magnitudes General Orthogonal Regression Relations between
into moment magnitude have been identified and Body-Wave and Moment Magnitudes, Seismological
analyzed. The appropriate relationships have been Research Letters, 84(2).
selected after validating them with the actual data.
Further, seismotectonic model developed for the Central Gardner, J. K. and Knopoff, L. (1974) Is the Sequence
Gujarat region will be of immense use for of earthquakes in Southern California, with
microzonation studies and seismic hazard assessment. Aftershocks Removed, Poissonian, Bulletin of
Seismological Society of America, 64,(5).
3. Methodology
Due to variations in instrumentation characteristics and
Reasenberg, P. (1985) Second-order moment of Central
complex nature of seismic waves, heterogeneous data
California seismicity, 1969–1982, Journal of
having different magnitude scale were reported in
Geophysical Research 90, pp. 5,479–5,495.
earthquake catalogue. It is required to express different
magnitude into a preferred magnitude type i.e., Mw for
the preparation of homogenized earthquake catalogue.
The catalogue consists of three magnitude scale i.e.,
body wave magnitude in mb (USGS) & Mb (ISC),
surface wave magnitude Ms, which were converted into
moment magnitude Mw. Body wave magnitude mb
(USGS) has been converted into moment magnitude Mw
using Das et al. (2013) relationship as shown in Fig.1.
248
Frequency-dependent impedance functions from

full-scale field tests on a block foundation
Abhishek Anand
Prishati Raychowdhury
Samit Ray-Chaudhuri
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
E-Mail : abhisheknnd6@gmail.com; prishati@iitk.ac.in; samitrc@iitk.ac.in
Prabhakar Gundlapalli
Additional Chief Engineer, Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited, Mumbai
E-Mail: gprabhakar@npcil.co.in
Keywords: Impedance Function, Forced-vibration, Block Foundation, Field Tests, Eccentric mass shaker
1. Introduction
Impedance functions, representing the frequency-
dependent stiffness and damping characteristics of a
foundation, are important for evaluating dynamic
behavior of the foundation and the supported structure.
Proper estimation of these functions is particularly
crucial for foundations subjected to occasional or
continuous dynamic loadings, such as, earthquakes and Fig 1: Different stages of foundation casting in the field
machine vibrations. 2000
Compression (+ve)
Tension (-ve)
A number of studies in the past have obtained

Load (kg)
1200
impedance functions for seismically-loaded foundations
and machine foundations using various analytical and 800
numerical methods (e.g., Wong and Luco, 1985; Crouse 400

et al., 1990; Gazetas, 1991). Most of these theories e = 60o
generally assume the foundation as rigid and mass-less, 0

5 10 15 20 25 30
and the soil bed as uniform visco-elastic half-space with Frequency (Hz)
a fixed shear modulus and hysteretic damping. Fig 2: Sample results from trial tests on block foundation
However, in the actual field condition, these
assumptions may not be realistic, due to the uncertainty 5. Conclusions
in the properties of founding medium Impedance functions obtained from field tests are
observed to be in variation from the empirical
3. Methodology estimations from earlier research. Revisions, based on
Experimental study is carried out on a 1m x 1m shallow the experimental results will be suggested to improve
isolated footing made of reinforced concrete (Fig. 1). upon the theoretical models and empirical relations
The footing is subjected to a harmonic vibration through suggested by earlier researchers.
an eccentric mass shaker. Vibratory load is applied in
vertical, lateral and rocking direction to obtain the 6. References
transient and sustained response, and impedance Crouse, C. B., Hushmand, B., Luco, J. E., and Wong, H. L.
functions in all possible modes of vibrations. These (1990), “Foundation impedance functions: Theory versus
impedance functions estimated from field experiments experiment”, J. Geotech. Eng., 116(3), pp. 432–449.
are compared with available theoretical solutions, to
assess the reliability and applicability of different Gazetas, G. (1991). “Formulas and charts for impedances of
methods. surface and embedded foundations.” J. Geotech. Eng.,
117(9), pp. 1363–1381.
4. Results and Discussion
A series of trial tests is carried out on a table to calibrate Wong, H. L., and Luco, J. E. (1985). “Tables of impedance
the eccentric mass shaker as a part of this study (Fig. 2). functions for square foundations on layered media.”, Soil
Dynamics and Earthquake Eng., 4(2), pp. 64–81.
249
Dynamic Behaviour of Isolated Footing on Dry Cohesionless Soil

Saurabh Kumar
Pradipta Chakrabortty
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta– 801103
E-mail: saurabh.mtce14@iitp.ac.in, pradipt@iitp.ac.in
Keywords: Shake table; Isolated Footing; Dry Sand; Dynamic response;

1. Introduction 0.12 Test 1 (PGA = 0.7 m/s2)
The earthquake induced settlement in cohesionless soil Test 2 (PGA = 3.15 m/s2)
(e.g. sand), has been identified as the major source of Test 3 (PGA= 1.86 m/s2)
0.1
Normalised settlement (mm)

structural damage to bridges and buildings during past Test 4 (PGA = 0.7 m/s2)
Test 5 (PGA = 1.86 m/s2)
earthquakes (Banerjee et al., 2015). Numerous studies
Test 6 (PGA = 3.15 m/s2)
have been documented (Jafarzadeh et al., 2008; Seed and 0.08
Silver, 1972) in last five decades to predict the
settlement of the footing resting on cohesionless soil.
Present study investigates the dynamic behaviour of a 0.06
isolated footing resting on medium and fine grained dry
Sone river sand.
0.04
The sand particles has a tendency to settle and densify
when they are subjected to shaking. Generalised 0.02
equation for calculating dynamic settlement is not
available so far. Therefore, there is a need of a simple
0
but reliable methods for estimating foundation
settlement. This motivates the current research on 0 10 20 30
Time (sec)
assessment of dynamic behaviour of foundation resting
on dry cohesionless soil using shake table test.
Figure 2: Normalised footing settlement (settlement /Dr
3. Methodology (%)), Test 1 to 3 for medium sand model and Test 4 to 6
A series of shake table experiments were carried out to for fine sand model
find out the seismic behaviour of shallow foundations
under seismic loading. The experimental set up consists 5. Conclusions
of a square footing (15 cm x 15 cm) resting on top of the A series of shake table tests were performed on isolated
soil deposit placed in a rectangular tank. The size of the
footing resting on medium and fine sand models. From
box is 3ft x 2ft in plan and 2.5ft high. A series of three
the result it has been concluded that:
excitations with different shaking intensities were
applied on prepared soil models. 1. Input motions are de-amplified in the soil deposit
4. Important Outcomes and it has been amplified at the foundation level.
The presented study analysed the settlement and This is because seismic motions are reflected
acceleration response below the footing and at the free repetitively at soil structure interface. This ultimately
field, and seismic energy migration along depth. The caused amplification of seismic motion near
normalized footing settlement for three various input foundation.
motions are shown in Figure 2 for foundation resting on 2. From the settlement record it is observed that fine
medium and fine sand model. Experimental results sand is more susceptible to settle compare to medium
indicate that settlement sensitivity depends upon the sand.
characteristics of sand particle and base input motion. References
Seismic energy migration shows that the input motion is
de-amplified in the soil. Banerjee, R., Konai, S., Sengupta, A. and Deb, K. (2015).
Experimental study of dry and saturated sand subjected to seismic
shaking, 50th indian geotechnical conference December 17-19,
Pune, Maharashtra, India.
250
Effect of Soil Heterogeneity on Dynamic Response of Saturated

Cohesionless Soil
Somya Shrivastava
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta – 801103
E-mail: somya.mtce14@iitp.ac.in; pradipt@iitp.ac.in
Keywords: Soil heterogeneity; Cohesionless soil; Dynamic response; EPWP; Arias intensity
1. Introduction
Inherent random heterogeneity (also referred as spatial
variability of soil properties) has a significant effect on soil
response under dynamic loading. The effects of spatial
variability are higher in case of phenomena governed by highly
non-liner constitutive law (i.e., soil liquefaction). In the present
study, an initiative has been taken to quantify the effect of soil
heterogeneity on dynamic soil response. One-dimensional
analyses were performed using open source software
DEEPSOIL wherein nine soil models with different degree of
heterogeneity were considered. The performances of these soil
models were compared in terms of maximum excess pore Fig. 1: Various soil models considered in the analysis.
water pressure ratio, maximum spectral acceleration, and
seismic energy migration in terms of Arias Intensity (AI)
evolution along the depth inside the soil deposit. Moreover, it
was tried to quantify the amount of area that liquefies in each
soil model using A80 index (Popescu 2002).

From various researches it has been established that more
excess pore water pressure (EPWP) is generated during an
earthquake in a heterogeneous soil deposit than in a
homogeneous soil with equivalent average soil relative density.
However, the variation in the dynamic response of soil with
increasing degree of heterogeneity has not been reported. So,
the main objective of this research is to investigate the same.
3. Methodology
Nine soil models each consisting of ten number of two meter
layers of saturated cohesionless soil having 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
and 8 loose layers respectively embedded in dense soil
(Dr=75%) were analyzed. Soil models are shown in Fig. 1. 1-D Fig. 2: Maximum EPWP ratio profile for soil models.
non linear soil response analyses were conducted on these
models with the software DEEPSOIL. The properties of the 5. Conclusions
soil were of Frazer river sand as used in centrifuge test From the study it can be concluded that:
conducted by Chakrabortty et al., (2008). The soil models were More pore pressure generated in looser layers decreasing the
calibrated and validated based on the results of the centrifuge overall liquefaction strength of heterogeneous soil models. As
test. Same input motion was applied in all heterogeneous soil the degree of soil heterogeneity increases, the area of liquefied
models. zone also increases. Amplification of seismic energy decreases
with increase in degree of soil heterogeneity.
The pore pressure development along the depth of soil models
References
is shown in Figure2. From the result it can be observed that soil
Chakrabortty, P., Popescu, R., Phillips, R., and Dief, H. (2008)
models with 3, 4, 5, and 6 loose layers were liquefied. The
Liquefaction of heterogeneous soil: Centrifuge study, 12th
EPWP ratio (ru) fell in the range of 0.8 to 1 for some soil layers
International Conference of International Association for
in these models. As the degree of heterogeneity increases, the
Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics
number of layers that liquefied also increased.
(IACMAG), Goa, India, 1-6th October, 2008.
Popescu, R. (2002). Finite Element Assessment of the Effects
of Seismic Loading Rate on Soil Liquefaction, Canadian
Geotechnical Journal, 39, pp. 331–344.
251
Assessment of Ground Vibration due to Installation of Pile Casing-A

Case Study
Rituparna Dey
Vinoth B
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology Shibpur, Howrah – 711103
E-mail: Rituparna.rs2016@civil.iiests.ac.in; vino3civil92@gmail.com
Ambarish Ghosh
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology Shibpur, Howrah – 711103
E-mail : ambarish@civil.iiests.ac.in
Keywords: Construction Induced vibration, Peak Particle Velocity, Vibratory Hammer

Construction activities have become a major necessity The values of PPV measured at a certain distance
for infrastructure development of a country. In case of increases with depth of driving indicating penetration of
soft soil deposits and high rise structures pile casing in sand stratum except few cases where decrease
foundations are constructed. Today it is believed that of PPV values with depth has occurred may be due to
vibrations from piles are the most common sources of presence of soft strata. This may be explained by the
construction induced vibrations. As construction fact that coarser soil strata provides more resistance to
projects are more often located in urban areas close to pile casing driving as compared to the softer soil layer,
existing structures, vibration assessment and prediction hence generates greater vibration intensity. At a distance
has become utmost important. Hydraulic Vibratory of about 20.0 m from the pile casing driving the PPV
Hammer has been used for installation of pile casing at values are less than 1.0 mm/s irrespective of the soil
a site near Kolkata for construction of B+G+XIV storied profile of this site. Since the structures surrounding the
building. Construction induced vibration has been site may not be treated as engineered structure thus the
measured in terms of Peak Particle Velocity. The PPV values should be kept below 2.0 mm/s from safety
measured values have been analyzed to study the point of view by adopting suitable means.
influence of the governing parameters and the 8
monitoring strategy has been developed to guide the 7
Peak Particle Velocity
construction team. 6 D= 3.0 m

(mm/s)
5
2. Motivation and Objective D= 7.0 m
4
Ground vibrations generated from pile casing D= 10.0 m
3
installation not only affect the safety of the adjacent
2
structure, but also affect human perception. Hence 1
analysis of vibration due to installation and withdrawal 0
of pile casing at different distances and depths of 0 5 10 15 20 25
Perpendicular Distance from the source (m)
driving are essential.
Fig. 1 Variation of PPV (mm/s) with Distance from Pile Casing
3. Methodology Driving (m) at different depth of driving
The construction has been involved in driving 10.0 m 5. Conclusions
long pile casing which was accomplished by Hydraulic The work mainly focuses on the variation of vibration
Vibratory Hammer (CAT C11 ACERT) of maximum while installation of pile casing through the layered soil
frequency of 1500 rpm with necessary power pack. media and has been found to change with distances and
Monitoring of ground vibrations was done with depth of driving. Nature of the soil profile has found to
Vibrometer using vibration sensor which was positioned be important factor to govern the damping of waves.
in such a way so as to measure the vibration parameters From vibration monitoring, the allowable limit of
viz., amplitude and particle velocity in both horizontal vibration can also be suggested to maintain safety of
and vertical direction. The particle velocity at ground adjacent structures.
surface has been measured at different distances from
the source and at different depth of driving of pile References
casing. The particle velocity has been measured on
Attewell, P.B. and Farmer, I.W. (1973) Attenuation of
ground level situated at fixed distance from the pile with
ground vibrations from pile driving, Ground
varying depth of pile casing tip during driving.
Engineering 3(7), pp. 26-29.
252
Effect of Frequency of Loading on Pore Pressure in Solani Sand

Aparna Kanth
B. K. Maheshwari
E-mail : aparnakanth.12@gmail.com; bkmahfeq@iitr.ac.in
Keywords: Liquefaction; Frequency; Pore-Pressure; Cyclic Triaxial.

1. Introduction pore water pressure to the effective confining pressure.
Liquefaction is a phenomenon related to loss of shear When this ratio approaches unity, soil is considered to
strength of saturated cohesionless soils, due to increased be liquefied. Several tests were carried out on Solani
pore water pressure and reduced effective stresses, in sand. Samples were prepared at 30%, 50% and 70%
undrained condition under the action of dynamic relative density and loaded at 1% axial strain under
loading. Cyclic triaxial test is a commonly used tool to confining pressure of 100 kPa at various frequencies.
study the behavior of sands during liquefaction. When Results are being obtained for frequencies 0.1 Hz, 0.5
pore pressure ratio approaches unity, sample is Hz and 1 Hz. Fig. 1 shows the pore pressure generation
considered to liquefy. For liquefaction studies using of sample prepared at 70% relative density, which is
triaxial tests, frequency of excitation, relative density subjected to cyclic loading at 1% axial strain under 100
(RD), confining pressure and initial strain are the kPa confining pressure for frequencies 0.5 Hz and 1 Hz.
important parameters to be considered. Once the
appropriate combination of these parameters are known,
one can estimate the damage that will be caused to soil
structure under similar conditions using FE analysis.
Several studies such as Seed and Lee (1966), Dash and
Sitharam (2016), reports that frequency of loading
affects the process of liquefaction. However,
quantifying those effects is yet an unexplored area. Of
all the parameters affecting liquefaction, pore pressure
governs the onset of liquefaction. Hence, it is important
to quantify the variation of pore pressure with frequency
of loading. The present work, makes an attempt to study Fig. 1 Pore pressure ratio vs number of cycles at various
generation of pore pressure and it’s progress with loading frequencies
number of cycles of loading with different frequencies 5. Conclusions
of loading. As per the experimental results obtained from the
several tests conducted, it was observed that the rate of
3. Methodology
generation of excess pore pressure increases with
Several cyclic triaxial tests were performed on locally
increase in frequency of cyclic loading, as a result the
(Roorkee, India) available Solani Sand. For a given
cyclic liquefaction resistance decreases with increase in
relative density and desired confining pressure, tests
loading frequency. This justifies the trend shown in
were performed for a particular strain at different
Fig.1, that at lower frequency of 0.5 Hz, sand gets
frequencies of loading to study how the sand behaves
liquefied at larger number of cycles (nearly 8 cycles),
towards liquefaction under dynamic loading. Properties
whereas at higher frequency of 1 Hz, sand gets liquefied
of Solani sand used for testing are given in Table-1.
at lesser number of cycles (nearly 3 cycles).
Table-1 Physical properties of Solani sand
References
Soil
Cu Cc RD (%) emax emin Gs Seed, H. and Lee, K. L. (1966) Liquefaction of saturated
type
sands during cyclic loading, Journal of Soil
SP 30, 50, Mechanics & Foundations Division, 92, No. SM6.
1.96 1.15 0.85 0.54 2.68
70
Dash, H. K. and Sitharam, T. G. (2016) Effect of
4. Important Outcomes frequency of cyclic loading on liquefaction and
Liquefaction phenomenon using cyclic triaxial dynamic properties of saturated sand, International
apparatus can be better studied in terms of pore pressure Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 10(5), pp. 487–
ratio. Pore pressure ratio is defined as the ratio of excess 492.
253
Frequency-Amplitude Response of 2 x 2 Group Pile: Theory versus

Experiment
Amar Sankar Pal
Dilip Kumar Baidya
Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India.
E-mail : pal.amarsankar@gmail.com , baidya@civil.iitkgp.ernet.in.
Keywords: Pile foundation; Experimental Investigation; Frequency-Amplitude Response; Resonant Frequency;

Resonant Amplitude.
1. Introduction frequencies and resonant amplitudes from the analysis
Vertical dynamic response of 2×2 group pile embedded and experimental results are presented in Table-1.
in a layered soil deposit was obtained using cone model
(Pal and Baidya (2015)). In this paper the frequency- Table-1 Vertical vibration test Results of 2 × 2 Pile Group.
amplitude response of the pile group is compared with Experiment Cone model
experimental results of Manna (2009). Resonant We.e (Manna (2009))
frequencies (ωr) and resonant amplitudes (Ar) for (N-m) ωr Ar ωr Discrepancy Ar
(Hz) (mm) (Hz) (Δωr) (mm)
different excitation intensities are compared. Although
0.187 27.90 0.0363 35.9 22.28% 0.0123
the analysis performed is based on assumption that soil 0.278 27.33 0.0561 35.9 23.87% 0.0180
and pile behaves linear elastic manner and the soil is 0.366 26.81 0.0762 35.9 25.32% 0.0240
perfectly bonded to the surrounding soil, the prediction 0.450 26.21 0.0937 35.9 26.99% 0.0295
of resonant frequencies are found to be quite good.
Also, it is found that the model can predict the lower 1. Conclusions
frequency response very well. The comparison of the response from analysis with
experimental results shows that the displacement at
2. Vertical Dynamic Response of Pile Group lower frequency is well predicted. The resonant
The pile group consists of single pile with slenderness frequencies are higher from the analysis whereas
ratio 10, radius 50 mm, the spacing to diameter ratio 3. resonant amplitudes are very low compared to
The piles were fixed at the head using a rigid pile cap experiment result. At lower frequency soil probably
of thickness 250 mm. Vertical vibration test was behaves elastic manner and the bond between soil and
conducted with static weight 12 kN. Soil deposit was pile exist. With the increase in frequency soil starts to
composed of three stratum and underlying halfspace. behave as nonlinear material. Therefore, analysis results
The soil profile has an increasing shear modulus up to a deviates from the experimental results.
depth of 2.8 m, below that depth the shear modulus was
assumed to be constant. The average density of the soil References
was considered as constant for each stratum. Vertical
Manna, B. (2009) Dynamic Response of Pile
dynamic stiffness coefficient for single pile is first
Foundations - Experimental and Analytical Study,
determined based on Pal and Baidya (2015). The
PhD Thesis, IIT Kharagpur, India.
method considers one dimensional wave propagation
through cone (Wolf and Preisig (2003)). The layered Pal, A. S. and Baidya, D. K. (2015) Dynamic Analysis
halfspace is discretized into number of thin layers of Of Vertically Loaded Pile Foundation Embedded In
thickness r0/4. Each single pile extends up to a depth of Inhomogeneous Soil Using Cone Model, Proceedings
1 m. The pile is discretized having same element length of IGC, Pune (Theme-5, Paper No. 335).
(r0/4). The dynamic stiffness coefficient of single pile
is then used to determine dynamic stiffness coefficient Wolf, J.P. and Preisig, M. (2003) Dynamic stiffness of
of the pile group imposing dynamic interaction foundation embedded in layered halfspace based on
between the piles and kinematic interaction due to rigid wave propagation in cones, Earthquake Engng. Struct.
pile cap. The displacement amplitude is then obtained Dyn., 32, pp. 1075–1098.
considering the inertia of the static mass.
3. Comparison
The displacement amplitudes are determined for four
different excitation intensities (eccentric moments (We.e)
0.187 N-m, 0.278 N-m, 0.366 N-m and 0.450 N-m).
From the frequency-amplitude plots the resonant
frequency was found to be at 35.9 Hz. The resonant
254
Evaluation of Hysteretic Damping of Sand at Large Shear Strains using

Cyclic Triaxial tests
Shiv Shankar Kumar
A. Murali Krishna
Arindam Dey
E-mail: k.shiv@iitg.ernet.in; amurali@iitg.ernet.in; arindam.dey@iitg.ernet.in
Keywords: Hysteretic damping; saturated sand; large shear strain; cyclic triaxial test
1. Introduction and 150 kPa), subjected to sinusoidal waveform of
The strain accumulation in the soil deposits greater than varying shear strain (γ = 0.015-4.5%) at 1 Hz loading
1% (Suetomi and Yoshida, 1998; Kiku and Yoshida, frequency.
2000), during an earthquake, always alarm to evaluate
the dynamic characteristics of soils at large shear strains 4. Important Outcomes
to design of an earthquake resistance structures. The It has been observed that the hysteresis loops becomes
strain development in the soil deposits, arises more gradually asymmetric from the 1st loading-unloading
complexity in the soil response, depends up on the cycle with increasing shear strain. Since, at large cyclic
earthquake magnitude and soil types. This necessitates shear strains, significant amount of pore water pressure
the requirement of investigation and comprehension of (PWP) developed at the 1st cycle (N = 1), it is practically
the dynamic shear properties (shear modulus and infeasible to consider later cycles for the evaluation of
damping ratio) and behaviour of soils at different (low to damping ratio due to significant loss of energy in the 1st
high) strain level. The shear modulus represents the cycle. Hence, for the present study, the 1st cycle has been
stiffness of the soil, whereas the damping ratio signifies chosen for the evaluation of damping ratio at different γ
the percentage of energy loss per cycle of vibration = 0.015-4.5%. Figure 1 depicts the damping ratio based
(Kumar et al. 2017). Damping ratio is one of most on the SHL and ASHL at Dr = 30% and σʹc = 50-150 kPa
important parameter next to shear stiffness in the design for 1st cycle (N = 1).
of earthquake resistant structures because it can lead to
severe problem if not estimated properly.
Several researchers have used Symmetrical Hysteresis
Loop (SHL) corresponding to different loading-
unloading cycles to evaluate the damping ratio.
However, getting a SHL at large cyclic shear strains is
not completely true. In such condition, the damping ratio
based on SHL may lead to inaccurate estimation of
damping. This paper highlights a modified approach to
evaluate the damping ratio for an Asymmetrical Fig. 1 Damping ratio D and D# based on SHL and ASHL
Hysteresis Loop (ASHL) and also compared with SHL. 5. Conclusions
Damping ratio, D and D#, of saturated BS has been
Table-1 Physical properties of sand evaluated based on SHL and ASHL, respectively. It has
Unit weight Specific
D10 been observed that the D# exceeds D by 40-70% within a
Soil (kN/m3) gravity, Cu Cc shear strain range 0.15%-0.50%, followed by increasing
(mm)
γmax γmin G
deviation with increasing shear strain.
BS 16.84 13.85 2.7 0.13 1.47 1.09
References
3. Methodology Kiku, H. and Yoshida, N. (2000) Dynamic deformation
Brahmaputra Sand (BS) obtained from Guwahati region property tests at large strains. 12WCEE, New Zealand.
(Assam, India) has been used for the study. Index Kumar, S.S., Krishna, A.M. and Dey, A. (2017)
properties of the soil were determined as per relevant Evaluation of dynamic properties of sandy soil at high
standards and presented in Table 1. Strain-controlled cyclic strains. Submitted to Soil Dynamics and
Cyclic Triaxial (CT) tests were conducted on Earthquake Engineering.
isotropically consolidated soil specimens, prepared at Suetomi, I. and Yoshida, N. (1998) Nonlinear behavior
different relative density (Dr = 30, 60 and 90%) and of surface deposit during the 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu
consolidated to varying confining stress (σʹc = 50, 100 earthquake. Soils and Foundations, 38: 11-22.
255
Liquefaction Evaluation by Standard Penetration Test method

Comparative Study of 3 sites of Uttar Pradesh one each of
Zone III, IV and V
Anurag Kapoor
Arun Soil Lab Pvt. Ltd., E-11, First Floor, Lekhraj Market-1, Indira Nagar, Lucknow-226016
Email: arunsoillab.asl@gmail.com; anuragkapoor16@yahoo.co.in
Keywords: liquefaction; normalized standardized SPT blow count; seismic zone

1. Introduction of US EPA guidance for obtaining the k-values, where,
Liquefaction has been occurring in many earthquakes in CRRL - corrected critical stress ratio; CRR7.5 - critical
Japan since 1872. However, in 1964 two major stress ratio resisting liquefaction for 7.5 magnitude
earthquakes of Niigata, Japan and Alaska, United States earthquake; KM - magnitude correction factor; Kσ -
of America brought liquefaction to the forefront of correction factor for stress levels exceeding 1tsf; Kα -
interest because of liquefaction induced destruction correction factor for driving static shear stress if sloping
producing settlements of several feet, tilting up to 80°, ground conditions exist. Fourth step is to calculate
overturning of structures and flow failures as well. cyclic stress ratio that is design earthquake’s effect on
the critical zone (driving force) CSREQ = 0.65 (amax, z)/g
Methodology termed the ‘‘simplified procedure’’ x rd x (σv/σv′) where, CSREQ - uniform cyclic stress ratio
developed by H. B. Seed and I. M. Idriss for evaluating induced by earthquake; σv - total vertical stress; σv′ -
liquefaction resistance of soils is used for identification effective vertical stress; (amax, z)/g = Z, where Z is the
of potentially liquefiable soil layers based on percent zone factor as per IS: 1893 (Part 1) - 2002, amax, z -
fines content, soil classification, in-situ field density, maximum horizontal ground acceleration; g -
N60, (N1)60, position of water table, seismic zone and acceleration of gravity. The stress reduction factor (rd)
peak horizontal ground acceleration as well their when z is depth below ground surface in metre:
correlation with coefficient of curvature value along
with increase in depth of liquefiable zone from seismic rd = 1 – 0.00765z for z ≤9.15 m (1)
zone III to IV to V of the state of Uttar Pradesh. rd = 1.174 – 0.0267z for 9.15 m < z ≤ 23 m (2)
Factor of safety against liquefaction FS = CRRL/CSREQ
2. Motivation and Objective is found out at last, where Factor of Safety ≥ 1.00
Liquefaction is most important, interesting and complex implies the soil is safe against liquefaction.
phenomenon in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering.
Term Liquefied was first used by HAZEN in reference 4. Important Outcomes
to 1918 failure of The Calaveras Dam in California. Poorly graded sand-silt mixture of SM-SP/SP group IS
classification in water up to 15.00 metre depth below
The objective of the present work is to analyze the field ground level with (N1)60 value up to 24 and 1-5 percent
SPT data and find factor of safety – the ratio of resisting fine content are more vulnerable to being liquefied.
force to driving force for every observed SPT value
along the depth of exploration for 3 sites of Uttar 5. Conclusions
Pradesh one each of Zone III, IV and V and understand Non-cohesive soils with coefficient of curvature (Cc)
the intricacies of the factors affecting liquefaction. value 0.77 to 0.85 combined with outcomes mentioned
above are liquefiable with range of factor of safety
3. Methodology against liquefaction as 0.50 to 0.87 and observed an
Cohesion less soils due to difficulties in obtaining increase in depth of liquefiable zone below ground level
undisturbed samples is most often relied upon for in-situ with increasing seismic zone from III to IV to V.
testing; the commonest procedure being the Simplified
Procedure, the SPT blow count method of evaluation. References
First step is evaluating standardized SPT blow count Seed, H. B. and Idriss, I. M. (1971) Simplified
(N60), when N60 = NxC60, N are SPT values obtained at procedure for evaluating soil liquefaction potential,
site, C60 as product of various correction factors C60 = Journal Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engineering.
CHTCHWCSSCRLCBD. Second step involves calculating ASCE, 97(SM9), pp. 1249–1273,
normalized standardized SPT (N1)60 = CNxN60, where
stress normalization factor CN = 9.79 (1/σv′)1/2 as Youd, T. L. and Idriss, I. M. (1996 & 1998)
proposed by Liao and Whitman (1986). Third step is to Liquefaction Resistance of Soils: Summary Report of
find shear stress required to cause liquefaction (resisting NCEER and NCEER/NSF Workshops on Evaluation
force) CRRL = CRR7.5KMKσKα using graphical method of Liquefaction Resistance of Soils.
256
Poisson’s Ratio of Soils using Resonant Column Apparatus

Pankaj Rana
B. K. Maheshwari
E-mail : pankajranajnv@gmail.com; bkmaheshwari.iitr@gmail.com;
Keywords: Poisson’s ratio, resonant column apparatus.

1. Introduction
Poisson’s ratio is an elastic constant which tells us about
stress and deformation characteristics. Poisson’s ratio is
one of the dynamic soil property and these properties
are critical for structures subjected to vibration.
Poisson’s ratio has many applications in different class
of geotechnical problems, where proper evaluation of
this parameter is required. Yokota and Konno (1979)
have concluded that the Poisson’s ratio of sand in
satisfactory drained condition is about .3. It is expressed
as function of confining pressure and shear strain.
Kumar and Madhusudhan (2010) have concluded that
Poisson’s ratio of sand decreases with increase in Fig. 1 Poisson’s ratio with axial strain at RD= 50%,
relative density and confining pressure. CP=100kPa for different fines.
Poisson’s ratio for soils is determined using resonant CP=50kPa CP=100kPa
column tests. Also the variation of Poisson’s ratio with CP=150kPa
confining pressure, relative density and different fine
contents is studied.
0.4
Poisson's Ratio
3. Methodology
In this present study a fixed free type of resonant 0.2
column has been used for evaluation of Poisson’s ratio
of soils. A series of resonant column tests were 0
performed in which driven system allows soil specimen 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1
to be subjected to fundamental modes of vibration both Axial Strain (%)
in torsion and flexure. In this study, flexural tests and
torsional tests are performed on Solani river sand and
sample preparation has been done by wet-tamping Fig. 2 Variation of Poisson’s ratio for different
method. The effects of confining pressure (50kPa, confining pressure at RD=50%
100kPa & 150kPa), relative density (35%, 50% & 70%)
and fine content (5%, 10% and 15%) are discussed. 5. Conclusions
Physical properties of Solani sand are shown in Table 1. Poisson’s ratio of soil increases with fine content at a
Table-1 Physical properties of sands particular axial strain. It was observed that the Poisson’s
ratio of soil increases with increase in axial strain and
Soil G RD Cu Cc
decrease with the increase in confining pressure and
Solani relative density.
2.68 50% 1.96 1.15
sand
References
4. Important Outcomes Kumar, J. and Madhusudhan, B. N. (2010) Effect of

It can be observed from Fig.1 that Poisson’s ratio of relative density and confining pressure on Poisson
sand increases with axial strain. This also increases with ratio from bender and extender elements tests,
fine contents in the soil increases. Also it can be Geotechnique, 60(7), pp. 561-567.
observed from Fig. 2 that Poisson’s ratio of sand
Yokota, K. and Masashi K. (1979) Dynamic Poisson’s
increases with axial strain, also Poisson’s ratio is lower
ratio of soils measured by cyclic triaxial testing, OYO
for higher confining pressure.
Technical Report, No. 1.
257
Effects of Engineering Design Parameters on Elastic Soil-Structure

Interaction Response of Moment Resisting Framed Structures
Vishwajit Anand
Satish Kumar S R
E-mail : vishan1710@gmail.com; kim@iitm.ac.in
Keywords: Soil-Structure Interaction; Elastic response; Moment resisting framed structures

Observations from many earthquake damaged sites, Fig. 1 exhibits elongation in time period of structure
such as collapse of Hanshin Expressway in 1995 Kobe owing to its inertial interaction with the soil. The axes
Earthquake investigated by Mylonakis and Gazetas represent ratio of time periods of fixed-base system and
(2000), suggest significance of considering soil- SSI system to that of excitation. Fig. 2 reports effects of
structure interaction (SSI) in analyzing seismic response stiffness ratio (𝑆𝑅), presented as a plot of peak base
of a structure. Though most of the structures are
shear as a fraction of total structural weight (𝐶𝑠,𝑒 )
designed to behave inelastic under severe earthquakes,
𝑇
need of a proper understanding of elastic behaviour against SSI period ratio ( 𝑆𝑆𝐼⁄𝑇 ).
𝐸
under moderate earthquakes cannot be ignored. In
addition, machine foundations subjected to harmonic
excitations are supposed to remain elastic during its
usual occupancy. This article reports effects of
engineering parameters, commonly discussed in design
process, on elastic SSI response of moment resisting
framed structures founded on an embedded raft.
NIST (2012) mentions that despite a vast research in
field of SSI, it has been scarcely employed in the design
philosophy because of inherent complexity and lack of Fig. 1 Elongation in time period of structure due to inertial SSI
clearly laid provisions in building codes. This poses a
need to develop a procedure which is capable to predict
structural response with sufficient accuracy while being
simple to use in regular design practice.
3. Methodology
Inertial interaction effects are studied based on Gazetas
(1991) by considering two major shifts: elongation in
time period and modification in damping of the
structure-soil system. Kinematic interaction has been Fig. 2 Effects of stiffness ratio on elastic SSI response
ignored.
A number of parameters controlling SSI response of 5. Conclusions
structures have been enlisted in literature. The most SSI makes a structure flexible and can be characterized
significant parameter is ratio of stiffness of structure to by structure-to-soil stiffness ratio. The present
that of soil and involves both geometrical and material parametric study can be utilized as a reference for
properties. This study considers two more parameters quickly assessing SSI effects for a proposed
which are purely geometrical in nature and signify construction as it reports results in terms of familiar
aspect of the structure in plan and elevation. The response spectra.
respective effects have been studied by analysing a set
References
of single degree of freedom (SDOF) systems with
different natural time periods to a certain sinusoidal Mylonakis, G., and Gazetas, G. (2000) Seismic soil-structure
interaction: Beneficial or detrimental?. Journal of Earthquake
excitation, while varying the concerned parameter and Engineering, 4, 377-401.
keeping the other two parameters unchanged. Gazetas, G. (1991) Formulas and Charts for Impedances of Surface and
Embedded Foundations. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 117(9),
1363-1381.
258
Seismic Base Isolation using Soft Clay

Tarun Semwal
Ashim Kanti Dey
E-mail : semwaltarun@gmail.com; ashim_kanti@yahoo.co.in
Keywords: Soft Clay, shear stiffness, seismic waves, base isolation.

1. Introduction also measured for the fame without the clay damper. It
Seismic base isolation is a technique which has been was found that the magnitude of maximum acceleration
used for a long time to prevent structures from extensive was reduced by 50% with installation of the clay
damage due to earthquake. It has been used to separate damper. SAP2000 software was used to obtain
or reduce the vibrations of superstructure from that of deformations at the floor levels with and without the
ground. Although a number of studies have been damper. The result also shows a decrease in amplitude
conducted on effective base isolators, but an economic
and acceptable isolator is still not achieved. Soft clay 5. Conclusions
with high water content is a good damper and thus may From the present study some important conclusions are
be used as an isolator (Robert, 1969). The damping ratio drawn. The damping ratio of soft clay increases with
depends on degree of saturation also (Madhusudhan and increase in water content. Maximum damping ration
Kimar, 2013). In the present study effect of soft clay on was observed when the water content is around the
vibration attenuation has been studied using a two liquid limit. The clay damper can be suitably used for
storied RC model frame fitted to a unidirectional shaker. reduction of vibration amplitude. Squeezing of soft clay
The results have been compared using structural under a vertical load can be easily arrested with proper
analysis software SAP 2000. The effect of varying pasting of the geomembrane. Evaporation of moisture of
saturation on damping property of the soft clay has been the soft clay was not observed, since the tests were
studied. carried out in a place with high water table. The clay
damper can be economically used for low rise buildings.
To study the effectiveness of soft clay to reduce the References
vibration amplitude induced due to unidirectional Robert D, Szonniand George M.B (1969),“Wave
vibrations and to obtain variation of damping ratio at attenuation in saturated sediments”, The Journal of
different water contents. the Acoustical Society of America, 13.2; 11.3;
3. Methodology 10.6, Nov 10.
Resonant column test was carried out on clay sample Madhusudhan, B. N., Kumar, J. (2013),Damping of
with 50%, 55% and 65% moisture content when it was Sands for Varying Saturation”, J. Geotech.
known from the index properties that LL and PL of the Geoenviron. Eng., 2013, 139(9): 1625-1630.
clay are 70% and 27% respectively. Unidirectional
shake table test was carried out on a two storied RC
frame and induced accelerations at floor levels were
obtained. The frame was placed over the soft clay
damper and the induced accelerations at floor levels were
obtained. These results were compared. SAP2000 was
also used to obtain the deformations of the structure.
A typical variation of damping ratio with confining
pressure at different water contents is determined. It is
observed with increase in water content the damping
ration increases. Clay dampers were prepared by
wrapping very soft clay having water content around
65% with geomembranes. The size of each damper was
kept as 200 x 200x 100 mm high. The dampers were
placed below the footings of a two storied model frame.
Accelerometers were placed at tie beam level, first floor
level and second floor level. The accelerations at these
three levels were
259
Liquefaction Potential Assessment of an Institute Campus

Nishant Nilay
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna- 801103
E-mail: nishant.mtce16@iitp.ac.in, pradipt@iitp.ac.in
Keywords: Liquefaction; Factor of safety; Frequency of failure; Liquefaction potential index

1. Introduction 1) spreading over 502 acres areas. The FOS is
Liquefaction is a phenomenon wherein saturated sand calculated here as the ratio of CRR and CSR. The FOS
subjected to cyclic loading loses its shear strength, value greater than 1 signifies safety against liquefaction.
partially or fully. Unlike fine grained soil this Finally, an attempt was made to obtain liquefaction
phenomenon mostly seen in loose coarse grained soil potential map of IIT Patna Bihta campus based on the
like sand which shows contractive behavior under cyclic factor of safety value obtained for design PGA value.
loading. Formations of sand boils were reported in
many areas in Bihar during the past earthquakes (1934, 4. Important Outcomes
1988). Therefore, in this present study an attempt has Contour maps and histogram are prepared to delineate
been taken to assess the liquefaction potential of minimum FOS value and the probability of liquefaction
saturated cohesionless deposits at IIT Patna campus. at every test locations respectively. Zonation map
Cyclic stress ratio (CSR) and cyclic resistance ratio prepared for IIT Patna campus representing very high,
(CRR) were calculated for evaluation of liquefaction high, moderate, and low liquefiable zones based on
potential. Calculation of CRR was based on CPT data liquefaction potential index (LPI) values.
and the procedure suggested by Robertson (2009). 5. Conclusions
The liquefaction potential of IIT Patna campus was
Evaluation of liquefaction potential will help in assessed and a contour map representing factor of safety
mitigating its effects by adopting remedial measures against liquefaction of institute campus soil was
before construction. The objective of this study is to prepared. From the study it has been concluded that:
obtain liquefaction potential of IIT Patna campus soil 1) Zonation map prepared for the campus representing
which will further leads to performance based design. high, moderate and low liquefaction susceptible
areas in the campus.
2) The FOS values obtained for clay like soil layers
were always more than 1 hence satisfying the
recommendation of Robertson and Wride (1998).
References
Anbazhagan, P., Bajaj, K., & Patel, S. (2015) Seismic
hazard maps and spectrum for Patna considering
region-specific seismotectonic parameters, Natural
Hazards, 78(2), 1163-1195.
Robertson, P. K., andWride, C. E. (1998) Evaluating
cyclic liquefaction potential using the cone
Fig. 1 CPT test locations in IIT Patna Campus (C1, C2, … penetration test, Can. Geotech. J., Ottawa, 35(3), pp.
C15) 442–459.
3. Methodology Robertson, P. K. (2009) Evaluation of flow liquefaction
The present study is based on the methodology and liquefied strength using the cone penetration test.
suggested by Robertson and Wride (1998), discussed by Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental
Youd et al. (2001) and later on modified by Robertson Engineering, 136(6), pp. 842-853.
(2009). The soil has been classified using the soil
behavior type index (Ic). According to IS 1893 (2002) Youd et al. (2001) Liquefaction resistance of soils:
IIT Patna campus lies in zone IV. The PGA values for summary report from the 1996 NCEER and 1998
safety and serviceability criteria were calculated based NCEER/ NSF workshops on evaluation of
on Anbazhagan et al. (2015). The liquefaction liquefaction resistance ofsoils. J Geotech Geoenviron
susceptibility was evaluation in terms of factor of safety Eng (ASCE) 127(10), pp. 817–833
(FOS) based on CPT data recorded at 15 locations (Fig.
260
Small Strain Dynamic Behavior of Sand and Sand-Crumb Rubber

Mixture in Dry Condition
Sukanta Das
Debjit Bhowmik
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Silchar,, Assam 788010
Email: sukanta1993das@gnmail.com; debit@civil.nits.ac.in
Keywords: Crumb rubber; Resonant Column test; Dynamic shear modulus; Damping ratio
1. Introduction the soil was used to prepare the samples of constant

A study on the dynamic behavior of sand and crumb volume for RCA tests to achieve different relative
rubber mixtures has been presented in this paper. A set densities (RD). The fixed-free boundary condition was
of resonant column tests are conducted to determine used in this experiment. RCA test were performed at dry
different dynamic properties of sand and crumb rubber condition and at different Cell Pressure (CP). All the
mixtures at small strain level. The crumb rubber is mixed sand-crumb rubber mixtures are tested for 50% RD
in different percentages with sand to improve the under four different CP. The sample diameter and height
dynamic properties of sand. In the present study, uniform are 70 and 140 mm respectively. Calibration test has
size of the crumb rubber has been used. The tests are been conducted for the determination of different
conducted for different relative densities (40, 50, and 60 dynamic properties of sample. The strain level has been
%), under different confining pressures (50, 100, 150 and varied between 0.001 to 0.1% in this present work.
200 kPa) on local Barak river sand and also on mixture
of Barak river sand and different quantities of crumbed 4. Important outcomes:
rubber (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 %). The effect of different The shear modulus value increases with the increase in
influencing parameters on shear modulus and damping CP and RD. Whereas, damping ratio decreases with
ratio of the soil sample at low strain condition has been increase in CP and RD for sand in dry condition.
studied in the present work. Shear wave velocity, shear
modulus, and damping ratio are the most important 5. Conclusions
dynamic properties of soil for the analysis and design of Crumb rubber content also influences the dynamic
structures subjected to dynamic loads such as earthquake properties of sand. Initially, the shear modulus increases
shaking, machinery vibrations, blast forces, traffic and damping ratio decreases with increase in rubber
loading, etc. Tire waste is an enormous global problem content. Further addition of rubber causes decrease in
because of their non-biodegradability and their chemical shear modulus and increase in damping ratio. At 3%
composition. It leads to leaching of toxic substances into crumb rubber inclusion shows the maximum shear
the ground on dumping and hazardous fumes modulus value and minimum damping ratio. The
on incineration. Recently disposed tires have been used damping ratio of 100KPa confining pressure is 3.42% of
as a recycling material in geotechnical field (Lee et al. damping ratio of 50KPa confining pressure, in average
2009). Later on dynamic properties of granular soil- of all specimens.
rubber mixtures were studies at dry condition with high References:
relative densities (Anastasios et al., 2011).
Anastasios, A., Kostas, S., and Kyriazia, P. (2011)
2. Motivation and Objective Small-strain shear modulus and damping ratio of sand-
To study the effect of crumb rubber on dynamic rubber and gravel-rubber mixtures, Geotechnical and
behaviour of sand and suggest a suitable combination of Geol Engineering.
rubber and sand as effective dynamic isolating material.
Lee, C., Truong, Q. H., Lee, W., ad Lee, J. S. (2009)
3. Methodology Characteristics of rubber-sand particle mixture
Routine laboratory tests such as Sieve analysis, Specific according to size ratio, J. Materials in Civil Eng.,
gravity test, Relative density test etc. were carried out to ASCE.
find different physical and index properties of the
sample. Resonant Column test (RCA) was used for
determining dynamic properties of sand and sand-crumb
rubber mixture under different condition. Crumb rubber
particles passed through 2.36 mm and retained on 1.18
mm being used in this present work. Required mass of
261
Dynamic Soil Structure Interaction of Earthen Dam With and Without

Geotextile
Sridevi G
Shivaraj S Antaratana
Sudarshan G Gouda
Department of Civil Engineering, B.V.RAJU Institute of Technology NARSAPUR, NARSAPUR – 502313
E-mail: sridevi.g@bvrit.ac.in; shivaraj.a@bvrit.ac.in; sudarshan.g@bvrit.ac.in
Keywords: Soil Structure Interaction; ANSYS; Geo-textile; Earthen Dam.

1. Introduction subgrade using Finite element method. The properties of
Soil-structure interaction is recognized as an important the materials, dynamic seismic loads, site effects are
factor that significantly affects the relative structure prime factors considered to evaluate the behaviour of
response, motion of base and motion of surrounding soil. earthen embankments. 2D model of earthen dam is
It is also observed that large concentration of damage in developed using CivilFEM software.
Embankment dams during an earthquake is due to site
dependent factors related to surface geological 4. Important Outcomes
conditions and local soil. The Embankment dams are not  Dynamic soil structure interaction between
inherently stable against seismic loads unless they earthen dam and subgrade.
designed to withstand strong earthquakes. Disruption of  Displacement of earthen dam subjected to
the dam by major fault movements in the foundation, dynamic seismic loads in both vertical and
slope failure induced by ground motions, sliding of the horizontal directions for both models i.e. with
dam on weak foundation material, piping failure through and without Geotextile.
cracks induced by ground motions are some of the  Maximum stress developed in earthen dam
possible effects that may cause failure of earthen dams. subjected to dynamic seismic loads in both
B.Pallavi et al (2013) studied dynamic soil structure vertical and horizontal directions for both
interaction between soil and foundation. The soil models i.e. with and without Geotextile.
beneath the foundation is modelled based on Drucker- 5. Conclusions
Prager nonlinear theory. The interactive response is  Marked reduction in the vertical displacement
studied by considering the Bhuj ground motion with was observed when geotextile is placed below
PGA 0.31g. the embankment i.e. 80% in clayey sand,
2. Motivation and Objective 82.2% in well graded sand and 97.96% in
 To study the stability of the Embankment dam poorly graded sand.
subjected to seismic loads.  Displacement of the embankment was
 Effect of the Geo-textile layer between earthen observed to be nonlinear for the embankment
dam and substructure on the stresses developed in without geo textile. Considerable reduction in
the body of the earthen dam. lateral displacements were observed In the
 Effect of soil parameters on Stresses developed in model with geo textile i.e. 82.36% in clayey
earthen dam. sand, 81.98% in well graded sand and 99.45%
in poorly graded sand.
3. Methodology
The Properties of sub soil used in the present study are References
given in Table 1. Krishna, A.M. and Dey, A. (2014) Effect of Soil
Table 1. Soil properties Structure Interaction on Gravity Dam, Volume 2, Issue
7, International Journal of Modern Trends in
E
Soil Type μ γ d (kN/cu.m ) Engineering and Research (IJMTER)
(N/m2)
Well Graded K. S. Vipin, P. Anbazhagan, and T. G. Sitharam (2009)
8x107 0.3 20.39 Estimation of peak ground acceleration and spectral
Sand
Clayey sand 7x106 0.3 18.35 acceleration for South India with local site effects:
probabilistic approach Department of Civil
Poorly Graded Engineering, IISc, Bangalore-560012, India.
8x106 0.3 19.39
sand
This paper presents an analytical method for non-linear
dynamic soil-structure interaction of earthen dam and
262
Dynamic Behavior of Pile Supported Machine Foundation with

Different Pile Configuration Parameters
Yati R. Tank
Aditya Bhatt
Hitesh K. Dhameliya
Department of Civil Engineering, Chhotubhai Gopalbhai Patel Institute of Technology, UTU, Bardoli – 394350
E-mail: yati.tank@utu.ac.in; hitesh.dhameliya@utu.ac.in
Akhilesh R. Tank
Deputy Manager, Infinite Civil Solutions Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad - 380060
E-mail: akhilesh_tank@yahoo.co.in
Keywords: dynamics, pile, amplitude check, L/D ratio, frequency check

This article presents behavior of pile supported block It has been observed that as the pile cap thickness
type reciprocating machine foundation with an increases from 0 to 0.75 m (pile diameter constant), the
application of harmonic sinusoidal excitation along with frequency ratio decreases i.e. the frequency of vibration
the various combination of pile configuration increases and the displacement of vibration decreases. It
parameters for medium soil condition to predict the is because, as the pile cap thickness increases, the
dynamic behavior of the same and to compare their stiffness of pile cap increases so the frequency ratio and
performance from frequency as well as amplitude point amplitude of vibration decreases.
of view to arrive at best suitable foundation by SAP:
2000 Vs. 16 Software approach.
An attempt has been made to model a simple machine
foundation (without pile and pile cap) in SAP: 2000 Vs.
16 along with the different models comprising of
various pile configuration parameters as, ratio of length Fig. 2 Displacement Vs. Node Fig. 3 Frequency Ratio Vs.
number of 0.5 m dia pile for Mode number of 0.5 m dia pile
to diameter of pile (L/D), constant pile cap thickness
various pile cap thickness for various pile cap thickness
and spacing between two adjacent piles with the
constant value of shear wave velocity ratio for medium 5. Conclusions
soil condition to check the dynamic behavior of the The results of resonance check shows that as the
same and the results are compared based on their thickness of pile cap increases from 0 to 0.75 m (pile
performance from frequency as well as amplitude point diameter constant), the frequency of vibration increases
of view to arrive at best suitable foundation and general i.e. the frequency ratio decreases. It is because, as the
conclusion have been made. pile cap thickness increases, the stiffness of pile cap
3. Methodology increases so the frequency ratio decreases. And it is
A model of compressor machine foundation has been becomes too less than 0.8 i.e. safe. The results of
simulated by solid elements in SAP 2000 V. 16. The amplitude check show that as the thickness of pile cap
operating frequency of machine is 628 rpm. The increases from 0 to 0.75 m (pile diameter constant), the
machine components have been modeled with rigid displacement of vibration decreases. It is because, as the
links by draw 2 joint link command connecting C.G. of pile cap thickness increases, the stiffness of pile cap
machine components and their supports. And soil pile increases so amplitude of vibration decreases.
interaction model has been simulated in SAP 2000 V. References
16 by modeling each pile as a spring dashpot having
stiffness and dynamic pile stiffness and damping. Bharathi M., Dhiraj Raj, Dr. R.N. Dubey, “Codal
Provisions for Design of Machine Foundations – A
Review”, International Symposium Geohazards:
Science, Engineering and Management, Kathmandu,
Nepal November 20-21, 2014.
Srinivasulu P. and Vaidyanathan C.V. (1976),
“Handbook of Machine Fundations”, Tata McGraw
Fig. 1 Pile supported machine foundation in SAP: 2000 Vs. 16 Hill, New Delhi.
263
Effect of Strain Localization on Narrow Backfilled Width Retaining

Walls Subjected to Seismic Loading
Shaik Moin Ahmed
B Munwar Basha
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy – 502285.
E-mail: smatabrez@gmail.com; basha@iith.ac.in
Arif Ali Baig Moghal

Department of Civil Engineering, SRM University AP Amaravathi – 522502
E-mail: reach2arif@gmail.com
Keywords: Narrow backfill; Retaining wall; Strain Localization, Seismic Loading

1. Introduction peak reduction in friction angle using modified
A new analytical method is proposed based on pseudo- Mononobe-Okabe method by Basha and Babu (2010) and
static and limit equilibrium method in the prediction of Greco (2014).
seismic active earth pressure on narrow backfill width
retaining walls. It is considered that the backfill behind 4. Important Outcomes
rigid retaining walls subjected to earthquake loading. The seismic active earth pressure coefficients under
During the strong earthquakes, the backfills subject to strong earthquake are obtained and shown in Fig. 1
strain localization and thereby post-peak reduction occurs
in the shear resistance of dense backfill soils. Therefore,
it is important to understand the influence of interface
friction angle between the retaining wall and backfill soil,
and the distance of rock face from the heel of the gravity
wall on the magnitude of seismic active earth pressure, the
point of application of the seismic active earth pressure.
The classical earth pressure theories, which are not
appropriate for narrow backfill retaining walls in static
design and for seismic design. The pseudo-static method
has been extended to the narrow backfill retaining walls.
This is further enhanced by the fact that in most static &
in seismically active areas, there are absolutely no codal
provisions available for the design of narrow backfill Fig. 1. Effect of  on Kae
retaining walls. The objective of the problem is to provide 5. Conclusions
the simple and easy design for the narrow backfill width The present study reports three wedge failure mechanism
retaining wall under static and dynamic loading with pseudo static limit equilibrium method considering
conditions considering the strain localization effect and the effect of strain localization and post peak reduction in
post-peak reduction in friction angle. friction angle for computing the seismic active earth
pressure coefficient behind narrow backfilled width
3. Methodology retaining walls. The effect of stain localization and post
The design methodology is not very evident at present for peak reduction in friction angle on the seismic design of
earth retaining structures placed adjacent to rock face with gravity retaining walls will be discussed.
narrow backfill width. The analytical methods for
evaluating seismic active earth pressure like Mononobe- 6. References
Okabe method are inappropriate when the backfill behind
a retaining wall is narrow. This is due to the inadequate Basha, B.M. and Babu, G.L.S (2010). Optimum design
development of active thrust wedge in the shape and size of bridge abutments under high seismic loading, J
as predicted by these methods. Therefore, an analytical Earthquake Engineering, 14(6), pp. 874–897.
method is developed to obtain the seismic active earth Greco, V.R. (2014). Analytical solution of the seismic
pressure exerted by the backfill of narrow width on pseudo static thrust acting on fascia retaining walls.
retaining walls considering strain localization. Three Soil Dyn. and Earthquake Engg., 57, pp. 25-36.
different failure mechanisms of the active wedge are
considered. A new formulation is proposed under the
seismic condition including strain localization and post-
264
Effect of Frequency on Dynamic Soil Properties using Cyclic Triaxial

Apparatus
Shahbaz Alam
Bal Krishna Maheshwari
Department of earthquake engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee – 247667
E-mail: shahbaziitr@gmail.com; bkmaheshwari.iitr@gmail.com;
Keywords: Shear modulus (G); Damping ratio (D); Solani Sand;

1. Introduction
5
The cyclic triaxial test has been the most commonly used
Shear Modulus (MPa)

test for measurement of dynamic soil properties at high 4
strain levels. An experimental study has been carried out
using cyclic triaxial apparatus on the sand samples 3
obtained from the bed of Solani River which passes 2
through the Roorkee city which lies on the seismically Rd = 40%
γ = 1%
vulnerable area of Himalayan region. The Solani sand 1
covers most of the area of the Roorkee city so it’s very
important to study the behavior of the soil under the 0
0 1 2 3 4
earthquake condition. Frequncy (Hz)
2. Motivation and Objective Fig. 1 Variation of shear modulus with frequency for Solani
The effect of frequency on the dynamic soil properties Sand
has been rarely reported in previous studies. A few 5. Conclusions
researchers like Sitharam et al. (2008) have studied the The effect of frequency on the dynamic properties of
effect. The objective of this study is to see the influence saturated sand samples indicate that the frequency of
of loading frequency on the shear modulus and damping loading is not much significant for shear modulus but
ratio considering the effect of various parameters that are there is a decreasing trend with increase in the frequency
shear strain, confining pressure, relative density and for the range of frequencies adopted in this study. The
degree of saturation. variation, i.e. decrement in the values of shear modulus
3. Methodology is by 11.2% within the frequency range of 0.5Hz to 3Hz.
The laboratory testing on these soils was carried out as This finding is in close agreement with the results
per the specification laid down by ASTM: D 3999 code reported by Govindaraju (2005). There are many more
using cyclic triaxial apparatus. Strain controlled cyclic results to show and more tests are being conducted at
triaxial tests were carried out to evaluate the soil higher strains and higher relative densities for both dry
dynamic properties on the consolidated undrained soil and saturated samples.
samples. For the preparation of sample, water References
sedimentation method has been used. Physical properties
of the Solani sand are shown in Table- 1. ASTM D3999-91 (Reproduced 1996). “Standard Test
Methods for the Determination of the Modulus and
Table-1 Physical properties of Solani Sand Damping Properties of Soils using the Cyclic Triaxial
Apparatus”, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1996,
Soil G Cu Cc Rd(%) Vol. 04, No. 08, pp. 1-15.
Solani
2.68 1.96 1.15 40 Govindaraju, L. (2005). “Liquefaction and Dynamic
sand Properties of Sandy Soils”, Ph.D thesis, Submitted to
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of
science, Bangalore, India.
Fig. 1 shows the variation of shear modulus with loading
frequency for the soil sample with relative density of Sitharam, T. G. Ravishankar, B. V. and Vinod, J. S.
40% at shear strain=1.0% and confining pressure of (2008). “Evaluation of undrained response from
100kPa. drained triaxial shear tests: DEM simulations and
Experiments”, Geotechnique 58, No. 7, 605–608.
265
Liquefaction Characterization for the Soil of Champaknagar Village

in Tripura
Suman Nath
Sanjay Paul
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Jirania – 799046
E-mail : sumannathlucky@gmail.com; sanjaypaul76@gmail.com
Keywords: Cyclic stress ratio; Cyclic resistance ratio; Factor of safety against liquefaction; Standard penetration
resistance; Settlement due to liquefaction.
In the present study an attempt has been made to carry Fig. 1 shows the variation of factor of safety against
out the study of liquefaction characteristics of the soil of depth. Liquefaction can occur when the factor of safety
Champaknagar village in Jirania Tehsil in West Tripura values become less than 1. The factor of safety values
District of Tripura State, India. Champaknagar village is are less than 1 up to the depth 15 m and becomes greater
located 25 kms towards East from State capital Agartala than 1 beyond the depth of 15 m.
and in zone V on the seismicity map of India. The
medium size earthquake (magnitude ≥ 5.0) are quite
common here. For the present study the borehole
locations are selected at Champaknagar H.S. School site.
At this location, the soil profile contain brownish to
reddish silty sandy clay in top layer and yellowish to
greyish silty clayey sand in bottom layer. The ground
water table is normally located about 80 cm below the
ground surface. The different Standard Penetration
Resistance values have been collected from the Tripura
Housing and Construction Board and Urban
Development Department, Government of Tripura.
The main objective of the present study is to characterize Fig. 1 Variation of factor of safety against depth in a typical
the liquefaction behavior of the soil of Champaknagar location at Champaknagar.
village. The factor of safety values against liquefaction 5. Conclusions
at different depths to be presented in this study. Also the The liquefaction tends to occurs at shallow depth from
attempts to be made to find the settlement at the soil the ground surface and the tendency reduces for the
layers due to liquefaction. greater depths. The average ground surface settlement is
3. Methodology approximately about 3.00 % with respect to overall depth
To carry out the liquefaction characterization study of of the site.
Champaknagar village, the approaches given by Seed References
and Idriss (1971) and also by Seed et al. (1983) are used.
To achieve the desired objectives, the following Seed, H.B. and Idriss, I.M. (1971) Simplified procedure
methodology to be used: for evaluating soil liquefaction potential, Journal of
* The necessary corrections to be applied against the the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE,
observed values of Standard Penetration Resistance 107(SM9), pp. 1249 – 1274.
values Seed, H.B., Idriss, I.M. and Arango, I. (1983) Evaluation
* The different values of Cyclic Stress Ratio and Cyclic of liquefaction potential using field performance data,
Resistance Ratio to be calculated against depth Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 109(3),
* Also the settlements due to liquefaction to be pp. 458 - 482.
calculated against depth.
Table 1 shows the collected values of SPT number for a
typical borehole at Champaknagar site.
Table-1 Typical borehole data at Champaknagar site
Depth (m) 3.0 6.0 9.0 12.0 15.0 18 19.5
SPT Number 9 10 5 3 5 100 100
266
Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis of Vishakhapatnam

Swathi Priyadarsini Putti
Neelima Satyam D
Geotechnical Engg. Lab, EERC, International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad, Gachibowli – 500032
E-mail: putti.priyadarsini@research.iiit.ac.in;neelima.satyam@iiit.ac.in
Keywords: return period; Seismic hazard analysis; probability; Vishakhapatnam

This article briefs the results of probabilistic seismic The Gutenberg-Richter relationship was represented by
hazard analysis (PSHA) of Vishakhapatnam city, Andhra the plot below
Pradesh. Probability analysis was carried out considering
seismo-tectonic parameters of the study area which is
300km radius around Vishakhapatnam taking it as
center. Seismic hazard parameters ‘a’ and ‘b’ have been
evaluated considering the available earthquake data
using Gutenberg–Richter (G–R) relationship utilizing
available earthquake catalogs. There is no information
on these parameters for this particular region from the
past literature. generally a higher value of b indicates
smaller fraction of a total earthquake count when lower
value of b indicates higher earthquake count (Kobe
1994).Various researchers established Gutenberg–
Ritcher parameters based on region specific and some of
the equations related to India by Kaila (1972), Sitharam
and Anbazhagan (2007) Vipin K.S (2009). Jaiswal and
Sinha (2006) have suggested value of b is 0.88 plus or
minus 0.7, as per Ram and Rathore (1970) a=4.58 and b=
0.891.
2. Motivation and Objective Fig. 2 plot of log (cumulative earthquakes) Vs magnitude
It is evident that seismic hazard assessment was carried
out for many regions of peninsular India from past 5. Results
literature. Studies were carried out for the whole PSHA provides a quantitative method of assessing
country and also for few peninsular states/cities. In seismic hazard, yielding results that are easily interpreted
spite of the previous seismic hazard studies extended and can be directly applied in seismic risk computations.
efforts are vital to overcome the constraints of the past The values of a and b parameters from Gutenberg-
studies and to extend the studies to other states Richter relation obtained from the present study are
incorporating the latest events of seismicity data and 2.249 and 0.6841 respectively.
local geological changes. References
3. Methodology Kaila KL, Gaur VK, Narain Hari (1972) Quantitative
The seismo-tectonic data required for the study were seismicity maps of India. Bull Seismol Soc Am
extracted from seismo-tectonic map of India using Open- 62:1119–1131
jump software and earthquake data of the region was
taken from year 1820-2017 from earthquake records of P. Anbazhagan, J. S. Vinod,T. G. Sitharam,Probabilistic
USGS. Using MATLAB program which was exclusively seismic hazard analysis for Bangalore Natural Hazards,
developed for PSHA the probability for having different February 2009, Volume 48, Issue2, pp 145–166
magnitude earthquakes for predefined return periods of
B.V.K Lalith Kumar, G.V Rama Rao and K Srinivasa
50,100,150,200,250,300,350,400,450 and 500 years was
Rao Seismic Hazard Analysis of Low Seismic
calculated. The total numbers of faults considered for
Regions, Visakhapatnam: Probabilistic Approach, J.
this study are 103 and only one epicenter was found in
Ind. Geophys. Union (January 2012) Vol.16, No.1,
the 300km radius around Vishakhapatnam. Gutenberg-
pp.11-20
Richter’s relationship was used to characterize the
seismicity of the study region.
Log10 (λm) = a - bM
267
Application of GIS in Liquefaction Susceptibility Mapping of Fine

Grain Soil for Agartala City
Shuvankar Das
Sima Ghosh
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Agartala-799046
E-mail: shuvankardas59@gmail.com; simacvl@gmail.com;
N. Bhaskara Rao
Water Resource Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada-520007
E-mail: bhaskar.nird@gmail.com
Keywords: Liquefaction Susceptibility; QGIS; Interpolation methods; GPS; Agartala;

1. Introduction identification method. The liquefaction susceptibility
Liquefaction is one of the most important and interesting map of 3m depth is presented in figure 1.
phenomena in earthquake geotechnical engineering.
During an earthquake, pore water pressure of the soil
increases rapidly. So, the shear strength of the soil starts
to decrease and ultimately becomes zero. For that reason,
the soil behaves like a liquid. In past, several devastating
failures were occurred due to liquefaction in different
parts of the world. For so many years, it is considered
that liquefaction is only occurred in loose, saturated and
cohesionless soil. After so many liquefaction events in
fine grain soil, liquefaction susceptibility becomes the
first step to carry out in liquefaction hazard analysis.
Every type of soil is not susceptible to liquefaction. If the
soil layer is found as not susceptible to liquefaction, then
it can be concluded that liquefaction hazards will not
occur there and if soil is found as susceptible to
liquefaction, then the liquefaction initiation and effects
have to carry out to identify the liquefaction hazard.
Geographical Information System (GIS) is very useful
tool to represent the liquefaction susceptibility as a map.
The liquefaction susceptibility of the greater Agartala Fig. 1 Liquefaction Susceptibility map using Bray and Sancio
city at a depth of 3m and 6m from EGL would be (2006).
developed as a map in GIS platform. 5. Conclusions
In Agartala city area most of the locations are found non-
3. Methodology susceptible to liquefaction although some area such as
Around ninety-five bore hole soil data in Agartala city
Golchakkar, R.M.S Chowmuhani, Gandhighat,
are selected in this study. Liquefaction susceptibility is
Ramnagar, Battala, different location near Haora river
carried out at two depths using Bray and Sancio (2006)
and Some locations in Dhaleswar are found susceptible
and Boulanger and Idriss (2006). The GPS data for the
to liquefaction.
borehole locations are carried out using Google earth and
some data are verified using trimble hand GPS device. References
Quantum GIS (QGIS) is used as GIS platform and the
characterization of liquefaction susceptibility is carried Boulanger, R.W. and Idriss, I. M. (2006) Liquefaction
out using inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation susceptibility criteria for silts and clays. J.
technique to generate susceptibility map. Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Eng., ASCE
132(11), 1413–1426
Liquefaction susceptibility map is generated for 3m and Bray, J. D. and Sancio, R. B. (2006) Assessment of the
6m from EGL in the selected location of Agartala city liquefaction susceptibility of fine-grained soils. J.
using two popular liquefaction susceptibility Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Eng., ASCE
132(9), 1165–1177.
268
Quantification of Seismic hazard for Mangalore Region.

Shreyasvi C
Katta Venkataramana
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangalore – 575025
E-mail: shreyasvic@gmail.com; ven.nitk@gmail.com
Keywords: Seismicity; attenuation; hazard curve; Site response analysis; Amplification of bedrock motion.
Mangalore is one of the coastal cities on the western Site-specific response spectrum considering the local soil
margin of the Peninsular India. Due to continuous conditions which are lateritic in nature is developed. This
seafloor spreading, the region is subjected to moderate response spectrum can be used in the analysis and design
seismic activity from time to time and also this region of major industrial structures, infrastructure facilities and
falls in seismic zone III. In this paper, the hazard study is other buildings of economic importance for seismic
carried out for Mangalore and its surrounding areas loading.
within a radius of 350km. This study is an attempt to
understand the seismic potential of the study area which
has always been undermined considering it to be
seismically inactive.
Mangalore is a hub for industries and port structures
which demands thorough estimation of the seismic
hazard. Hence, this study focuses on quantification of
seismic hazard in a probabilistic manner and to
understand the behaviour of local lateritic soil and their
seismic response by response analysis to generate hazard
curve at surface level.
3. Methodology Fig. 1: Comparison of the Hazard spectrum obtained from the
The information about seismicity of the study area is study with that of IS 1893 design spectrum.
essential in quantifying its associated seismic hazard. In 5. Conclusions
this regard, the tectonic features existing in the area Based on this study, it can be concluded that
along with the data on past earthquake occurrences were
 The study area is susceptible to moderate
utilized in understanding the seismic potential of the
region. Based on the observed seismicity, the entire earthquakes and hence, the buildings must be
study region was classified into four seismogenic source designed for seismic loads.
zones and each zone has been characterized  The observed intensity measure at bedrock level and
independently. The propagation of the seismic waves the surface level at the three borehole locations (BH-
from its source to a local site of interest was quantified 1, BH-2, BH-3) are 0.0998g, 0.487g, 0.77g and
using the Ground Motion Prediction Equations (GMPEs) 0.533g respectively.
proposed by Iyengar et al (2010) and three other
equations developed for a similar tectonic regime. The References
seismicity parameters along with the GMPEs are used as
input in estimating seismic hazard using CRISIS 2014. Anbazhagan, P., and T. G. Sitharam (2010). Correlation
The response spectrum obtained at the bedrock level is between low shear strain modulus and standard
further used in generating a compatible acceleration time penetration test ‘N’ values, Proceedings of Fifth
history to perform site response analysis in developing International Conference on Recent Advances in
response spectrum at the bedrock level. The correlation Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil
proposed by Anbazhagan and Sitharam (2010) has been Dynamics. San Diego, California 1.13b, 10pp.
used in computing shear velocity from SPT ‘N’ Iyengar, R. N., Chadha, R. K., Balaji Rao, K., &
values.The site response analysis was performed for a Raghukanth, S. T. G. (2010). Development of
borehole located in Surathkal area subjected to a scaled probabilistic seismic hazard map of India. Report on
ground motion of Bhuj earthquake using SHAKE 2000 the National Disaster Management Authority,
computer program. The variation of ground motion Government of India, India.
parameters along the depth of the soil profile was
studied.
269
Large Strain Cyclic Properties of Dry Sand-Rubber Tyre Shred

Mixtures
B.R. Madhusudhan
A. Boominathan
Subhadeep Banerjee
E-mail: madhusudhanbr.iitm@gmail.com, boomi@iitm.ac.in, subhadeep@iitm.ac.in
Keywords: dry sand rubber tyre, shear modulus, damping ratio, base isolation, cyclic triaxial test
1. Introduction cyclic triaxial tests are presented in Fig. 1. It can be
The studies on the potential of sand and rubber tyre noticed from Fig.1 that the shear modulus (solid lines)
shred mixtures for their application in seismic base decreases and damping ratio (dotted lines) increases with
isolation of low-rise buildings have gained importance in shear strain for all the percentages of rubber. At any
recent times. Li et al. (2016), Madhusudhan et al. (2017) shear strain level, the shear modulus reduces with
investigated the dynamic properties of sand-rubber tyre increase in rubber content but the damping ratio
shred mixtures under completely saturated conditions. increases up to 10% rubber content and thereafter
The past literature on properties of these materials under reduces. The degradation of shear modulus is
completely dry conditions is very scarce. Given that, the insignificant for sand-rubber tyre shred mixtures.
present study aims at finding the dynamic properties
such as shear modulus and damping ratio of dry sand- 25 50
rubber tyre shreds mixtures by conducting cyclic triaxial
tests on various proportions. The optimum mix 20 40
proportion which yields a better shear modulus and 15 30
D (%)
0
damping property is reported.
G (MPa)
10
10 20
30
The deficiency of river sand, environmental pollution by 5 10
100
rubber tyre accumulation, the loss of life and property by 0 0
strong ground motions and the need for low-cost 0.1 1
Shear Strain (%)
10
isolation system are principal motivations for the present
study. The objective of the paper is to determine the Fig. 1 Variation of shear modulus and damping ratio with shear
strain-dependent shear modulus and hysteretic damping strain
ratio of sand-rubber tyre shreds mixtures and also to find 5. Conclusions
out the optimum mix proportion of sand and rubber tyre The sand-rubber tyre shred mixture under dry conditions
shred mixtures with regard to their dynamic properties. with 10 percent rubber content shows highest damping
ratio and better shear modulus which may be adequate
3. Methodology
for seismic base isolation of low-rise buildings.
The sand and rubber tyre shreds were mixed
gravimetrically with rubber contents 0, 10, 30, 50 and References
100. The physical properties of sand and rubber tyre
shreds used in the present study are given in Table 1. A Li, B., Huang, M. and Zeng, X. (2016) Dynamic
series of strain-controlled cyclic triaxial tests were behavior and liquefaction analysis of recycled-rubber
conducted on specimens of 50mm diameter and 100mm sand mixtures J. Mater. Civ. Eng.,
height under dry conditions. The tests were conducted at 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001629, 04016122.
a frequency of 1Hz with a confining pressure of 100kPa Madhusudhan, B.R., Boominathan, A. and Banerjee,
for a wide range of large strain levels. Subhadeep (2017) Static and large strain dynamic
Table-1 Physical properties of sand-rubber tyre shred mixtures properties of sand-rubber tire shreds mixtures J. Mater.
Sp. D10 γdmax γdmin
Civ. Eng., 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002016
Item Cu Cc (In production).
Gr (mm) (kN/m3) (kN/m3)
Sand 2.68 0.22 3.18 0.80 17.66 15.33
Rubber 1.14 0.35 3.57 1.12 5.21 2.88
The strain-dependent shear modulus and damping ratio
of sand-rubber tyre shred mixtures obtained from the
270
1D Nonlinear Seismic Site Response Analysis of a Typical Location at

Guwahati city, India
Madhulatha Boga
Devdeep Basu
Arindam Dey
E-mail: madhulathabogaciv@gmail.com; basudevdeep@gmail.com; arindamdeyiitg16@gmail.com;
Keywords: 1D site response; Non-linear effective stress; Non-Masing, Site response parameters; Amplification.
1. Introduction that, the values of PSA and T are decreasing with the
Adequate safety of structures under seismic condition decreasing PBRA of input motions.
can only be achieved with the knowledge of a proper site
response. The regions which belong to higher potential
of seismic hazard, are given prime importance for
determining the site response. Guwahati, one of the
largest cities in North East India, belongs to seismic zone
V, which is the most active zone in the country. The city,
being in the phase of progressive urbanization, needs to
be thoroughly studied on the basis of its site response.
In this study, the site response of a heavily populated
locality in Guwahati city, Pan Bazar, has been reported.
The amplification characteristics of the proposed site,
Fig. 1 PHA profile with depth for Pan Bazar site
due to different real earthquake input motions with
Table-1 Site response parameters for different input motions
varying magnitude and peak bedrock level amplitude
(PBRA) values, have been analyzed. Input motion PGA (g) AF PSA (g) T (sec)
Indo-Burma 0.32 4 1.74 0.37
3. Methodology Imphal 0.36 4.45 1.86 0.37
Based on effective-stress nonlinear (NL) method, 1-D
ground response analysis (GRA) is carried out, using Sikkim 0.49 2.58 2.1 0.42
DEEPSOIL. Pore-water pressure generation/dissipation Nepal 0.52 2.89 2.86 0.39
following the non-masing load/unload/reload criteria has
been incorporated. The shear wave velocity (Vs) profile 5. Conclusions
for the proposed site is obtained from SPT-N value, The reported study using NL method reveals that
using an empirical formulation (Imai and Tonouchi similar PGA profiles are obtained from similar
1982). The soil profile was assumed to be underlain by
elastic bedrock with Vs value of 1500 m/s. Two sets of
PBRA motions. Higher PBRA motions exhibited
input bedrock motions were selected for the study: One lesser amplification due to higher damping induced
set comprising of 1995 Indo-Burma earthquake (Mw 6.4) in the system at higher strains. Dissimilar response
and 2016 Imphal earthquake (Mw 6.7) with lower PBRA spectra obtained from different input motions
(0.08g), while the other set consisted of 2011 Sikkim indicate that the frequency content of input motion
earthquake (Mw 6.9) and 2015 Nepal earthquake (Mw is a vital parameter affecting site response. The
7.8) with higher PBRA (0.18g). An equivalent linear significant overestimation of PGA and response
(EQL) 1-D GRA also been presented for the same site spectra for higher PBRA, is reported using EQL
using four kinds of PBRA motions.
method than compared to NL method.
References
The site response parameters for Guwahati city, are
presented in terms of peak horizontal acceleration at the Imai T and Tonouchi K (1982) Correlation of N value
ground surface (PHA/PGA), amplification factor (AF), with S-wave velocity and shear modulus, Proceedings
5% damped response spectra, peak spectral acceleration of 2nd European Symposium on Penetration Testing,
(PSA) and predominant period (T). (Fig.1 and Table.1). Amsterdam, pp.67-72.
As expected, lower PBRA motions induced lesser PGA.
However, higher amplification was noted for lower
PBRA motions. From the response spectra, it is observed
271
Site Response Study of a Deep Basin Contagious to Active Region - An

Application to Punjab-Haryana Region
P Anbazhagan
Ketan Bajaj
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore – 560012
E-mail: 16ketan1990@gmail.com; anbazhagan@civil.iisc.ernet.in
Keywords: site response; amplification; deep basin; response spectra

1. Introduction DEEPSOIL (Hashash et al, 2016) is used to perform 1D
The deep basins of Punjab and Haryana region (PHR) of total stress ground response analysis. Finally, the
India are deeply influencing the ground motions amplification factor at different periods has been
produced due to seismicity associated with the determined for different site class.
Himalayan and Kashmir region tectonic province.
However, very few studies have been carried out to 4. Important Outcomes
characterize the PHR soil up to shallow depth and very The average amplification factor for the different site
limited attempts have been made to measure the dynamic class is given as Figure 1. It has seen that for deep sites
properties for deeper depths. Hence, in this study, shear corresponding to site class B, C, D and E respectively
amplified between the period 0.2 to 0.3 s, 0.8 to 1 s, 2 to
velocity profile (𝑉𝑠 ) up to 200 m depth is measured using
3 s and above 5 s.
combined active and passive multichannel analysis of
surface wave (MASW) survey in 75 selected locations in
PHR. Further, these sites are classified and characterized
based on time-averaged 𝑉𝑠 in the upper 30 m depth as per
NEHRP seismic site classification. The measured 𝑉𝑠
profiles are further used to estimate the site-specific
response parameters at different locations by carrying
out non-linear site response analysis. Input ground
motions are selected from the worldwide-recorded
database based on the seismicity of the region. The first
time, representative site response for deep soil column
and amplification factors for the different periods for
different seismic site class are estimated for PHS region
which would be further useful in developing a design
response spectra for deep deposits in India. Fig. 1 Site amplification factor for different site class
PHR had experienced catastrophic earthquake damages Deep shear wave velocity profiles has been determined
due to the presence of thick soil depth of 0.05 km to at 75 different locations of PHR using MASW survey.
about 4 km. The main objective of the study is to Further based on the 1D site response study, the
determine the 𝑉𝑠 value for deep deposits and further amplification range of site class E, D, C and B is 2.35 to
derive the amplification factors for the different periods 7.58, 1.82 to 5.58, 1.5 to 4.92 and 1.23 to 3.25
for different seismic site class are estimated for PHR respectively.
using non-linear site response analysis.
References
3. Methodology
For determining 𝑉𝑠 value upto 200 m depth combined Zhang, J., Andrus, R.D., and Juang, C.H., (2008). Model
active and passive MASW survey has been done at 75 uncertainty in normalized shear modulus and damping
different locations in PHR. Further, the time-averaged Vs relationships, J. geotech. geoenviron. eng. 134: 24–36.
in the upper 30 m depth (Vs30 ) has been adopted for
Hashash Y M A, Musgrove M I, Harmon J A, Groholski
seismic site classification as per NEHRP. For
D R, Phillips C A and Park D. 2016, DEEPSOIL 6.1,
determining the amplification factor, the normalized
User Manual, Urbana, IL, Board of Trustees of
shear modulus (𝐺/𝐺𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) and material damping ratio (𝐷)
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
developed by Zhang et al (2008) has been used. Ground
motions have been synthetically simmulated and selected
based on the deaggregation of the seismic hazard for a
return period of 2475 years. The computer program
272
Numerical Study of Pile Group with Different Spacing in Layered Soil

under Dynamic Conditions
Ganesh Kumar
Manojit Samanta
Pankaj
Geotechnical Engineering Division, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee-247667
E-mail: 85sganesh@gmail.com, ganeshkumar@cbri.res.in
Keywords: Earthquake, Seismic-soil-pile interaction, Pile Group, PLAXIS-3D

1. Introduction
Occurrence of earthquake causes risk to life and
infrastructure facilities worldwide. Deep foundations
when subjected to dynamic loading, the effects may be
highly vulnerable and can create serious damages to life
and property. Though many research works on seismic
study of pile foundations are discussed, accurate
predictions of the behaviour and seismic-soil-pile
interaction in layered soil still needs special attention for
safer and economic design (Wilson et al.2000; Abdoun
and Dobry, 2002)
The paper presents the behaviour of pile group (4 × 4)
Fig. 1 Lateral deflection profile for layered soil
with different spacing in layered soil subjected to
seismic loading. The study utilizes three dimensional 5. Conclusions
finite element modelling software PLAXIS-3D to The paper gives a general overview of the factors
understand the parameters affecting the performance of affecting the performance of pile group subjected to
pile group subjected to seismic loading in layered soil. seismic loading. 4×4 pile group was analyzed with
different spacing/relative density in a layered soil with
3. Methodology
For numerical studies, layered soil profile containing loose to medium dense sand at top. The test results were
stiff clay of 5 m depth overlain with sand of 10 m with compared with that of stiff clay having uniform profile.
was considered. The numerical model was validated with It was observed that presence of loose sand causes
existing research works and performance study was reduction in skin resistance and creates lesser lateral
carried out by varying spacing (3D, 6D and 8D where D- resistance during loading with reduced pile-soil
Diameter of pile) and with varying relative density (40% interactions. Also there is a significant increase in
and 60%) to understand the seismic-soil-pile interaction. bending moment and deflection when piles installed in
For sand and clay, elastic and perfectly plastic Mohr- layered soil compared with that of soil having uniform
Coulomb material model was adopted and pile and pile profile. This requires attention while deciding spacing
cap were assumed to be as linear elastic. El-Centro for pile group installed in layered soil. This will helpful
Earthquake (1940) was used for the seismic analysis. For in safe design and better load transfer mechanism when
comparison uniform stiff clay having 15 m depth was pile group subjected to seismic loading.
also considered for numerical studies. References
4. Important Outcomes Wilson, D.W., Boulanger, R.W and Kutter B.L. (2000)
Numerical analysis shows that, displacement decreases Observed Seismic Lateral Resistance of Liquefying
with the increase in spacing. The increase in Sand, J. of Geotech and Geoenviron. Engg, ASCE,
displacement was about 5 times higher when the spacing 126(10), pp. 898-906.
reducing from 8D spacing to 3D spacing. It was also
observed that load distribution in pile group decreases Abdoun T, Dobry R. (2002) Evaluation of pile
with the increase in spacing. As spacing increases, foundation response to lateral spreading, Soil
maximum bending moment and load for piles in group Dynamics and Earthquake Engg, 22, pp. 1051-1058.
decreases about 40% under same seismic loading. About
43% increase in lateral displacement was observed in
layered soil when comparing with uniform soil layer
(stiff clay).
273
Non-Linear Impedances of Pile-Soil Foundation System

Dharmi Chand
Rajib Saha
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, Barjala – 781013
E-mail: dharmraj.meghwanshi@gmail.com
Sumanta Haldar
School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha-752050
E-mail: sumanta@iitbbs.ac.in
Keywords: Non-linear, Sub-structure approach; Pile; 3D FE modeling; Soil-pile interaction;

1. Introduction available elsewhere (Gazetas 1984) to present the
Substructure based modeling approach is considered to nonlinear stiffness as a function of linear stiffness.
be a simplified and efficient method for dynamic-
soilstructure interaction (DSSI). The 2-step based method
considers the presence of soil and foundation system by
linear spring-dashpot system at different degrees of
freedom. Previous studies indicate that these springs are
defined by elastic material properties of foundation and
soil resulting to linear stiffness which may be a limitation
in substructure based analysis from the point of view of
nonlinear pile-soil interaction behavior during moderate
to high earthquake motion. Hence present study is an
effort to represent the soil-pile foundation system by
nonlinear springs using three-dimensional (3D) finite
element (FE) analysis where soil and pile are idealized as
nonlinear and linear material respectively. The nonlinear
stiffness of springs are presented in a simplified form as
a function of pile-soil deformation. This study provides
non-linear dynamic pile-soil stiffness which may be used
in sub-structure based DSSI analysis in a simplistic Fig. 1 3D Finite element model
manner.
2. Motivation and Objective Static nonlinear stiffness for equivalent pile-soil springs
Limitation of linear analysis of soil-foundation-structure in vertical, lateral and rocking motions are presented as
system in sub-structure based modelling approach under non-dimensional form as function of pile deformation for
seismic loading may be considered as prime motivation
free end pile.
of this study. The objective of the study is to propose
nonlinear springs attached at different degrees of 5. Conclusions
freedom by dynamic foundation stiffness as function of Present study proposes dynamic nonlinear pile-soil
deformation of pile-soil foundation. stiffness in different directions in a simplistic form using
3D FE based analysis. The outcome of present study will
3. Methodology be helpful to carry out nonlinear seismic analysis of soil-
The numerical analysis of a single RC end-bearing pile
pile foundation-structure system by simplified
embedded in homogeneous clay deposit is carried out substructure based approach.
using the 3D-FE analysis(Fig. 1). Nonlinear soil is
modelled using isotropic material with Drucker Prager References
stress strain behavior. Gradually applied static vertical,
Gazetas, G. (1984) Seismic Response of End-Bearing
lateral and moment loading are applied on the pile head
Single Piles, Journal of Soil Dynamics and Earthquake
to obtain the displacement and angular deformation of
Engineering 3(2): 82-93.
pile to estimate the nonlinear pile-soil stiffness at
different degrees of freedom. Further, linear pile-soil Wolf, J. P. (1985) Dynamic Soil-Structure Interaction,
stiffnesses are calculated from well accepted equations Prentice Hall: New Jersey.
274
Bending Response of Pile Foundations during Partial Liquefaction

Pradeep Kumar Dammala
A. Murali Krishna
p.dammala@surrey.ac.uk; pradeepkumardammala@gmail.com; amurali@iitg.ernet.in
Georgios Nikitas
Piyush Mohanty
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey - GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
g.nikitas@surrey.ac.uk; s.bhattacharya@surrey.ac.uk
Mehdi Rouholamin
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Portsmouth – 781013, United Kingdom
mehdi.rouholamin@port.ac.uk
Keywords: Pile foundation; partial liquefaction; transient bending moments; P-Y curves
1. Introduction 4. Validation of the proposed method
Traditionally, it is believed that the pile foundations The developed P-Y curves at two levels of liquefaction
experience higher bending moments in liquefied soils. (50% and 25%) are utilized to model the single pile and
Recent research (Rouholamin 2016) has shown that the the loading conditions are kept similar. Figure 1 shows a
pile foundations exhibit higher bending moments during good approximation of bending moments along the
partial liquefaction phase (before the pore water depth of pile using the experimentally derived P-Y
pressure ratio reaching unity) and hence the idealization curves manifesting the efficacy of the proposed method.
Peak BM (N.m)
of fully liquefied states can lead to inappropriate design -5 0 5 10 15 20
issues. 2.0

This article presents a simple approach in estimating the Ru=0.25
Ru=0.50
bending response of pile foundations during partial Exp(Pre-Liq)

Exp (Transient)
1.2
liquefaction. The method is based on scaled element test
Depth (m)
Exp (Post-Liq)
results and mobilized strength design concept proposed

by Amar Bouzid et al (2013). 0.8
3. Methodology 0.4
The shake table results of Rouholamin (2016) are
considered for the validation and hence the soil used in
0.0
the tests (Redhill 110 sand) is characterized. Advanced
Fig. 1 Comparison of peak BM profiles obtained from shake
multi-stage cyclic triaxial tests are performed on the
table tests and numerical model
Redhill 110 sand (Table 1) to study the effect of level of
liquefaction on the monotonic behavior. The test results 5. Conclusions
are then converted to P-Y curves using the methodology The critical bending moments in the pile foundations
proposed by (Amar Bouzid et al. 2013). during partial liquefaction are studied in this article
using the advanced laboratory element tests and
Table- 1 List of CTX tests performed on Redhill 110 sand numerical analysis. The proposed method estimates the
Relative transient response of pile foundations more effectively.
Test ID σ’m (kPa) CSR Ru
density (%)
-- References
1 48.6 101.07 0.00
0.15 Amar Bouzid, D, Bhattacharya, S, and Dash, SR. (2013)
2+Repeat 53.8 101.50 0.25
Winkler Springs for pile design from stress-strain of
3+Repeat 51.1 101.01 0.15 0.50 soils: FE assessment of scaling coefficients using the
0.15 Mobilized Strength Design concept. Geomechanics
4+Repeat 46.5 100.48 0.75
and Engineering, 5(5), 379–399.
5 54.0 100.76 0.15 1.00 Rouholamin, M. (2016) An experimental investigation
of transient dynamics of pile-supported structures in
liquefiable soils. PhD Thesis, University of Surrey.
275
Estimation of Probable Financial loss occur due to Future Earthquakes

in the Shillong Plateau
Olympa Baro
Abhishek Kumar
E-mail: olympa.baro@iitg.ernet.in; abhiak2@iitg.ernet.in
Keywords: MMI; GSDP; financial loss estimate

1. Introduction Since this study is for one state and not the entire country
The North-eastern region of the Indian subcontinent is hence the GDP is replaced by GSDP in the equations. It
one of the most seismically active regions of the world. is found that in case of EQ with reported intensity
This region is interwoven with numerous faults which between IX-X, Meghalaya could suffer a financial loss
gave rise to two great earthquakes (EQs). The tectonic of more than 80 billion rupees.
movements along these faults were also responsible for
the formation of the Shillong Plateau (SP) in the region. 5. Conclusions
As per existing literature, faults surrounding the SP have In developing countries like India, detailed information
been the source of several past major EQs (MW≥7.0) and regarding the vulnerability of structures is scarce. With
one great EQ (MW≥8.0) (Baro and Kumar,2015).During such limitations, it becomes difficult to draw an accurate
these past EQs, the state of Meghalayawhich comprises picture of the financial losses in case of an EQ. Hence, in
of the SP had undergone huge casualties as well as this study,the empirical approach developed by Dunbar
moderate to severe damage to properties. At several et al (2002) is used to estimate the economic losses.
location intensities greater than V were reported during Findings from this study indicate towards huge financial
the major EQs. During the great EQ, intensity up to X losses to the state of Meghalaya in case of a major or
was reported close to the epicentre. Compared to the great EQ in the SP.
population density and the Gross State Domestic Product References
(GSDP) at the time of occurrence of the last major EQ,
the present population as well as the GSDP of Baro, O. and Kumar, A. (2015) A review on the tectonic
Meghalaya has increased manifolds. Thus, the setting and seismic activity of the Shillong plateau in
occurrence of a major or a great EQ in Meghalaya in the light of past studies, Disaster Advances 8(7),
future may result in a huge financial loss both to the state pp.34-45.
of Meghalaya as well as the nation. Dunbar, P. K., R. G. Bilham, and M. J. Laituri (2002),
2. Motivation and Objective "Earthquake Loss Estimation for India Based on
The objective of this study is to draw an estimate of the Macroeconomic Indicators," in T. Beer and A. Ismail-
financial loss that the state of Meghalaya could suffer in Zadeh, ed.s, Risk Science and Sustainability: Science
case of a major or a great EQ occur in near future. for Reduction of Risk and Sustainable Development of
Society (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht,
3. Methodology Holland).
The conventional method of loss estimation is to analyse
the vulnerability of the structures to EQ damage. This
method is time consuming as it requires an in-depth
knowledge of the vulnerability of every structure within
the area. Hence,Dunbar et al (2002) developed a quick
and simpler approach for loss estimation due toEQ.
Dunbar et al (2002) developed regression equations
between the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and
economic loss. These equations were developed taking
into account the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI)
reported during past significant EQs at various locations
across the globe including India.
The regression equation developed by Dunbar et al
(2002) is used in here, to estimate the financial losses
due to probable future EQs in Meghalaya. Dunbar et al
(2002) developed the equations for the entire country.
276
Liquefaction Study of River Channel Deposit in Kolkata City

Abhishek Mondal
Department of Civil Engineering, MSIT, Kolkata
E-mail: juabhi37@gmail.com
Sanjay Prasad
Department of Civil Engineering, NSEC, Garia, Kolkata-700152
E-mail: sanjayprasad.ju@gmail.com
Narayan Roy
Ramendu Bikash Sahu
Department of Civil Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032
E-mail: narayan.roy04@gmail.com; rbsahu_1963@yahoo.co.in
Keywords: Liquefaction; Cyclic Triaxial; Pore Water Pressure

Liquefaction is an interesting topic and active area of Relative density seems to play an important role in the
research from geotechnical earthquake engineering liquefaction resistance phenomena. Sample with low
perspective. The liquefaction phenomena subjects the relative density (Rd= 25%) shows a rapid increase in
soil to undergo a continued deformation with minimal or PWP. On the other hand, sample with high relative
no residual resistance due to the pore water pressure density (Rd= 50 and 100%) exhibits two different stage
(PWP), leading the effective confining pressure to a very of PWP generation, in first stage, the rate is quite rapid,
low value. Several methods of liquefaction potential but after a certain cycles of loading the rate slows down
evaluation procedure have been proposed so far based on in the second stage till it reaches the initial liquefaction.
the standard penetration value, shear wave velocity
140
(Youd et al., 2001). Laboratory evaluation of CSS= 0.5% ,
Number of Failure Cycle
liquefaction characteristics with cyclic triaxial provide a CP= 50

120 CSS= 0.5% ,
better understanding on the complexity involved in CP= 100
100 CSS= 0.5% ,
liquefaction and the dependency of different parameters CP= 150
which significantly influence the phenomena 80
CSS= 0.67% ,
CP= 50
(Stamatopoulos, 2010). CSS= 0.67% ,
60 CP= 100
CSS= 0.67% ,
2. Motivation and Objective CP= 150
Kolkata city is lying on the alluvial Gangetic deposit 40 CSS= 0.83%,
CP= 50
with two distinct soil formations, namely, normal CSS= 0.83% ,
20
Kolkata deposit and river channel deposit. The river CP= 100
CSS= 0.83% ,
channel deposit exists along the old Adiganga channel 0 CP= 150
which consists of medium/ dense/very dense sandy 20 40 60 80
deposit down to considerable depth. In this study, an Relative Density (%)
attempt has been made to study the liquefaction behavior Fig. 1 Effect of relative density on cyclic loading
of typical river channel deposit in Kolkata.
5. Conclusions
3. Methodology Liquefaction resistance of the soil sample increases with
The test sample has been collected from the ITI the increase in confining pressure irrespective of the
compound, Tollygunge. It is mostly the river channel relative density and cyclic shear strain (Fig. 1). At lower
deposit of Adi Ganga Channel. A total of 27 numbers cyclic shear strain, liquefaction occurs at higher number
strain controlled cyclic triaxial tests have been of cycles and for high cyclic shear strain, liquefaction
performed. Three target relative densities are chosen i.e. occurs at lower number of cycles irrespective of relative
25%, 50% and 75%. Moist tamping (MT) method is density and confining pressure
adopted for the preparation of sample at desired relative
densities. For each of these relative densities, three References
effective confining pressures (σ’3c) were chosen, viz, 50, Youd, et al. Liquefaction resistance of soils: summary
100, 150 kPa. Now for each relative density and report from the 1996 NCEER and 1998 NCEER/NSF
confining pressure, three different values of cyclic shear workshops on evaluation of liquefaction resistance of
strains have been chosen i.e. 0.5%, 0.67% and 0.83%. soils. J Geotech Geoenviron Engng 2001;
127(10):817–33
277
Influence of Soil-Piled Raft-Structure Interaction on Seismic

Behaviour of Asymmetric Structure
Tanumoy Bhattacharjee
Rajib Saha
E-mail: tanumoybhattcharjee@gmail.com; rajib.iitbbsr@gmail.com
Keywords: Asymmetry; Piled raft; Seismic, Torsion, BNWF
1. Introduction (Mazzoni et al. 2007). Non-linear dynamic analysis is

Design constrains and aesthetic considerations bring performed on idealized prototype model of piled raft
asymmetry in mass and stiffness distribution to the supported structural system, where superstructure is
superstructures as well as pile foundation layout, modelled by a single bay diaphragm roof supported by
making the structures more vulnerable during seismic four shear walls and raft is modelled by plate element
excitations. Traditional design practices involves and pile is modelled by elastic beam column elements.
designing of the superstructure and foundation
considering fixity at the base of the soil-raft piled
superstructure system, ignoring the effect of dynamic
soil structure interaction (DSSI). In fact, asymmetry
attributes higher displacement or forces in a structural
system as compared to its symmetric counterpart, while,
incorporation of dynamic soil structure interaction may
further alter the dynamic characteristics and response of
the system. Present study is an attempt in this direction
with an aim to uncover some of the key issues
pertaining to the seismic behaviour of asymmetric
structure supported by piled raft foundation Fig. 1 Numerical model of whole structure in OPENSees.
incorporating the effect of DSSI. Stiffness asymmetry in 4. Important Outcomes
superstructure load resisting elements is considered in Torsion to lateral period ratio (τ) is calculated first to
present study. The complex issues related to validate the numerical model with analytical solution
asymmetric systems, such as, lateral torsional coupling which shows the acceptability of the numerical model
mode of vibration is examined incorporating the effect for further study. Results indicates that fundamental
of soil-piled raft-structure interaction under seismic period gets significantly lengthened for short period
loading. structural systems, while, the increase is moderate in
2. Motivation and Objective long period systems. Further, increase in τ enhances the
Asymmetry attracts higher response in structural system torsional vulnerability of a system leading to increase in
as compared to symmetric counterpart which is well displacement response of both superstructure elements
understood. Further, the detrimental implication of and pile head within a particular range of τ values.
DSSI was well evidenced in past earthquake failures of 5. Conclusions
pile foundation supported structure. Limited studies Study infers that the influence of SSI and asymmetry in
reported the combined effect of both the phenomenon in pile foundation supported structural systems is found to
seismic behavior of structure which may be an be significant for short period superstructure supported
important issue in design. Hence, present study is a on pile foundation. While, the effect of asymmetry
sincere effort in this direction. Thus, the overall considering DSSI mainly depends on the parameter τ
objective of the present study stands to provide valuable which will govern the dynamic response in flexible and
insight into the behaviour of asymmetric multi-storied stiffer side of superstructure elements and pile
system founded on a piled raft foundation during foundation.
seismic excitation incorporating the effect of SSI and to
provide a scope to have a more precise and rational References
design. Dutta S. C. and Roy R. (2012) Seismic Demand of
Low-Rise Multistory Systems with General
3. Methodology Asymmetry. Journal of Engineering mechanics,
Beams on nonlinear Winkler foundation (BNWF) 138(1), 1-11.
modelling technique is used to model the idealized soil-
piled raft-superstructure system in OPENSeeS platform
278
Site Classification of the Strong Motion Stations of Uttarakhand, India,

based on Generalized Inversion and Horizontal to Vertical Spectral
Ratio Methods
Harinarayan NH
Abhishek Kumar
E-mail : n.harinarayan@iitg.ernet.in; abhiak@ iitg.ernet.in
Keywords: PESMOS; Site class; Generalized Inversion Technique; Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio
1. Introduction Here, S(f)i is the source effect of the ith earthquake,
The Indo-Gangetic plains located on the foothills of P(f)ij is the term accounting for the propagation path,
Himalaya is one of the most densely populated region of and G(f)j is the site effect. Eq. 1 represents a linear
India. The region falls within high to very high seismic system of equations of the form A× x=b. Further, for
zone as per Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS 2002). 300 each frequency, the least square solution of Eq. 1 is
state of the art strong motion recording stations have computed by means of singular value decomposition
been installed across the country in order to understand inversion scheme indicating site effect or SC (Menke,
the ongoing seismicity by the Ministry of Earth Science 1989). In addition, SC is also estimated using HVSR
project. The EQ records from these recording stations are method, based on the assumption that the vertical
available in PESMOS (www.pesmos.in). A good component of strong motion is free from soil
quality accelerogram should include accurate characteristics. HVSR is determined by the ratio of 5%
information regarding the site class (SC) of soil on which damped response spectra of horizontal and vertical
the station is located. However, the SC given by components.
PESMOS for the recording station is based on physical
description of surface materials and local geology
Based on the value of predominant frequency obtained
following Siesmotectonic Atlas of India (SEISAT) and
from the present study, SC of the 4 stations is
not based on actual field study information. Several
determined. A good agreement in terms of the general
researchers have reported ambiguity in the site class
shape of the amplification curves is observed for both
(SC) given by PESMOS.
HVSR and GINV. The predominant frequency obtained
2. Motivation and Objective from both the technique show 1:1 correspondence.
The strong motion data are useful for seismic hazard
5. Conclusions
evaluation and development of regional ground motion
Consistent values of predominant frequency obtained
prediction relationships. In the absence of an accurate SC
using GINV and HVSR gives confidence in the use of
for the recording stations in Indian scenario, ground
indirect methods for site classification of recording
motions records are used for seismic hazard analysis
stations. Based on values of predominant frequency, SC
without taking SC into consideration, giving seismic
for the 4 recording stations are determined as per
hazard values at bedrock level and not at surface level.
NEHRP classification scheme. Based on the present
Hence, accurate estimation of SC of strong motion
study recording stations at Munsyari is classified as SC
station is required for utilizing these records for proper
B, Champavat is classified as SC C, Darchula and
seismic hazard analysis. In the present study, SC
Chamoli are classified as SC D.
following NEHRP classification scheme for 4 recording
stations in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand are References
estimated using Generalized Inversion method (GINV)
as well as Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) BIS (2002), IS (1893) (Part 1). General provisions and
methods. buildings: Criteria for earthquake resistant design of
structures. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi,
3. Methodology India.
The GINV technique was developed by Andrews (1986)
by modifying the method of spectral ratio into a Andrews,,D.J.,(1986).Objectivedeterminationofsourcepa
generalized inversion problem by inverting the coda rametersandsimilarity of earthquakes of different size,
wave portion of the EQ ground motion. The spectral in Earthquake Source Mechanics. American
acceleration of the ith EQ recorded at the jth recording Geophysical Union, Washington.
station, U(f)ij, can be linearly represented in the
frequency domain as:
ln U(f)𝑖𝑗 = ln S(f)𝑖 + ln P(f)𝑖𝑗 + ln G(f)𝑗 (1)
279
Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis of Mawphu Dam

P. R. Seal
P. Sultana
A. K. Dey
E-mail : pinaki.seal32@gmail.com ; parbinsultana@rediffmail.com, ashim_kanti@yahoo.co.in
Keywords: Geohazards; seismic hazard analysis; attenuation model; earthquake sources; seismicity
1. Introduction For the evaluation of the seismicity of the mawphu dam
In the field of geotechnical engineering, geohazard site, a total of 18 earthquake sources have been
analysis is a very important subject. Different types of identified. Among these, 15 sources are line sources and
geohazards have different evaluation and mitigation 3 sources are area sources; all located within a radius of
techniques. Seismic hazard analysis is an important part 300 Km from the site. GIS techniques are used for
of the design of all major structures in a high seismic digitization of map and calculations of the distances.
zone. Many earthquakes keep occurring everyday in Earthquake occurrences of size Mw > 4.5 are considered
different parts of the world. But, most of them are of for evaluation.
very small magnitudes and thus, are not recognizable.
So, the analysis is done for earthquakes of high 4. Conclusions
magnitudes which can cause a significant damage. A dam is built for various beneficial reasons; most
Earthquakes are categorized into four categories that are important is to harness energy. But, structural failure can
Basic Safety Earthquake I (BSE I), Basic Safety cause catastrophic results to the environment, human
Earthquake II (BSE II), Design Based Earthquake (DBE) lives and the animal lives. So, as to reduce the chances of
and Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE). In this damage from these natural calamities, the findings are to
study, seismic hazard analysis is done for Mawphu Dam be taken into consideration during the design of the
Project in southern Meghalaya, India. structure. It is observed that the study area is susceptible
to a maximum acceleration of 1.07g from an earthquake
2. Motivation and Objective of size 7.1 Mw originating from the Dauki fault, 305 km
This study is carried out to provide a safety parameter, long situated at a minimum distance of 15 km from the
which can be integrated into the design of the project. project site.
The objective is to predict the maximum ground motion
to be sustained by the dam using deterministic seismic References
hazard analysis method. Singh, N.M., Rahman, T. and Wong, I.G. (2016) A new
ground motion prediction model for northeastern India
3. Methodology
The seismic hazard analysis can be done in two different crustal earthquakes, Bulletin of Seismological Society
approaches; one is by the deterministic approach and the of America, 106(3), pp. 1282-1297, DOI:
other by a probabilistic approach. In this paper, the 1785/0120150180.
deterministic approach of Seismic Hazard Analysis is
presented. Reports on various earthquake occurrences
since 1822 to 2016 A.D. in this region have been
collected. The earthquake data collected are in Ms scale
magnitude, which has been converted to MW scale using
empirical relationship. Following attenuation model
suggested by Singh et. al. (2016) [1] is used-
ln(Ybr) = C1 + C2(Mw – 6) + C3(Mw – 6)2 − ln R − C4R ±
εbr … (1)
Where,
C1 = 2.0282, C2 = 0.8569, C3 = -0.0472, C4 = 0.009 are
constants, and 𝜎(εbr) = 0.2906.
Mw= Moment magnitude,
R= Hypocentral distance in km.
The attenuation model in eq.(1) is designed for the north
eastern region of India simulating a total of 30,000
ground motion data.
280
Assessment of Liquefaction Induced Lateral Spreading of a site at

Tripura after 3rd January 2017 Tripura Earthquake
Moumita Chakraborty
Rajib Saha
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Agartala, Tripura – 799046
moumita01.ce@gmail.com; rajib.iitbbsr@gmail.com;
Sumanta Haldar
School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Odisha – 752050
sumanta@iitbbs.ac.in
Keywords: Liquefaction, Lateral spreading, Finite Element method.

1. Introduction
An accurate estimation of lateral spreading induced
ground displacement is important to design the
substructure. Previous studies suggested empirical,
analytical and finite element based solutions to calculate
maximum ground displacement due to lateral spreading.
The present study is an attempt to verify the efficacy of
existing empirical and numerical solutions for predicting
lateral spreading induced ground displacement. A recent
event of liquefaction induced lateral spreading observed
at North East India during 3rd January 2017 Tripura Fig. 1 2D Finite Element Soil Column model.
Earthquake (Mw = 5.5) is considered as case example. 4. Important Outcomes
Initiation of liquefaction induced lateral spreading with Liquefaction susceptibility index (LSI) and ground
formation of ground cracks was observed at the site. This displacement (GD) are calculated using empirical
case study could be an important input in calculation of solutions (Table 1). Further, GD is obtained using 2D FE
ground displacement due to lateral spreading using modeling for the liquefaction site and compared with
empirical and two-dimensional (2D) finite element (FE) physical observations at site.
based solutions.
Table-1 Results of lateral spreading induced GD (in m)
Empirical methods
2D FE method
Post damage survey was conducted at various affected
Parameters
places of Tripura by the authors after 3rd January 2017 Physical

and Youd
Youd and
Hamada
Bartlett
(1992)
(1987)
(1986)
obs.
Perkin
earthquake in Tripura. Initiation of lateral spreading was

identified near the bank of Juri River, located at 9.0 km
away from the epicenter. Tripura lies in seismic zone-V
and the soil type varies from silty fine sand to fine to
LSI - 2.09 - - -
medium sand up to a depth of 10 m which is prone to
liquefaction. Hence, there is need for estimation of 0.044 0.050
GD(m) 0.028 - 3.6
probable lateral spreading in and around areas of the (avg.) (max.)
river bank for requalification of seismic design of
geotechnical structures. The objective of present study is 5. Conclusions
to verify the efficacy of different available empirical Empirical methods give overestimated and
methods and 2D FE method for prediction of lateral underestimated prediction of ground deformation as
spreading. compared to 2D FE method. However, 2D method gives
a good agreement with the observed values.
3. Methodology
Three available well accepted empirical equations are References
used to calculate ground displacement. Furthermore, 2D Youd, T.L. (1995) Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Ground
FE analysis of the liquefiable ground up to 25 m depth Displacement, 3rd International Conference on Recent
under dynamic loading is also performed. Harmonic Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering &
loadings with amplitude of 0.05g and four different Soil Dynamics.
frequencies, such as, 5Hz, 10Hz, 20Hz and 30 Hz are Alan F.R. Chapter 4 Review of Methods for Predicting
applied at the base of 2D model. Displacements in Lateral Spreads.
281
FE Study on the Seismic Response of Geo-Isolated RC Buildings

Dhanya J.S.
Boominathan A.
Subhadeep Banerjee
E-mail: dhanyacivil@gmail.com; boomi@iitm.ac.in; subhadeep@iitm.ac.in
Keywords: Geo-isolation; Sand-tyre mixture; Finite element

1. Introduction earthquake of 1999 (PGA=0.35g) is applied horizontally
Earthquakes pose great threat to the mankind especially at a depth of 30m from the ground level.
when it happens in areas where the buildings are
constructed without considering seismic vulnerability. 4. Important Outcomes
Base isolation techniques are used worldwide to Time history of acceleration at the top of the footing and
decouple the structure from the footing so as to minimize roof level of the building obtained from the FE analysis
the intensity of the earthquake vibrations transmitted into shows reduction of peak acceleration value for the geo-
the structure. But the conventional base isolation isolated building compared to regular building. Typical
techniques such as rubber bearings, ball bearings and response spectra (5% damping ratio) at the roof level for
sliders are expensive. Layers of sand-tyre mixture can be building with geo-isolation layer (T/W=0.1) shown in
used as energy dissipater device to attenuate the seismic Fig.1 indicates the period shift and the reduction in peak
waves (Tsang et al, 2012; Pitilakis et al, 2015). In the spectral acceleration by about 25%.
present study, the seismic response of a RC building 8
supported on shallow foundation placed on geo-isolation
layer made of sand-tyre mixture is carried out using Sand layer
Spectral Acceleration, g
6 Geo-isolation layer
Finite Element code ABAQUS.
4
Use of shredded scrap tire for geo-isolation could prove
as an environmental friendly hazard mitigation solution
and as a cheaper alternative for the typical base isolation 2
systems. The main objective of the work is to study the

seismic response of building placed on geo-isolation 0
layer under earthquake loading conditions. 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Period (s)
3. Methodology Fig. 1 Response spectra at the roof level of building- (T/W=0.1)
A two storied 3-bayed framed RC structure rigidly
connected to a raft footing resting on layer of geo- 5. Conclusions
isolator made of sand tyre underlain by a homogenous The geo-isolation layer made of sand-tyre mixture
soil medium is considered for the study. The height of effectively reduces the peak spectral acceleration and
RC frame is 7m and the width of the footing considered marginally shifts the frequency content depending on the
is 20m (W) with 1m depth. The foundation and super thickness of the layer. This material can be used for base
structure are placed on geo-isolation system of varying isolation for low rise buildings.
thickness T (T/W=0.05, 0.1 and 0.2). The entire structure
References
and geo-isolation system is placed on a soil mass of
depth 30m and length 250m (12.5W). Pitilakis, K., Karapetrou, S. and Tsagdi, K. (2015)
Numerical Investigation of the Seismic Response of
The 2D linear FE analysis is carried out in the time-
RC Buildings on Soil Replaced with Rubber-Sand
domain assuming plane strain conditions using FE code
Mixtures, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,
ABAQUS Version: 6.14. Elastic beam-column elements
79, pp. 237-252.
are employed for the simulation of the 2D frame. The
soil model is discretized using 4-node plain strain Tsang, H.H., Lo, S.H., Xu, X. and Sheikh, M.N. (2012)
continuum elements. To minimize the wave refraction Seismic Isolation for Low to Medium Rise Buildings
effects infinite elements were considered in the lateral using Granulated Rubber Soil Mixtures: Numerical
direction. The dynamic analysis was carried by Study, Earthquake Engineering and Structural
considering dynamic implicit method. The earthquake Dynamics, 41(14), pp. 2009-2024.
input motion corresponding to Kocaeli (Turkey)
282
Liquefaction Study of Subsurface Soil in a Part of Silapathar (Dhemaji)
Utpal Kr Baruah
Jasmina Saikia
Kamrup Polytechnic, Assam Engineering College, Guwahati – 781013
E-mail: u_baruah@yahoo.co.in;Jasminasaikia2002@rediffmail.com
Keywords: Liquefaction; Silapathar; CRR;CSR

1. Introduction Table 1: Liquefaction analysis
Silapathar is a village panchayat located in the Dhemaji
district of Assam state, India. The latitude 27.592 and
longitudes 94.726 are the geocoordinate of Silapathar. Depth C.S.R C.R.R FS Remarks
Liquefaction analysis is conducted on a site which is (m) (M=7.5) (M=7.5)
proposed for construction of 33/11KV substation under
PGCIL. Silapathar falls in seismic zone V as per Bureau 1.5 0.57 0.11 0.19 Liquefiable
of Indian Standard (BIS: 1893, Part 1:2002).Silapathar 3.0 0.71 0.09 0.12 Liquefiable
and its surrounding region have a long seismic history 4.5 0.64 0.11 0.17 Liquefiable
affected by several earthquakes. 6.0 1.80 0.07 0.04 Liquefiable
7.5 1.18 0.08 0.07 Liquefiable
2. Motivation and Objective 9.0 0.85 0.08 0.10 Liquefiable
The objective of the liquefaction analysis is to ascertain Non-
if the soil may liquefy during earthquake. It is 10.5 0.37 0.38 1.02 liquefiable
determined by using factor of safety (FS) which is he
Non-
ratio of cyclic resistance ratio (CRR) to the cyclic stress
12.0 0.35 0.38 1.08 liquefiable
ratio (CSR).
Non-
FS=CRR/CSR 13.5 0.34 0.40 1.17 liquefiable
Non-
3. Methodology 15.0 0.32 0.60 1.86 liquefiable
In the present study, liquefaction analysis is carried out
by using standard penetration test (SPT). In this study we
have collected 16 bore hole data in an around Silapathar. 5. Conclusions
To evaluate the depth of liquefiable soil, each and every After the liquefaction potential analysis by Boulanger
borehole data has been studied using different formulae and Idriss, it reveals that the average thickness of
developed by Boulanger and Idriss, Liao & Whitman etc. liquefiable soft soil in the study area is about 10.00
The basic parameters used for estimation of liquefaction meters. So any high-rise or mega project will be
potential include depth wise SPT N value and % fines susceptible to liquefaction during a medium to major
along with PGA value and depth of ground water. Earthquake in Silapathar area which lies in Seismic Zone
V.
4. Results and Discussions
Some correlations used in the liquefaction analysis are: References
CSR=0.65(σV / σ ) (amax /g) rd I.M.Idriss,R.W.Boulanger (2010)SPT based liquefaction
triggering procedures, Center for Geotechnical
Where σV=vertical total stress at depth z, σ =vertical
Modeling, Department of Civil and Environmental
effective stress, amax/g=maximum horizontal
Engineering, University of California Davis,
acceleration, rd =shear stress reduction factor.
California.
CRRM,σ’ = CRRM=7.5, σv’=1. MSF.K σ
MSF-Magnitude Scaling factor,
Kσ -effective overburden stress
283
Cyclic Behavior of Fly Ash and Shredded Tyre Chips Mixed Fly Ash
Partha Sarathi Parhi
Thejesh Kumar Garala
Balunaini Umashankar
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad – 502285
E-mail : ce14resch11004@iith.ac.in; thejeshgarala@gmail.com; buma@iith.ac.in
Keywords: Fly ash, shredded tyre chips, cyclic simple shear test, secant shear modulus, damping ratio.
The nature and distribution of catastrophic devastation The maximum value of secant shear modulus and
caused by an earthquake is strongly dependent on the damping ratio obtained for fly ash is found out to be 32.4
response of soil or soil like materials subjected to cyclic MPa and 18%. Similarly, the minimum values of secant
or dynamic loading. Shear modulus and Damping ratio shear modulus and the damping ratio of fly ash is found
are the two most important properties of materials under out to be 0.46 MPa and 0.5% respectively for the test
cyclic loading (Darendeli 2001). On the other hand, due conditions considered in this study.
to rapid urbanization, civil engineers are imposed to look
for alternative materials for sands, to be used in 5. Conclusions
construction industry. Several industrial waste materials It is found out that, there are some considerable effect on
such as fly ash, scrap tyres, red mud, etc., have found a the values of secant shear modulus and damping ratio of
wide range of applications in geotechnical engineering fly ash when the latter is mixed with 10% of tyre chips.
projects such as backfill material for earth retaining Results also indicates that shear strain is the most
structures, embankment fill, sub-base layers in influencing factor on dynamic properties of fly ash and
pavements, mine void fillings etc. However, the usage of there will be the influence of vertical stress too.
fly ash in seismic prone areas need thorough Influence of number of cycles and frequency is
understanding of its behavior when subjected to dynamic negotiable compared to vertical stress and shear strain. In
loading or cyclic loading. Cyclic simple shear testing is addition, it is also concluded that, the shear modulus and
considered one of the most appropriate ways of damping ratio determined are dependent on sample size.
reproducing in the laboratory the stresses that would be At last, a relationship between secant shear modulus and
experienced by an element of soil in level ground the damping ratio of fly ash is developed for the range of
subjected to earthquake loading (Vucetic et al. 1998). shear strains and vertical stresses considered in the study.

The main motivation behind this experimental study is to Darendeli, M. B. (2001). Development of a new family
study the dynamic or cyclic response of fly ash and fly of normalized modulus reduction and material
ash mixed with shredded tyre chips for possible usage as damping curves. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Texas at
backfill materials in seismically active areas. Austin
3. Methodology Mohanty, S. and Patra, N. (2014). Cyclic Behavior and
In this paper, the damping ratio and shear modulus of fly Liquefaction Potential of Indian Pond Ash Located in
ash and fly ash mixed with 10% shredded tyre chips are Seismic Zones III and IV. J. Mater. Civ. Eng., Vol.
studied using a cyclic simple shear testing apparatus. The 26(7), 06014012
fly ash used in this study is collected from the
electrostatic precipitators (ESP) of Neyveli Lignite Vucetic, M., Lanzo, G. and Doroudian, M. (1998).
Corporation Ltd., Neyveli. The tyre chips used were of Damping at small strains in cyclic simple shear test. J.
uniform size ranging in between 2 – 3 mm. The secant Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 124(7), pp. 585–594.
shear modulus and damping ratio of fly ash and fly ash
with 10% tyre chips are determined at shear strain
magnitudes ranging between 0.01% and 1% and at
various vertical stresses equal to 40 kPa, 120 kPa, 200
kPa, and 350 kPa. In addition, the influence of number
of cycles, frequency, shear strain magnitude, vertical
stress and sample size on dynamic properties of fly ash
are also studied.
284
Effect of Erroneous Estimation of Small Strain Shear Moduli on

Seismic Response of an Earth Dam
Sayantan Chakraborty
Jasaswee T. Das
Aritra Banerjee
Anand J. Puppala
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington – 76010, USA
E-mail: sayantan.chakraborty@mavs.uta.edu; jasaswee.das@mavs.uta.edu; aritra@uta.edu; anand@uta.edu
Keywords: small strain shear modulus; seismic response; earth dam; dynamic characterization
1. Introduction (and hence on Gmax), it is expected that the error in
Earth dams and levees are considered to be critical civil estimation of Gmax in the shell of the dam will affect the
engineering infrastructure. These structures which are seismic response of the structure.
otherwise stable under normal loading conditions may be
susceptible to slope failures and/or liquefaction-related 3. Methodology
damage in the event of an earthquake. Hence, loss of To illustrate this, two 30m high earth dams with 1.5H:1V
functional integrity under such dynamic excitations and 3H:1V side slopes have been used to study the effect of
might be catastrophic. Therefore, seismic response these erroneous estimations on the peak acceleration and
studies and slope stability analyses are paramount to risk frequency content of crest acceleration of the dam
assessment and safety evaluation of new and existing subjected to time-history record of significantly different
dams and levees. Although use of FEM or FDM based mean period and predominant frequency. The Gmax
software have greatly aided engineers in performing properties of the shell of the dam was systematically
seismic slope stability analyses, the validity of the varied with respect to the initially assumed material
analyses depend on the material properties determined properties without varying the properties of the dam core.
from in-situ tests and provided as inputs to the software. The Gmax profile of the core was considered to be
accurately estimated from in-situ tests. The effect of
2. Motivation and Objective underestimation and overestimation of Gmax of the shell
Small strain shear modulus (Gmax) is one such important was studied for different layers of the dam to understand
input parameter used for seismic response analysis. In the implication of the erroneous estimations at the
geotechnical practice, Gmax is usually obtained from in- surface, middle and deeper layers of the dam.
situ tests such as Seismic Cone Penetration Test (SCPT),
non-invasive tests such as Spectral Analysis of Surface 4. Important Outcomes
Waves (SASW) and/or laboratory tests such as Resonant Results suggest that the Gmax of the shell affects the natural
Column or Bender Element tests. However, owing to frequency of the structure and hence influences the response
difficulty in obtaining undisturbed samples required for of the structure to seismic excitation. The effect was found
conducting laboratory tests, SASW and SCPT have to be significant when the predominant frequency of the
emerged as reliable alternatives for determining Gmax. In earthquake excitation was similar to the natural frequency of
most cases, such tests are conducted exclusively on the the structure. Moreover, the variation in moduli of the
dam crest due to difficulty of access and unfavorable deeper layers was found to considerably affect the
working conditions on the slope of the dam. Test data response of the structure as compared to the variation in
unavailability for the dam slope necessitates simplified the near surface layers.
assumptions regarding Gmax for the shell of the dam. In 5. Conclusions
such a scenario, the dam is often idealized to consist of This study highlights the importance of accurate
horizontal strata with the Gmax properties obtained from estimation of Gmax properties of the shell of the dam for
in-situ tests conducted on the dam crest. It is also not seismic response analysis. Validation of assumed moduli
uncommon in analyses to assign uniform Gmax values to with laboratory test data is thus recommended to warrant
the entire dam shell or to assume Gmax as an increasing the accuracy of the analysis results.
function of effective mean stress (Gazetas, 1981; Parish
et al., 2009). References
The objective of this research was to study the impact of Gazetas, G. (1981). A new dynamic model for earth dams
these erroneous assumptions in the variation of shear evaluated through case histories. Soils and Foundations,
modulus of the dam shell on seismic response of the 21(1), 67–78.
structure when subjected to different earthquake Parish, Y., Sadek, M., & Shahrour, I. (2009). Review
excitations. Since the response of an earth structure to Article: Numerical analysis of the seismic behaviour of
earthquake loading depends on the shear wave velocity earth dam. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science,
9(2), 451–458.
285
Shortcomings in the Seismic Site Classification Provisions of

IS 1893-1:2016
Ravi Kant Mittal
Sanket Rawat
Aniruddha Tangirala
Department of Civil Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani - 333031
E-mail: ravimittal@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in ; h2015048@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in ; h2015047@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in
Keywords: Site Classification; IS 1893; SPT N value; Undrained shear strength, Shear wave velocity.
1. Introduction Value or unconfined shear strength available in the
The design standards of every country are revised taking existing literature is also referred.
into consideration of the past experience, modern state of
the art and prevalent construction practices and hence, 4. Important Outcomes
the latest revision of Indian Seismic Code IS 1893 Recommendations are made on the basis of prevailing
(2016) is no exception. Many critical clauses have either theories and international standards which can be
been modified or newly added in the latest revision to incorporated in the site classification criteria of IS 1893
minimize the uncertainties occurring in the design. One (2016). Overall, it is recommended to make use of SPT
of the important revisions is the corrections of the N value and undrained shear strength combinedly for the
categories of soil with proper and worldwide adopted classification of sites in Indian Scenario. Shear wave
notations. However, the site classification, inspite of the velocity test is highly preferred if the project economy
preceding conflict on its basis, has not been revised allows its incorporation.
completely and certain issues still remain unaddressed. 5. Conclusions
This paper identifies the limitations in the site The limitations in the site classification provisions of
classification criteria in latest revision of Indian seismic recently revised Indian Seismic design code IS 1893
code and proposes a brief comparison with current state (2016) as compared to the existing state of the art have
of the art which can be incorporated in its future been highlighted. Indian site classification is based on a
revision. single parameter i.e. SPT N value for all types of soils,
however, its applicability in case of cohesive soil is
Escalation or reduction in the magnitude of the design limited. Furthermore, it is explained that the clay and
acceleration coefficient or alternatively the shape of the sand differs in their classification as hard type on the
response spectra is greatly influenced by the type of the basis of N- Value. Clay can be considered to be stiff
soil. IS 1893 (2016) classifies soils into three categories even if the SPT N value is greater than 15 whereas the
viz. Hard, Medium and Soft soil on the basis of a sand is to be considered hard only when SPT N values
common SPT N value for both cohesionless and goes beyond 30. It has also been presented that the
cohesive soils. However, it is evident that the clay and limitations in case of cohesive soils can be minimized
sand differs in their classification as hard type on the either by proper classification using SPT and undrained
basis of N- Value. Moreover, most of the country also shear strength test combinedly or using the correlation
make use of average shear wave velocity, Unconfined between SPT N value and undrained shear strength.
shear strength etc. in their provision of site classification. Especially, for clays, the use of undrained shear strength
Shear wave velocity is a more direct characteristic is highly recommended, as it is available in the
parameter for assessing soil amplification of seismic geotechnical reports of most of the practical scenarios.
waves, therefore these parameters should be included in Hence, there is a crucial need to revise the site
Indian Seismic code for proper site classification. classification of Indian Seismic code in the light of new
research and the state of the art in the other recognized
3. Methodology country standards.
A comprehensive review of the site classification
requirements available in international seismic design Reference
standards namely International building code IBC IS 1893 (2016). Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design
(2015), Australian Standard AS 1170.4 (2007), European of Structures (Part 1) General provisions and
Standard Eurocode 8 (2007), NEHRP Guidelines (2001), buildings., IS 1893-Part 1, Bureau of Indian Standards,
Chinese Standard GB 50011 (2010), ASCE 7 (2016) etc. New Delhi.
has been made. Furthermore, the relation of type of
cohesionless soil and cohesive soil with the SPT N-
286
Determination of Rayleigh Phase Velocity of Soil Using Rayleigh Wave

Equation
Sandeep M.N.
Beena K.S.
Division of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala
E-mail: beenavg@gmail.com; sandheepmn@gmail.com
Keywords: Wave propagation, ground vibrations, Rayleigh wave

1. Introduction optimization, the Rayleigh velocity will be 0.87 times
Wave propagation in soil medium is due to natural and shear wave velocity to 0.96 times shear wave velocity as
anthropogenic causes. Generally waves can be classified Poisson ratio varies from 0 to 0.50.
as body waves and surface waves. Rayleigh is a type of
surface wave produced by interaction of primary body
waves and secondary body waves with earth surface. As
Rayleigh waves carry major share of the energy
dissipated during wave propagation these waves can
result in creating destruction of structures founded on the
soil.
Lord Rayleigh proposed the characteristic Rayleigh
wave equation for a homogeneous and isotropic half-
space with free boundary conditions. The solutions of the
secular Rayleigh wave equation give the velocity of the
wave in medium. The objective of the study is to
compare the value of Rayleigh wave velocity obtained in
terms of shear wave velocity, using optimization
technique to that derived by using the available
analytical solutions to the Rayleigh wave equation. Fig. 1 Variation of √x with Poisson ratio
The well-known Rayleigh wave equation is given by
x3 - 8 x2 + 8 x (3-2γ )- 16(1- γ)=0 (1) Kramer, Steven L. (1996) Geotechnical Earthquake
Engineering, Prentice Hall.
Where x =(c/β)2, 𝛾 -velocity ratio c - Rayleigh wave
velocity, β-shear wave velocity Malischewsky P.G. (2000) Comment to A new formula
Malischewsky (2000), Meckour (2003), Nkemzi (2007) for the velocity of Rayleigh waves, Wave Motion
and Rahman and Barber (1995) solved the secular 31,pp. 93-96.
Rayleigh equation using different analytical methods. In Mechkour, H. (2003) The exact expressions for the roots
this study optimization using Excel solver was used to of Rayleigh Wave Equation., Proceedings of the 2 nd
solve Rayleigh equation. International Colloquium of Mathematics in
4. Important Outcomes Engineering and Numerical Physics, Romania, pp.96-
The relation between Rayleigh velocity and shear 104.
velocity is given by Rayleigh phase velocity, Nkemzi D. (2007) A simple and explicit algebraic
c =β√x where x is the root of the Rayleigh equation. expression for the Rayleigh Wave Velocity, Science
The figure 1 shows the variation of √x with Poisson ratio Direct, Mechanics Research Communications,35,
for different methods. Both Rahman and Barber method pp.201-205.
and optimization technique give same values for Poisson
ratio 0.26≤ ν <0.5.For Poisson ratio 0≤ν<0.26 the values Rahman M., Barber J.R. (1995) Exact expressions for
for the root are different, but are comparable. the roots of the secular equation for Rayleigh waves,
ASME, J. Appl.Mech. 62, pp. 250-252.
5. Conclusions
It can be seen that Rahman and Barber method and Rayleigh J.W.S. (1887) On waves propagating along the
Optimization method gives real roots for the entire plane surface of an elastic solid, Proc. London Math.
spectrum of Poisson ratio for 0 to 0.5. For solution using Soc. 17, pp. 4-11.
287
Assessment of Liquefaction Potential Using Empirical Equations and

1D Ground Response Analysis for Agartala City
Khalid Bashir
Chayan Bhaumik
Rajib Saha
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Tripura – 799046
E-mail: khalid.civil@nita.ac.in; bhaumik.chayan@gmail.com; rajib.iitbbsr@gmail.com
Keywords: Earthquake; Liquefaction potential; DEEPSOIL; Factor of Safety.

Agartala, the capital town of state Tripura and a business Liquefaction triggering as well as susceptibility obtained
corridor for South East Asia through Bangladesh which by SPT based empirical method indicates fair chance of
is situated in the highest vulnerable zone as per seismic liquefaction in mostly all the layers of five bore holes.
zoning map of India. Past earthquakes (e.g., 1918 While, the shear wave based approach indicates lesser
Srimangal earthquake) experienced damage of structures chance of liquefaction in the same boreholes. Further,
and some incidence of liquefaction cases in this area. excess pore water pressure ratio with depth obtained
The geology of central part of Agartala municipal area from 1D nonlinear GRA indicates chances of
consists of sedimentary basin of relatively younger liquefaction in all the five boreholes is less.
alluvial deposits and outer part exhibits relatively older
stiff dupitilla formation. Hence, a significant spatial
variation of ground response hazard over the whole area
is anticipated. Present study primarily focuses on
assessment of liquefaction potential for Agartala city on
the basis of SPT and shear wave velocity based empirical
expressions and 1D nonlinear ground response analysis
(GRA). Hence, present study sheds significant inputs in
assessment of liquefaction potential which may be
helpful to define seismic hazard of the city.
2. Motivation and Objective Fig. 1 Factor of Safety against liquefaction vs Depth of soil
profile using SPT (a) and Pore water pressure ratio (PWP/Eff.
Past earthquakes, such as, 1918 Srimangal earthquake
vert.) Vs Depth (b).
(Mw =7.6) and recent 3rd January 2017 earthquake (Mw
=5.5) has shown damage of structures and clear 5. Conclusions
incidence of liquefaction cases in different alluvial sites This study indicates significant variation in assessment
of the state including Agartala. Hence, assessment of of liquefaction potential of Agartala city due to variation
liquefaction potential of capital city Agartala is felt to be in modelling techniques. Hence, use of empirical
important. The objective of present study is to calculate methods needs to be verified with any other analysis.
the liquefaction triggering and factor of safety (FOS) However, 1D GRA is a relatively mechanics based
against liquefaction susceptibility of Agartala city using approach which may give precise estimation of
empirical based solutions and 1D nonlinear GRA liquefaction potential.
analysis. Further, to verify the empirical results, 1D
nonlinear GRA analysis which is bit mechanics based is References
performed in the present study. Andrus, R.D., Stokoe, K.H., and Juang, C.H.
3. Methodology (2004) Guide for shear-wave based liquefaction
Liquefaction triggering and FOS against Liquefaction potential evaluation, Earthquake Spectra, Volume
with depth for five boreholes of Agartala city are 20, No. 2, 285–308, Earthquake Engineering
calculated using empirical based solutions. Further, 1D Research Institute.
nonlinear GRA analysis using DEEPSOIL v6.1 is also
performed to obtain more realistic response parameters,
such as, maximum strain, pore water pressure etc. with
depth in order to get insight into the problem and judge
the accuracy of empirical results.
288
Effect of Far Field Soil Reaction on Seismic Response of Integral

Abutment Bridge
Atop Lego
Arunachal Pradesh, PWD
E-mail: a.lego@iitg.ernet.in
Anjan Dutta
S.K. Deb
E-mail: adutta@iitg.ernet.in; skdeb@iitg.ernet.in
Keywords: Integral Abutment Bridge; Far field soil; Seismic load

1. Introduction field soil is formulated, adopting the modulus of
Modelling of soil response with load deformation (p-y) elasticity of the soil assuming the pile is embedded in
curve for the soil around the pile and in the zone of elastic continuum with young’s modulus 𝐸𝑠 .
strong nonlinear response called as near field zone can
account for the nonlinear resistance of soil to pile 4. Important Outcomes
deformations under seismic excitation. The soil near the Incorporation of far field soil reaction in soil pile
pile but away from the zone of strong nonlinear behavior interaction modelling makes the IAB more flexible
called as far field, soil responses elastically to the lateral resulting in increase of modal vibration of the bridge.
force generated by the pile. Accounting for the far field The participating mass ratio of the fundamental mode in
soil reaction by modelling with elastic element can transvers direction increase in the range of 11.98% to
logically reproduce the effect in dynamic response of 7.45% for the bridge in loose to dense sand. Further, the
pile by transferring the motion through the areas of deflection of pile increases in the range of 51% to 132%
strong nonlinear behavior to far field linear behavior. depending on the excitation frequency and soil type in
foundation as compared to the bridge model with near
2. Motivation and Objective field soil element only, leading to increase in the
This paper studies the effect of modelling the far field corresponding seismic design moment.
soil reaction along with the near field element in seismic
response of the integral abutment bridge (IAB) founded 5. Conclusions
in different type of soil. The increase in vibration period of structure due to
incorporation of far field soil reaction in soil pile
3. Methodology interaction modelling of IAB will not reduce seismic
The near field soil for nonlinear response is modelled force in all cases. The effect of modelling far field soil
with nonlinear load deformation (p-y) curve. In the reaction increase the deflection of pile and its
nonlinear zone, the dissipation of energy is achieved corresponding seismic design forces due to increase in
through the hysteretic behavior of the soil. In the far field flexibility of the foundation. Further, for short period
areas, the energy is dissipated by radiation damping. structure like IAB of short and medium span, the
This far field soil reaction in each layer of the soil is increase in the participating mass ratio in transverse
modelled with spring and dashpot representing the direction with the modelling of far field soil reaction will
dynamic stiffness and damping properties of the soil. increase the seismic design forces in bridge components,
The overall dashpot at every layer is summation of two if the increased vibration period remains within the zone
dashpots, one related to the radiation of energy per unit of constant acceleration of design spectrum. The overall
length of pile by wavers spreading geometrically away distortion of the bridge also increases due to increased
from the pile soil interface and the other dashpot flexibility of foundation.
simulating the material dissipation of energy per unit
length of pile. The computation of the radiation damping References
for the far field soil is carried out adopting the Gazetas, G. and Dorby, R. (1984) Horizontal response of
formulation given by Gazetas and Dorby (1984) based piles in layered soils. ASCE Journal of Geotechnical
on a plain strain model in which it is approximated that Engineering Vol. 110, No.1 January 1984.
the compression and extension wavers propagates in two
quarter planes perpendicular to the direction of loading.
The material hysteretic damping is formulated with
secant stiffness defined as the ratio of soil reaction
against unit deflection of pile and the hysteretic damping
coefficient 𝛽 of soil. The dynamic stiffness of the far
289
Nonlinear Static Behaviour of RC-Building Frame with Soil Structure

Interaction Effects
Nishant Sharma
Kaustubh Dasgupta
Arindam Dey
E-mail: nsharmanishant@gmail.com; kd@iitg.ernet.in; arindam.dey@iitg.ernet.in
Keywords: Pushover; Soil Structure Interaction; RC Frame Building

1. Introduction Structure supported on soft soil develops highest
The Indian seismic design code IS: 1893 Part I (2002), capacity and that supported on rock develops lowest
and past research suggests ignoring soil structure capacity. Additional axial forces develop in exterior
interaction effects. For the purpose of design and columns of the structure supported on soil. Increase in
analysis of the structure, the present norm followed is to sectional capacity of the exterior columns is observed for
proceed by neglecting the flexibility provided by the soil the structure supported on soil.
foundation system. However, Mylonakis and Gazetas
(2000) have rendered such assumptions to be over 510
simplistic as it is imperative that the interaction effects 459

exists and can be detrimental for the structure. In the 408
event of an earthquake significant lateral forces are
induced into the structure and the presence of the 357
Shear (kN)
flexibility, due to the foundation soil system, 306

significantly modifies the global and local lateral load 255
behavior of the structure. Pushover analysis is an
204 SS
effective tool which can be employed for the analysis of MS
the lateral load behavior of structures under the influence 153 MDS
DS
of soil structure interaction effects. 102
R
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
2. Motivation and Objective T op storey Drift (mm/mm)
Ignoring soil structure interaction effects can greatly
simplify the real complex phenomenon. This modifies Fig. 1 Pushover curves for different soil conditions
the actual lateral load behavior of the structure and 5. Conclusions
which is important to ascertain. Hence, the objective of The study highlights the effect of considering soil in the
the article is to study the lateral load beahviour of RC lateral load behavior of RC building frame structure. The
building frames under the influence of soil structure flexibility provided by the soil alters the behavior of the
interaction effects using pushover analysis. structure when compared to the structure supported on
rocky condition. The altered behavior is responsible for
3. Methodology increased capacity of the frame sections thereby
Various configurations of RC Framed buildings have increasing the global superstructure capacity. The study
been considered supported on (a) soft soil (SS) (b) highlights the importance of considering the effect of
medium soil (MS), (c) medium dense soil (MDS), (d) soil structure interaction.
dense soil (DS) and (e) rock (R). Four-noded plane strain
elements are used for modelling the continuum behavior References
of the soil with a specific domain length. Pressure-
Mylonakis, G. and Gazetas, G. (2000). Seismic soil-
dependent multi-yield failure criteria have been used for
structure interaction: beneficial or detrimental? Journal
simulation of soil behavior (Zhang et al, 2003).
of Earthquake Engineering, 4(03), pp.277-301.
Nonlinear stress-strain curves have been used to simulate
the characteristics of reinforced concrete. These building Zhang, Y., Yang, Z., Bielak, J., Conte, J. P. and Elgamal,
frames are subjected to a lateral load pattern, varying A. (2003) Treatment of seismic input and boundary
linearly with the height of the structure and enforced conditions in nonlinear seismic analysis of a bridge
with a gradual roof displacement of max 10% of its ground system, Proceedings of the16th ASCE
height. Engineering Mechanics Conference, 16-18, University
of Washington, Seattle, USA.
Fig. 1 shows the comparison of the pushover curve of a
building frame supported on various soil conditions.
290
Behaviour of Laterally Loaded Bridge Piles In Sand

Benazir F. Ahmed
Kaustubh Dasgupta
Arindam Dey
E-mail: benazir@iitg.ernet.in, kd@iitg.ernet.in, arindamdeyiitg16@gmail.com
Keywords: Soil-pile interaction; Strain wedge model; Pile head lateral load capacity; Flow around failure
1. Introduction Table-1 Reference model and the soil properties used in the
The behaviour of pile under lateral loading involves the study
influence of soil resistance against lateral deflection of D (m) 0.52 𝒇𝒄𝒌 (N/mm2) 40
pile and vice versa. Conventionally, the behaviour is
𝜌𝑙 (%) 4.288 𝑃 (kN) 300
graphically represented through p-y interaction curve
where, p and y are the lateral soil reaction and the lateral 𝜌𝑡 (%) 0.3 𝐿 (m) 12
pile displacement respectively. These curves are Type of Loose 3
𝜑 = 30°, γ = 16.5 kN/m , (𝜀50 )42.5 = .005
obtained using empirical formulations, which do not Soil 𝜑 = 40°, γ = 19.6 kN/m3 , (𝜀50 )42.5 = .0025
Dense
consider the interaction of pile-soil system through
mutual influence. One of the important parameters
representing the soil-pile interaction along the interface 4. Important Outcomes
is the modulus of subgrade reaction. The value of the The p-y curves generated through SWM incorporating
modulus of subgrade reaction can be theoretically the mutual interaction between pile and soil of a given
obtained using the Strain Wedge Model (SWM) (Ashour pile-soil system differ significantly from those obtained
and Norris (2000)) incorporating both soil and pile from the previous formulations both in shape as well as
properties. This also provides a means of obtaining the magnitude. For the pile in loose sandy soil, the system
p-y curve for a pile-soil system. failure initiates through flow around failure of soil
sublayers followed by structural damages in the pile. For
the pile in dense sand, shear strength of the soil is large
Traditional p-y curves for piles are typically based on
enough to cause structural failure before the occurrence
field tests carried out in the past. Thus, generalized p-y
of any flow around failure in a soil sublayer. For a pile in
curves cannot be prescribed due to the influence of
dense sand, the pile head lateral capacity is greater than
specific test conditions in those results. As SWM is
that in loose sand whereas the pile deflection capacity is
based on coupled soil-pile interaction, it can be used for
less in case of dense sand. Parametric study reveals that
more realistic investigation of different combinations of
the pile structural properties, particularly 𝜌𝑙 , 𝜌𝑡 , and D
pile properties and soil conditions. This paper aims to
have significant influences on the magnitude of the
obtain the p-y curve of a pile in sandy soil using the
lateral pile head load as well as displacement capacities.
SWM model. Further, a parametric study is carried out to
identify the important pile parameters influencing the 5. Conclusions
pile-head lateral capacity and as well as deflection for a The present study has demonstrated a new approach for
particular type of sand. obtaining the p-y curve considering nonlinear pile-soil
interaction with any set of pile and soil properties. The
3. Methodology
structural nonlinearities in pile behaviour are observed to
In the present study, a single fixed headed square pile is
have significant impact on the nature of the p-y curves
considered to be embedded in dry sandy soil. The pile is
and hence, a realistic insight is obtained on pile-soil
modeled with dispBeamColumn element using
interaction.
OpenSees program (McKenna et al. (2000)) with the top
node restrained in rotation. The pile length and the References
surrounding soil are discretized into segments of
constant thickness (of the order of half the pile size). The Ashour, M., Norris, G. (2000) Modeling lateral soil-pile
p and y values are obtained at the middle of each response based on soil-pile interaction, J. of
segment using the SWM multilayer technique. The p-y Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engg., 126(5), pp.
springs representing the soil are assigned to the 420-428.
zeroLength elements at the discretized pile nodes. To McKenna, F., Fenves, G.L. and Scott, M.H. (2000)
carry out the parametric study, a reference pile model is Open System for Earthquake Engineering
adopted and all the parameters are varied with respect to Simulation. University of California, Berkeley, CA.
this model for generating the corresponding models
(Table 1).
291
EFFECT OF GRADATION ON DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF POND ASH

EMBANKMENT
S. Rahitya
N. R. Patra
E-mail: nrpatra@iitk.ac.in
Keywords: Pond ash, Response analysis, gradation
1. Introduction finite element mesh of the embankment was developed

An in-depth knowledge of physical, chemical, in preprocessing software GiD 9.3.1. The shape of the
mineralogical and geotechnical characteristics of ash is element to be used depends upon the geometry of the
required if it is being used in different fields. But the domain, as the major portions of the embankment are
literature regarding the geotechnical characteristics of rectangular in shape except the sloping portions,
various ash is limited to fly ash or bottom ash (Sridharan quadrilateral or rectangular elements are preferred.
et al., 1996; Kim et al., 2005; Punthutaecha et al., 2006; Pressure dependent and pressure independent materials
Madhyannapu et al., 2008; Sarkar et al., 2011). Seed are used with fully coupled elements and Opensees
(1979) has investigated the factors like method of provides two types of solid-fluid fully coupled elements,
deposition, aging, stress history, OCR that regulate FourNodeQuadUP and Nine _Four_Node_QuadUP
liquefaction susceptibility and suggested that the (9_4_QuadUP) to simulate pore pressures during
liquefaction susceptibility of embankments is greater dynamic loading. In this study, 9_4_QuadUP element is
than that of natural soil deposits at the same relative preferred because it gives more refined results as 9 nodes
density. Geotechnical investigations classified pond ash are for solid deformation and 4 for pore pressure while
as fine grained material and thus embankments with FourNodeQuadUP has only 4 nodes for solid
pond ash as construction material are highly susceptible deformation and pore pressure. 9_4_QuadUP is a 9-node
to liquefaction and slope failures during earthquake. Few quadrilateral plane-strain element where the corner
researchers have worked on numerical analyses of nodes have 3 degree of freedom (2 for translational, one
embankments constructed with fly ash and pond ash for pore pressure) while the interior nodes have 2 degree
(Bandyopadhyay et al., 2011; Havanagi et al., 2011; of freedom (both translational).
Jakka et al., 2011b; Mohanty and Patra, 2012). But the
works on analysis of existing pond ash embankment in 4. Important Outcomes
India in earthquake prone region are very limited. Added It was observed that excess pore pressure ratio is more
to that pond ash embankments are very large structures than one beneath the slope locations as compared to the
with a height varying from 6m to 50m and area of the location below the level surface in saturated condition
order 100000 m2 hence failure of these structures would this could be because of low boundary shear and low
lead to huge losses of lives and finances. vertical effective stress beneath the slopes. On changing
the gradation of pond ash, that is lowering the silt
2. Motivation and Objective fraction and increasing the sand fraction, the liquefaction
In this study, two dimensional finite element analysis resistance of pond ash embankment has been increased
using Open System for earthquake engineering which could be because of decrease in water holding
simulation (OpenSees, an open source software capacity of the material.
framework) was carried out to study the dynamic
response of pond ash embankment in Obra (located in 5. Conclusions
seismic zone III), Uttar Pradesh, India, under three On changing the gradation of Obra pond ash by mixing
different earthquake loading conditions namely Chamba it with 70% of Kanpur soil, the peak ground acceleration
(Mw = 5.1), Chamoli (Mw = 6.4) and Uttarkashi (Mw = (PGA) in saturated condition was observed to decrease
6.5) at saturated and existing water table situations. The by 8%, 9% and 6% under Chamba, Chamoli and
study further investigates the dynamic response of the Uttarkashi earthquakes respectively. The lateral ground
embankment, considering the gradation effect of pond displacement (PGD) was observed to decrease by 12%,
ash, by mixing the pond ash with local soil (soil from 53% and 30% under Chamba, Chamoli and Uttarkashi
Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India). earthquakes respectively.
Ash collected from Obra ash pond, Obra, Uttar Pradesh, Vucetic, M., and Dobry, R.(1991) “Effect of Soil
India and the mixture of 70% Kanpur soil with 30% Plasticity on Cyclic Response,” Journal of
Obra pond ash are the materials considered in the present Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, v. 117, pp. 248-54.
analysis. Owing to the complexity of the geometry, the
292
Active and Passive Surface Wave Techniques for Site Characterization

at Archaeological Site of Gol Gumbaz Vijayapura, South India
Shivakumar G. Patil
G. R. Dodagoudar
Arun Menon
E-mail: shivupatil29@gmail.com; goudar@iitm.ac.in; arunmenon@iitm.ac.in
Keywords: surface wave; MASW; MAM

1. Introduction
The reliable subsoil model at the archaeological sites is a
fundamental step towards understanding their seismic
risk. The behaviour of earth material under the applied
load is commonly governed by its elastic moduli, which
in turn depends on shear wave velocity. Sharp contrasts
in shear wave velocity (Vs) of near-surface geomaterials
over short intervals of depth will cause a change in
frequency content and amplitude of earthquake ground-
motions. For shear wave characterization of near-surface
earth materials, non-invasive surface wave methods are
extremely effective; more so where invasive tests are
restricted in archaeological sites.
The main objective of the present study is to characterise
Fig. 1 Individual Dispersion curves for MASW and MAM
the near-surface geomaterials at the archaeological site
of Gol Gumbaz, roofed with the fourth largest masonry 5. Conclusions
dome in the world. In the present study, an attempt has been made to use
combined active and passive dispersion curves to
3. Methodology achieve greater depth of investigations to model the
Surface wave methods consist of active and passive subsoil profile in the archaeological site of Gol Gumbaz.
source techniques. In the case of the active method, The combined use of the active and passive technique is
controlled source such as sledgehammer is used to create more relevant in the sites, where uses of heavy
surface waves which are detected by a linear array of equipment to produce longer wavelength surface waves
geophones. Multichannel Analysis of Surface Wave are restricted.
(MASW) (Park 1999) and Spectral Analysis of Surface
Wave (SASW) (Stokoe II et al. 1994) methods are References
classified as active surface wave techniques. On the Hayashi, K. (2008). Development of Surface-wave
other hand, in passive method ambient noise such as Methods and Its Application to Site Investigations.
nearby vehicular moment, industrial or ocean activities PhD thesis at Kyoto University.
act as a source for low-frequency surface waves. These
waves are detected by a two-dimensional array of Okada, H. and Suto, K. (2003). The Microtremor Survey
geophones and is called as Microtremor Array Method. Society of Exploration Geophysicists.
Measurement (MAM) (Okada and Suto 2003; Hayashi Park C.B., Miller R.D and Xia J (1999) Multichannel
2008). In the present investigation, both active and analysis of surface waves. Geophysics 64:800–808
passive surface wave methods were carried out. The
dispersion curves of both active and passive technique Stokoe II K.H., Wright S.G., Bay J.A. and Roesset J.M.
were merged to achieve wider frequency band (Fig. 1), (1994) Characterization of geotechnical sites by
and hence deeper depth of investigation. SASW method. In: Woods RD (ed) Geophysical
Characterization of Sites, pp 15–25,
The main outcomes of this study are to measure the
shear wave velocity (Vs) as a function of depth and Vs30
(the weighted average of Vs in the topmost 30 m) to
classify the soil classes.
293
Effect of Shape of Footing on Coefficient of Elastic Uniform

Compression of Fine Sand
C.N.V. Satyanarayana Reddy
Department of Civil Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam – 530003
E-mail:cnvsreddy@gmail.com
G.V. Usha Rani

Department of Civil Engineering, Dr. L.B. College of Engineering for Women, Visakhapatnam – 530003
E-mail: ushagurugubelli@gmail.com
M. Nagalakshmi
Department of Civil Engineering, Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology and Sciences, Visakhapatnam – 531162
E-mail: nagalakshmi20.bec@gmail.com
Keywords: Shape of footing, fine sand, stiffness, coefficient, elastic uniform compression, machine foundations
1. Introduction rebound. Dial gauge readings are noted under loading
The equivalent soil spring stiffness determination is and unloading conditions at each load increment and the
essential for evaluation of natural frequency of elastic settlements under the applied loads are
foundations of machines. Also, stiffness is required for determined. Based on the results of small scale cyclic
determination of amplitude of vibration. The soil spring plate load test, pressure-elastic settlement graph is
stiffness is determined based on coefficient of elastic plotted and the Coefficient of elastic uniform
uniform compression of soil relative to foundation. The compression (Cu) is determined as the slope of pressure-
coefficient of elastic uniform compression (Cu) is elastic settlement plot.
determined from cyclic plate load test as the slope of
load intensity – elastic settlement plot. The value of Cu 4. Important Outcomes
of soil for actual foundation is determined using Based on the small scale cyclic load test results, it is
Barkan’s Equation. Soil spring stiffness (k) is observed that the coefficients of elastic uniform
determined by multiplying Cu with base area of compression (Cu) of square and circular test plungers of
foundation. same size are different. Hence, Cu of sand varies with
shape. Hence, the value of Cu for circular footings
The plate load test is generally conducted with square determined based on the value of Cu of square test plate
plates and if the value of Cu based on square plate is should not be used as it is in designs. The value of Cu
available, the result can be used for determination of Cu shall be corrected for shape to make it applicable to
of prototype square footing. The results cannot be circular footing.
directly used for circular footings of machines. Hence, it 4. Conclusion
is essential to arrive at shape factor to convert the value The coefficient of elastic uniform compression of
of Cu of square footing to circular footing. circular footing in fine sand shall be determined by
applying a shape factor of 0.85 on the coefficient of
3. Methodology
In the present study, Small scale cyclic plate load tests elastic uniform compression of square footing.
are conducted in the laboratory on fine sand specimens References
prepared in CBR Mould using square and circular
plungers of same size and weight. Circular plunger used Barkan, D.D (1962) “Dynamics of Bases and
in the study is standard CBR test plunger of 5cm Foundations”, Mc. Graw Hill Book Co., New York.
diameter. The tests are performed on fine sand IS 5249-1992: Determination of Dynamic properties of
specimens prepared at OMC-MDD after saturation. The Soils, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
load on the test sample is applied through plunger using
a self straining load frame of 5t capacity and is measured Prakash, S (1981), “Soil Dynamics”, Mc. Graw Hill
using calibrated proving ring. A surcharge of 5kg is Book Co., New York.
placed on the sample and load is applied in stages in
increments of 1/5th of anticipated safe bearing capacity
(20t/m2) and increased up to 2.5 times the anticipated
safe bearing capacity. A seating loading of 7kPa is
applied prior to the loading on the sample. Applied load
at each stage is released and the plate is allowed to
294
Seismic Response of Resilient Pier on Pile Foundation

Rajesh R Rele
Pradeep D
Stergios A. Mitoulis
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK –GU2 7XH
E-mail: r.rele@surrey.ac.uk; pradeepkumardammala@gmail.com, s.mitoulis@surrey.ac.uk; s.bhattacharya@surrey.ac.uk
Keywords: elastomeric pad; shape memory alloy; resilience

1. Introduction with negligible residual drift for seismic excitations of
The concept of ductility is used in the conventional 0.2g and 0.35gconsidered in this study.
design of bridge pier wherein the pier reinforcement is
detailed to develop flexural plastic hinges at the base and
top of pier. Although bridges designed in this manner
may be safe from collapse but not from damages due to
severe earthquake excitations. Rocking isolation in the
form of structural rocking or geotechnical rocking of the
bridge pier experience far less damage when subjected to
high intensity earthquake ground motion with added
bonus of pier that re-center due to the increased period of
vibration owing to the flexibility of the resilient rocking
pier. Fig. 1 Proposed resilient pier on pile foundation.
Rocking of bridge pier on pile foundation has not been The resilient pier model has better seismic performance
adopted extensively in the field of bridge engineering. than the fixed pier models since the elastomeric pad
This paper studies the seismic response of the resilient elongated the period from 0.74 s (fixed base) to 0.91s
bridge pier with elastomeric pad and external restrainer (resilient pier) and the SMA bars showed super elastic
made of shape memory alloy with the conventional pier hysteresis and also controlled the pier horizontal
supported on pile foundation having soil profile varying displacements with negligible residual deformation of
from loose sand to dense sand taking into effects of pile pier post-earthquake.
soil interaction as per API method of practice.
Overall it can be concluded that rocking mode of pier is
3. Methodology promising and advantageous especially for areas prone to
A resilient bridge pier with elastomeric pads installed medium and high seismic zones in sandy soil strata.
beneath the pier footing which rests on pile cap
supported by pile foundation in sandy strata is proposed. References
After construction of pile cap the elastomeric pads are
placed followed by the pier and superstructure. The API (American Petroleum Institute).(1993).
external restrainers made of smart material known as Recommended practice for planning, designing and
shape memory alloy is installed after the initial construction fixed offshore platforms-Working stress
deformation of pad due to self-weight of structure. Free design, Washington, DC
field ground response analyses in DEEPSOIL V6.1 are Antonellis G and Panagiotou M (2014). Seismic
performed for PGA of 0.2g and 0.35g. The effect is then Response of Bridges with rocking foundations
considered in the pile as multiple-support excitation compared to fixed-base bridges at a near fault site.
problem in which displacement is given at each pile soil Journal of Bridge Engineering; 19(15): pp, 1-14
spring node in the form of displacement time history
obtained from the acclerograms analyzed in DEEPSOIL. Alper U, Panos T (2008). Effect of soil-structure
interaction on seismic isolated bridges. Journal of
4. Important Outcomes Structural Engineering; 134 (7): pp, 1154-1164
By performing non-linear dynamic time history
analysis in CSi BRIDGE and it has been found that Jacquelyn, D A, Kutter B. L (2014). Design
resilient pier is an economical solution for areas Considerations for rocking foundations on unattached
subjected to severe seismic forces. The forces in pier are piles. Journal of Geotechnical and Geo environmental
considerably reduced as compared to the fixed base pier. Engineering,10.1061/(ASCE)GT.194356065.000162,1
The resilient pier had almost full re-centering capacity -11.
295
Mitigation of Ground-borne Railway Vibrations using Geosynthetics:

State of the Art
M. Roshan Khan
E-mail: mohroshankhan@civil.iitb.ac.in; dasaka@civil.iitb.ac.in
Keywords: ground vibration, railway loading, geosynthetics, railway embankment, vibration mitigation
1. Introduction 3. Methodology and important outcomes
A critical appraisal of the current practices in mitigation A review of the current practices in mitigation of railway
of ground-borne railway vibrations was carried out in vibrations was carried out and the necessity of the
this study and recommendations were drawn for railway measures for mitigation of ground-borne railway
authorities, for the operation of High Speed Railway vibrations was identified. The study summarized the
networks and Dedicated Freight Corridors without principles of generation, propagation and quantification
causing distress to the adjoining structures, due to of railway vibrations, followed by the discussions on the
excessive ground vibrations. In India, railway lines run potential application of geosynthetics in railway
proximate to inhabited areas and sensitive structures, and embankments. The vibration isolation properties of
the mitigation of railway vibrations stands an important various classes of geosynthetics including shock mats
concern. The construction of railway lines, in general, (Navaratnarajah et al., 2016), geotextiles, geogrids,
incorporates no significant measures for mitigating the geomembranes, geocells and geofoam were reviewed
train induced vibrations. Active vibration mitigation and a guideline was given for selecting the right
measures incorporating geosynthetics embedded in geosynthetic fabric. It could be ascertained that the
railway embankments can prove to be an effective incorporation of geosynthetics in railway embankments
solution to this problem. The deployment of can contribute significantly in the attenuation of ground-
geosynthetics also have the advantages of increasing the borne railway vibrations.
structural stability of the railway embankments. A
comprehensive study of the generation, propagation and 4. Conclusions
quantification of ground-borne railway vibrations was The study emphasizes the necessity of mitigating
first carried out, followed by the review of the potential ground-borne railway vibrations and from the
application of geosynthetics in mitigating railway comprehensive review of literature, it was recognized
vibrations. Deployment of geosynthetics in railway that deployment of geosynthetics in railway
substructures were found to be a promising solution for embankments can be an effective method of attenuating
reduction of ground-borne railway vibrations. The study ground-borne railway vibrations, while also improving
prospects a step forward in the sustainable operation of the stability of the railway substructure. The suitability
railways in India, posing minimum disturbances to the of various classes of geosynthetics were studied in detail,
proximate structures during operation of high speed with emphasis on selection of the right materials for
trains and heavy freight carriers. attenuating railway vibrations. The incorporation of
geosynthetics in High Speed Railway tracks and
2. Motivation and Objective Dedicated Freight Corridors will help Indian Railways to
The grievances of disturbance and damages caused by conform to the environment-friendly operational policies
railway operations on structures proximate to railway and operate with extended periods of incessant service.
lines is a common issue in India. The vibrations caused
by the passing trains create a feeling of insecurity among References
the residents and the effects are augmented when the Navaratnarajah, S. K., Indraratna, B., & Nimbalkar, S.
vibrations are amplified through susceptible and (2016). Application of shock mats in rail track
sensitive buildings proximate to railway lines. Nuisance foundation subjected to dynamic loads. Procedia
to passengers are crucially observed in railway lines with Engineering, Elsevier, 143, pp. 1108-1119.
high speed trains (Zania et al., 2011). The present study
has focused on the mitigation of ground-borne railway Zania, V., Hededal, O., & Krogsboll, A. (2011). Train
vibrations that tend to propagate away from the railway induced vibrations in geosynthetic reinforced railway
embankment during train operations. The significance of embankments. Proceedings of the 8th International
attenuating ground-borne railway vibrations was studied Conference on Structural Dynamics, EURODYN
and prospective suggestions were formulated, that can 2011, pp. 692-698.
help Indian Railways to advance with an environment-
friendly operation strategy.
296
Estimation of Settlement of Surrounding Soil of Tunnel Due to Train

Movement
Dharmendra Singh
Anupam Rawat
Vijay Kumar
Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT Allahabad, Allahabad – 211004
E-mail: dharmindrasings22@gmail.com, anupam@mnnit.ac.in, vkr@mnnit.ac.in
Keywords: Soil settlement; Soil-structure; Train movement

1. Introduction Table 1: Mechanical & Physical Properties of Sleeper,
For the stress-free flow of traffic, roadways, railways Ballast, Rail, and Soil
and airways also increase with faster rate. This underpass Element Sleeper Ballast Rail Soil
RCC Railway Bridge was made due to insufficient Poisson
availability of land in the area, such type of bridge 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.28
Ratio
utilizes less space for its construction (Mohankar et. al., Young 200
30 GPa 210 GPa 25 MPa
2010). Modulus MPa
Mass 2054 1800K 7850 1727
2. Motivation and Objective Density Kg/m3 g/m3 Kg/m3 Kg/m3
This study is focused on the finding out the settlement of Stiffness 0.3
railway underpass situated near the railway crossing of Damping 0.01
MNNIT, Allahabad. Allahabad to Lucknow railway line
passes through the MNNIT Allahabad campus which is The self-load/dead-load of the Railway underpass the
single line route. The average speed of the train on this component is considered. A dead load of RCC is
railway line is 55 km/h and maximum speed is 110 km/h. 24kN/m3. As per IS: 875 (Part 1) – 1987.The live load=
Use of computational approach was observed less in 123 tons. Coordinates of model X, Y, and Z. Dimension
investigation of the influence of soil settlement induced of model with railway track developed in ANSYS.
by train movement on adjacent structures.
ANSYS can carry out advanced engineering analyses 4. Conclusion
quickly, safely and practically by its variety of contact On the basis of above results following conclusions have
algorithms, time-based loading features, and nonlinear been obtained:
material models.  The nearby area of underpass influenced by dynamic
load of railway. Face 1 and face 2 were relative high
3. Methodology soil settlement than other parts of underpass.
Settlement and stress are the main input parameters for  Settlement on the both faces was inversely
the analysis of soil settlement induced by movement of proportional to the settlement of soil.
train.  Computational solution results are consistent with
Selection of finite element the maximum deformation for face-2 and face-1
The meshing of the model has been done after the input respectively 4.223×10-3m and 5.444×10-3m.
of these parameters. In the meshing different type of  Maximum deformation is increased when the load
element has been selected for the concrete and soil increase at the railway track. Hence design load is
media. required to calculate while selecting appropriate
Element for concrete was selected 3-D Reinforced section.
Concrete Solid [SOLID65]. Element for soil was References
selected 3-D 8 Node Structural Solid [SOLID185].
Length of Railway underpass = 41.30m Correia, A. Gomes, J. Cunha, João Marcelino, Laura
 Width of Railway underpass = 11.5m Caldeira, J. Varandas, Z. Dimitrovová, A. Antão, and
 Height of Railway underpass = 4.6m M. G. D. Silva. "Dynamic analysis of rail track for
 Slab thickness of Railway underpass = 0.55m high speed trains. 2D approach." 5th Intl Worksop on
 Thickness of Column = 0.5m Application of Computational Mechanics on
Geotechnical Engineering (2007): 04-2007.
Properties used in ANSYS
Other Properties use in ANSYS has been taken from
various literatures which are shown in Table 1 [Correia
et. al. 2014]
297
Factors Influencing Structural Evaluation of Unbound Layers of

Flexible Pavement by Falling Weight Deflectometer – A Review
R. R. Pai
S. Patel
Applied Mechanics Department, SV National Institute of Technology, Surat - 395007
E-mail: rahul22by7@gmail.com; spatel@amd.svnit.ac.in
J. T. Shahu
Dept. of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi - 110 016
E-mail: shahu@civil.iitd.ac.in
Keywords: Falling weight deflectometer; base; subbase; resilient modulus;

1. Introduction  The laboratory Mr of aggregate base was found to be
Structural evaluation of existing in-service pavements less than the back-calculated Mr obtained from the
constitutes a major part of the maintenance and FWD test. The higher back-calculated value is
reinstatement activities of state highway agencies and attributed to the confinement resulting from the
airport authorities. Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) overlying pavement structure [Solanki et al. (2009)].
test is a comprehensive non-destructive approach to
estimate pavement layer properties and evaluates 5. Conclusions
structural condition. This paper delves into various From the comprehensive examination it can be
contemporary studies related to the structural evaluation concluded that climatic condition and temperature
of base and subbase layers of flexible pavements using variation during the test is highly influential on the back-
FWD and discusses the immeasurable findings from calculated moduli of the pavement layers. Comparison
these studies namely effect of climatic condition and between the FWD back-calculated modulus and
temperature on the modulus obtained from FWD test laboratory resilient modulus (Mr) is highly indispensable
data, comparison between the FWD back-calculated as the correlation between the two moduli can be
modulus and laboratory resilient modulus (Mr) etc. subsequently used in pavement rehabilitation for the
design of pavement overlays.
The main objective of this review is to corroborate the References
significance of FWD and emphasize on the factors Chang, J., Lin, J. and Chen, D. (2002) Evaluating the
influencing the structural evaluation of base and subbase structural strength of flexible pavements in Taiwan
layers of flexible pavements. using the falling weight deflectometer, International J.
3. FWD Test Technique of Pavement Engg., 3(3), pp. 131-141.
FWD is an impulse–loading device in which a transient Hatipoglu, B., Edil, B., T. and Benson, C., H. (2008)
load is applied to the pavement and the deflected shape Evaluation of base prepared from road surface gravel
of the pavement surface is measured by means of sensors stabilized with fly ash, Proc., GeoCongress, New
placed at different radial distances starting from the Orleans, Louisiana, pp. 288-295.
center of the loading plate. The resulting load-deflection
data from the FWD test is generally interpreted through Solanki, P., Zaman, M., Muraleetharan, K., K., and
pertinent back-calculation techniques to generate the Timm, D. (2009) Evaluation of resilient moduli of
elastic moduli of the pavement layers. pavement layers at an instrumented section on I-35 in
Oklahoma, Road Materials and Pavement Design,
4. Important Outcomes 10.1080/14680629.2009.9690242, pp. 167-188.
The crucial findings from the extensive review are as
follows:
 The back-calculated modulus from FWD data was
found to vary seasonally, with the lowest occurring in
the spring when the pavement has higher water content
and highest during fall when the water content starts
diminishing [Hatipoglu et al. (2008)].
 Chang et al. (2002) established a relation between the
back-calculated modulus of pavement layers and the
temperature at the time of FWD data collection.
298
A Parametric Study of Ballasted Railway Track under Static and

Moving Loads
Priya Pandey
Prishati Raychowdhury
Sarvesh Chandra
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
E-Mail : priyap@iitk.ac.in, prishati@iitk.ac.in, sarviitk@gmail.com
Keywords: Railway track, Moving load, Finite-element modeling, Geosynthetics
1. Introduction 4. Results and Discussion

Indian Railways has faced a greater demand over the The load intensity is found to be the most important
years, due to increase in traffic and speed on the factor for design of a railway track. On doubling the load
ballasted railway tracks. Most of the track routes that intensity, the subgrade deformation increases to 95% and
were initially designed for lower axle load are now been 40% under static and moving load conditions,
subjected to heavier axle loads and at higher speeds. respectively. Use of geosynthetic layers also observed to
There is an ever-increasing demand of improvement in affect the response. Upon using a single layer of
the rail network, and being extensively studied recently geosynthetics between the ballast and subballast layer,
(e.g., Mallik et al., 2005; Mandhaniya, 2016). the stress and displacement at the top of subgrade is
reduced by 18% and 12%, respectively. However, use of
2. Motivation and Objective multiple layers of geosynthetics does not show
The present study investigates the effect of various significant improvement over single layer reinforcement.
relevant parameters such as subgrade modulus, height of With increase in speed of moving load, the displacement
ballast and sub-ballast, use of geosynthetics as increases up to a certain speed, after which it starts to
reinforcement, variation of sleeper distance, load decrease. This critical speed range for the existing track
intensity and the speed of moving load on the stress and is found to be between 150 and 200 km/h.
displacement profile of the railway track system.
5. Conclusions
3. Methodology (i) The subgrade modulus largely affects the stress and
A three-dimensional finite element model of the displacement responses under static and dynamic
ballasted rail track subjected to static and moving load is load, whereas sleeper distance does not have
developed in ABAQUS for this purpose (Fig. 1). Both considerable effect on the same.
static and transient analyses are carried out in this study. (ii) As the depth of ballast and sub-ballast is increased,
Details can be found in Pandey (2016). stress and displacements in the subgrade reduces.
(iii) Use of geosynthetics reduce the displacement of the
displacement and stress.
(iv) This critical speed range for the existing track is
found to be between 150 and 200 km/h.
References
Mallik, A. K., Sarvesh Chandra, and Avinash B. Singh.
(2005), "Steady-state response of an elastically
supported infinite beam to a moving load." Journal of
Sound and Vibration 291 (3), 1148-1169.
P. Mandhaniya (2016). “Finite Element Analysis of

Static and Dynamic Loading on Ballastless Rail
Track”, M Tech dissertation, Department of Civil
Engineering, IIT Kanpur.
P. Pandey (2016). “A Parametric Study of Ballasted

Railway Track under Static and Dynamic Loading”, M
Fig 1: 3D finite element modeling of the railway track, ballast
and subgrade system
Tech dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering,
IIT Kanpur.
299
Prediction of Elastic Modulus Of Soil Subgrade From Its Various

Engineering Properties
Setu Ghosh
Tufan Datta
Bikash Chandra Chattapadhyay
Meghnad Saha Institute of Technology, Kolkata-700150
Email: setu10.ghosh@gmail.com; meettufan@yahoo.co.in ; ccbokash@yahoo.com
1. Introduction
Soil Young's modulus (E), commonly referred to as soil
elastic modulus, is an elastic soil parameter and a
measure of soil stiffness. It is defined as the ratio of the
stress along an axis over the strain along that axis in the
range of elastic soil behavior. The elastic modulus is
often used for estimation of soil settlement and elastic
deformation analysis.
To develop a numerical relationship between Elastic
modulus of soil (E) and the engineering properties of that
soil.
Fig.2 Modulus of elasticity (E) vs CBR vs OMC
3. Methodology
The engineering properties of six different types of soil
samples are determined. By using empherical formulas, E = -189.46 +29.51*C+ 1.97*CBR-
the value of modulus of elasticity (E) is calculated. From 0.98*OMC2 +0.011*CBR2
Boweles Where
For cohesive soil: d is in kN/m3, OMC is in percentage, E is in MPA. CBR
E=600 Cu (Cu = undrained shear strength) is in percentage.
The equation is valid for PI<30%.
For non cohesive soil: 5. Conclusions
The values of modulus of elasticity(E) for different
E=7000*N0.5 KPA (N = SPT No)
subgrade material is often required for design and
The equation is valid for sand (normally consolidated).
construction of such subgrade in practice. From the
A relationship is developed between modulus of
present investigation a realistic correlation for “E” with
elasticity (E), maximum dry density of soil (dmax) and
different type of soil over wide range of “dmax” have
OMC (w). Another relationship is developed between
been presented. Similarly correlation of E value with
modulus of elasticity (E), California bearing ratio (CBR)
OMC and CBR has also been made. The values of E
and OMC (w).
found from this correlation compare well with predicted
of E from other available correlation
References
Bowles, J.E. “Foundation Analysis and Design”
MaGraw-…..Hill Book Company, New York, 1982,
pp 66-189.
Typical values of Young's modulus for granular material
and.cohesive material (MPa) (based on Obrzud &
Truty.2012 complied from Kezdi 1974 and Prat et al.
1995)...(http://www.geotechdata.info)
Fig.1 Modulus of elasticity(E) vs Maximum dry density(dmax)
vs OMC
E = 4714.93 + 23.3757*OMC - 569.50* d max -
0.81*OMC2 +16.73*d max2
300
Reliability Study on Fatigue Life of Flexible Pavement with the

Simultaneous Variation of Temperature and Mix Design of Bitumen
Saurav Pal
Department of Civil Engineering, Meghnad Saha Institute of Technology, Kolkata – 700150
E-mail: palsaurav35@gmail.com
Pritam Aitch
Department of Civil Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata - 700032
E-mail: pritam.aitch@jadavpuruniversity.in
Keywords: Reliability Analysis; Mechanistic Empirical; Fatigue; Monte Carlo Simulation

This paper provides the research that incorporated The results of the Sensitivity analysis are summarized
reliability analysis into the existing mechanistic- below,
empirical flexible pavement design method based on
IRC 37:2012 for India. M-E (mechanistic-empirical) (a) The minimum number of Monte Carlo cycles that
methods are gaining more acceptance and greater use should be used in design is 7,500.
globally since they are much more acceptable than the (b) Temperature is the most important parameter
traditional empirically-based design methods. which causes the variation of the input parameters
Accordingly, for the M-E procedure to be complete there to a great extent, especially the variation in
must be an accounting for the inherent variability within properties of pavement layers.
the design process. Reliability analysis allows for a
rational accounting of the variability in the design 5. Conclusions
parameters. In this paper variations in properties of Concerning the above observations, it may be concluded
flexible pavement layers have been taken into account that temperature may be the most susceptible factor for
and been applied into Reliability analysis. designing flexible pavement against the fatigue failure as
India has great temperature variation across its length
2. Motivation and Objective and breadth.
Main objective of this paper was to develop a rational
method of incorporating reliability into the existing For higher temperatures, the design thicknesses
empirical pavement design framework for India and recommended by Indian Road Congress (IRC) cannot
assessing the effects of the design parameters (Layer sustain against bottom-up fatigue. So it is recommended
Modulus, Layer thickness etc.) and their statistical to use different mix of bitumen for different
variability on pavement design. temperatures which is recommended in this paper, which
increases the fatigue life to a considerable extent.
3. Methodology
First task was to characterize the variability of the design References
input parameters. For the purpose of design, data from Attoh-Okine Nii Otokunor and Roddis, W.M., (1994)
the literature showed that, Layer moduli of Surface and Pavement Thickness Variability and Its Effects on
Base layers are log-normally distributed and Layer Determination of Moduli and Remaining Life,
thicknesses are normally distributed. Our next target was Transportation Research Record No. 1449,
to formulate the reliability analysis scheme. It was found Transportation Research Board.
that Monte Carlo simulation is a straightforward means
of incorporating reliability into the existing M-E Birgission B., Wang J. and Roque R., (2006)
framework. Consequently, our conventional method of Implementation of the Florida cracking model into the
design was modified to encompass the Monte Carlo mechanistic empirical pavement design, Gainesville:
simulation and reliability analysis. After statistical University of Florida.
characterization of the input parameters, our next aim
Darter, M.I. and Hudson, W.R., (1973) Probabilistic
was to perform a sensitivity analysis to achieve the third
Design Concepts Applied to Flexible Pavement
objective of this project. We intend to perform the
System Design, Report 123-18, Centre for
sensitivity analysis in two aspects viz, Fatigue and
Transportation Research, University of Texas.
Rutting failures. Fatigue failure criteria have only been
taken into the scope of this paper. Galambos Theodore V., (1989) Monte Carlo Simulation,
Course Notes.
301
Performance Evaluation of Lime Stabilized Sub-Grade Soil Using Light

Weight Deflectometer
Sumit Bisht
Subhradeep Dhar
Monowar Hussain
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Silchar -788010
Email: subhradeep24@gmail.com; sumitsayol1992@gmail.com; monowarhussain@gmail.com
Keywords: Subgrade; LWD; Degree of compaction; unconfined compressive strength; CBR

Sub-grade act as foundation which provides support to It is observed that LWD modulus (ELWD) of subgrade
the pavement layers under all traffic and weather during dry season is promising, which indicates the good
condition. Tension cracks, rutting, shoving in pavement subgrade condition. ELWD of subgrade found to increases
surface are resulted due to poor subgrade condition. with increase in degree of compaction and traffic
Weak subgrade resulted due to inadequate compaction application. But during rainy season the ELWD decreases
and low soil profile. Thus prior to construction of drastically and goes below critical value (i.e. <25MPa),
pavement, compaction quality control check of subgrade and corresponding degree of compaction is coming less
must be performed. Light weight deflectometer (LWD) than 97% according to DIN (18 196) Correlation which
can be used to evaluate the subgrade degree of is not suitable for the subgrade stability as per Indian
compaction. However, to modify the subgrade soil National Rural Roads Development Agency (2007).
different chemical and mechanical stabilization After lime stabilization LWD test is again conducted in a
techniques are now adopted. Lime stabilization is one pit corresponding to above mention curing periods. The
such kind of cheap chemical treatment that is adopted in increasing trend of ELWD is obtained with curing period,
this study. which indicates the improvement of the strength and
relative density of subgrade soil. This improvement is
2. Motivation and Objective due to increase in percentage of coarse particles in soil
LWD is a hand operated falling weight device used for after lime treatment thus increases the angularity of soil
structural evaluation of flexible pavement. Data’s particles compared with raw soil. Further UCS and CBR
obtained from the test can be either correlated directly to also found to increase after addition of lime indicating
pavement performance or can be used to determine in- that lime can be used as an effective stabilizer to
situ material characteristics of the pavement layer. The improve the engineering properties of soils.
LWD is also a rapid quality check test method of
earthwork compaction as compared to other 5. Conclusions
conventional tests. To the best of the author knowledge, LWD is a non-destructive test and reveals the exact in-
very limited studies are performed to check the quality of situ strength of the subgrade. It is a quick field test and
subgrade using LWD and there is no work published on can be performed within few minutes. However, skilled
the use of LWD after stabilizing the subgrade. This persons are required to operate the LWD instrument
paper therefore reports the findings on performance because of its high cost and sensitivity.
evaluation of lime stabilized subgrade soil using LWD.
6. References
3. Methodology
The field LWD test is performed on the red soil ASTM, E, (2015) Standard Test Method for Measuring
according to the standard guidelines of ASTM E 2583- Deflections with a LWD 2583-07.
07. To perform the LWD test on stabilized soil, a pit of DIN 18 196, (1997) Plattendruckversuch Deutches
dimension 1.2×1.20×.3m was prepared on the subgrade. Institute for Normung.
Excavated soil from the pit than mixed with 2% lime at
OMC and replaced back on the pit by compacting in
three layers. Prepared soil in the pit then left for curing
and LWD test is performed at different curing period
(i.e. 0, 7, 14 and 28 days). UCS and soak CBR is also
performed in laboratory at 2% lime after curing period of
7, 14 and 28 days to check any improvement in strength.
302
A 3D Finite Element Model for Simulating Response of Sand-JGT-

Sand Reinforced Rural Road
Souvik Patra
Ashis Kumar Bera
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology Shibpur, Howrah – 71 1103
E-mail: souvik4rmjgec@gmail.com; ashis@civil.iiest.ac.in
Keywords: Rural road; FEM; Sand-JGT-Sand; TBR; rut depth.

1. Introduction In this present study geometry of the model has been
Inspiring the growth in Indian economy, and also rapid taken as 3D geometry and only quarter of the pavement
urbanisation, construction of rural roads are necessary section has been considered for computation purposes.
for all parts of the nation. Construction of rural road on A single wheel load of 20 kN and a tyre contact
soft subgrade soil foundation is always problematic and pressure of 550 kPa has been applied through an
also reduces pavement life under traffic loading. In such equivalent rectangular tyre contact area. In the present
problem Jute Geotextiles (JGT) is an effective solution study, subgrade soil has been assumed as a Mohr-
in haul and low volume roads (Ramaswamy and Aziz, Coulomb plastic material, and all other pavement layer
1989). Many laboratory experiment and field studies material has been considered as linear elastic material.
have been conducted in the past on potential application JGT has been idealised as a membrane type material
of JGT as a subgrade stabilising material and also and discretised with four nodded membrane element
presented its usefulness in rural road applications. (M3D4R). Other pavement layers have been discretised
Present day Finite Element (FE) method has been using 3D linear brick element (C3D8R). The analysis
widely accepted for its capability to simulate the procedure has been considered as a dynamic implicit
response of pavement system. In the present study a 3D method with direct integration scheme and time step of
FE model has been developed for Sand-JGT-Sand (SJS) 0.01 sec has been taken. The FE model has been
reinforced and unreinforced rural road sections and qualitative validated with the linear elastic theory.
dynamic analysis has been carried to capture its Pavement response such as rut depth developed at the
response using general purpose FE software ABAQUS. surface with traffic load repletion has been plotted.
2. Motivation and Objective 4. Important Outcomes
In the present study, an attempt has been made to The SJS reinforcement is effective in increasing the
evaluate the effectiveness SJS reinforcement in rural service life of the rural road system. The TBR values
road by 3D FE analysis. The major advantages of the are in the range of 1.58 to 2.48 and 2.2 to 6.0
use of JGT are high initial tensile strength, and in the respectively for SJS reinforced rural road sections RJ
limited service life of JGT, subgrade soil gains some and DJ respectively.
strength. Improvement in pavement behaviour due to
reinforcementusually demonstrated by Traffic Benefit 5. Conclusions
Ratio (TBR) which defined as an increase in the service Based on the present study following conclusions has
life of the pavement for same serviceability criteria been drawn:
(25mm, 50 mm and 75 mm). SJS reinforcement layer is effective in reducing the rut
depth before and after degradation of JGT under traffic
3. Methodology
Three types of rural road sections have been considered loading. The SJS reinforced rural road section after
in the present paper to evaluate the effectiveness of SJS degradation of JGT (DJ) shows better performance than
reinforcement in the rural road system. These road the SJS reinforced rural road section with the presence
sections are unreinforced road section (UR), rural road of JGT (RJ).
sections perfectly reinforced with SJS reinforcement References
(RJ) and rural road sections after degradation of JGT
(DJ). In the reinforced section RJ, it has been Ramaswamy, S., and Aziz, M. (1989) Jute geotextile for
considered that in SJS reinforcement JGT holds all its roads, International Workshops on Geotextile,
initial tensile strength and subgrade CBR is same as the India, pp.137-143.
CBR value found during construction of the rural road. Patra, S. and Bera, A.K. (2017) Time dependent field
In DJ rural road section the condition of the rural road CBR and its Regression Model. International Journal
after degradation of JGT has been simulated with 1.25 of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(1), pp. 82–
times (Patra and Bera, 2017) increase in subgrade CBR 88.
and JGT has been wiped out.
303
Guidelines for Sustainability Practice in Design of Highway Fill of

Black Cotton Soil: A Case Study
V.P. Singh
Roop Kishor
Vishal Kumar Soni
Sumit Gupta
Sumeet Kumar Sinha
Sudhir Kumar Sah
Department of Civil Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Allahabad-211004
E-mail : vps15783@mnnit.ac.in; rce1702@mnnit.ac.in; ce131052@mnnit.ac.in; ce131102@mnnit.ac.in;
sumeetsinha1045@gmail.com; sudhirsah69@gmail.com
Keywords: Black Cotton Soil, Fly ash, Highway Fill, Mix proportions, Stone Quarry dust
1. Introduction quarry dust. Addition of the stabilizer decreases the
Sustainable development is a key issue in order to plasticity index of BCS. CBR increased with an increase
meeting the environmental objectives and fulfills the in fly ash percentage. The properties of soil are
demand of the large infrastructure projects due to improved by cation exchange, flocculation and
increasing numbers of population growth and urban pozzolanic cementation. Maximum strength (soaked
density. Sustainable design can be one of the factors that CBR & Shear) was obtained in case of SQ20* (80% soil
can minimize the impacts of the highway to the and 20% stone quarry dust) and SFQ20* (80% soil,
environment. 10% fly ash and 10% stone quarry dust), however,
addition of fly ash beyond that percentage reduced the
Black cotton soils (BCS) are inorganic clay's of medium strength of the coal ash mixture.
to high compressibility and form a major soil group in
India. Its volume change characteristics due to wetting 5. Conclusions
and drying process, leads to several failure of highway Replacement of natural materials (Soil and Lime) by
pavement, in the form of settlement, cracking and waste materials viz. Fly ash and Stone Quarry dust
unevenness. (underutilized material) has advantage in terms of
improvement of the geotechnical properties of fill. The
2. Motivation and Objective higher CBR value leads to lower total pavement
After analyzing the current practices in design and thickness of the flexible pavement and this lead to
construction of highway fill on black cotton soil at economy in the overall project. It reduces transportation
S.H.102, near Allahabad, we decided to evaluate the cost, which leads to less carbon emission. Now,
sustainability in its design and construction by using application of steep slope results in saving of land,
locally available materials such as fly ash and stone which may be used for other important purposes like
quarry dust. agriculture. Thus, it provides a sustainable approach in
3. Methodology development of transportation infrastructure.
After preliminary investigation including desktop study,
References
the soil samples were collected for their characterization
in laboratory. As per results obtained, the stabilizing Cokca E. (2001) Use of class c fly ashes for the
materials were chosen i.e. fly ash and stone quarry dust. stabilizationof an expansive soil, Journal of
Various mix proportioning was carried out for Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering.
determining the optimum content of stabilizers with 127(7), pp. 568-73
help of various design parameters like CBR (California
Bearing Ratio), OMC (Optimum Moisture Content),
MDD (Maximum Dry Density), UCS (Unconfined
Compressive Strength) (Cokca, 2001) and swelling
potential. Finally, sustainability analysis was done with
the help of slope stability analysis which included
social, economic and environmental aspects.
The FSI of soil was found to decrease from 45% to 10%
with the increase in percentage of fly ash and stone
304
Strength Assessment of High Percentage RAP stabilized with Low

Calcium Indian Fly Ashes as a Pavement Base Material
Maheshbabu Jallu
Sireesh Saride
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad – 502285
E-mail : ce15resch11014@iith.ac.in; sireesh@iith.ac.in
Keywords: Recycled Asphalt Pavement; Fly ash; Unconfined compressive strength, Microstructural analysis.
1. Introduction alkaline activation. Fig. 3 shows the UC strength
The utilization of sustainable materials such as variation with different Na2SiO3/NaOH = 50:50; 70:30,
reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in pavement and 90:10.
base/subbase applications has become popular in recent
times due to shortage of virgin aggregate (VA) and
incremental road construction activity in India. The
utilization of high proportion of RAP with VA
stabilized with fly ash (FA) have been evaluated by
Saride et al. (2015). Hoy et al. (2016) recently reported
that the behavior of geopolymer stabilized RAP with FA
and slag by adding the liquid alkaline activators such as
NaOH and Na2SiO3 with specified combination and Fig. 1 UCS test results of RAP-FA (inactive & active) samples.
reported that the geopolymer stabilized RAP, could
meet pavement base requirements.
RAP stabilized with FA and the optimum dosage of
NaOH molar concentration for any specified mix for
pavement applications is currently limited due to lack of
laboratory evaluation. This research aims to study the
possibility of using optimum quantity of both NaOH
and Na2SiO3 to stabilize RAP-FA mixe as a pavement Fig. 2 UCS test results of RAP-FA (Neyveli fly ash) samples.
base material.
3. Methodology
Three types of ASTM Class-F fly ashes, sourced from
Vijayawada, Ramagundam and Neyveli, were used as a
binding material. Unconfined Compression Strength
(UCS) is used as an indicator to measure the 7 and 28
day's cured RAP-FA samples. X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses Fig. 3 Effect of different Na2SiO3:NaOH on UCS.
were performed to investigate the microstructural
development of RAP-FA blends. 5. Conclusions
The outcome of this study confirms the potential of
4. Important Outcomes using activated fly ash stabilized RAP as pavement base
The addition of a small amount (2%) of hydrated lime course where its UCS values meet the minimum
increases the early strength, however, decreases the later strength requirement specified by the IRC design
age strength of the mix. From the Figs. 1 and 2, it can be guidelines.
seen that, when NaOH was used as an activator, low
calcium fly ashes did not show any notable effect on References
either hydration or the strength development; however, Saride, S., Avirneni, D. and Javvadi, S.C.P. (2015) Utilization
the RAP-FA sample with Neyveli fly ash has shown of reclaimed asphalt pavements in Indian low-volume roads,
considerable improvement in strength due the presence Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering.
of high CaO (10.5%). Specimens prepared with low
Hoy, M., Horpibulsuk, S., and Arulrajah, A. (2016) Strength
calcium fly ashes (Vijayawada and Ramagundam), had
development of Recycled Asphalt Pavement- Fly ash
a significant effect on strength gain (UCS>4.5 MPa) geopolymer as a road construction material, Construction
only when supplemented with silica and NaOH by and Building Materials.
305
Effect of Flooding on Structural Aspect of Pavement under Varying

Subgrade Types
Ankit Gupta
E-mail : ankit.civ@iitbhu.ac.in
Nivedya M. K.
Rajib B. Mallick
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Massachusetts, USA– 01609
E-mail : nmadankarakottay@wpi.edu; rajib@wpi.edu
Keywords: Floods; Flexible Pavement; AASHTO Classification; Seepage; Subgrade
1. Introduction
Climatological records show a trend of the increasing Table-1 Results from FE, LEA at different periods of flooding
occurrence of extreme weathers such as heavy rainfall Soil Day Mr Vertical Horizonta Surface
which, combined with rising sea levels, make highways type calculated, strain, l strain, deflection,
MPa micro- micro- micro-
in some subtropical regions susceptible to flooding. strain strain meter
Flooding in these regions causes noticeable damages to A-6 .02 149 221 228 563
flexible highway pavements. However, little research 1 94 279 267 641
has been conducted to link drainage with structural 2 94 279 267 641
3 94 279 267 641
strength and quantify such damages.
4 94 279 267 641
2. Motivation and Objective 8 94 279 267 641
The main objective of this study is to quantify the time A-4 .02 149 210 225 482
1 94 264 263 553
dependent effect of flooding on the structural strength of 2 94 264 263 553
the pavement with three types of subgrade soils. 3 139 213 230 490
4 142 211 229 487
3. Methodology
8 140 213 230 490
This study examined the effects of flooding (duration -3 A-2- .02 149 182 219 350
days) on structural strength of 3 layer pavement with 5 1 94 244 256 411
varied subgrade types using Finite Element (FE) 2 94 244 256 411
seepage analysis and layered elastic analysis (LEA). 3 139 189 224 358
4 146 184 221 353
One typical asphalt layer of Bituminous Macadam (BM)
8 149 182 219 350
over Water Bound Macadam (WBM) is assumed with
varied subgrade type of soil (A-6 (wPI-10), A-4 (wPI-5)
and A-2-5 (wPI-0.1)) (ASTM D3282, 2015). Table 1 4. Important Outcomes
shows the results of LEA. The damage factor was The variation in saturation and hence Mr of the base is
calculated from the surface deflection and is shown in estimated during the flood period with FEM. The
Fig. 1. vertical strain on top of the subgrade, horizontal strain at
the bottom of the asphalt layer and surface deflection
were quantified using LEA.
5. Conclusions
The damage factor is found to be significantly high even
after 8 days of flooding for the A-6 soil subgrade,
whereas it drops quickly after flooding in the other
types of subgrades. Adequate drainage must be provided
to prevent the damage of pavements with A-6 subgrade.
References
ARA Inc., (2000) Appendix DD-1: Resilient Modulus
as Function of Soil Moisture—Summary of Predictive
Models. Guide for Mechanistic-Empirical Design of
New and Rehabilitated Pavement Structures.
Fig. 1 Damage factor for different subgrade soil types during Transportation Research Board of the National
different flooding period Academies, Washington, D. C.
306
Correlations to Predict Resilient Modulus for Stabilized Reclaimed

Asphalt Pavement Materials
Deepti Avirneni
Dept. of Civil Engg., VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engg. & Tech., Hyderabad.
E-mail : deepti_a @vnrvjiet.in
Pranav Peddinti
Sireesh Saride
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad
E-mail : ce14resch11005@iith.ac.in; sireesh@iith.ac.in
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavements(RAP), Virgin aggregates (VA), Resilient Modulus, Compressive strength
1. Introduction 80 M r  5.2  CBR 0.9 0.81
This study investigates the strength properties of fly ash 60 M r  0.4  CBR 1.4 0.87
treated RAP:VA mixes. California Bearing Ratio
(CBR), Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and 4. Important Outcomes
Resilient Modulus (Mr) were determined on casted and The equations obtained to predict Mr from UCS and
cured samples of different mix proportions. From the CBR along with their corresponding R2 values for 100%
rich experimental data sets obtained in the study, the RAP, 80% RAP and 60% RAP are presented in Table 1.
correlations were developed to predict Mr from CBR Validation (Fig.1) of these prediction models are
and UCS. The obtained correlations were compared performed using the existing published independent
with the literature available on fly ash stabilized RAP literature and excess experimental data from this study.
mixes.
600
Determination of Mr is highly important since the 80% RAP
500
design thickness of each pavement layer depends
largely up on its modulus. The experimental set up to
Predicted Mr (MPa)
400
determine Mr is sophisticated, expensive and the
procedure being tedious, many correlations have been 300
developed to arrive at the Mr value indirectly. These
correlations hold good for conventional materials like 200
soils and granular materials. As the usage of recycled
and sustainable materials like RAP is gaining 100 Present study
prominence in pavement related applications, these
correlations have to be verified for these materials 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
before incorporating the calculated values in the design. Measured Mr (MPa)
3. Methodology
Laboratory tests (UCS, Mr and CBR) were conducted Fig. 1 Validation for predicting Mr from CBR (80% RAP)
on fly ash treated RAP:VA mixes. Based on the test
results, regression analysis is performed to develop 5. Conclusions
correlations between the Mr-CBR and Mr-UCS Validation of proposed models to predict Mr shows a
corresponding to different RAP:VA mixes. A data set reasonably good agreement between the measured and
comprising of about 80 data points (which includes all predicted resilient modulus values. The results proved
fly ash dosages) were separately analyzed to develop that the correlations hold good for treated RAP
nonlinear regression for 100:0, 80:20 and 60:40 considered in the present study.
RAP:VA.
References
Table-1 Physical properties of sands
RAP Content (%) Correlation R2 value T. Rupnow, P. E. I. Icenogle and S. Reech (2011)
Evaluation of cement and fly ash treated recycled
100 M r  414  UCS 0.83
asphalt pavement and aggregates for base
80 M r  190  UCS 1.5 0.82
construction. FHWA report # FHWA/LA.11/481,
60 M r  25  UCS 2.7 0.87
Baton Rouge, LA.
100 M r  4.2  CBR 0.81
307
Evaluation of Interface Shear Properties of Asphalt layers Reinforced

with Geosynthetic Interlayers
Vinay Kumar V
Sireesh Saride
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana – 502285
E-mail: christite.vinay@gmail.com; sireesh@iith.ac.in
Keywords: Geosynthetic; asphalt; interface shear strength

1. Introduction Fig.1. It is observed from Fig. 1, that there is a reduction
The flexible pavements are common most type of in the interface shear strength in the case of interlayers
pavements across the globe and their maintenance is of compared to the no-interlayer case. The reduction in
prime importance for any road engineer. The major bond strength may be attributed to the presence of
types of failures witnessed in flexible pavements interlayers in the asphalt layers, which causes a smooth
worldwide are fatigue cracking and rutting. To surface reducing the friction between the adjacent
overcome these failure modes and to improve the layers.
performance of the pavement system, there are various 400
techniques adopted. The techniques include providing a
geosynthetic interlayer below the asphalt layer (Kumar 350
and Saride, 2017); improving the stiffness of asphalt
layer by employing modified asphalt mixtures and 300
increasing the layer thickness (Mayama and Sugawara,
Shear stress (kPa)
1978). However, the geosynthetic interlayers provide 250

additional functions like water-proofing, stress-relieving
and reinforcements in the pavement systems. The 200
geosynthetic interlayers are observed to be effective

150
when placed at a one-third depth of the asphalt layer.
CS
PE
PP
The geosynthetic interlayers provided in the asphalt GGC
50 GJ
layers not only improves the pavement performance but
also reduces the interface bond strength between the
0
asphalt layers. Hence, the current study aims to
0 30 60 90 120 150
understand the interfacial shear properties of
Normal stress (kPa)
geosynthetic reinforced asphalt layers.
Fig. 1 Peak interface characteristics
3. Methodology
The interface shear strength test was performed on 5. Conclusions
asphalt layers with and without geosynthetic interlayers The interfacial bond strength for the control interface
using a large scale direct shear test. The tests are condition is witnessed to be consistently higher than the
performed by applying constant vertical loads (normal geosynthetic interlayered interface conditions. The
stress of 30 kPa, 60 kPa and 120 kPa) perpendicular to reduced interfacial bond strength for the geosynthetic
the specimen surface, with a constant shear interlayered condition is due to the presence of
displacement rate of 1 mm/min to determine the peak geosynthetic interlayers, which creates a smooth
and residual shear characteristics. The specimen interface reducing the friction between layers.
interface combinations consist of a no interlayer case
(CS), followed by polyester grid (PE), polypropylene References
grid (PP), glass-grid composite (GGC) and geo-jute mat Kumar, V.V. and Saride, S. (2017) Interfacial Shear
(GJ) placed at the interface of two asphalt layers. Properties of Geosynthetic Interlayered Asphalt
4. Important Outcomes Overlays, Geotechnical-Frontiers 2017, GSP 277, pp.
The peak and residual interface shear strength 442-451, Orlando, US.
characteristics for all the interface conditions studied are Mayama, M. and Sugawara, T. (1978) Mechanical
obtained in the form of shear stress-horizontal properties of various paving mixtures (part 1): stress
displacement plots. The variation of shear stress with relaxation behavior of mixtures, J. of Japan Petroleum
the applied normal stress (peak state) is presented in Institute, 21(5), pp. 342-350.
308
Behaviour of Clayey Soil Mixed with Randomly Distributed Waste

Plastic Milk Packet
Arindam Saha
Bikash Chandra Chattopadhyay
Joyanta Maity
CE Dept., MSIT, Kolkata-700150
E-mail : sahaarindam56@gmail.com; ccbikash@yahoo.com; joymaity1975@yahoo.com
Keywords: Waste milk plastic packets, maximum dry density, optimum moisture content, CBR values, UCS value
1. Introduction packets) were collected from local market and
Requirement of fill material for large-scale road processed by cutting into small pieces of length
construction is enormous. Further, available soils near 1cmx1cm, 1cmx2cm and 1cmx4cm. Waste plastic bags
construction sites may be weak in strength and of high were randomly mixed with procured soil with various
compressibility. Such soils need addition of some percentages of 0.2%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%. To study the
strengthening elements to increase the strength and to effect of inclusion of waste plastic bags with varying
reduce the compressibility of weak soil. On the other percentage and lengths on compaction and strength
hand, the quantity of plastic waste bags used for milk characteristics of clayey soil, standard Proctor tests, un-
packet are increasing everywhere in an unprecedented soaked and soaked CBR tests and UCS test have been
rate. Large scale production of such waste material conducted. All the tests were conducted as per relevant
invites problem of cost effective disposal. Their removal I.S. Codal provision.
by an environmental-friendly manner is becoming
practically impossible. As a result, efforts have been 4. Important Outcomes
made all over the world in last two decades to consume Conducted test results as mentioned in earlier section
them in construction for dual purpose of cost effective clearly indicates the role of percentage and lengths of
construction and eliminating of the problem of storage plastic waste bags in clayey soil as important on
and other environment problem associated with these maximum dry density (MDD) achieved, optimum
materials. Studies on plastic bags as a ingredient of moisture content (OMC) and corresponding strength
cohesive soil sub-grade material have been reported by values and UCS values.
several researchers results of which indicate 5. Conclusions
encouraging conclusions about increase in strength and On the basis of the results of experimental investigation
decrease in deformability (Poweth et al., 2014; Fauzi et made above, following conclusions may be drawn. 1)
al., 2016). Such application will also reduce the cost of Maximum dry density of waste plastic bags mixed
construction due to require lesser thickness of pavement clayey soil decreases with the increase in percentage
and quantity of materials. and length of waste plastic bags. Whereas, optimum
moisture content of the clay-plastic bag composites
To investigate the effect of waste plastic bags mixing increases with the increase in percentage and length of
randomly by varying lengths and proportions with waste plastic bags. 2) The strength value of waste
locally available cohesive soils, a series of Standard plastic bags mixed clayey soil in terms of CBR tests
Proctor Tests will be first conducted as per IS. Codal and UCS test indicated that with the increase of
provision. At the determined optimum moisture content percentage and length of waste plastic bags, CBR value
(OMC) of the soil randomly mixed with waste plastic and UCS value increases up to a peak value and after
bags, unsoaked and soaked CBR tests will be that it decreases. Main conclusions highlighting the
conducted. The main objectives of this present work are novelty of the work have to be briefly mentioned in this
to a) Improve the bearing capacity of local clayey soil, section.
b) Determine the optimum percentage and optimum References
length of the soil-plastic bags for achieving highest
CBR value and highest UCS value. This part of the IS: 2720 (Part VII) (1980) Methods of tests for soil:
abstract shall be provided with the motivation for the Determination of water content-dry density relation
work and objective of the paper. using light compaction, Bureau of Indian Standards,
New Delhi.
3. Methodology
In this experimental program clayey soil were collected IS: 2720 (Part XVI) (1987) Methods of tests for soil:
from Kasba, Kolkata. The soil is classified as “MI” as Laboratory Determination of CBR value, Bureau of
per IS classification. Waste plastics (Metro diary milk Indian Standards, New Delhi.
309
Design of Geocell Reinforced Unpaved Pavement for Low Traffic

Volume
Prasath SB
Murali Krishna A
E-mail: Prasath@iitg.ernet.in; amurali@iitg.ernet.in
Keywords: Unpaved road, Low Volume Traffic and Geocell.

1. Introduction transportation of good quality soil from longer
Geocell is a three dimensional cellular structure, distances.
effectively confine the filler material and provide
increased bearing capacity and stiffness of base course
layer. Use of geocell in pavement reduces the plastic
deformation due to repeated application of the load. As
per IRC:SP:77-2008, Indian road system comprises
74% of unpaved roads. The conventional unpaved roads
are not structurally stable for heavy traffic movement
due to low bearing capacity of weak soils. The use of
geosynthetics in pavements overcomes the formation of
most of the distress in the conventional pavements. This
paper deals with the design of unpaved pavement for Fig.1 Cross Section of Unreinforced Pavement
low traffic volume using geocell as reinforcement.
The objective is to reduce the emission of greenhouse
gas emission by reducing utilization of natural
aggregate in base course layer. Thereby avoiding or
shortening the lead distance for transportation of good
quality aggregates. The experiments on geocell
reinforced layer with weak local soil as filler material Fig. 2 Cross Section of 200mm thick Geocell Reinforced
shows higher load carrying capacity and stiffness Pavement
motivates us to use geocell in design of pavement.
3. Methodology 1 – Granular Base Course
Giroud and Han (2004), developed a specific design 2 – Subgrade Soil
procedure for utilization of geosynthetics in pavement (All dimensions are in mm)
layers. The design of pavement is governed by
distribution of stress and formation of rut depth in the 5. Conclusions
interface between base course and sub grade due to The improved behavior of geocell in terms of bearing
traffic movement on the pavement surface. The angle of capacity and stiffness favors in 40% reduction in
stress distribution from base course layer to sub grade thickness of base course layer thickness.
soil depends on stiffness of base course layer. Kief et al
(2011) shows the modulus improvement factor for References
geocell reinforced pavement as 2.75. This paper utilizes Giroud, J.P. and Han, J. (2004) Design Method for Geogrid-
the experiment results from various researchers for the Reinforced Unpaved Roads, Journal of Geotechnical and
design of unpaved reinforced road. Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, 130(8), pp. 775-786.
4. Important Outcomes Kief, O., Rajagopal, K., Veeraragavan, A. and Chandramouli,
Use of geocell in pavement results in considerable S. (2011) Modulus improvement factor for geocell reinforced
reduction in thickness of pavement layer as shown in bases, Geotextiles and Geomembrane, Sep. 22-24.
the fig 1 and fig 2, reduces the consumption of natural IRC:SP:77, (2008) Manual for design, construction and
resource such as broken stone or sand. The method also Maintenance of Gravel Roads, Indian Road Congress, 2008.
allows utilization of locally available weak soil as infill
material and eliminates the excavation and
310
Use of Artificial Neural Network to Monitor Pavement Structural

Strength during Adverse Weather Conditions
Nivedya M. K.
Rajib B. Mallick
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Massachusetts, USA– 01609
E-mail: nmadankarakottay@wpi.edu; rajib@wpi.edu
Cesar Tirado
Setare Ghahri Saremi
Soheil Nazarian
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, Texas, USA- 79968
E-mail: ctirado@utep.edu; sghahrisar@miners.utep.edu; nazarian@utep.edu
Keywords: Flood; Base; Saturation; ANN; Seepage;
1. Introduction second FE module was used to determine the variations

Extreme weather conditions, especially flooding, is a of the pavement responses with the degree of saturation
major challenge to the integrity of pavements. The under an FWD and dual tandem loads (Tirado et al.,
mechanical properties of different layers may be 2007). An ANN model was trained to estimate the
negatively affected by the saturation of the pavement surface deflections and critical strains with the
layers during flooding. For efficient pavement and coarseness (D60) and degree of the saturation of base.
emergency management systems, the performance of
the pavement has to be monitored (preferably remotely The variation in the surface deflection under the FWD
or nondestructively) to minimize the damages while plate and the compressive strain at the top of subgrade
retaining the serviceability of pavements. Different are shown in Fig. 1.
nondestructive testing methods, such as falling weight 4. Important Outcomes
deflectometer (FWD), can be used for this purpose. The method can be used by governmental agencies to
make rational real time decisions for restricting traffic
The pavement performance has to be assessed after and assessing the condition of a pavement after
flooding to allow early and safe access to the emergency flooding. This approach is particularly relevant to low
respondents and to plan the necessary lying areas that get flooded regularly, areas that are
maintenance/repair strategies. In particular, the critical for transportation of supplies and defense
mechanical properties of the base layer in terms of purposes, and areas that are likely to see an increase in
parameter such as the resilient modulus has to be precipitation due to climate change. This will lead to
estimated. The main objective of this study is to predict savings in time, money and will help in avoiding
the response of a pavement constructed with different potential loss of lives, materials and equipment.
base types with time using artificial neural networks 5. Conclusions
(ANN). ANN can be used to predict effectively the structural
conditions of pavements. The method can be further
3. Methodology
In this study, the use of ANN to predict rapidly and refined through prior knowledge about the local
accurately the structural condition of a pavement during conditions and materials.
and after flooding was studied. A typical three-layer References
pavement section consisting of a typical layer of
Bituminous Macadam (BM) over Water Bound Mallick, R. B., Tao, M., Daniel, J. S., Jacobs, J. M., and
Veeraragavan, A. (2017) A Coupled Model Framework for
Macadam (WBM) was considered. The subgrade was Asphalt Pavement Condition Determination after Flooding
assumed to be an A-2-5 with wPI=0.1 as per ASTM (No. 17-00342). DOI 10.3141/2639-09.
D3282-15. The base layer varied from coarse-grained
to fine-grained by varying D60 from 0.1 mm to 1 mm in Tirado, C, Carrasco, C., Nazarian, S. and Osegueda, R. (2007)
0.1 mm increments). The flood duration was assumed to Updates to Software for Estimating Damage due to Super
Heavy Loads. Research Report FHWA/TX-05/9-150-01-7,
be three days. The degree of saturation of the base with
Center for Transportation Infrastructure Systems, The
time for different base types in a three-layer pavement University of Texas at El Paso.
was numerically simulated using a finite element (FE)
hydraulic analysis module (Mallick et al., 2017). A
311
Treatment of Dispersive Soil by Using Flyash (FA) and Granulated

Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)
Samaptika Mohanty
Nagendra Roy
Suresh Prasad Singh
E-mail: mohantysamaptika4@gmail.com; nroy@nitrkl.ac.in; spsingh@nitrkl.ac.in
Keywords: CBR; UCS; double hydrometer test
1. Introduction GGBS increases the strength. Among Bentonite-Flyash-

In nature, dispersive soils occur and it pose various GGBS mix, specimen S2M10 (65% bentonite, 10%
geotechnical and geo-environmental problems. This flyash and 25% GGBS) gives highest (0.99 to 2.67
type of soils are generally clayey silty soils, which are MPa) and S2M1 (90% bentonite, 5% flyash and 5%
highly susceptible to erosion and contain high GGBS) mix gives lowest (0.99 to 1.21 MPa) strength as
percentage of exchangeable sodium ions. compared to other mixtures at 90 days curing period.
Bhuvaneshwari and Soundara (2007) studied The CBR results show that in addition of 10% flyash
characteristic of dispersive soil stabilizing with Lime and 25% GGBS to bentonite CBR values are found to
and Fly ash. The effect of these stabilization agents are be higher in unsoaked condition than the soaked
studied through the pinhole tests, double hydrometer, condition.
crumb test and chemical tests. Goodarzi and Salimi
3.5
(2015) observed the potential use and effectiveness of Bentonite
dispersive soil (artificial dispersive soil by adding BFS9055
BFS85510
3.0
NaNO3) stabilization using two types of industrial by- BFS80515
BFS75520
product, including granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) 2.5
BFS70525
BFS85105
and basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS). BFS801010
BFS751015
UCS (MPa)
2.0 BFS701020
2. Motivation and Objective BFS651025
To stabilize the dispersive soil by using waste materials BFS80155
BFS751510
1.5
and to reduce its dispersiveness. BFS701515
BFS651520
3. Methodology 1.0
The dispersive soil (sodium bentonite is as dispersive

0.5
soil) flyash and GGBS are ovens dried. After that, the
geotechnical properties like grain size analysis, specific
0.0
gravity, double hydrometer test, CBR test, compaction 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
characteristics, and UCS test are performed to Curing Periods (Days)
characterize the strength of dispersive soil. Different Fig. 1. UCS vs. Curing Period for of Bentonite-Flyash-GGBS
percentage of Flyash and GGBS were mixed with mix
bentonite to find the optimum strength. References
4. Important Outcomes Bhuvaneshwari, S., Soundra, B., Robinson, R.G. and
Fig. 1 shows that UCS test of sodium bentonite mixed Gandhi, S.R. (2007) Stabilization and microstructural
with different percentages of flyash and GGBS at curing modification of dispersive clayey soils, First
periods 0, 7, 14 and 28 days in normal room International Conference on Soil and Rock
temperature. Results show that in addition 65% Engineering, Colombo, Sri Lanka, August 5-11.
bentonite, 10% flyash and 25% GGBS, the strength of
bentonite-flyash-GGBS mix gives higher strength as Goodarzi, A.R. and Salimi, M. (2015) Stabilization
compared to other percentage. treatment of a dispersive clayey soil using granulated
blast furnace slag and basic oxygen furnace slag,
5. Conclusions Applied Clay Science 108, pp. 61-69.
From the double hydrometer test results, the addition of
10% flyash and 25% GGBS to bentonite reduces Ouhadi, V.R. and Goodarzi, A.R. (2006) Assessment of
dispersion from 90.66% to 25.32%. In XRD analysis, it the stability of a dispersive soil treated by alum, Eng.
is found that Calcium Aluminum Silicon present in Geol. 85, pp. 91–101.
312
Geotechnical Aspects for the Protection of Sustainable Development

G. S. Vyas
R S Dalvi
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Pune Maharashtra – 411005
E-mail : gsv.civil@coep.ac.in.
Keywords: sustainable development; green building; GRIHA; sustainable earthworks.

1. Introduction considers 51 criteria. In the LEED India, GRIHA and
Geotechnical engineering has a key role to play in Eco-Housing systems, relative importance (weight) of
enhancing sustainability due to its key position of the criteria is not considered (Vyas et. al. 2012). These
construction process, where potentially adverse impacts rating systems were compared for geotechnical aspects.
are highest. Presently, there is a lack of methods to
assess the sustainability of geotechnical projects in early 4. Important Outcomes
stages of construction. Sustainable construction After comparing the existing green building rating
encompass the three pillars viz. economic, systems, it is found that geotechnical engineering can
environmental and social. In this study, existing contribute to improve the sustainability of the societal
sustainable building assessment technique in India were system. These include (i) waste management, (ii)
compared. The role of geotechnical engineering in the infrastructure development and rehabilitation, (iii)
existing assessment tool were identified. Some construction efficiency and innovation, (iv) energy
recommendations are made to enhance geotechnical efficiency and carbon reduction, (v) materials reduction,
aspects for the protection of sustainable development. (vi) effective land use and management, (vii) economic
viability and whole life cost and (viii) positive
Hali et al. (2010) suggested the methodology of contribution to society.
embedding sustainability into geotechnics by selecting
SPeAR methodology. Basu et al. (2014) discussed the
sustainability and geotechnical engineering: 5. Conclusions
perspectives and concluded that a gap exists between After comparing the existing green building rating
sustainability as a concept, and as its practical systems, it is found that geotechnical engineering can
implementation in engineering practice. The authors contribute to improving the sustainability of the societal
identified a need for education, research, and effective system. These include (i) waste management, (ii)
communication regarding sustainability within the infrastructure development and rehabilitation, (iii)
engineering profession. construction efficiency and innovation, (iv) energy
efficiency and carbon reduction, (v) materials reduction,
2. Motivation and Objective (vi) effective land use and management, (vii) economic
The motivation behind the study is to identify the viability and whole life cost and (viii) positive
significance of integrating geotechnics with contribution to society. Sustainability-related studies in
sustainability. In this study, existing sustainable geotechnology fundamentally belong to two categories:
building assessment technique in India were compared. innovative construction techniques that develop
The role of geotechnical engineering in the existing sustainability assessment frameworks and those that
assessment tool were identified. Some recommendations contribute to global sustainability through the use of
are made to enhance geotechnical aspects for the alternative virgin materials or materials having low
protection of sustainable development. embedded energy.
The green building assessment tool of Indian buildings
was started by the IGBC (Indian Green Building Basu, D., Misra, A., & Puppala, A. J. (2014)
Council) in 2006. The Green Rating for Integrated Sustainability and geotechnical engineering:
Habitat Assessment (GRIHA 2007) is developed by the perspectives and review. Canadian Geotechnical
TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute). The IIEC Journal, 52(1), pp. 96-113.
(International Institute for Energy Conservation, Vyas, G. S., and Jha, K. N. (2012) Development of a
Mumbai) developed the Eco-housing Assessment Tool, Framework for Green Building Rating System. 3rd
for Pune and Mumbai Suburbs in 2006, and it was later Inter. Conf. on Const. in Developing Countries,
revised in 2009. Bangkok, Thailand.
The GRIHA measure 34 criteria, Eco-Housing specifies
74 criteria including climate, and the LEED-India
313
Swelling, Shrinkage and Compaction Characteristics of Expansive Soil

Treated with Waste Recycled Product
Tanmaya Kumar Sahoo
E-mail: drakchoudharycivil@gmail.com; tanmaya162@gmail.com
J. N. Jha
Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology (MIT), Muzaffarpur,Bihar,
E-mail: jagadanand@gmail.com
S. K. Shukla
Discipline of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
Keywords: Expansive soil, WRP, Shrinkage factors, Atterberg limits, compaction characteristics.
1. Introduction
Disposal management of industrial wastes such as
quarry dust, fly ash, waste recycled product, etc have
been a major environmental hazards for the waste
handling agencies. Further, expansive soils that cover
around 20% of land surface area in India show high
degree of swell/shrink behavior due to moisture changes
causing damages to structures built over it. This paper
presents the experimental results of the effect of waste
recycled product (WRP) on swelling, shrinkage and
compaction characteristics of expansive soil.
2. Motivation and Objective Fig. 1 Variation in liquid limit, plastic limit, Shrinkage
To study the effect of an industrial waste, called the limit and plasticity index with WRP content
waste recycled product (WRP), on swelling, shrinkage The decrease in liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity
and compaction characteristics of expansive soil. index and increase in shrinkage limit with an increase
Table-1 Properties of expansive soil and WRP in WRP content are due to decrease in specific surface
area (SSA) of composite samples. SSA decreases the
OMC LL PP SL
Soil G DFS(%) water assimilation capacity of the samples that also
(%) (%) (%) (%) causes the decrease in plasticity index with the increase
Expansive 2.45 80 0.16 72 33 13 in WRP content.
WRP 2.60 0 0.13 - - - 5. Conclusions

Following conclusions are drawn
1. Addition of WRP to expansive soil decreases the free
3. Methodology swell index, liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity
Composite samples of expansive soil- waste recycled index.
product (WRP), collected from TATA steel plant were 2. The volumetric shrinkage and degree of shrinkage
prepared by thorough mixing of WRP to the soil. WRP decrease with an increase in WRP content in the soil-
contents up to 30% were added at an increment of 5% WRP composite, whereas the shrinkage limit increases
by the dry weight of total composite sample. All the with an increase in WRP content.
tests conducted on untreated soil and soils treated with
WRP were done after one day of curing as per the References
Abbawi, Z.W.S. (2013) Geotechnical Properties of Expansive
respective Indian Standards.
Soil Treated with Silica Fume, Eng. & Tech Journal, 31(17),
4. Important Outcomes pp. 2458-2470.
It was observed that with an increase in WRP content, Al-Rawas, A.A., and Goosen, M.F.A. (2006) Expansive Soils:
the liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index Recent Advances in characterization and treatment, Taylor &
decrease, whereas the shrinkage limit increases. Francis Group, London.
314
Behaviour of Glass Fibre Reinforced Blast Furnace Slag-Based

Material Under Compressive Loading
Daipayan Mandal
B Ram Rathan Lal
K.I.T.S., Ramtek, Nagpur – 441106, Maharashtra, India.
E-mail : m.daipayan@yahoo.com; rathan_lal@yahoo.com
K Shankar
K.I.T.S., Sinagpuram, Huzurabad – 505463, Telangana, India.
E-mail : kandukurishanker@yahoo.com
Keywords: Blast furnace slag; Sustainable development; Glass fibre; Mix ratios; Aspect Ratio; Compressive stress
Blast Furnace Slag (BFS) is a byproduct of iron and The density of GFRBFS vary from 1328 to 1321 kg/m3
steel industry plant. The effective disposal of BFS is for mix ratio 0.3-1.2%. Nonlinear relationship found
matter of concern and on the other hand, rapidly between compressive strength and mix ratio. The
growing constructional activities, causing the depletion Compressive stress value varies from 37.25 to 248.51
of convention fill material. Therefore, to achieve a kPa. Fig.1 shows the 28 days compressive stress for
sustainable development, the conventional fill material various mix ratios. For all the AR values the mix ratio
need to be replaced by industrial waste such as BFS. 0.6% gave maximum compressive stress value.
Gray and Ohashi (1983) found that the fibre However, for AR 922, the compressive stress is
reinforcement of sand with improves the mechanical relatively more than other aspect ratios.
strength of the unreinforced specimen. The present
article explains the behaviour of Glass Fibre Reinforced
Blast Furnace Slag (GFRBFS) under compressive
loading.
Due to the enormous production of BFS in the steel and
iron industries, its utilization and disposal in ecofriendly
manner is matter of concern. For sustainable Fig. 1 Compressive stress of various mix ratios for
development, BFS can replace conventional fill different aspect ratios after 28 days
material. Fibre reinforcement technique improves 5. Conclusions
material strength of BFS. The main objective is to From the present study, it can be concluded that the
evaluate the effect of mix ratio on density, compressive compressive strength of GFRBFS based material is
stress, and initial tangent modulus of newly developed influenced by the mix ratio, curing period and aspect
material. ratio of GF. The compressive strength varies nonlinearly
with mix ratio and aspect ratio of GF. The compressive
3. Methodology
strength found to increase with curing period.
The ratio between GF and BFS is termed as mix ratio
and expressed in terms of percentages. The mix ratio References
calculation is based on previous work by Ram Rathan
Lal and Badwaik (2015) and Ram Rathan Lal and Gray, D.H., and Ohashi, H. (1983) Mechanics of fiber
Nawkhare (2016). Three different GF Aspect Ratios reinforcements in sand, J. Geotech. Eng. Div. Am.
(AR) 461, 922 and 1844 were used. For each AR value, Soc. Civ. Eng., 109(GT3), pp. 335-353.
four different mix ratios 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 % were Ram Rathan Lal, B. and Badwaik, V. N. (2015)
used. The cement to blast furnace slag (C/BFS) ratio Experimental studies on bottom ash and expanded
was 10% for the present study. After characterization of polystyrene beads based geomaterial, J. of Hazardous,
materials, proposed material was prepared by mixing Toxic and Radioactive Waste, ASCE, 20(2), pp.1-8.
the BFS, AR and cement as per mix ratio values and AR
values. Compressive stress tests were conducted on the Ram Rathan Lal, B. and Nawkhare, S. S. (2016)
cylinders of 75 mm diameter and 150 mm height, after Experimental study on plastic strips and EPS beads
7, 14, and 28 days of curing to know the compressive reinforced bottom ash based geomaterial, Int. J. of
strength of proposed material. Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering, 2(3), pp.1-12.
315
Behavior of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) Using Bamboo

Geogrid
Dulal Chandra Saha
J. N. Mandal
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Maharashtra – 400076
E-mail: dulalsaha.1666@gmail.com; cejnm@civil.iitb.ac.in
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP); Milling; Subgrade; Bamboo geogrid; Rehabilitation; Sustainability.
1. Introduction
Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) obtained due to 5. Conclusions
milling / removal of bituminous layers of existing Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) can also be reused
pavement at the time of its rehabilitation / strengthening as base / subbase of flexible pavement instead of
are generally used in Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) for the dumping it as fill materials. The performance of RAP
preparation of Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM). base / subbase is enhanced substantially when
Not very high quality RAP is used for Base / Subbase of reinforced with bamboo geogrid.
flexible pavement. Behavior of RAP base / subbase
placed over soft marine clay can be improved by References
reinforcing it with bamboo geogrid. Anand, J.P., Sireesh, S. and Richard, W. (2012)
2. Motivation and Objective Sustainable Reuse of Limestone Quarry Fines and
Substantial quantities of RAP materials as produced RAP in Pavement Base / subbase layers, Journal of
during rehabilitation / strengthening of existing Materials in Civil Engineering, 24, pp 418-429.
bituminous pavement are dumped as fill materials as Mohammadinia, A., Arulrajah, A., Horpibulsuk, S.,
waste. Reutilization of pavement waste as base / Chinkijniwat, A. (2017) Effect of Flyash on properties
subbase for construction of flexible pavement to of crushed brick and reclaimed asphalt in pavement
maintain sustainability is the motivation. The objective base / subbase application, Journal of Hazardous
is to study RAP as base / subbase of flexible pavement Materials, 321, pp. 547-556.
and enhancing its performance using bamboo geogrid.
Montepara, A., Tebaldi, G., Marradi, A. and Betti G.
3. Methodology (2010) Effect on Pavement Performance of a subbse
Laboratory model study was conducted in a 600 mm × layer composed by Natural Aggregate and RAP,
600 mm × 600 mm steel tank placing RAP over soft Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 53, pp.
marine clay layers having California Bearing Ratio of 981-990.
1.6%. A non woven geotextile layer having tensile
strength of 10 kN/m was used as separator to avoid Sireesh, S., Deepti, A. and Sarath Chandra Prashad, J.
intermixing of RAP with soft marine clay. Bamboo (2016) Utilization of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in
geogrid with tensile strength of 100 kN/m was used as Indian Low – Volume Roads, Journal of Materials in
reinforcement. Loading was applied through a square Civil Engineering, 28(2), Feb 2016, DOI:
plate and settlements were measured through two linear 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001374
variable differential transducers (LVDT). Loading was
continued for a settlement of 50 mm.
Load carrying capacity of 150 mm thick unreinforced
RAP placed over soft marine clay was observed as 110
kpa. The same was observed to be enhanced by 36%,
31%, 20% & 6% when RAP is reinforced with bamboo
geogrid placed at a distance ‘u’ from top of RAP layer,
such that u/H = 1/3, 1/2, 2/3 and 1 respectively.
Similarly load carrying capacity of RAP base was
observed to be increased by 68% & 86% when
reinforced with bamboo geogrid placed at a distance ‘u’
from top of RAP layer, such that u/H = 1/3 and 2/3 (in 2
layers) and u/H = 1/3, 2/3 and 1 (in 3 layers)
respectively.
316
Finite Element Analysis of Embankment Using Tire Crumb Rubber

S.K. Ahirwar
J.N. Mandal
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai– 400076
E-mail : sunilahirwar@civil.iitb.ac.in; cejnm@civil.iitb.ac.in
Keywords: Crumb rubber; embankment; FEM; geogrid

1. Introduction insulation and in many cases least cost as compared to
Every year millions of tires are disposed or dumped in that of other backfill material.
large amount stockpiles in India. These stockpiles of
tires cause environmental pollution when it burnt and
provided mosquito-breeding places. In India due to the
infrastructure development of rural and urban area, the
number of vehicles on the roads increased. As a results
of increasing the infrastructure development in India
conventional materials such as sand, aggregate and
gravel, etc. are depleting. Therefore, there is need for
searching alternative materials used for performing civil
engineering activities.
The aim of this paper is to investigate the use of crumb
rubber randomly distributed into sand as backfill
material in highway embankment. Finite element
analyses have performed to evaluate the feasibility of
crumb rubber based on its geotechnical properties from Fig. 1 Grain size distribution curve for sand-crumb rubber
laboratory tests results.
5. Conclusions
3. Methodology The article presents the finite element analysis of the
The material used in this study consisted of river sand, embankment using lightweight fill material made of
crumb rubber and geogrid. Triaxial consolidated tests sand-tire crumb rubber. The reinforcement effect of
were conducted for obtaining the modulus of elasticity crumb rubber has been investigating using PLAXIS 3D
of mixed sample of sand-tire crumb rubber. Finite software. From the laboratory test and earlier published
element model PLAXIS 3D was used for the results, the specific gravity of tire crumb rubber has
embankment using geogrid reinforcement. The 10 found less than sand. In addition, of crumb rubber in the
noded triangular elements was used in the model sand reduces the bulk unit weight of lightweight
simulation. The soft soil model was used for soft clay material (sand-crumb rubber) and due to the reduction
foundation. The Mohr-coulomb failure criterion was in overburden pressure, the footing settlement reduced
used to simulate the behaviour of the sand and on soft soil. Vertical and horizontal deformations in the
lightweight fill material. embankment reinforced with geogrids are less as
Table-1 Physical properties of materials compared to the unreinforced embankment. The
beneficial effect of geogrid in terms of axial stiffness
D60 D30 D10
Soil Cu Cc φ° observed at 2500 kN/m. No further reduction has been
(mm) (mm) (mm)
observed after increasing the axial stiffness of geogrid.
Sand 1.0 0.78 0.65 1.54 0.94 38
References
Crumb
1.7 1.1 0.68 2.62 1.10 15 ASTM D 6270-08 (2012) Standard practice of use scrap
rubber
tires in civil engineering.
Anbazhagan,P. Manohar, D.R. and Rohit, D. (2016)
4. Important Outcomes Influence the size of granulated rubber and tyre chips
The major outcome of using crumb rubber are on the shear strength characteristics of sand-rubber
particularly enhanced if they can be used to replace mixs, Geomechanics and Geoengineering,
conventional construction materials, crumb rubber in https://doi.org/10.1080/17486025.2016.1222454
civil engineering applications are advantageous because
of their low density,high durability ,high thermal
317
Contribution of Microbe-Induced Intergranular Cementation in Age

Related Strength Gain
Saswati Ghatak
Debasis Roy
E-mail : saswatighatak@gmail.com; debasis@civil.iitkgp.ernet.in
Keywords: Microbe-induced intergranular cementation; deformation behavior; EPS; calcite; sustainable bioprocess
1. Introduction than biomass-free samples (Fig. 1). Observed increase
Deposits of sand and silt laid by fluvial and aeolian in drained shear strength and dilatancy were correlated
actions are known to gain strength with age, although well with the biogenic precipitates produced by three
the mechanisms contributing to enhanced shear strength widely available endemic soil bacteria isolated from a
is not fully understood. Physical processes such as naturally cemented site. Mobilized peak deviatoric
consolidation and overconsolidation and geochemical stresses were higher for treated samples. Noticeable
processes leading to the development of interparticle amount of cohesion intercepts (c) was also found to
bonding have been suggested as major contributors to develop in loose samples after treatment.
the observed strength gain (Davies 1999, Wang et al.
2015). Although activities of soil organisms are likely
to play a significant role in this regard, the influence of
subsurface biogeochemical processes in strengthening
of an existing sand deposit does not appear to have been
demonstrated so far.
Data from a subsurface geotechnical and
microbiological investigation at a site underlain by
cemented tailings sand generated from a placer mining
operation provided circumstantial evidence indicating
that the cementation was at least partially biogenic.
The aim of the present research is to study the roles of
various subsurface biogeochemical processes in
introducing cementation as well as altering deformation
behavior of soil in an existing sand deposit.
3. Methodology
Three microbial species (DRG3, DRG4 and DRG5)
with significant capabilities of producing extracellular Fig. 1 Drained deformation behavior of loose sand samples at
100 kPa cell pressure
polymeric substances (EPS) and calcite were isolated
from the naturally cemented site and used to treat sand 5. Conclusions
samples. A series of isotropically consolidated static Work presented herein demonstrates that subsurface
drained triaxial tests were conducted on biomass-free bioprocesses play a major role in strengthening an
and bacteria-treated loose (relative density: 40 %) existing sand deposit. Endemic microbes were
samples prepared by pluviating sand within nutrient sustained with minimal nutritional supplements making
medium composition of which reflects typical mineral the bioprocesses robust and sustainable.
salt concentrations in groundwater. Three bioprocesses References
denoted as U, NU and EPS – described in this study
produce different amounts and types of metabolic Davies P.M., (1999) Piezocone technology for the
products. To assess the relative influence of microbial geoenvironmental characterization of mine tailings,
metabolic products, they were quantified and correlated PhD dissertation, the University of British Columbia,
to the observed strength improvement of bacteria- Vancouver, Canada.
treated sand samples. Wang, Y., Gao, Y., and Leng, G. (2015) Experimental
4. Important Outcomes Characterizations of an Aging Mechanism of Sands,
Drained triaxial test data indicates that bacteria-treated Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental
loose samples were stiffer, more dilative and stronger Engineering, ASCE, 142(2), 06015016.
318
Biocemented Sands
A. Juneja
T. Aishwarya
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of technology Bombay, Mumbai –400076
E-mail : ajuneja@iitb.ac.in; taishwarya3@gmail.com
A.A. Kumar
C.F. Christy
School of Civil Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore – 641114
E-mail : arnikajbp@yahoo.com; freeda@karunya.edu
Keywords: Biocementation; shear strength; urease enzyme

1. Introduction excess solution was drained and the sample allowed to
Clean sands permeated with bio-mediated cement helps shear at a rate of 1.25 mm/min. In MICP treatment, the
bond the soil-grains without adversely affecting the urease enzyme was replaced by bacterial suspension of
environment. This new method finds application in Sporosarcina-Pasteurii of refractive index of about 0.8-
erosion control and in the maintenance of the original 1.
soil structure (e.g. Stabnikov et al. 2011). In enzyme
induced calcite precipitation (EICP), urease catalyses 4. Important Outcomes
the breakdown of urea into bicarbonate and ammonia Fig.1 shows the typical variation of shear stress with
ions. In calcium-rich environment, this leads to the horizontal deformation under 50 kPa normal load.
formation of calcium-carbonate precipitate. This Admittedly, the figure shows that both enzyme and
product cements the soil grains, thereby reducing its bacteria tend to improve the sand’s shear strength,
permeability and increasing its strength. The above however, there are some significant differences. The
enzymes are usually obtained from agricultural produce. sand treated with bacteria, show strength increase of
Because of their ultra-fine size, they can easily seep about 20% compared to the untreated sand. Likewise,
through the smallest pores in most granular media the enzyme treated sand showed a significantly higher
(Kavazanjian et al. 2015). In this study, the use of EICP strength increase. It was as high as 60% above the
method to improve the shear strength of loose sands is strength of untreated sand. Similar trend was observed
investigated. Additionally, these results are compared to in other tests conducted under different normal loads.
the other biological method (e.g. MICP) using several Fig.2 shows the SEM image of MICP treated sand.
direct shear tests.
Because of the large carbon footprint in some of the
present ground improvement methods, there is a
pressing need to explore other eco-friendly methods
which can be brought into practice. This study aims to
address the above. This paper investigates the feasibility
of enzyme use which can induce the precipitation of Fig 2 SEM image
calcite and other cementitious products. These products Fig.1 Variation of shear stress of MICP treated
bind and improve the properties of loose sand. Results with horizontal deformation soil
of direct shear tests on soils with bio-admixtures are 5. Conclusions
discussed. The time taken for the soil to “heal” after a Direct shear tests were performed on samples treated
fixed deformation is also examined. with MICP and EICP solutions. The increase in strength
3. Methodology was more prominent when EICP was used. EICP is also
To evaluate the scope of EICP which can enhance the favourable for practical application as it can sustain
shear strength of sand, several direct shear tests were harsh environmental conditions unlike bacteria, which
conducted. Clean fine sands (particle size < 425 µm) otherwise require critically controlled surroundings.
were used. The treatment was carried out by slowly References
pouring urease enzyme with a mixture of urea and
calcium chloride over well-compacted sand sample Kavazanjian, E. & Hamdan, N. (2015) Enzyme induced
placed in a shear-box. The sample was submerged in the carbonate precipitation (EICP) columns for ground
solution for a fixed duration. After the treatment, the improvement, IFCEE 2015, pp. 2252-2261.
319
Large Deformation Finite Element Modeling of Uplift Response of

Buried Oil and Gas Subsea Pipelines
Shubhrajit Maitra
Santiram Chatterjee
Deepankar Choudhury
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Bombay – 400076
E-mail : shubhrajit.maitra@iitb.ac.in; sc@civil.iitb.ac.in; dc@civil.iitb.ac.in
Keywords: buried pipelines; uplift; large deformation finite element modeling; pipeline geotechnics
1. Introduction post-peak reduction in uplift response for some of the
Subsea pipelines are an important part of offshore oil cases as it does not update geometry during pipe uplift.
and gas production systems. The pipelines carry oil and 10
uplift resistance, V/suD

Normalised undrained
gas at higher temperature as compared to their as laid
8
temperature. Thus, the pipes may tend to buckle which
6
generally occurs in the upward direction. Burying a pipe
ensures a soil cover around it and this soil cover offers 4
resistance against uplift during upheaval buckling. 2
0
2. Motivation and Objective 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Uplift response of pipelines during buckling is an Normalized pipe displacement, δ/D
important area of research and has been studied in the H/D = 1, NT, LDFE H/D = 1, NT, SSFE
past extensively (Maitra et al., 2016; Martin and White, H/D = 5, NT, LDFE H/D = 5, NT, SSFE
H/D = 1, FT, LDFE H/D = 1, FT, SSFE
2012; Randolph and Houlsby, 1984). These studies H/D = 5, FT, LDFE H/D = 5, FT, SSFE
focus on undrained uplift capacity i.e., peak resistance
Fig. 1 Comparison of SSFE and LDFE results for γ'D/su = 0
mobilized during the uplift process. However, after
attaining its maxima, resistance may decrease due to
loss in embedment during uplift. This aspect is not
captured in these studies. The aim of the present study is
to capture the effects of loss in embedment using Large
Deformation Finite Element (LDFE) technique.
3. Numerical Modeling Details Fig. 2 Typical examples of uplift mechanisms
A 2-D plane strain finite element model was constructed
using Abaqus 6.13. A series of displacement controlled 5. Conclusions
LDFE analyses were performed in which the pipe was From the present study it becomes evident that for
subjected to an upward displacement equal to its estimating undrained uplift capacity, both SSFE and
diameter (D). A typical LDFE analysis involves a series LDFE analyses work well. However, for assessing uplift
of small strain finite element (SSFE) analyses carried response during large pipe movements, results from
out for small incremental displacement. LDFE LDFE analyses are more appropriate.
technique also involves periodic remeshing of the
deformed domain and interpolation of the field variables References
from the old mesh to the new mesh. Analyses were
Maitra, S., Chatterjee, S. and Choudhury, D. (2016) A
carried out for several values of soil cover height ratio
generalised framework to predict undrained uplift
(H/B) and normalized submerged unit weight of soil
capacity of buried offshore pipelines, Canadian
(γ'D/su). Extreme values of interface tension (T) were
Geotechnical Journal, 53(11), pp. 1841-1852.
considered (T = 0 corresponds to “No Tension” (NT)
whereas T = ∞ implies “Full Tension” (FT) conditions). Martin, C.M. and White, D.J. (2012) Limit analysis of
the undrained bearing capacity of offshore pipelines,
Géotechnique, 62(9), pp. 847-863.
Fig. 1 compares the obtained normalized uplift factors
(Nu = Vu/suD) at various normalized pipe displacements Randolph, M.F. and Houlsby, G.T. (1984) The limiting
(δ/D) obtained using LDFE and SSFE. Fig. 2 shows pressure on a circular pile loaded laterally in cohesive
some examples of uplift mechanisms. It can be seen soil, Géotechnique, 34(4), pp. 613-623.
from Fig. 1 that SSFE analyses are unable to capture the
320
Numerical Investigation of the Vertical Capacity of Monopod Bucket

Foundation Embedded in Sandy Soil
Tanmoy Kumar Deb
Baleshwar Singh
E-mail : tanmoy.deb@iitg.ernet.in; baleshwar@iitg.ernet.in
Keywords: numerical analysis; bucket foundation; vertical bearing capacity; sandy site
The monopod bucket foundation is similar to an The results from the numerical analysis show that the
upturned cylindrical can, which is kept closed at the top vertical bearing capacity of bucket foundation increases
and open at the base. These foundations are usually with aspect ratio. The bearing capacity ratio between
made up of steel or concrete. In recent times, these bucket foundation and surface foundation is utilized to
foundations have gained importance as a supporting propose a formulation to arrive at the bearing capacity
base for offshore wind turbine foundations at shallow of the skirted foundation. However, the bearing capacity
water depths up to 40 m. Bucket foundations are ratio of bucket foundation to solid foundation is noted to
installed by lowering the open end to sea bed and be 0.91, 0.90 and 0.89 for the aspect ratios of 0.5, 0.75
allowed to penetrate initially, under the action of self- and 1, respectively. This indicates that the presence of
weight. Further penetration is commenced by pumping soil plug at the base of the bucket foundation compared
out the water from the bucket interior, thereby creating a to the steel base of the solid foundation leads to a lower
negative pressure inside. Under the application of bearing capacity. As shown in Fig. 1, the displacement
suction, the soil mass gets trapped inside the bucket contours of bucket foundation indicate that the soil plug
interior and acts as an integral part of it and enhances is being continuously pushed into the bucket interior at
the bearing capacity of the system under offshore failure, and that the upward soil movement is more at
loading conditions. the center.
A very limited number of studies have been reported on
the estimation of vertical capacity of bucket foundations
embedded in sandy bed (Park et al. 2016). The present
study deals with the numerical investigation of vertical
bearing capacity of monopod bucket foundation of
several aspect ratios, considering soil non-linearity into
account. Further, the numerical analyses have been
extended to surface and embedded solid foundations,
and the capacities are compared to examine the
influence of skirt and entrapped soil plug within the Fig. 1 Displacement contours of bucket foundation at failure
bucket foundation on its vertical bearing capacity. (D = 12 m, L = 12 m)
3. Methodology
5. Conclusions
The vertical bearing capacity of surface, embedded solid
The results obtained from the numerical analyses show
and bucket foundations in dense sandy bed is simulated
that the drained vertical capacity of the bucket
using FE software, Abaqus. The submerged unit weight,
foundation is dependent on the aspect ratio. Its bearing
internal friction angle, dilation angle and Poisson’s ratio
capacity is greater than that of the surface foundation
are taken as 11 kN/m3, 40°, 10° and 0.25, respectively.
but is lower than that of the solid foundation.
The foundation geometries considered in the study are
presented in Table 1. References
Table-1 Geometric details of foundations Abaqus (2010) User’s Manual, Version 6.10.
Foundation type Dimensions Aspect ratio
Park, J. S., Park, D., and Yoo, J. K. (2016) Vertical
Bucket D = 12 m, L = 6 m bearing capacity of bucket foundations in sand, Ocean
D = 12 m, L = 9 m 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 Engineering, 121, pp. 453-461.
Embedded solid D = 12 m, L = 12 m
Surface D = 12 m -
321
Comparison of Two Common Methods for Analysis of Group Effect

for Laterally Loaded Offshore Piles
Rupam Mahanta
R. K. Ghanekar
Balram Nayak
Geotechnical Engineering Section, Institute of Engineering and Ocean Technology, ONGC, Panvel, Maharashtra 410221.
E-mail: mahanta_rupam@ongc.co.in; rkghanekar@gmail.com; nayak_balram@ongc.co.in
Keywords: pile; offshore; group; lateral; loading

1. Introduction of lateral displacements are shown in Fig.1, including
Due to group effect maximum lateral displacement and influence of relative stiffness factor (R) in method-1.
bending moment in individual piles within a pile group Lateral displacement of pile (cm)
are higher when compared with a single pile acting -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
0
individually and subjected to the same average lateral
load per pile. Dependent on many factors, pile group
effect varies from case to case. Two methods are 10
Depth of pile below seafloor (m)

generally followed for incorporating the group effect for
piles supporting jacket platforms in the Indian offshore. 20
The paper presents comparative analytical results from
these methods for a two-pile group (of open ended steel
tubular piles having outer diameter 2.134 m) for an 30
actual site in the western offshore of India.

40 Single pile (without group effect)
2. Motivation and Objective With Hariharan and Kumarasamy method
Recommended practice by API (American Petroleum With Focht and Koch method, R = 1.25
With Focht and Koch method, R = 1
Institute) is generally followed for design of piles for 50
offshore platforms in Indian offshore. In the earlier
editions of the API Recommended Practice, it was Fig. 1 Lateral displacement of pile
prescribed that group effect should be considered in 5. Conclusions
design of the piles; however, the method to be followed Piles for offshore jacket platforms are generally
was not specified. In recent editions, specific method designed for relatively high lateral loads and lateral
has been recommended. In view of changes in codes, it displacements. Lateral group effect may have
was of interest to compare results from two methods significant influence on design of the piles, especially
which have been in use for design of piles for offshore for sites where soft clay occurs near the seafloor.
platforms. Analyses show that the results from the two methods
3. Methodology may vary significantly. Compared with method-1,
Offshore platforms and supporting piles are designed maximum lateral displacement and maximum bending
through soil-pile-structure interaction analysis. Non- moment in piles due to group effect is lesser as per
linear lateral load-displacement data (p-y) generated as method-2. In view of latest API RP 2GEO (2014)
per API RP 2GEO (2014) code from an actual offshore recommendations and on the basis of results of analysis,
site were used for the presented analysis. The methods method-1 using value of relative stiffness factor (R) as
used for deriving required factors for modification of p- 1.0 is recommended for design of new platforms in the
y data to incorporate group effect in the interactive Indian offshore
analysis are one by Focht and Koch (1973) which is also References
currently recommended by API with some modification
and the other by Hariharan and Kumarasamy (1982), Focht, J. A. and Koch K. H. (1973) Rational Analysis of the
Lateral Performance of Offshore Pile Groups, Proceedings
mentioned as method-1 and method-2 respectively in
from the 5th Annual Offshore Technology Conference, OTC
the paper. Software SACS was used for the interactive 1896, Houston, Texas.
analysis of pile and soil.
Hariharan, M. and Kumarasamy, K. (1982) Analysis of pile
4. Important Outcomes groups subjected to lateral loads, Proceedings, 3rd
The analysis shows that maximum lateral displacement International Conference on Behaviour of Offshore
and maximum bending moment are higher as per Structures, Vol. 2, Hemisphere Publishing Corp.,
method-1 compared to results from method-2. Results Washington, D. C., pp. 383-390.
322
Back Analysis of Pile Driving Data of Two Offshore Platforms from

West Coast of India
Rupam Mahanta
R. K. Ghanekar
Sriharsha Gamidi
Geotechnical Engineering Section, Institute of Engineering and Ocean Technology, ONGC, Panvel, Maharashtra 410221.
E-mail : mahanta_rupam@ongc.co.in; rkghanekar@gmail.com; gamidi_sriharsha@ongc.co.in
Keywords: offshore; pile; SRD; driveability

1. Introduction the back analysis. For clays, value of ‘g’ as 0.5 and set
Jacket platforms installed in the western offshore of up factor as 2.0 were found to be appropriate. Analysis
India are founded on open-ended tubular piles of steel. of data from one site is shown in Fig. 1.
The piles are installed by driving, using pile driving Table-1 Applied shaft resistances and factors
hammers. Pile driveability study requires an assessment Soil Gain/loss Shaft friction (%) Set-up Pl/unpl
of soils’ static resistance to driving (SRD). Results of Factor Outer inner factor
driveability analysis is governed by factors of Clay g 100g NA 1/g Plugged
degradation and gain in resistance for soil layers during Clay g 100g 50g 1/g Unplugged
the process of driving. The paper presents an analytical Sand g 100 NA 1.0 Plugged
Sand g 100 50 1.0 Unplugged
study based on data from Field installation of piles in
Note: Shaft friction is % of long term static shaft friction.
two jacket platforms located in western offshore of
Gain/loss factors are greater than zero.
India. Piles were of diameters 1.676 m and 1.829 m
driven to penetrations of 72 m and 80 m. The study Blow count (blow/0.25 m)
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
15
gives valuable insights into aspects of uncertainties Blowcount comparison
20
Average Blow count at Field
especially related to loss and gain of soil strength during 25 Unplugged, set up factor = 2
pile driving operation. Plugged, set up factor = 2,
Pile penetration below seafloor (m)
30
End bearing = 5 MPa below 77.3m
35 Plugged, set up factor = 2,
End bearing = 8 MPa below 77.3 m.
Plugged, set up factor = 2,
Optimised selection of pile and hammer as well as 45 End bearing = 9 MPa below 77.3 m.
successful installation of driven piles depend on correct 50

55
assessment of soil resistance to driving. Given the 60
uncertainties in mobilization of shaft friction and end 65
bearing during driving of piles, back analysis of actual 70
Field data is necessary to validate and fine tune the 75

80
approach for calculating SRD. Data generated from
85
installation of piles in the offshore bring an opportunity 90
to examine the suitability of SRD approaches for Fig. 1 Matching of Field blow counts
advance prediction of blow count, selection of pile and
hammer for installation of piles. The study was carried 5. Conclusions
out to examine the suitability of SRD criteria and With respect to values of quake, damping and long term
uncertainties in end bearing resistance of sand layers. static soil resistance considered in the analysis, it is
found that applying degradation factor as 0.5 and set up
3. Methodology factor as 2.0 in driveability analysis for shaft resistance
Field records of blow counts were matched with of clays generally ensure a successful driving of piles in
analytical results using actual data of pile, hammer and the area. Uncertainties exist about end bearing
energy applied in the Field. Software GRLWEAP was resistance of sand layers, especially in deeper layers. In
used for the analysis applying one dimensional wave critical sand layers, it is being addressed by applying
equation approach. Both plugged and unplugged axial higher values of end bearing resistance for driveability
resistance were analysed. Static resistance of soil was analysis than those prescribed for long term static
computed on the basis of soil investigation data capacity of piles.
acquired prior to pile installation. Blow count matching
was carried out as per shaft resistance factors in Table 1. References
GRLWEAP (2010) Computer Program for Wave
Equation Analysis of Pile Driving, Pile Dynamics
Applicable factors for degradation and gain of shaft
Inc., Cleveland, USA.
resistance of soil during pile driving were found through
323
Lateral Load Carrying Capacity of Skirted Foundation on Sand

T. Prasanth
P. Rajendra Kumar
Department of Civil Engineering, K S R M College of Engineering, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh – 516004
E-mail : 150santhu@gmail.com; rajpaladi@gmail.com
Keywords: skirted foundation; bearing capacity; threshold

Shallow foundations are now viable foundation for both The relationship between the horizontal displacements
offshore and surface areas. These are subjected to lateral of the footing model versus the applied load may be
forces induced by earthquake movements, wind loads, divided into three stages. The first stage shows linear
water wave pressure, lateral earth pressure, and relationship between the applied load and the horizontal
transmitting power cables. In some structures such as displacement, followed by a nonlinear relationship
water front structure, earth retaining structure and extending up to failure. The failure load was considered
transmitting power structures, the lateral forces acting as the load at the end of the second stage. The third
on the footings may be dominant. Skirted foundations stage represents the case where unlimited excessive
are the shallow foundations which satisfy bearing displacement of the footing occurred without any
capacity requirement, and to minimize the embedment increase in the applied load. The applied loads were
depth and dimensions of the foundation. created on the footing using standard weights; care was
taken in consideration to use small weights when the
2. Motivation and Objective load is approaching the failure state. The rotation mode
When designing offshore foundations it is necessary to of the footing has the same trend as the horizontal
calculate their capacity under combined total vertical displacement mode. The average vertical displacement
load, moment, and horizontal load. There has been little of the footing versus the applied horizontal load shows
work studying the performance of skirted footings downward, negative, displacement. The shapes of load–
subjected to lateral loads. The main purpose of the displacement and load– rotation relationships are
research work is to investigate the lateral load carrying independent of the relative density of sand.
capacity of Skirted Foundation at different densities of
Sand.
3. Methodology
The behavior of laterally loaded skirted foundations on
sand were studied by conducting twenty five laboratory
tests on a steel circular model footing of diameter (D)
equal to 75 mm and of thickness 3 mm. The skirt length Fig. 1 Experimental setup for Lateral loading test
(L) to the footing diameter ratios L/D were 0.4, 0.8, 1.2,
1.6 and 2.0. The sand was formed in the soil bin in 5. Conclusions
layers each of 150 mm thickness and compacted to The following conclusions are set from the course work.
specified relative densities of 30%, 60%, and 90%. The 1. As the length of skirt to footing diameter ratio
model footing was then placed on the surface of the increases, the ability of skirted footings of
compacted sand. The footing was dismantled precisely resisting lateral load increased.
vertical with accurately horizontal top surface, then 2. When the displacement of the footing
pushed down into the formed sand by a constant rate increases beyond the threshold value, it causes
driving machine. Two-dial gauges of accuracy 0.01 mm excessive lateral displacement and rotation
are used to measure the horizontal displacement of the
footing. Another two dial gauges of accuracy 0.01 mm and it fails suddenly.
are fixed on the footing upper surface to measure the 3. The mode of failure changes from sliding to
rotation and the average vertical displacements of the rotation after the threshold value.
footing. The lateral loads are applied on the footing
using frictionless pulley. Standard weights are used for References
loading. The general layout of the equipment used in the
present study is shown in Fig. 1 Wakil, A.Z.E (2010) Horizontal capacity of skirted
circular shallow footings on sand, Alexandria Engg.
J., 49, pp. 379-385.
324
Significance of Site Specific Stiffness Parameters on Settlement

Behaviour of Rubble Mound Breakwater Constructed on Soft Marine
Clay
Tanusree Samanta
J S Edlabadkar
M V Chhatre
Central Water & Power Research Station, Pune –411024
E-mail : tanu.samanta@gmail.com; jaeesb@yahoo.com; chhatre_mv@cwprs.gov.in
Keywords: Rubble mound breakwater, Soft marine clay, Vertical settlement, Young’s Modulus
1. Introduction been studied for different values of cohesion (c) and
Rubble mound breakwaters are often constructed in the angle of internal friction (). The parameters for
sea to provide tranquil conditions in the harbour. Being different soil layers used in the study are tabulated in
a coastal or offshore structure many a times it needs to Table-1. Water level is taken at 0.0 m CD and the
be constructed on soft to very soft marine clay layer of pressure due to existing water column is applied
few meters thickness having low strength and high accordingly.
compressibility resulting in instantaneous settlement or Table-1 Physical properties of soil layers
even collapse of the breakwater during construction. ρ in E in Poison’s c in  in
Therefore, one of the important aspects of designing a Material
kg/m3 Pa Ratio Pa deg
rubble mound breakwater, in addition to hydraulic Soft Clay 1450 8E5 0.4 200.0 30
considerations, is its geotechnical stability which Clay 1415 2E7 0.3 11000 30
involves assessing stability of slopes and predicting its Rubble 2400 2E8 0.25 0.0 40
settlement in soft marine clay foundation.
2. Motivation and Objective The study indicates that settlement is very much
For analyzing geotechnical stability of a breakwater, sensitive to the value of Young’s modulus. Maximum
sub-sea profile along with soil properties are required inaccuracy in vertical settlement calculation due to
which are obtained from geotechnical field assumption of E value in a range of 4×105 Pa to 4×106
investigations. Settlement analysis of a breakwater is Pa will be 1.9 m which is very high compared to the
generally done using numerical modeling. Strength change in settlement for variation in Poisson’s ratio
parameters of soil i.e. cohesion and angle of friction, as from 0.35 to 0.45(~33-55 cm). Settlement is slightly
obtained from field investigations, are used for analysis sensitive to the value of friction angle and almost
whereas values of stiffness parameters (i.e. Young’s independent of cohesion.
modulus and Poisson’s ratio) are taken from empirical
correlations or literature which basically give a range of 5. Conclusions
values for a particular soil type. Selecting a value from Sensitivity of settlement on Young’s modulus indicates
literature is often a task due to wide range reported for that assumption of E value results in discrepancy in
particular soil type. Present study aims to emphasize the estimating the settlement and consequently in the
importance of adopting site specific parameters in amount of material required for construction. Therefore
geotechnical analyses, by conducting a parametric study for realistic calculation of breakwater settlement, site
of settlement and lateral displacement of toe of a rubble specific value of Young’s Modulus of soft marine clay
mound breakwater over soft clay foundation. is a critical requirement.
For the present study mathematical model of a typical Obrzud, R. and Truty, A. (2012) The hardening soil
roundhead breakwater section (height 14.5 m above model- A practical guidebook, Zace Services.
Chart Datum) founded on 7.5 m of soft marine clay, 7 m Lausanne.
of clay and 2.5 m thick rock layer was modeled and
analyzed using FLAC software. Settlement and lateral
displacement of breakwater toe have been calculated for
a range of stiffness parameters i.e. Young’s Modulus
(E) and Poisson’s ratio () of soft marine clay (E=4×105
Pa to 4×106 Pa and =0.35 to 0.45). Moreover, stiffness
dependency of settlement and lateral displacement has
325
Global Instability of Breakwater Foundation

Caused by Earthquake and Tsunami: Centrifuge Model Tests
Babloo Chaudhary
Division of Environmental Science and Technology, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
E-mail : babloomit@gmail.com
Hemanta Hazarika
Department of Civil Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0396, Japan
E-mail : hazarika@civil.kyushu-u.ac.jp
Akira Murakami
E-mail : akiram@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp
Kazunori Fujisawa
E-mail : fujik@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp
Keywords: breakwater; earthquake; foundation; tsunami

1. Introduction (two layers) was considered as foundation ground for
Breakwater is one of the major coastal protective the model breakwater. Two foreshocks and main shock
structures which is used to protect ports and harbors were used as earthquake loadings. Tsunami overflow
from from destructive effects of sea waves, typhoons test was also conducted to see the effects of tsunami
and tsunamis. But, many breakwaters were failed due to waves on the performance of breakwater foundation.
past earthquakes, such as the 2004 Indian Ocean
Earthquake and the 2011 Off the Pacific Coast of
Tohoku Earthquake and subsequent tsunamis. The
breakwaters failed mainly due to damage of their
foundations. Due to failure of the breakwaters, the
tsunami entered into coastal areas, and led to
catastrophic losses for population and structures near
sea coasts (Hazarika et al., 2013). However, failure
mechanism of breakwater foundation has not yet been Fig. 1 Model of breakwater foundation
completely understood. In order to make breakwater
resilient against earthquake and tsunami induced forces,
it is utmost important to establish countermeasures for 4. Conclusions
reinforcing the foundation of a breakwater. To develop Based on this study, main conclusions are described as
countermeasures, it is very important to understand the below
behavior of breakwater foundation under effects of 1) Earthquake imposed a great threat for the stability of
earthquake and tsunami. the breakwater. The earthquake generated excess pore
2. Objective water pressures (in the foundation ground), and
The main objective of the study is to determine the caused excessive settlement and horizontal
failure mechanism of a breakwater foundation subjected displacement of the breakwater.
to earthquake and tsunami. 2) The tsunami induced seepage (beneath the
breakwater) and scouring (of rubble mound) were
3. Methodology main reasons of failure of breakwater during tsunami
A series of centrifuge model tests were conducted to overflow test.
determine the behavior of breakwater foundation under
actions of earthquake and tsunami. The breakwater (see Reference
Fig. 1) at Miyazaki port (Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan), Hazarika, H., Kasama, K., Suetsugu, D., Kataoka, S.
which is likely to be affected by the predicted Nankai and Yasufuku, N. (2013) Damage to geotechnical
earthquake, was chosen as a prototype. Seismic structures in waterfront areas of northern Tohoku due
subsidence of about 2 m and tsunami waves of height to the March 11, 2011 tsunami disaster, Indian
more than 15 m is expected for the area by the future Geotechnical J., 43(2), pp.137-152.
earthquake. In addition to rubble mound, seabed soils
326
Investigation on the Behaviour of Suction Caisson in Soft Clay

Anatt Joy
Sandeep M. N.
Department of Civil Engineering, IES College of Engineering, Chittilappilly, Thrissur
E-mail : anattjoy29892@gmail.com; sandheepmn@gmail.com
Keywords: Caissons, Suction, Penetration Resistance, Pullout Capacity
1. Introduction
Wind energy is one of the renewable energy. Normally 70
the wind turbines are provided in the offshores. Suction 60
caissons are one of the most economical offshore 50
foundations which is provided when the gravity 40
foundations are insufficient for the installation of 30
turbines. It was first adopted in 1984 Gulf of Mexico. 20
Suction caissons are installed using the suction pressure 10
and it can be installed very easily. The installation of 0
caissons depends on the formation of soil plug. Also the 18cm ht 6mm 18cm ht 2mm 15cm ht 6mm 15cm ht 2mm
caissons have an uplift capacity more than that of piles. thk thk thk thk
Normally caissons of L/D ratio 1 to 5 are used for
installations, where L is the length and D is the inner Undrained Partially Drained
diameter of the caisson
Fig. 1 Comparison of drained and undrained
The motivation of this project is to find out the behavior 5. Conclusions
of caissons when the suction is applied. The objectives The penetration and penetration resistance increases as
are to find out the penetration, penetration resistance the L/D ratio increases. But the thickness of the caisson
and pullout capacity of caissons by varying the L/D has only a small effect in the cassion’s behavior. The
ratio and thickness of caissons. The effect of drainage consolidation pressure of soil and drainage condition of
condition in the behavior of caissons had been studied. caissons are some of the factors that affects the
Also the effect of consolidation pressure on the soil of caisson’s behavior. As a whole, it can be concluded that
caissons is evaluated. suction caissons are one of the most effective and
3. Methodology efficient offshore foundation.
A steel tank of size 60×60×60 cm filled with kaolin References
slurry was taken for the test. Then caisson which was
connected to a compressor was allowed to sink into the El-Gharbawy, S. and Olson, R., (1998) The pullout
tank. When the compressor starts, a negative pressure is capacity of suction caisson foundations for tensile leg
formed inside the caisson. Due to that negative pressure platforms, Proceedings of 8th International Offshore
it sucks the water and thus it gets penetrated into the and Polar Engg., 1, pp. 531-536.
soil. For different L/D ratio and thickness the behavior
Guo, W. and Chu, J., (2001) Experimental study of
of caissons was evaluated. The effect of drainage
installation of concrete suction caisson in clay,
condition of caisson was also examined.
Construction and Environmental Engg., ASCE, pp.
4. Important Outcomes 784-791.
The penetration, penetration resistance and the pullout
House, A.R., Randolph, M.F. and Borbas, M.E., (1999)
capacity increases with the increase in L/D ratios and
Limiting aspect ratio for suction caisson installation in
thickness. The maximum penetration resistance was
clay, Proceedings of 9th International Offshore and
obtained for the caisson having L/D ratio 1.5 and the
Polar Engg., 1, pp. 676-683.
thickness 6 mm. Also the pullout capacity reduces when
the drainage condition changes from undrained to Sukumaran, B. (1998) Suction Caisson Foundations - A
partially drained. The consolidation of the soil effects better option for deep water applications, Proceedings
the penetration, penetration resistance and pullout of the SWE Annual Conference, Houston.
capacity of the caissons. As the consolidation pressure
increases, the penetration and penetration resistance
increased and the pullout capacity decreased.
327
Load Carrying Capacity of Skirted Foundation on Sand

T. Prasanth
P. Rajendra Kumar
Department of Civil Engineering, K S R M College of Engineering, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh – 516003
E-mail:150santhu@gmail.com; rajpaladi@gmail.com
Keywords: Bearing Capacity; Offshore structures; Foundation; Structural Skirts; RD

1. Introduction measure the vertical settlement of the footing. The
Skirted foundations are the shallow foundations which complete setup of testing procedures is shown in fig1.
satisfy bearing capacity requirement, and to minimize
the embedment depth and dimensions of the foundation. 4. Important Outcomes
This method of bearing capacity improvement does not Analysis of the experimental results revealed that
require any excavation of the soil and is also not inclusion of skirts improves the load carrying capacity
restricted by the presence of a high ground water table. of the skirt foundations on sand. The settlement-
The bearing capacity failure mechanisms can be diameter ratio at failure load increases as the RD of sand
grouped into three categories, for unskirted footings i.e., increases and L/D ratio increases. The failure load
local, punching and general shear failure, Vesic (1975). increases linearly as the relative density of sand
This is not applicable to skirted foundation. Wakil increased, up to relative density equal to 60%. Beyond
(2010) studied bearing capacity of skirt circular footing this limit, the increase in failure load is nonlinear
on sand and observed that at small load level, skirts increase as relative density increased from 60% to 90%.
have no appreciable affects on the footing response in
case of sand having relative density greater than 65%
contrary to the response of footing at high load level.

Skirts are used as an alternative to deep foundations in
soils with low strength at the surface. As there has been
available little work studying the performance of skirted
foundation, we are performing eighteen laboratory
experiments on circular steel footings of different
diameters and different skirt lengths. The aim of these Fig. 1 Complete set-up for Vertical loading test and Model
experiments is to shed some lights on the effects of skirt Skirt footings
length and the relative density of sand on the ultimate
load attained. 5. Conclusions
The following conclusions are set from the course work.
3. Methodology 1. A structural skirt increases the load carrying
To study the behavior of a skirted footing on sand, capacity, reduces the settlement and modifies
laboratory tests were conducted on a small scale model the load settlement behaviour of the footing.
of circular footing having diameter (D) equal to 75 mm. 2. The BCR is inversely proportional with sand
and of thickness 20 mm. The footing models were relative density and proportional with L/D
machined from steel plates. The skirt length (L) to the ratio.
footing diameter ratio L/D is 0.0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6 and
3. Skirts are expected to be the most beneficial
2.0. The sand was formed in the soil bin in layers each
50mm thickness. To ensure homogeneity of sand solution in case of sand having relative
density less than 60%. As the skirt length to
formation, a calculated weight of sand with an accuracy
footing diameter ratio increases, the better
of 0.001kN was formed into a certain volume of sand by
compaction to give specific relative densities. The bin performance of skirted footings.
was then placed on the strain controlled loading
References
platform without disturbing the density of the soil. The
load was transferred to the footing through a ball which Wakil, A.Z.E (2010) Horizontal capacity of skirted
was placed between the footing and the proving ring. circular shallow footings on sand, Alexandria Engg.
Finally vertical load was applied at a strain rate of J., 49, pp. 379-385.
1mm/minute. Dial gauge was placed on the footings to
Wakil, A.Z.E (2013) Bearing capacity of Skirt circular
footing on sand, Alexandria Engg. J., 52, pp. 359-364.
328
Geo Acoustic Inversion Method for Analyzing Impact Due to

Sediments on Underwater Channel
Annalakshmi G
Sakthivel Murugan S
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SSN College of Engineering, Chennai –603110
E-mail : anumevlsi@gmail.com; sakthivels@ssn.edu.in
Keywords: Acoustic inversion, water column property, Sound propagation model, Normal mode analysis
The information about unknown ocean bottom The normal mode equation has been used in numeric
environment has been determined using inversion technique for underwater sound propagation. Many
modeling with acoustic field data over past decade. numerical techniques have been widely applied for
Sound propagation model in shallow water is highly underwater acoustic because of its efficiency. Normal
dependent on the interaction of the sound field with the mode method is applied to one-way wave equation
bottom and has a great number of applications in modeling to reduce the wave equation used in the
oceanography, geophysics, and seismology. The goal of acoustic propagation model for underwater. The need
this paper is to analyze the effectiveness of parameters for applying propagation models in underwater is to
on sound propagation in a shallow-water environment. estimate the transmission loss to predict the sonar
This work also revolves around the results of an performance. The hierarchy model of acoustic
experiment to measure the effect of sound propagation propagation models is appeared in Fig.1.
model of an ocean channel. Wave equations are used to
describe the sound propagation model in the ocean. The
model has been used to provide an environmental data
for input to a range‐dependent and independent acoustic
model to study the effect of munk sound speed profile
that provides sound propagation characteristics. The
normal mode intensity munk profile is generated by
using internal wave scattering from the depth of 4500m
at the frequency 50 Hz. The field intensity is plotted as a
function range and depth and noted that more energies
are trapped upto 1500m from the ocean surface. The
mode eigenfunctions 10, 12 and 15 plotted as a function
of depth, it clearly shows that the lower order modes Fig. 1 Hierarchy model of acoustic propagation models
contribute very fewer at the deepest depth below
(3000m). It is observed that the number of propagation 5. Conclusions
modes in the water column can be increased with In this paper a normal mode sound propagation
increasing frequency. modeling is used to estimate the spatial properties of the
sound pressure field as a function of source frequency to
2. Motivation and Objective clarify the complexity of the modeling problem. It is
 To analyze parameters of sound propagation in a observed that the number of propagation modes in the
shallow-water environment. water column can be increased with increasing
 A normal mode sound propagation modeling is frequency. Numerical results are obtained using normal
used to estimate the properties of an ocean. mode sound propagation models. The transmission loss
plots of various frequencies were plotted using wavelet
3. Methodology galerkin approach.
Sea channel characteristics its evident that there is no
way for acoustic signal to follow a linear path this is due References
to complexity of sea water column. The complexity is Etter, P.C. (2003) Underwater Acoustic Modeling and
due to differential pressure, salinity and temperature. Simulation, Third Edition Taylor and Francis Group
This leads to attenuation and reverberation of the e-library, pp.152-198.
acoustic pressure signal. Normal mode has capabilities Knudsen, V.O., Alford, R.S. and Emling, J.W. (1948)
for producing wave equation model where the Underwater ambient noise, J. of Marine Research, 7,
properties of the material vary along the sound pp. 410–429.
propagation direction.
329
Analysis of Non-Prismatic Combined Footings on Geosynthetic

Reinforced Earth Beds
Priti Maheshwari
Bhavya Kumar
M. Pavani
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee – 247 667
E-mail: priti_mahesh2001@yahoo.com; bhavyakumar26@gmail.com; pavani.murakonda@gmail.com
Keywords: Non-prismatic combined footings; geocell; Hetenyi’s model.

1. Introduction Response of the soil-foundation system has been
Combined footings are provided when the columns are obtained in terms of deflection, bending moment and
close and it is uneconomical or unsafe to provide the shear force in foundation beam and reinforcing
isolated footings for each columns. If any particular beam, i.e., geocell.
column is heavily loaded as compared to other columns
to be supported by same footing, it is economical to opt
for a non-prismatic combined footing as compared to a
footing with uniform flexural rigidity.
Use of geosynthetics is very common to improve the
ground possessing poor bearing capacity of foundations
and large settlements. These are modeled as elastic
membranes or beams with finite flexural rigidity.
Most of the analysis pertaining to flexible footings on
geosynthetics reinforced earth beds consider prismatic Fig. 1 Definition sketch of soil-foundation system
section of the footing. In view of this, a simple lumped
parameter model has been proposed in the present study 4. Important Outcomes
for the analysis of non-prismatic combined footings The proposed model has been validated with the results
resting on geosynthetics reinforced earth beds. in existing literature. Detailed parametric study has then
Hetenyi’s model (1979) has been adopted for the been carried out to study the influence of various
analysis of soil-foundation system. Non-dimensional, parameters like relative stiffness of soil, relative flexural
ready to use charts have been developed to study rigidity of beams, depth of placement of geocell, applied
response of soil-foundation system with respect to loads, parameter, m. Non-dimensional charts for
deflection, bending moment and shear force in deflection, bending moment and shear force in the
combined footing and the geosynthetic layer. beams have been developed to depict the influence of
the above mentioned parameters. These charts will help
3. Methodology the geotechnical engineer to decide the appropriate
Fig. 1 depicts the soil-foundation system considered for section of foundation beam resting on such reinforced
the analysis. Geocell has been provided on top of poor earth beds.
foundation soil. Combined footing is resting on dense
granular soil placed on top of the geocell layer. The 5. Conclusions
combined footing has been idealized as a beam. In view It has been observed that relative stiffness of soil,
of non-prismatic combined footing, the flexural rigidity relative flexural rigidity of beams, depth of placement
of the footing has not been considered to be constant all of geocell, applied loads, parameter, m significantly
along its length. Geosynthetic layer (geocell) has also influences the response of foundation and geosynthetics
been modeled as a beam. The analysis has been carried layer. Non-dimensional charts have been presented to
out for cohesionless soil layers which have been quantify the influence of these parameters on deflection,
replaced by Winkler springs of different stiffnesses. bending moment and shear force in foundation and
reinforcement.
Governing differential equations have been developed
and solved along with appropriate boundary and References
continuity conditions employing Gauss Siedel Method.
Hetényi, M. (1979) Beams on Elastic Foundation, The
Finite difference method has been adopted for the
University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.
analysis purpose.
330
Impact of Frequency Content in Input Motion on Seismic Response of

Layered Soil
Angshuman Das
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta – 801103
E-mail: angshuman.pce15@iitp.ac.in; pradipt@iitp.ac.in
Keywords: numerical analysis; nonlinear analysis; mean period; frequency content

1. Introduction seismic characteristics have been applied at the base of
Earthquake induced ground motions are modified in the the models. The results of the analyses were represented
soil while travelling through various local soil in terms of seismic energy migration and period
conditions. During this process the characteristics of elongation to identify the effect of soil heterogeneity on
seismic motions are also get modified. The effect of seismic response of soil.
earthquake induced ground motion on the seismic
response of soil depends on the dynamic characteristics 4. Important Outcomes
(e.g., fundamental period of soil column) of the soil The analyses results illustrate that the seismic energy
deposit. The effect of frequency content on free field migration through the soil deposit de-amplified in
response has been presented by Das and Chakrabortty nonlinear analysis due to the soil softening phenomena
(2017). From the study it was observed that the mean caused by the excess pore water pressure (EPWP)
period (Rathje et al., 1998) of input motions were generation in the soil. Elongation of fundamental period
elongated in the soil deposit. The present study has been occurs when the seismic motion travelling through the
initiated to quantify the modification in mean period and soil deposit.
also to find out its effect on dynamic response. G. L. G. L. G. L.
Therefore, three soil models were analyzed using Dense sand
divided into
DEEPSOIL for different input motions. From the 20 layers of
0.5m each
analytical results the effect of soil heterogeneity on the
elongation of fundamental period of input motion was Loose sand
divided into
Dense sand
divided into
Loose sand
divided into
estimated. 30 layers of 60 layers of 10 layers of
1m each 0.5m each 1m each
Dense sand
Earthquake is most destructive disaster among all divided into
natural disasters due to its uncertainty in occurrences 20 layers of
0.5m each
and when it occurs it causes violent shaking of the
ground and anything over it. Therefore, in the last four Bedrock Bedrock Bedrock
decades the earthquake resistant design got a lot of Fig. 1 Layering condition of Homogenous and heterogeneous
importance in civil engineering. In performance based soil models used in this study
design the response spectra is required which can be 5. Conclusions
obtained from a site specific seismic response analysis. The study concludes that:
The characteristic of response spectra is depends on the 1. The elongation in the mean period occurs during
fundamental period of the soil deposit, damping of the travelling of seismic motion through the soil.
system, energy release mechanism and characteristics of 2. The soil softening occurs in nonlinear analysis due
input ground motion (intensity, duration and frequency to the generation of EPWP which greatly affects the
content). This study has been carried out to find out the elongation of mean period.
effect of frequency content in input motion on the
response of soil deposit. References
3. Methodology Das, A. and Chakrabortty, P. (2017) Numerical

Three soil deposit models were analyzed using the one determination of the effect of seismic frequency
dimensional seismic response analysis code content in free field dynamic response of layered soil,
DEEPSOIL. Two homogenous model consist of i) CONMIG 2017, IIT Roorkee, India.
medium (Rd=40%) and ii) very dense (Rd=101%) Rathje, E.M., Abrahamson, N.A. and Bray, J.D. (1998)
Nevada sand. The heterogonous model was formed with Simplified frequency content estimates of earthquake
loose Nevada sand deposit of 10 m thickness ground motions, J. of Geotechnical and
sandwiched between the dense sand deposits of same Geoenvironmental Engg., 124(2).
thickness. Fifty one ground motions with different
331
Determination of Liquefaction Susceptibility of Soil: A Deep Learning

Approach
Angshuman Sahu
Pijush Samui
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Patna, Patna - 800005
E-mail: angshumansahu@gmail.com; pijushsamui@gmail.com
Keywords: numerical analysis; nonlinear analysis; mean period; frequency content

Liquefaction susceptibility analysis is an imperative task Deep learning technique is certainly a sound approach
for any geo-structure so as to evaluate the detrimental to determine the liquefaction susceptibility of
effects of liquefaction and mitigate the same. This article soil. Performances of both the models were analyzed
adopts deep learning technique to determine liquefaction during a rigorous parametric study. Charts have been
susceptibility of soil using cone penetration test (CPT) developed for classifying liquefiable and non-
data from Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake. Deep learning liquefiable soil.
(also known as deep structured learning) is an algorithm
based branch of machine learning with the primary
objective to make machine learning reach its original
goal i.e. Artificial Intelligence. It uses a neural network
model with multiple hidden layers to model high level
abstractions or concepts in data without involving any
complicated mathematical calculations. Two models
(MODEL I and MODEL II) have been developed. In
MODEL I, input variables are Cyclic Stress Ratio (CSR)
and Cone Resistance (qc). MODEL II employs CSR and
Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) for prediction of
liquefaction susceptibility of soil. Deep learning has
been adopted as a classification technique.
2. Motivation and Objective Fig. 1 Layering condition of Homogenous and heterogeneous

Deep learning has been successful in improving the soil models used in this study
state-of-the-art in speech recognition, object detection,
image classification, predicting chemical reactions.
However, its application in the field of geotechnical 5. Conclusions
engineering has been limited so far. Thus the main Deep learning approach does not involve any kind of
motive is to assess the feasibility of a deep complex mathematical calculations and thus holds the
learning model to determine liquefaction susceptibility advantage over statistical methods. It is a quick and
of soil. robust tool to determine the liquefaction susceptibility
of soil. However, it requires a huge set of data for
3. Methodology satisfactory performance.
Deep learning code was formulated on the platform of
python software. The normalized data was fed into the References
model for training and testing. Training phase enables
the model to get familiar with the set of inputs which Ku, C.S., Lee, D.H., and Wu, J.H. (2004) Evaluation of
helps it in future computation and testing phase verifies soil liquefaction in the Chi-Chi Taiwan Earthquake
the performance of the model. The model provides using CPT, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engg.,
probabilistic output. Alternation of several parameters 24, pp. 659-673.
like number of hidden layers, number of epochs - testing
Schmidhuber, Jurgen (2014) Deep learning in neural
performance can be varied. The model to render best
testing performance is considered better. The testing networks: An overview, Neural Networks, 61, pp. 85-
performance is calculated by the following formula: 117.
(Number of data correctly predicted / total number of

data)*100
332
Pullout Behaviour of Strip Anchor in Soil Using FLAC2D

Awdhesh Kumar Choudhary
Bhardwaj Pandit
G L Sivakumar Babu
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Bangalore -560012
E-mail: awdhesh@civil.iisc.ernet.in; bhardwaj.pandit.min11@iitbhu.ac.in; gls@civil.iisc.ernet.in
Keywords: Strip anchor; Sand; Ultimate load; FLAC2D

1. Introduction shallow depth (H/B = 3) in soil with friction angle 20°
Horizontal anchors are often used to resist pullout forces (loose soil) and 40° (dens soil) are 0.95 kN and 1.69 kN,
that act on various geotechnical engineering structures respectively, whereas at greater depth (H/B = 10) it is
such as transmission towers, tall chimneys, submerged increased to 3.58 kN 11.86 kN and 13.65 kN,
pipe line and offshore structures etc. The pullout respectively. It is observed that, at shallow depth the
response of plate anchors depends on many factors such anchor capacity in dense soil found to be 1.8 times than
as, relative density of soil, soil type, embedment depth, that of loose soil, whereas, at deeper depth (H/B = 10) it
the size and shape of the anchors. In this study, pullout is increases to more than 3.8 times than that of loose
behaviour of horizontal anchors embedded in sand has soil. Similar behaviour has reported by Ilamparuthi et al.
been investigated. (2002) in case of horizontal circular anchor and
Choudhary and Dash (2016) in case of vertical anchor
2. Motivation and Objective as well.
An extensive numerical study performed to investigates
the pullout behaviour of strip horizontal anchor plate
embedded in loose and dense cohesionless soil using
FLAC2D.
3. Methodology
FLAC2D is selected to investigate the pullout behaviour
of horizontal strip anchor embedded in soil. An elastic
perfectly plastic Mohr-Coulomb constitutive model was
used to simulate the behaviour of soil. Analyses are
carried out by applying constant vertical velocity (V0) in
upward direction at the centre of anchor plate. Anchor
plate was modeled using structural beam element. A
series of numerical simulation carried out to investigate
the pullout behaviour horizontal strip anchor embedded
in soil. Influence of friction angle of soil (ϕ) and
embedment depth (H/B) on the performance of the Fig. 1 Variation of ultimate pullout load vs. embedment ratio
anchor has been analyzed. The soil properties used in
numerical model are presented in Table 1. 5. Conclusions
Table-1 Soil properties used in the study The ultimate pullout load is found to be increases with
γ ϕ ψ υ G K
increase in embedment depth and friction angle of soil.
(kN/m3) (°) (°) (MPa) (MPa) However, in loose sand, the rate of increase in anchor
capacity reduces beyond certain embedment ratio
14.5 20 0 0.3 1.92 4.16 leading to critical embedment depth. The present results
16.5 40 10 0.3 9.61 20.83 also show encouraging agreement with published
studies.
The variations of ultimate load of the anchor with References
embedment depth for friction angle of soil (ϕ) of 20° Choudhary, A.K. and Dash, S.K. (2016) Load Carrying
and 40° are presented in Fig. 1. It could be seen that the Mechanism of Vertical Plate Anchors in Sand, Int. J.
anchor capacity increases with increase in depth of of Geomech., ASCE, 17 (5), 04016116-12.
embedment, irrespective of soil friction angle. However, Ilamparuthi, K., Dickin, E.A. and Muthukrisnaiah, K.
the rate of increase in anchor load carrying capacity is (2002) Experimental investigation of the uplift
more pronounced at higher friction angle of soil (i.e., ϕ behaviour of circular plate anchors embedded in Sand,
40°). For example, the ultimate pullout load of anchor at Canadian Geotechnical J., 39, pp. 648–664.
333
A Study on Numerical Modelling and Performance of Kentledge Test

Pile and Base Slab on Soft Soil
Vivek Venkiteswaran
Ng Tiong Guan
Golder Associates (S) Pte. Ltd.
E-mail : vivekvenkitesh@gmail.com
Keywords: Finite Element Method; Marine Clay; PLAXIS; SAFE; Static load test
Kentledge is a conventional static pile load test Based on load test results from the reference site, the
conducted to verify the functionality of pile foundations. average representative soil subgrade modulus is
The site under study is located in the East Coast of obtained as 4450 kN/m3. With this modulus, the SAFE
Singapore. The site geology consists of shallow deposit analysis predicted a ground settlement of 61mm as
of sandy silt followed by 25m thick soft soil comprising shown in Fig.1. Consolidation analysis was carried
of Marine, Organic and Fluvial Clay. The load test is based on actual loading pattern and holding time in
carried out on a 55m deep, 1.2m dia bored pile. In this PLAXIS 2D and 3D analysis. PLAXIS 2D with Mohr
study, a 2-D and 3-D finite element analysis in Coulomb soil parameters with medium dense mesh
conjunction with an elastic spring model analysis is predicted settlement as 200.2mm. PLAXIS 3D analysis
carried out to determine the performance of Test Pile with 10 nodded elements predicted a settlement of
Base Slab. This article presents detailed analysis and a 141.5mm along the mid span underneath the slab.
comparative study of test pile base slab settlement Plastic points were observed in the Upper Marine Clay
prediction with actual measurements and results. layer.
Existing cable pipes running 1.5m directly underneath
the Base slab combined with dense soft soil makes it
important to accurately predict the behavior of base slab
during the static load test. The objective of the study is
to compare the results of numerical modelling with
measured settlements and to identify the sensitivity of
soft soil strength on the base slab response.
Max.
3. Methodology Settlemen
The Kentledge Base Slab, combined with the 3273 ton Fig. 1 Settlement prediction using SAFE
test load (710 kPa) is modelled in SAFE, a finite The measured maximum settlement was 133mm, in line
element software which uses soil subgrade modulus to with PLAXIS 3D results. During unloading, the
calculate the slab settlement and using PLAXIS 2D and settlement was not rebounding back to the original
PLAXIS 3D with linear elastic perfectly plastic Mohr settlement, but rather maintaining a constant value,
Coulomb model. Since the soil is not homogenous, plate indicating plastic stage has been reached and the soil
load tests does not truly represent the actual condition of was no longer in the elastic loading-unloading phase.
the soil. Hence the Kentledge test done from a
5. Conclusions
neighboring site was used as reference to derive the
The analysis indicates the settlement calculation from
approximate soil subgrade modulus. Settlement markers
SAFE being upper bound as unable to predict the
were installed along the cable pipe as well as on Base
consolidation behavior of the soil. The lower bound
slab to monitor the settlements periodically.
conservative settlement results from PLAXIS 2D is a
Table 1: Geotechnical Design Parameters for 3D Analysis result of the Plane Strain geometry which considers an
Unit Undrained Eff.
infinitely long loading. PLAXIS 3D analysis with
Soil Weight Strength cohesion Φ’° calibrated soil parameters was able to predict the
(kN/m3) Cu (kPa) c' (kPa) settlement within acceptable margin of error.
Silty Sand 19 - 10 30 References
Soft Marine Arora, K.R (2008) Soil Mechanics & Foundation
16 20 - -
Clay Engineering, Standard Publishers Distributors Delhi.
334
Finite Element Analysis of Encased Stone Columns for Soft Ground

Improvement
Vaibhav Kumar Singh
Shashank Gaurav
Jignesh Patel
Department of Applied Mechanics, National Institute of Technology Surat, Gujarat – 395007
E-mail: singhvaibhav129@gmail.com; gaurav.shashank435@gmail.com, pjb@amd.svnit.ac.in
Moumita Chakraborty
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Tripura – 799046
E-mail: moumita01.ce@gmail.com
Keywords: ground improvement, soft soil, geosynthetics, numerical analyses, ESC.

Stone columns in soft clay fail in lateral bulging due to For encasement length 4D and 5D the stone column
minimal lateral confinement provided by the capacity was increased by 1.49 and 1.61 times
surrounding soils. In such soils, the required lateral respectively at geosynthetics stiffness, K=200kN/m.
confinements can be induced by encasing or wrapping Also there was an increase of 26% and 52% in column
the stone columns with geosynthetic. The high tensile capacity when encased with 50kN/m and 250kN/m
strength provided by geosynthetics enhances the geosynthetics stiffness respectively, with respect to only
circumferential stresses around the column and prevents stone column.
the bulging failure. The effect of encasement on bearing
capacity of stone column is carried out in this study.
Limited availability of good site for construction has
raised the importance of ground improvement. In
extremely soft soils the effectiveness of ground
improvement by stone columns may reduce due to the
insufficient lateral confinement. This study focuses on
encasement stiffness influence and its varying
encasement length in stone column installed in very soft
soil.
3. Methodology
The Finite element modeling was done in PLAXIS 3D. Fig. 1 Settlement versus footing pressure for different length of
A single stone column of diameter 200mm and 2m deep encasement in floating granular column
was modelled in a rigid square tank of dimension 3m x 5. Conclusions
3m x 3m. Vertical movement of modal was allowed This paper is an attempt to determine improvement in
while the horizontal movement was restricted. A surface load carrying capacities by encased stone columns due
was created (400mm x 400mm) above granular column. to variation in length and stiffness of geosynthetic
A prescribed downward displacement of 60 mm was encasement.
applied on this surface. Material properties assigned to It was found that 4D to 5D length of encasement and
soft clay and stone for column are enlisted in Table-1. geosynthetics stiffness of 250kN/m was sufficient to
Variation of footing pressure for different encasement improve required properties of soil. And Variations
lengths at constant stiffness of 200kN/m was calculated. beyond these values were minimal.
Also for a particular encased length (L = 4D) variations
due to different stiffness were carried out. References
Table-1 Properties of material assigned Dutta, S., Nadaf, M.B., Birali, R.R.L. and Mandal, J.N.
γsat E Cu (2016) Encased stone columns for soft ground
Soil μ φ° Ψ° improvement, Geo-Chicago-2016.
(kN/m3) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)
Clay 16 2000 0.49 6 0 0 Murugesan, S. and Rajagopal, K. (2006) Geosynthetic-

encased stone columns: Numerical evaluation,
Stone 18 20000 0.3 1 38 4 Geotextile and Geomembrane, 24, pp. 349–358.
335
Finite Element Analysis of Granular Pile Anchor Foundation for

Expansive Soils
Vaibhav Kumar Singh
Shashank Gaurav
Roop Narayan Meena
Department of Applied Mechanics, National Institute of Technology Surat, Surat, Gujarat – 395007
E-mail: singhvaibhav129@gmail.com; gaurav.shashank435@gmail.com, roopnarayan3@gmail.com
Moumita Chakraborty
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Agartala, Tripura – 799046
E-mail: moumita01.ce@gmail.com
Keywords: Ground Improvement, Expansive Soil, GPA, Uplift Capacity, Numerical Analyses.
1. Introduction
Upward movement of the footing on expansive soil due 4. Important Outcomes
to change in moisture can be reduced by anchoring a Parametric study on uplift forces by changing diameter
rigid plate at base of granular pile and connecting it by a of pile was done. It was observed from FE analysis that
rod or cable to concrete footing at the top. The uplift the uplift forces improved by about 1.61 times when
pressure is transferred to base of granular pile through diameter of the GPA was increased from 300mm to
this connecting rod. Effectiveness of granular pile 400mm and 500mm respectively. Further variations of
anchor (GPA) depends upon the diameter and length of other properties like relative density of fill and length of
granular pile and properties of granular fills. GPA pile was to be determined.
weight and soil-pile shearing resistance are responsible
for improvement in uplift capacity.
GPA is one of the recent ground improvement
techniques to prevent adverse effects of expansive soils.
The main objective of this paper is to study various
properties of granular fill and pile dimensions to come
out with an effective and efficient solution for
overcoming damages due to expansive soils.
3. Methodology
Fig. 1 Upward displacement versus uplift pressure for different
A single stone column of length 2m with diameter diameter of GPA in expansive soils
300mm, 400mm and 500mm was modelled in a rigid
square tank of dimension 3m x 3m x 3m in finite 5. Conclusions
element software PLAXIS 3D. Vertical movement of GPA was proved to be an effective method to increase
modal was allowed restricting the horizontal movement. the uplift forces induced due to swelling and heaving of
The diameter of the anchor plate and granular pile was expansive soil in wet condition. It is observed that the
kept same in all cases. Node-to-node anchor was used to uplift resistance of the GAP foundation system
connect top and bottom rigid plates. A prescribed increases with increase in the length and diameter of the
displacement of 60mm was applied on anchor plate in pile. Also if the properties of granular fills are improved
upward direction. Properties assigned to expansive soil the uplift resistance is expected to be increased and vice
and granular materials are enlisted in Table-1. versa. Further study is being carried out to determine the
same.
References
Table-1 Properties of material assigned
Ismail, M.A. and Shahin, M. (2011) Finite Element
γsat E Cu Modelling of Innovative Shallow Foundation System
Materials (kN/ (kN/m2 μ (kN/ φ° Ψ° for Reactive Soils, Int. J. of GEOMAT, 1(1), pp.78-82
m3) ) m2)
Johnson, N. and Sandeep, M.N. (2015) Ground
Soil 16 2000 0.49 6 0 0
Improvement Using Granular Pile Anchor
Granular 18 20000 0.3 1 38 4 Foundation, Int. Conference on Emerging Trends in
Engg., Science and Technology. pp. 263 – 270.
336
Evaluation of Ultimate Capacity of a Single Barrette using

Finite Element Analysis
Jitesh T. Chavda
G. R. Dodagoudar
E-mail : jiteshchavda03@yahoo.in; goudar@iitm.ac.in
Keywords: Barrette; c- soil; Material model; Ultimate load; Finite element method; Sensitivity analysis.
1. Introduction weight of the soil, surcharge at the ground level,

Barrettes are piles with a rectangular section orientated geometry of the barrette and interface strength are the
to accommodate high horizontal forces and bending factors deciding the ultimate capacity of the barrette. A
moments in addition to vertical loads. The barrettes are figure depicting the effect of cohesion on the ultimate
constructed using the same technology as diaphragm capacity of the single barrette is shown in Fig. 1. The
wall panels. The estimation of ultimate capacity of a comparison of evaluated Qu (from FE analysis) with the
single barrette is essential to design the barrette estimated Qu from Eq. (1) is also shown in Fig. 1.
foundation. In this study, the ultimate capacity of the
barrette is evaluated using finite element (FE) analysis.
The plane strain formulation is considered by assuming
the length of the barrette long enough to satisfy the
plane strain condition. The equation to estimate the
ultimate capacity of the single barrette is proposed [Eq.
(1)] by modifying the equation of the ultimate capacity
of a single pile (IS 2911: 2010) which accounts for most
of the parameters of the ultimate capacity of the single
barrette:
1
𝑄𝑢 = (𝑐𝑁𝑐 𝑑𝑐 𝑠𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 𝑑𝑞 𝑠𝑞 + 𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾 𝑑𝛾 𝑠𝛾 ) 𝐴𝑏 +
2 Fig. 1 Effect of soil cohesion on Qu
𝛼𝑐̅𝐴𝑠 + ∑𝑛𝑖=0 𝑘𝑜 𝑞̅𝑖 tan(𝛿)𝐴𝑠𝑖 (1)
5. Conclusions
2. Motivation and Objective The ultimate load (Qu) obtained from the FE analysis
The accuracy of FE results depend on the input increases with the increase in the strength parameters
parameters and material models used. There is a need to and unit weight of the soil, magnitude of the surcharge
determine the effect of input parameters and the usage applied at the ground level, the geometry of the barrette
of different material models on the ultimate capacity of and the interface strength. The Qu will not change with
the barrette using the FE analysis. the changes in the deformation characteristics of the soil
3. Methodology i.e. E and . However, at higher values of E and , the
The FE simulations are performed to compute the ultimate load is mobilized at smaller displacements. The
failure load of a single barrette using the finite element MC, HS, HSsmall, and SS models use the strength
method. PLAXIS-2D program is used for this purpose. parameters as defined by the Mohr-Coulomb failure
The Mohr-Coulomb (MC) material model is used in the envelope and they compute essentially the same
study. The effect of deformation parameters (E and ), ultimate failure load. The computation time required to
evaluate the ultimate load is more for the HS, HSsmall
strength parameters (c', ' and ), unit weight of the soil
and SS models as compared to the MC model. The
(), surcharge (q), geometry of the barrette (D and B)
proposed equation to estimate the Qu of the single
and interface strength (Rint) on the ultimate capacity of
barrette predicts the failure load reliably. The results of
the barrette are studied. The influence of consideration
the single barrette analysis have given a greater promise
of other material models like Hardening Soil (HS)
in using the FE analyses to solve the stability problems
model, Hardening Soil model with small-strain stiffness
in geomechanics.
(HSsmall) and Soft Soil (SS) model on the ultimate
capacity of the single barrette is also investigated. References
4. Important Outcomes Fellenius, B.H., Altaee, A., Kulesza, R. and Hayes, J.
It is found that the ultimate capacity of the barrette (1999) O-cell testing and FE analysis of 28-m-deep
obtained using the FE analysis remains the same for barrette in Manila, Philippines, J. of Geotechnical.
varying deformation parameters (E and ) and the Geoenvironment Engg., 125(7), pp. 566–57.
material models like MC, HS, HSsmall and SS. It is
IS 2911: Part I: Sec 2 (2010) Design and Construction
noted that the strength parameters of the soil, unit
of Pile Foundation, BIS, New Delhi.
337
Compressibility and Triaxial Strength Behavior of Fine Soils:

Numerical Study
Aswathi TS
Rangaswamy K
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode– 673601
E-mail: ranga@nitc.ac.in; taswathisathian@gmail.com
Keywords: Hypoplastic model; sand-silt mixture; SSL, state parameter
1. Introduction depending on basic properties, the material parameters

The soils with silt fines are more liquefiable than clean for each soil combination are different and the required
sand due to presence of large number of voids and rapid material parameters are listed in Table 1.
development of pore pressures. The developed pore
pressure may not dissipate in short time due to small Table-1 Material parameters for the Hypoplastic model
void spaces. The static liquefaction susceptibility of Parameters Sand 25% fines 50% fines
silty sands is evaluated based on stress ratios, steady 𝝋𝒄 () 30.66 34.06 39.27
state line, critical state (Been & Jefferies 1985; Jefferies 𝒆𝒅𝟎 0.738 0.699 0.714
and Been 2006; and Herle and Gudehus 1999). 𝒆𝒄𝟎 1.006 0.942 0.958
Liquefaction susceptibility is also to be evaluated based 𝒆𝒊𝟎 1.207 1.130 1.15
on instability line concept at particular void ratio. 𝒉𝒔 (MPa) 150 130 90
However SSL is the effective parameter which is to be 𝒏 0.42 0.34 0.29
developed in the void ratio-stress plane since the 𝜶 1.0 0.7 0.001
susceptibility of liquefaction is mainly depends on both 𝜷 1.3 1.2 1.19
the void ratio and stress state of soil.
4. Important Outcome
2. Motivation and Objective The validation results on stress-strain relation under CU
The objectives of this study have focused on undrained triaxial loading condition indicating that both the
response of sand-silt mixtures under triaxial loading and simulation as well as experimental curves is well
susceptibility of liquefaction is assessed based on coincides to each other. The effect of fines content on
contraction (susceptible to liquefaction) and dilation oedometric compression is analyzed in e-ln p space.
behavior of soil. The contraction and dilation behavior The undrained response and liquefaction susceptibility
is evaluated in terms of compressibility and strength of silt sands are assessed and found that the silty sands
indicators of steady state line (SSL), state parameter, are more liquefiable than clean sand.
stress paths and pore pressure ratio buildup during static
shear loading. 5. Conclusions
3. Methodology The major findings arrived from this study are:
Present study has utilised the advanced hypoplastic  Rate of compressibility and/or contraction increases
constitutive model which is developed based on simple with increasing fines content.
mathematical formulations of critical state concept. It  Steady state lines moves downward with the
was gaining more popularity after successful validation addition of silt fines upto 50% into the sand and
with different geotechnical applications. Mathematical parellel to each other.
formulations are well developed to determine the  Stress resistance ratios are decreases due to increase
constitutive material parameters those requires basic in pore pressure build up with increase the silt fines
experimental tests data (Herle and Gudehus 1999). The  Irrespective of all strength indicators, it is
applicability of hypo plasticity is from sands to silty concluding that the sands contains up to 50% fines
sands and visco-hypoplasticity for clayey soils. For the are more susceptible to liquefaction than clean sand
present study, silty sand is artificially prepared after
mixing the stone dust powder at the amount of 25% and References
50% by weight into the naturally available fine sand.
Been, K. and Jefferies, M. (1985) A State Parameter for
Initially basic routine laboratory soil tests including soil
Sands, Geotechnique, 35(2), pp. 99-112.
gradation, specific gravity, boundary void ratios, angle
of repose, consolidation and direct shear tests were
conducted as per IS codes to obtain the properties used
to calculate the required model parameters. Since
material parameters required for the model are
338
Experimental Study of Vertical and Batter Pile Groups Under

Lateral Loads in Sand
Pankaj Bajaj
Laxmikant Yadu
Sandeep Kumar Chouksey
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492001
E-mail : pankajbajaj522@gmail.com; lkyadu.ce@nitrr.ac.in; schouksey.ce@nitrr.ac.in
Renu Premjani
Department of Civil Engineering, RIMT University, Punjab-147301
E-mail : renu.premjani@gmail.com
Keywords: Lateral loads, Vertical pile, Batter pile, Pile Group.

Piles are used to transfer the structural loads to deep Variation of lateral load with displacement of pile
firm strata. Vertical piles are normally designed for groups is shown in Fig. 1. It is observed from Fig. 1 that
vertical loads and small lateral loads. In the case of high the ultimate lateral load is maximum in the case of
lateral loads, batter piles are preferred. Lateral loads are negative batter pile group i.e. 640 N. The value of
applied on the structures by the wind, waves etc. and it lateral load in the case of vertical and positive batter pile
attained high value in flood situations. Therefore, it is group is 550 N and 490 N respectively. The lateral load
required to know the amount of lateral loads acting on capacity in case of negative batter pile with respect to
the structure and design accordingly. Some researchers vertical pile has increased considerably by 16%. The
viz. Murthy (1965), Pise and Juvekar (2008) have lateral load capacity of positive batter pile is 11% less
worked on batter piles but still there is a scope in this than the vertical pile.
field. 800
2. Objective 700
To compare the efficacy of batter pile groups with 600
Lateral load (N)
vertical pile groups under lateral loading conditions. 500

400
3. Methodology 300
The ultimate lateral loading capacity of mild steel piles 2V
200
were evaluated by a model study in the laboratory. The 100
1V+1B
outer and inner diameter of the used model pile was 20 0 1V-1B
mm and 18 mm respectively. The length-to-diameter
ratio was taken as 38 to simulate the behavior of long 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
piles. The model tank was designed to eliminate Lateral Displacement (mm)
boundary conditions and had dimensions of 1.0 x 1.0 x
1.1 from vertical axis was kept for the batter piles. Sand Fig. 1 Lateral load Vs. Displacement curve for vertical and
was filled in the tank with a relative density of 55%. batter pile groups
The properties of used sand are presented in Table 1. 5. Conclusions
It is concluded from the experimental study that the
Table-1 Physical properties of sand negative batter pile groups have performed better as
γd,min γd,max compared to vertical and positive batter pile groups.
Soil Gs Cu Cc φ°
(kN/m3) (kN/m3) References
Sand 2.63 15.6 17.4 1.56 1.0 34 Murthy, V.N.S. (1965) Behaviour of batter piles
subjected to lateral loads. Ph.D. Thesis, Indian
The tests were conducted on two vertical pile group Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India.
(2V), one vertical and one positive batter pile group
(1V+1B) and one vertical and one negative batter pile
group (1V-1B).
339
Finite Element Analysis of Eccentrically Loaded Rectangular

Foundation Using Plaxis
B P Sethy
C R Patra
R Sahu
E-mail : barada.jeetu@gmail.com; crpatra19@yahoo.co.in; roma.sahu.civ@gmail.com
Keywords: Rectangular foundation; eccentricity; finite element analysis; plaxis.
1. Introduction
Several theoretical and experimental studies have been Table-1 Physical properties of sand and steel.
conducted in the past to estimate the ultimate bearing
E
capacity of eccentrically loaded shallow foundations Material    (kN/m3)
(kN/m2)
supported by sand (e.g., Meyerhof 1953; Prakash and
Saran 1971)as shown in Fig. 1. Q is the ultimate load Sand 40000 0.3 41 14.36
per unit length in the case of a strip foundation of width Steel 2 × 10 8
0.1 - 78.5
B. For rectangular foundation (B×L) Q is the total load
at Failure. The load Q is applied with an eccentricity e.
The depth of embedment of the foundation is D. 4. Important Outcomes
The ultimate bearing capacity obtained using finite
element analysis is higher than those obtained
experimentally which is shown in Fig.2(a).
2
2
Load-Intensity (kN/m ) Load-intensity(kN/m )
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
0 0
e/B = 0
Experiment
= 0.05
FEM
4 4 = 0.1
= 0.15
Settlement(mm)
Settlement(mm)
8 8
12 12
16 16
20 20
(a) (b)
Fig. 2 Variation of load settlement curve for (a) e/B =0 and
Fig.1 Eccentrically loaded footing (Meyerhof, 1953) Df/B = 0, (b) e/B =0 to 0.15 and Df/B = 0
I- An experimental and numerical study of the The ultimate bearing capacity obtained using finite
behavior of an eccentrically loaded rectangular element analysis (Mohr-Coulomb model) is giving
foundation resting over homogeneous sand bed higher value as compared with the experimental value.
presented.
References
II- Numerical analysis was conducted using the finite
element method (FEM) to verify the model test results EI, S.M. (2009) Experimental and numerical study of
and examine configurations which have not been eccentrically loaded strip footings resting on
modeled experimentally. Reinforced Sand, J of Geotechical and
Geoenvironment Engg., ASCE, 23, pp. 1509-1518.
3. Methodology
Meyerhof, G.G. (1992) The bearing capacity of
The linear elastic perfectly plastic finite element
foundations under eccentric and inclined loads,Proc.
analysis was carried out using the commercial program
III Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanical and Foundation
PLAXIS 3D. All the finite element calculations were
Engg. Zurich, 1, pp. 440-445.
based on the mesh generation process that searches for
optimized ten nodded tetrahedral elements. The physical Prakash, S. and Saran, S. (1971) Bearing Capacity of
properties are given in Table 1. eccentrically Loaded Footings, J. of Soil Mechanics
and Foundation Division, ASCE, 97(1), pp. 95-117.
340
Use of Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian Method in Modeling of Free Fall

Penetration in Clay
Abhishek Ghosh Dastider
Divya SK Mana
Santiram Chatterjee
Prasenjit Basu
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai –400076
E-mail : abhishekgd90@iitb.ac.in; dskmana@iitb.ac.in; sc@civil.iitb.ac.in; pbasu@civil.iitb.ac.in
Keywords: free fall penetrometers; coupled Eulerian Lagrangian; Plate; finite element; strain rate
1. Introduction is validated against available experimental data and the
A typical deepwater offshore hydrocarbon extraction effect of parameters such as mass and impact velocity
facility consists of floating platforms, several subsea on the penetration resistance and dp is studied. Shear
infrastructures and a network of pipelines. Most of these strength (su) enhancement with plastic strain rate
subsea infrastructures and pipelines are founded to a following the solutions given by Graham et al. (1983) is
shallow depth in the seabed. However, they are spread considered for simulation of the penetration process.
over a large area of several kilometers. In order to
design and install these subsea structures, it is essential 4. Important Outcomes
to have a clear understanding of the seabed profile and On comparing the numerical results with available
soil characteristics. Great water depths, large experimental data, CEL method is found to be capable
exploration area and soft sediments have made the use of simulating free fall penetration problems (Fig. 1). It
of conventional soil characterization techniques can also be seen that considering the effect of strain rate
extremely difficult, time consuming and expensive. Free on su of soil is extremely important in simulating the
Fall Penetrometers (FFPs) are being popular actual soil response during free fall penetration.
considering their advantages in all these aspects. Penetration velocity (m/s)
Deceleration data recorded in the accelerometer 0 1 2 3 4 5
Penetration depth /
attached to FFPs signify soil resistance encountered 0

1
Diameter
during penetration and thus can be used for soil strength 2

characterization. 3
4
Although FFP tests are very quick and simple to 6
conduct, there are still several uncertainties in 7
employing these in the field. One of the main Chow and Airey (2013)
uncertainties is the maximum depth of penetration (dp), Soil model without strain rate effect
Soil model with strain rate effect
which is dependent on the size, weight and geometry of
the FFP, its impact velocity and the seabed soil strength.
Some experimental studies (e.g. Chow and Airey 2013) Fig. 1 Validation of current numerical results with
have been conducted to understand the effect of these experimental data from Chow and Airey (2013)
factors on the dp, but the results are limited to a few 5. Conclusions
cases. Development of a numerical model that can In this study, free fall penetration in a uniform soft clay
simulate the free fall penetration, would help in is successfully modeled by numerical approach and the
understanding the problem for a wide range of effect of different parameters on soil response during
parameters. The objective of this paper is to numerically penetration is precisely quantified.
simulate free fall penetration of a plate penetrometer in
uniform clay using coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) References
approach in ABAQUS/Explicit. Chow, S.W. and Airey, D.W. (2013) Free-falling
3. Methodology penetrometers: a laboratory investigation in clay, J. of
In the CEL method, the penetrometer is modeled as a Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engg., ASCE
rigid Lagrangian part that penetrates through an 140(1), pp. 201-214.
Eulerian soil domain. This method eliminates the Graham, J., Crooks, J.H.A. and Bell, A.L. (1983) Time
chances of mesh distortion commonly encountered in effects on the stress–strain behaviour of natural soft
large deformation problem by allowing the soil to flow clays, Géotechnique, 33(3), pp. 327–340.
through a spatially fixed domain. The numerical model
341
Effects of Rock Joint Orientation on the Dynamic Behavior of Dam

Foundation
Saurabh Kumar
Prasun Halder
Bappaditya Manna
K. G. Sharma
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi – 110016
E-mail : saurabh21793@gmail.com; cez168152@civil.iitd.ac.in; bmanna@civil.iitd.ac.in; kgsharma@civil.iitd.ac.in
Keywords: Gravity dam, Dynamic response, Joint orientation, Base sliding, Compressive stress
Dam being a life line structure serves many important The stresses, generated in the dam foundation due to
purposes required for human existence. In India, during body weight and water loads, become excessive when
some earthquake events, concrete gravity dams were earthquake motion comes into play. For the current
uprooted when blind faults lying below the dam body analysis, the above interface compressive stresses are
turned active. So, the foundation stability is the key found to be critical in case of foundation with 60 0 joint
factor influencing the safety of gravity dams and should set. Table 1 presents the major principal stresses at heel
be considered as the integral part for safe and economic for the earthquake loading condition. The induced
design. In this paper, the dynamic analysis of a concrete stresses are observed to be higher in magnitude below
gravity dam resting on intact and jointed rock the dam-foundation interface than the upper portion of
foundation has been carried out using discrete element the interface. A continuous increment in crest
method. displacement of the dam is found in case of jointed rock
foundation.
The prime objective of this study is to investigate the Table-1 Major principal stresses at heel
influence of various joint orientations in the rock mass Stresses at Heel (MPa)
on the dynamic behavior of the dam under two specific Dam-Foundation Above Below
dynamic loading conditions as per IS: 6512 (1984). System Interface Interface
3. Methodology Intact Foundation -1.88 -2.02
In the present work, the discrete element modelling
Foundation with 300 -1.82 -2.88
based software UDEC (1993) has been used to carry out joint set
the dynamic analysis of the dam foundation system for
the Uttarkashi earthquake motion (1991). The height Foundation with 600 -3.05 -3.76
joint set
and base width of the dam are considered 100 m and 80
m respectively as shown in Fig. 1. The base width of
foundation is 560 m and depth is 300 m. The slope of 5. Conclusions
downstream side is 0.77H :1V and freeboard is taken as From the work presented in this paper, the following
5 m. Single set of joints has been considered with 5 m conclusions can be drawn:
spacing between them. The joint orientations are  The compressive stresses are found maximum
considered 30 degrees and 60 degrees for this analysis. either at heel or at toe of the dam depending
upon the load combinations
 There is significant base sliding in case of
foundation with 60 degree joint sets than 30-
degree joint orientation
 Principal stresses at heel are higher below the
interface than the above portion
References
IS: 6512 (1984) Indian Standard Criteria for Solid
Gravity Dams, Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi.
(-280, -300)
(280, -300)
UDEC (1993) Universal Distinct Element Code user’s
manual, Verion 4.0, Itasca Consulting group, Inc.,
Minneapolis.
Fig. 1 Model and geometry of the dam foundation
342
Ultimate Capacity of Vertical Short Pile under Inclined Compressive

Load
Asim Goswami
Soumya Roy
Department of Civil Engineering, Meghnad Saha Institute of Technology Kolkata-700150
E-mail: asimgoswami1994@gmail.com; roy.soummo@gmail.com
Keywords: Pile foundation; Ultimate bearing capacity; Inclined load

1. Introduction θ=00 and θ=150. However, for greater values of θ, failure
Pile used as the foundation in many cases may be load was obtained where load settlement curves becomes
subjected to inclined compressive loading condition. In almost vertical. The ultimate capacity of pile, under
such cases, overall behaviors of the piles are estimated inclined load Pθ has been plotted in for L/d ratio of 20,
from available conventional theoretical approaches. 15 and 10. Polar diagram is shown in Fig.1 to show the
Based on the experimental results a semi empirical inclination effect of the applied load on pile capacity.
theoretical expression to evaluate the ultimate resistance
of a pile embedded in sand, under inclined compressive
load is proposed. Load inclination is varied from vertical
to horizontal direction. Influence of vertical and lateral
components of the loads on horizontal and vertical
displacement of the pile head is discussed. Ultimate
bearing capacity variation with angle of load inclination
is also studied in this work.
Current design practice involves separate analysis of
axial and lateral pile capacities and does not consider the
interaction of vertical and horizontal load components in
case of inclined loading conditions. As there are limited
Fig. 1 Test Apparatus and polar diagram
experimental studies available on behavior of vertical
piles subjected to inclined compressive loads. In this 5. Conclusions
paper, an attempt has been made to study behavior of The load vertical displacement and load lateral
single pile subjected to varying inclined load until failure movement of pile head in direction of load
through a 1g model. characteristics is nonlinear in nature. Polar bearing
capacity diagrams suggests that bearing capacity of
3. Methodology vertical pile is a function of applied load inclination
Dry brown uniformly graded Mogra sand obtained from angle, θ, density of foundation medium and vertical pile
sand mines of Hoogly district, West Bengal was used as capacity, Pvult.
soil medium. The physical properties of the sand are
given in Table 1. References
Table-1 Properties of sands used as foundation material Ramanathan, T.S. and Aiyer, P.G. (1970) Pull out
Resistance of Piles in Sand, Journal of Indian National
ρmax Relative D10 Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation
Soil Cu Cc φ°
(gm/cc) Density (mm)
Engineering, 9(2), pp. 189-202.
Sand 1.545 65% 0.45 1.25 0.96 39
Roy, S., Chattopadhyay, B.C. and Sahu, R.B. (2012)
The tests were conducted in a steel tank of size 100 cm X Load Deformation Characteristics of Circular Raft-Pile
100 cm and 75 cm deep. Loads were applied on the top Combination Subjected to Oblique Loadings, Proc.
of the pile with load inclined at an angle (θ) 00, 150, 300, Indian Geotechnical Conference, Delhi, India, Volume
450 and 900 with the vertical axis of the pile. 1, pp. 532-535.
The vertical displacement of pile having L=400 and
300mm respectively whereas d=20 mm is fixed i.e. L/d
= 20 and 15 under various inclination of load with the
pile axis, where d is the pile diameter and L is the length.
Failure was associated with noticeable peak values for
343
Uplift Capacity of an Underreamed Pile Foundation-Finite Element

Simulation
Dhiraj Raj
Bharathi M
Department of Earthquake Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee - 247667
E-mail: dhirajraj.iitr@gmail.com; bharathi.iitr@gmail.com
Sanjay K. Shukla
Discipline of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
Keywords: Foundations; Underreamed Piles; Uplift capacity; Finite Element Method

1. Introduction been explored by performing nonlinear dynamic implicit
In field practice, the foundations are generally designed FE (Quasi-static) analyses using displacement-control
to withstand downward vertical loads, including shear approach. The effect of mesh size and vertical velocity
forces and bending moments generated from the applied to the nodes of pile top (i.e. prescribed
corresponding superstructures. However, foundations of displacement/time step) on the numerical results have
some structures constructed either on land like tall been decided by performing sensitivity analysis.
chimneys, high mast transmission and communication
towers or in marine environments like jetty structures, 4. Conclusions
mooring systems for ocean surface or submerged The uplift capacity and displacement thus obtained were
platforms, etc. are frequently subjected to uplift loads presented in the form of load-displacement curves and
due to wave, wind and/or seismic loading and ultimate uplift capacity varying with underream angle.
geotechnical design of such structures require a From the FE study, it has been found that the variation in
knowledge of soil uplift resistance. Underreamed pile the underream angle has a significant impact on the pile
foundations are found more suitable and economical than behavior and failure mechanism. Plate exhibits
large gravity based foundation especially in design of maximum ultimate uplift capacity and with an increase
lightweight steel frame structures, slender tower and in underream angle the capacity decreases. The
buildings subjected to both wind and seismic load maximum capacity drop of ≈ 25% has been observed for
constructed on relatively weak soil sites. Most of the past underreamed pile with θ =75°.
studies mainly focused on estimating the uplift capacity References
and failure mechanism of shallow plate anchor as
reported in an extensive literature review conducted by Abaqus/CAE (2016) ABAQUS Documentation, Dassault
Ilamparuthi et al. (2002), whereas Pise (2004) conducted Systèmes, Providence, RI, USA.
a comprehensive study on pile foundations under uplift Harris, D.E. and Madabhushi, G.S.P. (2015) Uplift
loads. However, a few researchers have investigated the capacity of an under-reamed pile foundation, Proc. of
behavior of underreamed piles under uplift loads instead the Institution of Civil Engineers-Geotechnical
of focusing exclusively on anchor plates. Engineering, 168(GE6), pp. 526-538.
2. Objective Ilamparuthi, K., Dickin, E.A. and Muthukrisnaiah, K.
In the present study, an attempt has been made to (2002) Experimental investigation of the uplift
investigate the failure mechanism, load-displacement behaviour of circular plate anchors embedded in sand,
behavior and uplift capacity of underreamed pile Can. Geotech. J., 39(3), pp. 648-664.
foundation (with varying underream angle) in Hostun
HN31 sand using Finite Element (FE) analyses and Pise and Prabhakar Jagannath (2004) Pile foundations
obtained results have been compared with those obtained under uplift loads: an overview, Indian Geotech. J.,
from full 3D model laboratory tests on underreamed 34(1), pp. 1-63.
piles by Harris and Madabhushi (2015).
3. Methodology
Due to symmetry in geometry and uplift load on pile
foundation about vertical axis, axisymmetric FE models
have been developed for both pile and sand using
commercially available finite element software package
Abaqus/CAE (2016). The uplift capacity of the
underreamed pile with varying underream angle (θ) has
344
Ultimate Load Carrying Capacity of Single Pile Resting on Deep Buried

Conduit
Amit Srivastava
Monica Malhotra
E-mail: amitsrivastava@ncuindia.edu; monicamalhotra28@gmail.com
Keywords: pile capacity; buried pipe; numerical analysis; analytical solution

1. Introduction obtained from the analytical solution as well as through
In an urban setting, lots of underground or deep buried numerical analysis using FEM code.
conduits, flexible or rigid, exist for the conveyance or
transport of sewage, water, transmission lines or pipe
lines carrying hazardous or non-hazardous substances.
These deep buried conduits act as a lifeline of an urban
establishment. Additionally, constraints in the
availability of land in urban setup, one cannot avoid
these deep buried conduits and the construction
progresses either in the vicinity or over these conduits.
Possibilities exist that a foundation system, consisting of
group of piles, may exist in the vicinity of the existing
deep buried conduit, active or dormant. Hence, it
becomes imperative to analyze the modified pile
capacity when a pile is very near to the buried conduit to
ensure, whether it is safe to allow the construction or
additional measures are required to ensure the safety of
the foundation system due to presence of these deep
buried conduits? Fig. 1 problem definition (pile is resting on buried conduit)
It has been observed that the load carrying capacity of
In the present study, ultimate load carrying capacity of a
the pile gets affected with the presence of conduit. It
single pile resting on a deep buried conduit is analyzed
depends on various factors, such as, properties of in situ
through model studies as well as analytically. Results are
soil, length and diameter of the pile, extent of flexibility
also verified numerically using commercially available
or rigidity of the buried conduit, its diameter and
finite element code Plaxis 2D. It is assumed that the
thickness, etc.
native soil is cohesionless dry sand and effect of GWT is
ignored. 5. Conclusions
Every problem is unique in its own way and should be
3. Methodology
analyzed accordingly. Through parametric study, it has
Fig1 shows the setup for the analysis, which requires
been noted that the capacity of pile resting on a buried
estimation of vertical stress at the crown of the buried
conduit may be improved or it may get reduced
conduit (v) with due consideration of soil arching depending on the relative stiffness of the pipe material
effect, as well as pressure at the pile tip after deducting and its interaction with the surrounding soil and the pile
side friction. The load carrying capacity of the pile itself.
depends on the performance of the buried conduit under
the applied stresses for excessive deflection, wall References
buckling, crushing or bending stresses. For the analytical
solution, Burns and Richards (1964) approach used to Bowles, J. E. (1996) Foundation analysis and Design, 5th
estimate the limiting stresses on buried conduit. Model ed. McGraw-Hill Co. NY.
study is performed by placing a PVC pipe or vitrified Burns, J. Q. and Richard, R. M. (1964) Attenuation of
clay pipe deep inside a box (1.5 m × 1.5 m × 2.0 m) stress for buried cylinders, Proc., Symp. Soil Structure
filled with sand at a relative density of 85-90%. With an Interaction, Univ. of Ariz., Tucson, Ariz., pp. 378-392.
arrangement of reaction frame, hydraulic jack and
proving ring, a closed end pipe is placed on the top of the Terzaghi, K. (1943) Theoretical soil mechanics, John
buried conduit and load is applied till failure occurs. The Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 66-76.
estimated ultimate load is compared with the results
345
Bearing Capacity of Strip Footing Resting on the Crest of a Slope: FE

Simulation
Rana Acharyya
Arindam Dey
E-mail: r.acharyya@iitg.ernet.in; arindamdeyiitg16@gmail.com
Keywords: Bearing capacity; Finite element; Setback distance; Strip footing

For footing placed on crest or on the face of a slope, the An agreeable match has been obtained between
bearing capacity of the foundation may reduce experimental results (Keskin and Laman 2013) and FE
significantly due to the formation of smaller passive simulation as shown in Fig. 2.
resistance zone intercepted by the face of the slope. If the
spread of habitation in the North-Eastern (NE) regions of
India is glimpsed, one can easily recognize the locations
to be primarily on unreinforced hill slopes or terraces of
the same. In this study, the effect of various geotechnical
and geometrical parameters on the ultimate bearing
capacity (qu) of the strip footing resting on crest of c-φ
soil slope has been investigated and the outputs obtained
are appropriately clarified. Fig. 2 Validation of the numerical model with experimental
investigation (Keskin and Laman 2013)
2. Motivation and Objective A footing exhibits a higher bearing capacity while
In this study finite element 2-D analysis has been carried resting on or near a slope with lesser inclination. It can
out to investigate the behavior of a shallow rigid rough be observed from Fig. 3 that bearing capacity ratio
strip footing (Width, B =2m, kept constant) resting on a (qu/γB) decreases with the increase in slope angle.
c-φ soil slope, with an intention to represent the
commonly occurring building foundations in the hill
slopes of North-Eastern India. Various c-φ compositions
have been used to understand the effects of shear
strength parameters on ultimate bearing capacity of strip
footing resting on the crest of slope. The work has been
extended to include the effect of various other
parameters, such as setback distance of footing (b), unit
weight of soil (γ) and slope angle (β) on the ultimate Fig. 3 Variation of bearing capacity ratio (qu /γB) with slope
bearing capacity of a footing. angle (β) and setback ratio (b/B)
3. Methodology 5. Conclusions
A c-φ soil slope has been taken into account for the Bearing capacity increases with the increase in the angle
simulation. The bearing capacity of 2 m width strip of internal friction (φ) and cohesion (c) of the soil.
footing resting on crest of a slope (Fig. 1) has been Bearing capacity reduces with the increase of slope angle
estimated through finite element simulation with varying (β), which is associated with the increased soil
various geotechnical and geometrical parameters namely movement towards the slope. Bearing capacity increases
cohesion (c), angle of internal friction (φ), unit weight of with the increasing of setback distance (b). Beyond a
soil (γ), setback distance (b) and slope angle (β). critical setback ratio (b/B) critical = 6, the footing behaves
similar to that on horizontal ground.
Reference
Keskin, M.S. and Laman, M. (2013) Model studies of
bearing capacity of strip footing on sand slope, KSCE
Journal of Civil Engineering, 17(4), pp. 699-711.
Fig. 1 Typical representation for footing resting on the crest of a

slope
346
Numerical Studies on the Load Carrying Capacity of Defective Pile

Manikandan.P
Premalatha. K
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering Guindy, Anna University, Chennai – 600025
E-mail: manikandan221291@gmail.com; kvpremalatha@yahoo.com
Hariswaran. S
Department of Civil Engineering, Jeppiaar Engineering College, Anna University, Chennai – 600119
E-mail: civilengineerharish@gmail.com
Keywords: load settlement curve; isobar depth; defective pile; bulging; necking
1. Introduction settlement for each case is determined to identify the
Piles are the structural elements that are used to transfer critical position of the defect to be present on pile
the superstructure load to stiffer strata or rock strata foundation. The comparative load settlement curve for
through weak compressible strata. The presence of loose sand stratum is shown in Fig.2.
defects, especially if the defects are sufficiently large and
frequent, can lead to unsatisfactory performance of pile
foundations, particularly when a pile is subject to
bending. In this study, numerical analysis is done to
determine the variation of load carrying capacity of pile
foundation with defects in the form of bulging and
necking.
Numerical study is found to be time efficient to bring out
Fig.2 Comparative Load settlement curve
the settlement characteristics of pile foundation
(provided with required properties) on comparing with The settlement difference in case of bulging at top,
field and experimental studies. The objective of the center and bottom location are 5.5%,11.1%,17.72%, and
present study is to determine numerically the influence in case of necking at top, center and bottom location are
of defects on the load carrying capacity of the pile group. 24.49%,16.9%,6.8%. Stress isobar of intensity 0.1q
location from base of the pile is shown in Table 1.
3. Methodology
The presented numerical study was done using the finite Table.1 Stress isobar location from bottom of the pile
element software ABAQUS. Validation of the software Regular Bulge Bulge Bulge Neck Neck Neck
Pile at top at at at at at
modeling and analysis is done by considering details center bottom top center bottom
from the literatures reviewed for the present study. One 2.6D 2.4D 2.3D 2.1D 3.5D 3.2D 3.1D
of the validation result, associated with the paper
presented by Zhang and Wong (2007) on centrifuge 5. Conclusions
modeling of dissimilar piles. The methodology of the The defect in the form of bulge increases the capacity of
present work includes analysis of single pile capacity the pile foundation while defect in the form of neck
with defects in the form of bulging and necking. The decreases the capacity of the pile. The bulge present at
defects are introduced at three different positions (0.1L bottom location is found to increase the capacity much
from top, 0.1L from bottom and center portion). The pile higher than that of the other locations considered, while
of diameter (D) 0.3m and length 15m is assumed to be in case of necking, neck at top location is found to be
present in a homogeneous sand stratum with water table critical as it decreases the capacity much on comparison
at very deep level. For each case the density of the soil is with other locations. The variation in the location of
varied to know its impact on pile capacity. The ultimate stress isobars gives a clear idea about the difference in
load applied on the pile foundation for different density the capacity of pile.
of sand are estimated using IS 2911(part I/sec 2). References
4. Important Outcomes Zhang, L.M. and Wong, E.Y.W. (2007) Centrifuge
The load settlement behavior of the pile foundation was Modeling of Large-Diameter Bored Pile Groups with
analyzed for loose, medium dense and dense sand Defects, Journal of Geotechnical and
conditions. Axial load computed using IS 2911 is applied Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, 133(9), pp.
on the pile head. The load settlement curve of the 1091-1101.
defective pile is compared with the load settlement curve
of the regular pile section and the difference in
347
An Updated Expression for Coefficient of Earth Pressure at Rest Using

Soft Computing Techniques
Pradyut Kumar Muduli
Santosh Kumar Nayak
Govt. Polytechnic, Kendrapara, Odisha, India
E- mail: pradyut.muduli@gmail.com; sknayak1970@gmail.com
Sarat Kumar Das

Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela- 769008, Odisha, India
E- mail: saratdas@rediffmail.com
Keywords: over consolidation ratio; artificial neural network; multi-gene genetic programming
In solving geotechnical engineering problems, it is very The general form of MGGP model can be presented as
important to establish in-situ stresses. Though vertical shown in Equation (1):
stress can be readily determined, it is very difficult to
determine the horizontal stress. Generally, the horizontal
n
 
K0 p  ∑ F X , f X ,bi  b0 (1)
stresses are determined with reference to vertical i 1
effective stress as a ratio, depending upon the movement
where K0p is the predicted value of earth pressure at rest,
of soil. Coefficient of earth pressure at rest (K0), defined
F= the function created by the MGGP referred herein as
as horizontal to vertical effective stress, when there is no
coefficient of earth pressure at rest function, X = vector
movement of soil. The determination of lateral earth
of input variables = { ρd, σv’, OCR, qc and fs } ,where bi
pressure ratio at rest (K0) is very much essential for
is constant, f is the function defined by the user and n
design and analysis of earth retaining structures, slope
is the number of terms of target expression and b0= bias.
stability, skin friction of piles and pier foundations and
interpretation of in-situ tests results. Hence, the 4. Important Outcomes
determination of K0 has drawn lots of attention in terms f 
2
of theoretical, laboratory and in-situ tests. The K 0 p  711.60 tanh s   0.09  d OCR  6.37 

 qc  (2)
     1.26
uncertainty and complex nature of soil necessitates the
use of in-situ tests, for reliable prediction of K0 value. 0.14  v'  1.60 OCR  0.39  0.01OCR  v'  7.37
 
CPT is most popular in-situ test and is versatile in nature  v' OCR  1.28  d  v'
and can be very effectively used to find out the K0 for
sandy soil, though it is difficult to use the same for clay.
5. Conclusions
Soft computing techniques such as artificial neural
This article presents models for prediction of K0 based
networks (ANNs) and genetic programming (GP) and its
on 224 reliable data available in literature using soft
variants like multi-gene genetic programming (MGGP)
computing techniques: MGGP and ANNs. Various
are considered as alternate to statistical methods and
statistical performance criteria are used to compare the
found to be more efficient than statistical methods.
developed models. The developed MGGP model is
2. Motivation and Objective found to be better than ANN and available empirical
The model Equation as per ANN is not very much models. A comprehensive MGGP-based model equation
compact and comprehensive (Das and Basudhar 2008). is presented for prediction of K0.
In the recent past MGGP based on Darwinian theory of
References
natural selection is being used as an alternate soft
computing technique. The main advantage of MGGP
Muduli, P.K. and Das, S.K. (2015) First order reliability
over traditional statistical methods and other soft
method for probabilistic evaluation of liquefaction
computing techniques is its ability to develop compact
potential of soil using genetic programming,
and explicit prediction equation in terms of different
model variables. The application of MGGP in International Journal of Geomechanics, ASCE, 15(3),
pp.1-16.
geotechnical engineering is limited (Muduli and Das
2015). Hence, in this study an attempt has been made to
develop MGGP and ANN models for prediction of K0
based on CPT data of calibration chamber test. The
developed models are compared in terms of different
statistical performance criteria.
348
Influence of lateral boundary condition on instability emergence in

loose sand during flexible boundary biaxial test
Mousumi Mukherjee
School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, University of Adelaide, SA-5006, Australia
E-mail: mousumi.ju06@gmail.com
Anurag Gupta
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, India
E-mail: ag@iitk.ac.in
Amit Prashant
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar-382355, India
E-mail: ap@iitgn.ac.in
Keywords: Loose sand; Biaxial test; Instability; Bifurcation; Localization; Liquefaction; Diffused modes
Plastic instabilities of various forms, e.g., volume In case of drained test, flexible lateral boundary enables
instability, bulging, buckling or shear bands, are often to capture the diffused modes. Furthermore, only
encountered during laboratory testing of soil specimen. antisymmetric drained diffused modes are noticed in
Such instabilities induce nonuniform deformation field loose sand and such instabilities are more to emerge at
in the specimen and act as a precursor to failure. higher confining pressure and for slender specimen. For
Emergence of these instability modes depends on the both the lateral boundaries, localization is the final
material properties, type of loading, and boundary instability mode, which gets retarded significantly with
conditions. Any of these instability modes can trigger increase in the confinement. In case of undrained test,
the other and subsequently leads to failure of the soil liquefaction emerges just before the peak stress under
sample. Insight of the possible failure characteristics of rigid boundary condition; whereas, for flexible
the sample is imperative for different single element boundaries such modes get significantly delayed and
laboratory tests (e.g., triaxial or biaxial) as the sometimes can even be preceded by the localized
representative material parameters extracted from such modes.
tests are only applicable before occurrence of any
instability mode.
Shear band is the most commonly observed instability
mode in biaxial experiments of saturated sand; however,
diffused instabilities can also be encountered in such
tests when subjected to flexible lateral boundaries For
loose saturated sand, instability can emanate in form of
liquefaction type solid-fluid mode and/or undrained (a) (b)
shear bands, depending on the applied boundary and
Fig. 1 Different instability modes and stress-strain behavior of
loading condition (Han and Vardoulakis, 1991). Present loose Hostun RF sand sample in (a) drained (e0=0.90) and (b)
study theoretically explores influence of lateral undrained (e0=0.85) biaxial test
boundary condition on instability emergence in loose 5. Conclusions
sand during flexible boundary biaxial test. Flexible lateral boundary favors the emergence of
3. Methodology drained diffused mode in loose sand; whereas, it
The instability analysis has been posed as a plane strain significantly delays the onset of liquefaction type solid-
bifurcation problem from a uniform stress-strain fluid instabilities. In case of rigid lateral boundary,
condition and formulated within a large deformation localization is observed as the final failure mode under
framework. A generalized pressure-dependent 3D non- both drained and undrained condition.
associative material model has been employed for References
simulation of drained and undrained biaxial tests at
varying confining pressure. Two types of lateral Han, C. and Vardoulakis, I. (1991) Plane strain
boundaries are considered, displacement controlled or compression experiments on water saturated fine
rigid and stress controlled or flexible. grained sand, Geotechnique, 41(1), pp. 49-78.
349
Behavior of Single Pile under Combined Uplift and Lateral Loading

Poulami Ghosh
Sibapriya Mukherjee
Narayan Roy
Department of Civil Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata – 700032
E-mail: poulamig04@gmail.com; sibapriya.mukherjee@gmail.com; narayan.roy04@gmail.com
Keywords: Pile; Sand; Lateral load with constant Uplift; Numerical analysis; ABAQUS
1. Introduction homogeneous and layered deposits for different
Pile foundations supporting structures like high-rise slenderness ratios of pile. Then, the maximum pile
buildings, transmission towers, offshore structures, etc. capacity and corresponding pile head displacement have
are subjected to large lateral loads and overturning been found out under lateral load by applying a certain
moments due to wind, waves, or both, in addition to percentage of ultimate uplift load, P (= 0, 0.4Pu, 0.8Pu,
vertical compressive load. Reddy and Ayothiraman Pu being ultimate uplift load). A total of 36 analyses
(2015) carried out an experimental study to investigate (including 9 static uplift load tests) have been performed
the behavior of a single pile in homogenous sand (R.D = with ABAQUS considering different parameters given in
70%) under combined uplift and lateral load. In recent Table 2.
times, the design and performance of pile foundations
Table-2 Parameters for numerical analysis
under lateral load and uplift has become the key concern
of civil engineers because such combined analysis of Static lateral
piles is necessary for safe design of foundations. R.D. of load tests
Type of
*a:b sand L/d
Sand Bed With uplift
2. Motivation and Objective (%)
Evaluation of the pile behaviour under combined lateral- load (P/Pu)
uplift loading is not well addressed in available 20 0, 0.4, 0.8
literature. Hence, the objective of this study is to
investigate the behaviour of single piles embedded in Homogenous - 70 25 0, 0.4, 0.8
non-cohesive soil of both homogeneous and layered 30 0, 0.4, 0.8
deposits of varying relative densities when subjected to
combined uplift and static lateral loading for different 20 0, 0.4, 0.8
Top – 45
slenderness ratios of pile. 1:2,
Layered Bottom 25 0, 0.4, 0.8
2:1
3. Methodology – 70
30 0, 0.4, 0.8
An attempt has been made to perform a rigorous
*a= Depth of top soil layer, b = Depth of bottom soil layer
numerical study using finite element software,
ABAQUS, to examine the effect of soil properties (R.D), 4. Important Outcomes
and slenderness ratio (L/d) of pile on the pile capacity for The variation of ultimate lateral load with pile head
the material properties given in Table 1. deflection with and without different values of uplift load
Table-1 Properties of materials used for numerical analysis has been obtained for various slenderness ratios of pile in
both homogeneous and layered deposits.
*E *γ
Materials *ϕ *µ 5. Conclusions
(kN/m2) (kN/m3)
Under combined action of lateral load and uplift,
Sand (R.D = increase in lateral load capacity occurs with increase in
350 1.07×103 0.38 14.8
45%)
uplift load for a given L/d ratio both in homogenous and
Sand (R.D = layered soil. It is also observed that for any given L/d
370 1.025×103 0.38 15.6
70%) ratio, the ultimate lateral capacity decreases for a
Cast-iron for
particular uplift in the case of layered sand bed when the
- 6.52×107 0.22 92.3 thickness of top soil layer (of lower R.D) increases.
pile
*ϕ = Angle of internal friction, E = Elasticity modulus, µ = References
Poisson’s ratio, γ = Unit weight
Reddy, K. and Ayothiraman R. (2015) Experimental
Studies on Behavior of Single Pile Under Combined
First the numerical analysis has been carried out to find Uplift and Lateral Loading, Journal of Geotechnical
out the ultimate uplift load (Pu) of a single pile and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Volume
(diameter, d = 24 mm) in non-cohesive soil of both 141.
350
Pull out Capacity of Inclined Strip Anchors in Reinforced Soil

Smita Tung
Sibapriya Mukherjee
Department of Civil Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata -700032, INDIA
E-mail: smitatung@yahoo.in; sibapmukh@yahoo.co.in
Subhadeep Banerjee
Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai 600 036, INDIA
E-mail: subhadeep@iitm.ac.in
Keywords: Anchor; Pullout Capacity; PLAXIS 2D; Breakout Factor; Finite Element Analysis
Ultimate resistance of plate anchors depends on the Figure 1 presents an important outcome in the plot
shape and size of anchor, depth of embedment, between break out factor and angle of inclination.
characteristics of the embedding soil and inclination of
the pulling loads. Inclusion of geo-textile within the
embedment length of anchor improves the pullout
capacity with the help of interaction between soil and
geotextile having high tensile strength. Larnach and
McMulluan (1974) carried out study on inclined anchors.
Das and Puri (1989) carried out studies on capacity of
plate anchors. The paper highlights the improvement of
pull out capacity of inclined strip anchors in reinforced
soil with variation of angle of inclination of anchor with
horizontal.
Fig. 1 Break out factor vs. angle of inclination
The present analysis has been taken up to study the 5. Conclusions
behavior of plate strip anchors in reinforced soil under Salient conclusions are as follows:
pullout with numerical analysis by finite element 1. Break out factor increases with increase of
method. Study of inclined anchors in reinforced soil is inclination angle (β). The greatest rate of increase in
not well addressed in literature. Model study has been anchor capacity appears to occur when inclined
conducted for strip anchors with inclination between 0 to angle>35°.
90 degrees and for different embedment ratios lying 2. Anchors with inclined axis exhibits higher collapse
between 1 and 4. load than horizontal anchors for similar conditions.
The capacity of 50 mm wide and strip anchors inclined at
an angle with horizontal for β =0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90° Das, B. M. and Puri, V. K. (1989) Holding capacity of
have been investigated in this study. inclined square plate anchors in clay, Soils Found.,
The properties of soil and the geotextile used are given 29(3), pp.138–144.
below:
Larnach, W.J. and McMulluan, D.J. (1974) Behavior of
Soil:
inclined groups of plate anchor in dry sand,
Unit wt. of soil = 18 kN/m3
proceedings 8th International conference on Soil
Undrained strength Cu = 25 kN/m2
Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 2(1), pp. 167-
u = 40° 172.
Modulus of Elasticity Esoil = 500 times of Cu
Geotextile:
Tensile strength of geotextile = 2.7 kN/m
Coefficient of interface friction between soil and
geotextile = 0.17
Finite element method has been adopted in the analysis
by using PLAXIS 2D. The soil-anchor system has been
modeled with 15-noded triangular elements using anchor
as a plate element and the geotextile as two noded
elements.
351
Interaction of Piled Raft Foundation under Combined Vertical, Lateral

and Moment Loads
Diptesh Chanda
Chaidul Haque Chaudhuri
Rajib Saha
Civil Engineering Department, National Institute of Technolgy Agartala, Tripura– 799046.
E-mail: diptesh279@gmail.com; rajib.iitbbsr@gmail.com
Sumanta Haldar
School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Odisha – 752050.
E-mail: sumanta@iitbbs.ac.in
Keywords: Pile-Raft Foundation; Soil structure interaction; V-M-H interaction

1. Introduction loading test was performed on the model piled raft
Piled raft foundation is a rational and economical system in centrifuge with displacement controlled
solution for heavy and tall structures which are typically loading intensity of 0.0162 mm/sec and subsequently
subjected to combinations of vertical, lateral and moment tests were performed for horizontal and moment loading.
loadings resulting from the vertical self-weight of the Numerical validation of the model structure is performed
foundation system, superstructure, soil fill and surface for pre-vertical loading test case. Further parametric
surcharge, in addition to significant lateral loads and study is performed considering prototype pile raft
moments due to soil pressures, seismic loading, wind foundation subjected to horizontal, vertical and moment
loads, waves and currents. In fact, the interaction of load under static condition.
lateral, vertical and moment load on piled raft foundation
has not been well understood due to the complicated 4. Important Outcomes
interaction of raft, ground and piles. In this context, Validation of experimental results through numerical
present study is an attempt to numerically investigate the modeling indicates a good agreement (refer Fig 1). This
interaction of vertical (V), lateral (H) and moment (M) ensures the numerical model to be used for further
loads on the design response of an idealised piled raft detailed study. Numerical analysis shows that
foundation using three-dimensional 3D finite element distribution of load and settlement in raft and pile is
(FE) analysis. As a first step, validation of 3D numerical significantly influenced due to V-M-H interaction.
model of piled raft foundation is performed considering
an experimental study on model piled raft supported
structure system embedded in sand and another 3D
numerical model. It is observed that the present
numerical model gives close agreement of response with
model experimental study as well as another FE based
numerical study. Further, the V-M-H interaction is
studied on an idealised piled raft foundation which
shows significant inputs to be incorporated in design.
2. Motivation and Objective Fig.1 Variation of vertical load on Pile (PPV) with settlement (S)
Studies onV-M-H interaction of piled raft foundation is 5. Conclusions
limited, while experimental investigation of such This study presents validation of 3D FE methods for V-
interaction is highly expensive. Hence, numerical study M-H interaction study. Finally the present study presents
is a relatively better approach compromising a balance interaction effect of combined V-M-H loading on piled
between rigour, cost and accuracy. Hence, present study raft foundation design response parameter.
is an attempt in this direction.
References
3. Methodology
ABAQUS/CAE 6.10 (2010) software is used in present Sawada, K. and Takemura, J. (2014) Centrifuge model
study to model the piled raft foundation system. At first, tests on piled raft foundation in sand subjected to
the model soil-piled raft-structure system embedded in lateral and moment loads, Soils and Foundations,
Toyoura sand as presented in experimental study 54(2), pp. 126-140.
(Sawada et al. 2014) is modeled in ABAQUS/CAE 6.10
in order to validate the numerical model. Pre-vertical
352
Response of Single Pile under Dynamic Loading

R. Deendayal
D. Nigitha
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirapalli – 620 015
E-mail: deendayalrathod123@gmail.com; nigitharajan@gmail.com
Keywords: dynamic loading; numerical analysis; sloping ground; single pile.

1. Introduction Table-1 Properties of soil
Pile foundations are extensively used to support the Description Soil Soil layer
laterally loaded structure. These are mainly subjected to Layer-1 -2
the lateral loads like wind load, earthquake force,
offshore area, etc in addition to the vertical loads. The Unit weight () kN/m3 25 28
importance of laterally loaded pile has been clearly
explain by the Earthquakes occurred during the past
Material model Mohr- Mohr-
years. The present study is to determine the behaviour of coulomb coulomb
pile under the earthquake force. The numerical analysis
has been carried out in this work. In this study, Bhuj Youngs modulus(Es) 38000 49000
Earthquake (Gujarat) data is used. The analysis has been kN/m2
done on the model pile by changing the slope of the
Poissons ratio () 0.25 0.3
ground. Even for different L/D ratio by changing the
diameter and length of the pile was studied to analyze the Angle of internal friction 32 35
laterally loaded pile.
Dilation angle 2 5
2. Objective of the work
The behaviour of pie has been determined under the
5. Conclusions
dynamic loading by observing the lateral deflection and Based on the models done in Plaxis 2D the change in
varying bending moment. To find the effect of laterally bending moment and displacement of the pile along
loaded pile in the sloping ground of varying slope depth were studied which are significantly affected by
1V:1.5H and 1V:3H and with varying embedment L/D change in ground slope and L/D ratios.The variation in
ratio of 16, 25 and 33 was carried out. The Finite bending moment and displacement were observed along
element analysis PLAXIS 2D is used to establish the the depth of the pile using spectral curves.
problem of single pile during the dynamic loaded.
References
3. Methodology
Past earthquake events demonstrate that damages in Boominathan, A. and Ayothiraman (2007) An
piles. During 1995 Kobe earthquake (Japan), many experimental study on static and dynamic bending
failure has been observed which causes the damage to behaviour of piles in soft clay, Geotech Geol Eng,
pile foundation (Muthukkumaran and Subha, 2010). Volume 25, pp. 177–189.
Previous study explored the details of model to carry out
to determine the behaviour of pile. The soil parameter is Deendayal, A. and Sitharam, T.G. (2016) Effect of
determined by using the Mohr Coulomb and pile Earthquake on a single pile located in sloping ground,
parameters are determined by conducting the model test. International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake
The results are listed in the Table 1. In this study, a two- Engineering, Volume 7, pp. 57–72.
dimension finite element program PLAXIS 2D has been Muthukkumaran, K. and Subha, I.P. (2010) Effect of
used to find the deformation of single pile for varying Earthquake Induced Lateral Soil Movement on Piles in
slope. a Sloping Ground, Indian Geotechnical Conference -
2010, GEOtrendz December 16-18, IGS Mumbai
4. Important Outcomes Chapter & IIT Bombay.
The Lateral load- carrying capacity of the pile, load-
deflection behavior of the pile, effect of varying slope
and different length on pile capacity has been studied.
The variation in bending moment and displacement of
the single pile under dynamic loading were observed
along the depth of the pile using spectral curves.
353
Dynamic Analysis of Axially Loaded Pile Embedded in Homogeneous

Viscoelastic Soil and Resting on a Rigid Base
Bipin K. Gupta
Dipanjan Basu
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
E-mail : bkgupta@uwaterloo.ca ; dipanjan.basu@uwaterloo.ca
Keywords: pile; Euler rod; viscoelastic soil; continuum; harmonic axial load
An interest in the analysis of axially loaded pile Fig. 1 shows the accuracy and reliability of the present
foundations is the prediction of appropriate complex formulation with that of a rigorous 3-D analytical
dynamic pile-head impedance at different frequencies of technique reported in the literature.
the harmonic load, which can be used to represent the
pile-soil system with an axial spring and dashpot at the
base of the superstructure, and subsequently, evaluate the
superstructure’s response.
There are several methods reported in the literature for
predicting the complex dynamic pile-head impedance of
axially loaded piles  (i) Winkler based analytical and
numerical formulations (Novak et al. 1978), (ii) rigorous
three-dimensional (3-D) continuum-based formulations
with finite element (FE), boundary element (BE), mixed
FE-BE, or analytical solutions (Kaynia and Kausel 1982, Fig. 1 Dynamic pile-head impedance versus dimensionless
Zheng et al. 2015), and (iii) approximate analytical frequency of a pile resting on a rigid base
continuum-based studies (Mylonakis 2001). The Winkler 5. Conclusions
based formulations require parameter calibration for The approximate analytical technique for the dynamic
accurate prediction of pile response; besides, they either analysis of axially loaded pile in a viscoelastic
neglect the coupled vibration between the pile and soil or continuum is found to predict accurate and reliable
between the soil layers. The rigorous continuum-based complex axial dynamic pile-head impedances with much
formulations consider the coupled vibration of the pile less mathematical complexity and computational effort,
and soil; however, they are either mathematically in comparison to rigorous 3-D analytical, and other
complex or computationally expensive and often not analytical formulations reported in the literature.
quite useful for routine geotechnical practice. The References
objective of this paper is to formulate a new approximate
analytical continuum-based method that has the ability to Kaynia, A.M., Kausel, E. (1982) Dynamic stiffness and
capture the important aspect of mechanics of the problem seismic response of pile groups, Research Report R82-
without being mathematically complex and 03, Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of
computationally intensive, unlike, the other techniques Technology.
discussed before.
Mylonakis, G. (2001) Elastodynamic model for large-
3. Methodology diameter end-bearing shafts, J. Jpn Geotech Soc: Soils
A cylindrical pile (Euler rod) embedded in a Found., 41(3), pp. 31–44.
homogeneous soil (3-D viscoelastic continuum), resting
Novak, M., Nogami, T., Aboul-Ella, F. (1978) Dynamic
on the top of a rigid soil layer, and subjected to a
soil reactions for plane strain case, Journal of
harmonic axial load, is considered. The soil displacement
Engineering Mechanics Division, ASCE, 104(4), pp.
in the vertical direction is expressed as a product of
953–959.
separable functions while the effect of radial
displacement is indirectly taken into account by a Zheng, C., Ding, X., Li, P. and Fu, Q. (2015) Vertical
modification of soil modulus. Using the Extended impedance of an end-bearing pile in viscoelastic soil,
Hamilton’s principle in conjunction with the calculus of Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech., Volume 39, pp.
variation, the differential equations governing pile and 676–684.
soil displacements are obtained, which are solved
analytically following an iterative algorithm.
354
Trial Pile Bores during Geotechnical Investigation – A Cost Effective

Solution for Large Diameter Bored Piles Embedded in River Bed
Material: Case Study
Mohit Jhalani
Jitendra Kumar
D. N. Naresh
Department of Project Engineering Civil, NTPC Ltd, Noida – 201301
E-mail: mohitjhalani@ntpc.co.in; jitendrakumar07@ntpc.co.in; dnnaresh@ntpc.co.in
Keywords: river bed material; bored cast-in-situ piles; power plant; pile load tests
Dearth of land geotechnically suitable for construction The strata consisting of riverbed material wherein
has caused construction activities to be undertaken in drilling is time consuming and expensive, substantial
difficult ground conditions. Coal based thermal power savings in cost and time were achieved by inclusion of
plants which are the major stake holders in the country’s geophysical tests. Length of pile was restricted by
power generation require approximately one acre of land terminating into river bed material with 2m embedment.
for 1 MW production. Power plant projects are To achieve high pile capacity, large diameter piles (up to
enormous, in terms of their structure, spread as well as 1000 mm) were used. Boreholes were advanced using
cost. Any technical glitch in construction methodology DTH method using special cutting tool. Rate of
can cause huge losses and any technical acumen can advancement of borehole was controlled. Bentonite was
upshot savings. used as the drilling fluid. Cleaning of bore was vital. The
total time between end of boring and start of concreting
The site proposed for construction of power plant for the was restricted to 4 hours.
present study was contesting. It was situated between the
courses of two rivers and was highly undulating with 5. Conclusions
intermittent water bodies. Bored cast-in-situ pile One of the major challenge associated with successful
foundations were envisaged during the project construction of large diameter bored cast-in-situ piles
conception stage. embedded in river bed material is to prevent the borehole
from collapse. Provision of liners in the form of steel
2. Motivation and Objective casings could have been a solution for the site concerned
The main challenge in construction of bored cast-in-situ in this study. But installation of large number of piles
piles embedded in river bed material was to prevent the using such liners would have raised the cost of the
pile bore from collapse. Provision of liners (steel project considerably.
casings) could have been be a solution. However, use of
liners for piles in the project of this magnitude would Making trial bores in the preliminary stage provide an
have affected the overall techno-economic viability of idea if the use of liners in construction of bored piles can
the project. Ergo, to make the project economically be eliminated or not. This enables the designer to make
viable, some suitable cost-effective solution was suitable modifications during tender stage to avoid cost
required. This paper details the successful execution of and time over run.
around 20000 bored cast-in-situ piles without using
liners/casings. Inclusion of trial bores in the present study suggests that
rate of advancement of bore, method of boring, cutting
3. Methodology tool used, consistency of drilling fluid, cleaning of bore
Extensive geotechnical investigation was conducted. and time gap between boring and concreting are the few
Boreholes were clubbed with geophysical tests to parameters which if taken care of can eliminate the need
confirm the sub-surface strata. Trial bores of different of liners/casings and hence result in significant savings.
diameter and with different methods of boring were A detailed boring methodology, continuous supervision
made during the detailed investigation which were kept and quality control needs to be exercised simultaneously
under observation for next 24 hours. Based upon these during the entire piling activity. The satisfactory
trials, the boring method and the diameter was finalized. performance and integrity of the piles can further be
The time gap between the end of boring and start of validated by pile load tests, either static or dynamic.
concreting was also restricted as per the site conditions.
References
Pile load tests (IS: 2911 Part-4) were conducted to
validate designed pile load capacity and ensure no pile IS: 2911 Part 4 Code of practice for design and
bore collapse. construction of pile foundation - Load test on piles.
355
Multi-Objective Optimization Framework and its Experimental

Validation for Bulldozer in Soil Cutting
Nada Barakat
Deepak Sharma
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati – 781039, India
E-mail: n.barakat@iitg.ernet.in; dsharma@iitg.ernet.in
Keywords: Multi-Objective Optimization; Genetic Algorithm; Bulldozer; Dozer Blade

1. Introduction practitioners because the region of knee solutions show
During soil cutting large amount of resistance due to decent trade-off among the solutions.The cutting force of
friction, cohesion and adhesion is generated between the the Pareto-optimal solutions shows a closer agreement
blade and soil. In the literature the focus has been made with the experimental cutting force found in King et al.
on determining the accurate cutting. However, finding (2011).
the optimal input parameters for bulldozer and its blade
for optimal soil cutting has not been explored much.
Recently, Barakat et al. (2017) adopted the analytical
model and proposed a bi-objective optimization
formulation.
The motivation is to improve the study of (Barakat et al.,
2017) by considering more realistic objectives and
constrains. The objective of the present study is to
Fig. 1 The obtained Pareto optimal solutions
propose a multi-objective optimization formulation for
an economic and productive soil cutting process. 5. Conclusions
In this paper a multi-objective optimization framework
3. Methodology was proposed with three realistic objectives and three
The process is formulated with three objectives, three problem specific constraints using seven decision
constraints and seven decision variable as given in (1). variables. The problem was solved using NSGA-II. The
Min. 𝑃, (Power), framework was also validated with the experimental
Min. N,(Number of passes) results from the literature.
Min. 𝑇,(Time),
𝑃𝑅 ≥ 0,(Power required), References
𝐹 ≤ 𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 ,(Blade failure),
𝑃𝑑 ≥ 𝑃𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 ,(Production rate), Barakat, N. and Sharma, D. (2017) Modeling and bi
0.01 ≤ 𝐷 ≤ 0.5,0.785 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 1.309,0.278 ≤ (1) objective optimization of soil cutting and pushing
𝑣 ≤ 1.389,3 ≤ 𝐵 ≤ 5,1 ≤ 𝐻 ≤ 2.5,0.9 ≤ process for bulldozer and its blade, J. of the Institution
𝑅 ≤ 1.5,1.047 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 1.309. of Engineers (India): Series C, pp. 1–32.
Minimizing power signify less fuel consumption, and
minimizing number of passes and time make the process Deb, K., Pratap, A., Agarwal, S. and Meyarivan, T.
productive. The problem is solving using NSGA-II (2002) A fast and elitist multi objective genetic
proposed by Deb et al. (2001). algorithm: NSGA-II, IEEE Transactions on
Evolutionary Computation, 6(2), pp. 182 –197.
A mid-stiffness clay soil is considered and its physical King, R.H., Susante, P.V. and Gefreh, M.A. (2011)
parameters are given as, the density of uncut soil Analytical models and laboratory measurements of the
γo =640.74 kg/m3, the density of cut soil γ=640.74 kg/m3, soil−blade interaction force to push a narrow tool
through JSC-1A lunar simulant and Ottawa sand at
the cohesion of uncut soil𝐶𝑜 =1019.715 N/m2, and angle
different cutting depths, J. of Terramechanics, 48(1),
of internal friction of soil φ=27 (radians). The flywheel
pp. 85–95.
power is rated at Pbull = 227.438 kNm/s. The Pareto-
optimal solutions for the given multi-objective problem
are shown in Fig. 1. It can be seen that the solutions are
grouped which are referred as ‘Surface solutions’,
‘Surface-knee solutions’, ‘Knee solutions’ and
‘Extension solutions’. The knee region solutions are
always preferable by the decision-makers and
356
Forensic Case Study of Retaining Wall Failure in Goa

Leonardo Souza
Aviraj Naik
Purnanand Savoikar
Department of Civil Engineering, Goa Engineering College, Farmagudi Goa – 403 401.
E-mail: lrdcs@rediffmail.com; psavoikar@gmail.com
Keywords: Forensic Investigations; Stability of Retaining Structures; Conventional Retaining Walls; Slope Stability
1. Introduction constructed using thumb-rules with no proper keying in.
The effectiveness of mitigation of disaster due to failure There were huge voids due to dumping of rubble in the
of retaining walls relies on the perception of the disaster concrete thereby reducing the effective section resulting
itself and previous experience. Forensic analysis of a in low quality of concrete of below M10 category. The
failure can significantly improve chances of future wall was 100 m long and no allowance was made for
success. The wall at Margao–Goa was completely other stresses like bending stress, temperature stresses,
demolished and readied for removal. This study explains shrinkage and creep in the form of grooves and keyed
how forensically the cross-section was reconstructed, expansion joints. There was no weep holes or provision
detailed forensic analysis conducted and various reasons for drainage made. The prominent plausible reason for
for failure are depicted in this paper. Effect of length of activating the failure was the buildup of hydrostatic
the wall on failure is also discussed. pressure on the wall hence on the arrival of rains the type
of failure was most certainly sudden burst collapse
2. Motivation and Objective without any warning.
Many times after manmade disasters the evidence is
sought to be removed. This paper discusses the ways to 5. Conclusions
investigate, reconstruct and predict reasons for failure. In India walls are constructed by untrained unsupervised
unregulated contractors without drainage or design. In
3. Methodology this case-study the factors of safety were around 0.5
Detailed site and laboratory investigations were carried which is alarmingly beneath the 1.5 minimum,
out as per IS: SP: 36(1)-1987. The soil found was mandatory for retaining walls. This case emphasizes the
predominately white lateritic type. The reconstructed importance of geotechnical engineering design often
cross-section collapsed wall was done as per Fig. 1. ignored in common building practice.
References
Brooks, H. and Nielsen, J. (2013) Basics of Retaining
Wall Design, 10th Edition, HBA Publications,
California.
IS: SP: 36(1) (1987) Compendium of Indian Standards
on Soil Engineering Laboratory Tests on Soils: Bureau
of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
Pilarski, P. (2012) Wall Selection, Design and Details
Fig. 1 Reconstructed cross-section of collapsed wall
MnDOT Bridge Office 2012 LRFD Workshop
Analysis of failure was carried out for sliding, Taylor, D. (1948) Elements of Soil Mechanics, John
overturning and bearing (Brooks & Nielsen (2013), Whiley and Sons, New York.
Pilarski (2012) and Taylor (1948)). The factor of safety
are tabulated in Table 1.
Table-1 Factors of safety
Condition Sliding Overturning Bearing
Factor of Safety 0.57 0.66 5.0
The main cause of failure was Poor Constructional
Practice. There was no design involved. Wall was
357
Probabilistic Back Analysis of Koshe Landfill Slope Failure

Raviteja K. V. N. S.
B Munwar Basha
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi – 502285
E-mail: kvnsravi.teja@gmail.com; basha@iith.ac.in
Keywords: Koshe landfill; Back analysis; Probabilistic analysis; slope failure; landfill slopes
On 11th March 2017, the Koshe landfill undergone a The aftermath of the analysis can be used in selecting a
major slope failure killing more than 113 people who are remediation with improved knowledge over the factors
living at toe of the slope while several others left injured. contributed slope failure and can be used in developing
Their makeshift houses were buried under tonnes of solid more reliable designs of landfills under same conditions.
waste as shown in Fig. 1. Koshe is the largest open
landfill with a surface area of 25 hectares situated on the
outskirts of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It is the only facility
available for the entire capital city with more than three
million population. Disposal of solid waste at Koshe
commenced in 1964 and continued for more than 50
years regardless of actual design period which is 25
years. The landfill facility receives more than 200,000
tonnes of solid waste annually which is around 80% of
solid waste collected in the city. Though the authorities
have closed the site for few months as the dump is
overfilled and reached 40 m height, it was reopened due Fig. 1 Slope failure at Koshe landfill facility (CBS News)
to the outrage of public at an alternative site selected for 5. Conclusions
the disposal facility. It is still receiving an average of 550 The back analysis provides a comprehension of the
tonnes of trash per day from the city which is far beyond factors contributed to slope failure with an insight on
its design capacity (CBS News, 2017). A recent variability associated with the shear parameters in a
preliminary report (ReEco-San, 2017) have listed out probabilistic framework. The designed safety factor is re-
several possible ways for the collapse of Koshe landfill: estimated with the representative parameters which are
landfilling beyond the capacity, improper operation, and subjected field conditions for several years. Back
construction practices around the landfill, absence of analyses results indicated the influence of shear
leachate collection & methane disposal. parameters which are altered in several ways leading to
slope failure of Koshe landfill.
This paper investigates the possible ways for the cause of References
Koshe landfill slope failure in geotechnical perspective.
A probabilistic back analysis is proposed in the current CBS News (2017)
paper to find out the cause of the collapse of the landfill http://www.cbsnews.com/news/dozens -killed-in-
slope. ethiopia-garbage-dump-landslide/
3. Methodology Gilbert, R.B., Wright, S.G. and Liedtke, E. (1998)

The probabilistic back analysis is an efficient technique Uncertainty in back-analysis of slopes: Kettleman Hills
to address the multiple random parameters that case history, J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., ASCE,
influenced failure while accounting their variability. This 124(12), pp. 1167–1176.
method was successfully adopted and emphasized by ReEco-San Intl. (2017) Koshe collapsed! Tragic- but
several researchers in the recent and past (Gilbert et al. Why? and how can we avert such incidences in the
1998; Tang et al. 1999; Zhang et al. 2010). The objective future?, Ethiopia.
of probabilistic back analysis is to advance the vector
containing uncertain input variables based on the Tang, W.H., Stark, T.D. and Angulo, M. (1999)
available information. The comparison of actual and Reliability in back analysis of slope failures, Soils and
altered probability distributions due to slope failure can Foundations, JGS, 39(5), pp. 73-80.
be useful in predicting the field conditions at the time of
failure. To study the influence of individual parameters
over the factor of safety (FS), it is assumed that the
model parameters are uncorrelated.
358
Forensic Investigation of Failure of approach road in high embankment

fills near to bridge abutment
Amit Srivastava
E-mail: amitsrivastava@ncuindia.edu
Dharmendra Kumar Srivastava

G-Eng Advisory Services Private Limited, Gurugram
E-mail: srivastava.dk2009@gmail.com
Keywords: slope stability; geotechnical investigation; forensic investigation; numerical analysis

1. Introduction 2. Motivation and Objective
Now-a-days construction of highways is increased Failure of such magnitude triggered the emergency like
manifolds to facilitate the traffic movement to improve situation where the traffic was diverted and disruption of
the connectivity among different cities and townships. traffic movement was reported to the authorities. Taking
The growing need of accessibility and development are a serious view of the situation, it was imperative to find
causing tremendous pressure on construction of the cause of failure through forensic studies and to take
highways and agencies or clients are trying their best to immediate measures to restore the road so that traffic
achieve the required outcome in minimum stipulated movement can be allowed in a usual manner. The
time. It has resulted in deterioration of quality objective of the present study is to find the cause of
workmanship in construction as well as compromising failure of this magnitude and method to restore the failed
with the specifications available in design standards. Due section of the approach road.
to increased pressure, government has offered agencies
to construct the highways on various type of pattern, like 3. Methodology
BOTs, EPCs, DBFOTs and HIBRID ANNUITY Models. Careful observations at the site indicated that the left side
The main purpose of these patterns were to facilitate the of the retaining wall or wind wall was not constructed
contractors, agencies to give freedom for design, with the assumption that the slope provided will take
construct, maintain the project at their own cost in lieu of care of the stability issues. The soil was brought to the
toll collected from general public. On the other hand, laboratory for estimating its geotechnical properties and
agencies have taken the advantage of such policies and the geometry of the slope and the field density of the
design the project highways at lowest level to save the compacted soil at site was measured. Numerical analysis
cost as well as time. One such example has been of the slope with given input geotechnical parameters
observed on national highway which has been confirmed that the failure of the approach road in high
constructed as a bypass based on DBFOT pattern. At a embankment was unavoidable. Study indicated that such
particular location of the approach road of an abutment failures could have been avoided with the provision of
of a canal bridge, it was found that the left side of the lateral confinement with the help of retaining wall or
approach road failed due to failure of slope of the high wing wall near the approaches.
embankment as shown in the following Fig 1. 4. Important Outcomes
In general, DBFOT pattern is misinterpreted by the
agencies and due to lack of technical competency such
failures are inevitable. Poor quality control and bad
workmanship in the construction procedure are playing
very important role in triggering such failures.
5. Conclusions
Failure of approach road in the high embankment of a
bridge was caused due to underestimation of
geotechnical properties and its behavior. The slope failed
due to steep slope, low compaction and non-provision of
confinement.
References
J. Michael Duncan, Stephen G. Wright and Thomas L.
Fig. 1 Failure of approach road in embankment fill Brandon (2014) Soil Strength and Slope Stability,
Wiley.
359
Geosynthetic Reinforced Earth Dams - A Study of Case Histories

Indulatha Kolli
Umashankar B
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Telangana – 502285
E-mail: ce14btech11011@iith.ac.in; buma@iith.ac.in
Keywords: embankment; geosynthetic reinforcement; slope stability; GeoStudio

1. Introduction Table-1 Physical properties of sands
Use of reinforcement has become a reliable and suitable
method in geotechnical engineering to improve the
Material Unit weight Cohesion Friction
mechanical properties of the soil. The use of (kN/m3) (kPa) angle
geosynthetics in earth dams has gained interest due to Earthen dam 16 2 340
alleviation of restrictions on geometric area, weir Foundation 18 5 400
restriction, height limitation and the availability of
sufficient amount of competent soil in the usage of earth Table 2 Slopes of the dam section
dams. Reinforced earth dams provide the advantages of
structural flexibility, increase in factor of safety and Result Upstream Downstream
possibility of spillway construction. slope slope
2. Motivation and Objective Unreinforced 1H:1.35V 1H: 0.628V

The history of reinforced earth dams dates back to 1970s. Reinforced downstream 1H: 1.54V 1H: 2.33V
This paper focuses on the various case histories across only
the world where geosynthetic reinforcement has been
Reinforced upstream and 1H: 2.15V 1H: 2.4V
used in the construction of earth dams (Kirra et al.).
downstream
Unfortunately, there have been few case histories in
India in spite of the aforementioned advantages offered. 5. Conclusions
Various numerical case studies have been presented in Compared to unreinforced case, the slopes could be made
India where the soil reinforcement technique was steeper when the reinforcing technique had been applied
applied in embankments (Amit and Sivakumar 2011). on the soil ensuring the same safety factor. The present
This paper also presents the application of geosynthetic analysis has shown that the reinforced dam section is
reinforcement technique for the slope stability of earth economical compared to the unreinforced case.
dams. Reinforcing both upstream and downstream slopes can
3. Methodology considerably reduce the cost of earthen material used for
The first part of this study focuses on presenting the construction by about 34.12%. Based on the results
details of Case studies where reinforcement was used to obtained, it can be concluded that the usage of
stabilize earthen dams. In the second part of this study, a geosynthetic reinforcement is a very cost effective
homogenous dam section of height 7m with a berm on solution if good soil necessary is not available nearby
the upstream face was considered. The seepage and site.
stability analysis of the dam section were performed References
using GeoStudio under steady state seepage conditions.
Bishop’s limit equilibrium analysis was used to assess Amit Srivastava and Sivakumar Babu G.L. (2011)
the slope stability of the dam. The soil properties used Remediation of Upstream Slope of An Impounding
are listed in Table 1.The safety factors of the upstream Reservoir using soil Reinforcing Technique,
and downstream faces of the earth dam were fixed at 1.5 Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference, Kochi
and the dam sections were obtained for the cases: (Paper No. J-307), December-2011, pp. 589-592.
reinforcing downstream face only and reinforcing both
Kirra, M.S., Shahien, M., Elshemy, M. and Zeidan B.A.
upstream and downstream faces. Economic analysis of
Seepage and Slope stability analysis of Mandali Earth
the reinforced earth dam was carried out.
Dam, Iraq: A Case Study, International Conference on
4. Important Outcomes Advances in Structural and Geotechnical Engineering,
The upstream and downstream slopes of two cases of ICASGE15, Hurghada, Egypt.
reinforcement mentioned above were obtained and
GeoStudio: Slope stability software, User Manual.
compared with that of unreinforced case for a factor of
safety of 1.5. The results are presented in Table 2.
360
Effect of Degree of Saturation on Modulus of Subgrade Reaction for

Alluvial Soil Deposits Using Model Cyclic Plate Load Test
D. H. Chhatbar
M. V. Shah
Applied Mechanics Department, L.D. College of Engineering Ahmedabad, Gujarat -380015
E-mail: dh461994@gmail.com; mvs2212@yahoo.co.in
Keywords: Alluvial soil; Coefficient of subgrade reaction; Degree of saturation; Modulus of elasticity; Cyclic Loading
1. Introduction significant changes in volume, shear strength and
Alluvial soil is transported to its present location by hydraulic properties, consequently bearing capacity.
water. Alluvial is typically made up of a variety of
Table 1 Physical properties of alluvial soil
materials, including finer particles of silts and clay and
larger particles of sand and gravel. When this loose Symb
Test Determination
alluvial material was deposited, or cemented into ol
a lithological unit, or lithified, it is called an alluvial Specific Gravity G 2.62
deposits. The coefficient of subgrade reaction Kc is
Liquid Limit LL 55%
defined as the ratio between the pressures “P” at any
given point and the settlement “Y” produced by load Plastic Limit PL 21.31%
application at that point. Here the modulus of subgrade Shrinkage Limit SL 18.681
reaction can be determined by using the PLT as shown in
Free Swell Index FSI 25 %
equation (1).
OMC-24.02%, MDD-
Kc=P/y (1) Proctor Test -
15.402 kN/m3
Where, Kc = the coefficient of subgrade reaction
P = the pressure per unit of area Shear Parameters C=41.38kPa
C&ϕ
y= the settlement produced by load application (Direct Box Shear) Φ=16 degree
2. Motivation and Objective Soil classification as Clay of High Plasticity

-
per IS (CH)
There is no description of Kc value for alluvial soil and
effect of alluvial soil property like its degree of
saturation, consistency, compressibility on subgrade
reaction modulus. Kc value is useful in bridge
construction, pier design and other structure so for that
purpose we need to find out Kc value basically for
alluvial soil. The main objective of research work is to
perform the model plate load test on alluvial soil for
varying degree of saturation like 45%, 60%, 75% and
90% under static and cyclic loading and find out the load .
settlement characteristic from that we get modulus Fig 1 Laboratory setup model to perform P.L.T.
subgrade reaction.
5. Conclusions
3. Methodology As the degree of saturation decreases from Sr =90% to
To find out modulus of subgrade reaction for cyclic 45% corresponding value of modulus of subgrade
loading here we have used the code “Soil testing reaction increases by 1.14%, 1.5% and 1.7% times
procedures and testing equipment-Plate load test, English compared to Sr =90% for cyclic loading.
translation of DIN 18134:2012-O4 (Germane code)”. As
References
per this code they have found by draw a tangent to the
first cycle of loading and find out new origin from that K. Terzaghi (1955) Evaluation of Coefficients of
origin took the ratio of pressure related to 1.25mm to the Subgrade Re-action, Géotechnique, 5(4), pp. 297-326.
settlement.
Seyed Abolhassan Naeini and Ehsan Taherabadi (2015)
4. Important Outcomes Numerical and Theoretical Study of Plate Load Test to
From the present research, we could find the modulus of Define Coefficient of Subgrade Reaction, Geotechnical
subgrade reaction and modulus of elasticity using cyclic and Transportation Engineering, 1(2), pp. 38-42.
model plate load test for varying degree of saturation and
also find the basic parameters of alluvial soil for
analysis. Change in the degree of saturation can cause
361
A Comparison Study of Analysis of RC Structure with and without

Base Isolation in Soft Soils
Hanamanagouda
Divya Vani B
Pallavi Badry
Department of Civil Engineering, Vidhya Jyothi Institute of Technology, Hyderabad.
E-mail: hanamanagoudabevoor@gmail.com; divyavani16@gmail.com; pallavi.badry@gmail.com
Keywords: base isolation; deflections; equivalent static method; seismic force; rubber isolator
1. Introduction
The earthquake event cannot be predicted and the loss
due to the seismic force on the structures is huge. So,
the control of these vibrations on the structures can be
achieved by various techniques (Ref). There are two
methods, namely conventional method and non-
conventional method. The first method is a traditional
method, used to resist the lateral forces by increasing
the stiffness of the structure and the design capacity by
using Braced frames or Moment resisting frames, Shear Fig. 1: Variation of Storey Displacement vs. Storey Height in
X & Y Direction
wall. The second method is based on the seismic
demand reduction instead of increasing the capacity of 5. Conclusions
the structure like Base isolation, Dampers. By observing results that the storey displacement and
storey drift is reduced at upper storeys than lower
2. Motivation and Objective storeys but storey shear is significantly more at bottom
It is noted from the literature that the Isolators works storeys than the upper storeys. Storey displacement,
compatibly better and reduces the risk of the structure drift and shear are very high (20%, Avg.) in building in
under earthquake event. But it is also found that very the direction of earthquake applied than other. The soft
few investigations have been performed on the clay is very stiffer than very soft clay because it gives
problematic soil like black cotton soil. Taking this less displacement (20%). Rubber isolators are adopted
motivation the attempt is made to understand the for the building rested on the soft soil and can assure
modeling aspect of Isolators in soft soil condition. The more safety of the building under the earthquake.
present study is aimed to understand the performance of
RC structures in two cases, including building rested on References
isolator and another is building rested on soft soil. The Falah Hadi Muhi, D. Chandra Mouli, K. Sandeep
system is analyzed for the 1940 El-Centro ground Kumar and T. Hari Babu, Comparative Behavior of
motion. Structure with and without Base Isolation Devices and
3. Methodology Detailed Study on Retrofitting of Structures using
In the present study, the seismic analysis of G+5 with SAP 2000, International Journal of Advanced
regular plan structure is carried out by modeling the technology and Innovative Research.
building using finite element software ETAB (Fig.1 a).
The building model is analyzed for three different
conditions, i.e., RC structure rested on rubber isolator
(R-iso), rested on the soft soil (S1) and very soft soil
(S2). The engineering properties used for the rubber
isolator and different soil intensity of Soft soil have
been taken from the literature. All three models
including R-ISO, S1 & S2 are analyzed by applying the
1940 El-Centro ground motion at the bottom of the
isolator.
The storey response in terms of displacement (Fig. 1),
drift and shear in structural elements of building in X &
Y Direction are studied.
362
Reconstitution of Sand Specimens using Stationary Pluviation Method

C. Hariprasad
Department of Civil Engineering, Vardhaman College of Engineering, shamshabad –501218
E-mail: hariprasadiith@gmail.com
B. Umashankar
M. Rajashekhar
Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Hyderabad, Kandi – 502285
E-mail: buma@iith.ac.in; chakri.rajashekhar@gmail.com
Keywords: relative density; pluviation; height of fall

1. Introduction
Relative density is an important parameter governing the Supporting Plate
soil behavior (Been and Jefferies 1985, Bolton 1986, Li

and Dafalias 2000). Reconstitution of soil samples to a Chains
required density in the laboratory is fundamental in Pluviation device
investigating various geotechnical problems, for
example, to calibrate field instruments, to investigate the Test chamber
behavior of model foundations and retaining structures,
to study the soil behavior due to dynamic or earthquake
loading, to validate numerical models, etc.
Development of pluviation setup with two diffuser sieves
to prepare the uniform density beds in the large- size test Fig. 1 Photograph showing pluviation of sand within test
chambers. chamber
5. Conclusions
3. Methodology A stationary air pluviation device was designed and
Pluviator is fabricated to perform the calibration studies fabricated to prepare uniform sand beds in a large-size
on two gradations of Indian Standard sand (IS Grade II test chamber. This pluviator consists of only two diffuser
and IS Grade III). The plan dimensions of the device was sieves, and hence was found to be simple in terms of its
equal to 300 mm x 300 mm. The calibration studies were fabrication and operation. The COV in density of sand
performed by using this device for various heights of fall beds prepared using the proposed device was found to be
of sand particles and for different opening sizes.The less than about 7% from the test program of this study.
pluviation studies are extended to the large-size test The relative density of sand increases with increase in
chamber (Fig.1) with dimensions equal to 900 mm x 900 the height of fall and decreases with increase in the
mm x 1000 mm (in length, width, and depth). opening size through which the sand particles were
4. Important Outcomes pluviated. For the range of parameters considered in the
Relative densities in the range of 53–99 % and 74–99 % study, DR in the range of 53% - 99% and 74% - 99% was
for IS Grade II and III sands were achieved using the achieved for IS Grade II and Grade III sands using the
proposed device. The relative density of sand was found proposed pluviation system.
to increase with an increase of height of fall of sand References
particles, and decreases as the opening width of the sieve
increases. The spatial uniformity in densities is also Been, K. and Jefferies, M.G. (1985) A state parameter
assessed, and the coefficient of variation (COV) in the for sand, Geotechnique, 35(2), pp. 99-112.
density was found to be less than about 7 %.
Bolton, M.D. (1986) The strength and dilatancy of sands,
Geotechnique, 36(1), pp. 65-78.
Li, X.S. and Dafalias, Y.F. (2000) Dilatancy for cohesion
less soils, Geotechnique, 50(4), pp. 449-460.
363
IGC-2017 SPONSORS AND SUPPORTERS
PLATINUM SPONSORS
AIMIL Ltd.
Maccaferri Environmental Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
Flexituff International Limited
DIAMOND SPONSORS
Spar Geo Infra Pvt. Ltd.
Strata Geosystems (India) Pvt. Ltd.
GOLD SPONSORS
Geobrugg India Private Limited
VJ Tech Limited
Terre Armee (Reinforced Earth India Pvt Ltd.)
Public Works Department (PWD) Arunachal Pradesh
SILVER SPONSORS
Keller Ground Engineering India Pvt. Ltd.
SAVI Infrastructure & Properties Pvt. Ltd.
TechFab India Industries Ltd.
IGC-2017 SPONSORS AND SUPPORTERS
BRONZE SPONSORS
Nayak Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd.
Bharat GeoSystems Pvt. Ltd.
SUPPORTERS
IGS Guntur Chapter
IGS Roorkee Chapter
IGS Bangalore Chapter
IGS Chennai Chapter
IGS Delhi Chapter
IGS Kochi Chapter
IGS Pune Chapter
North East Frontier Railway (NFR)
Cochin Engineering and Consultancy Pvt Ltd.
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1

The sub-themes comprising the crux of the conference are as follows:

Prof. G L Siva Kumar Babu

A. Sridharan, PhD (Purdue); DSc (IISc)

JOINT ORGANIZING Dr. Arjun Sil, NIT Silchar

Dr. Ravi K. Mr. B Goswami, SG Foundation, Ghy

LOCAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Prof. Subashisa Dutta Dr. Atul Bora

NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Prof. Sivakumar Babu Prof. Manoj Datta

Dr. P. Anbazhagan Prof. Binu Sharma

Preface from the IGS President iii

IGC-2017 Organizing Committee v

IGC-2017 Advisory Committee

IGC-2017 Sub-Theme Coordinators viii

Paper No. Title and Author Page No.

Keynote and Sub-Theme Lecture Contributions

K1 Geotechnics of Soft Ground 2

K2 Development of Underground Tunnel Construction Technology in Weak 2

S1 Subsurface Investigation – Integrated and Modern Approach 3

S2 Case Studies – Prediction of Offshore Jack-up Leg Penetrations 3

S3 Runout of Flow Landslides 3

S4 Determination of Anelastic Attenuation Factor (Q) and Decay Factor 4

S5 Retrofitting of N-W Corner of Kolkata High Court Heritage Building 5

K3 Soil-Bentonite Cutoff Walls for Geoenvironmental Containment 5

Paper No. Title and Author Page No.

K4 Reliability and Accuracy of Seismic Tests in Geotechnical Site 6

K5 Cascaded Recycle of Waste Tires – Some Novel Approaches towards 6

S6 Quantification of Soil State Variables Using Electromagnetic Methods 6

S7 Meethothamulla Landfill Failure Analysis: A Probabilistic Approach 7

S8 Modelling Soil-Foundation Interaction and Beyond 7

S9 Uncertainties in Site Characterization Using Surface Wave Techniques 8

S10 Case Studies on Application of Grouting Methods 8

K6 Static and Seismic Slope Safety Displacement Based Criterion for 9

K8 Geotechnical Challenges in Tunneling Through Weak Rocks 9

S11 Climate change and integrity of earthen dams 10

S12 Crack Initiation - Propagation and Failure Modes in Rocks 10

S13 Physico-Chemical Effects on Behaviour of Unsaturated Soils 11

S14 Assessment of Global Stability of Chenab bridge on Katra-Dharam 11

Paper No. Title and Author Page No.

K9 Image Based Characterization Techniques for Geotechnical 12

K10 Modelling and Behaviour of Geosynthetics Reinforced Foundation 12

K11 Soil Structure Interaction Analysis of Pile Foundations Subjected to 12

S15 Effect of Long-Term Performance of EPS Geofoam on Lateral Earth 13

S17 Comprehensive Characteristics of Fresh and Processed MSW 14

S18 Prospects and Challenges of Output and Performance Based Contracts - 14

S19 Impact of Flooding on Roadways 15

S20 A Quantitative Framework for Sustainability and Resilience in 15

K12 Addressing Sustainable Technologies in Geotechnical and 16

Technical Paper Contributions

Paper No. Title and Author Page No.

Th01_178 Prediction of Material Parameters Using Index Properties and Modeling 19

Th01_179 Geotechnical Investigation across a Failed Hill Slope in Uttarakhand - A 20

Th01_211 Electrical Resistivity Studies on Lateritic Soils 21

Th01_216 Uplift Capacities of Double-Plate Square Anchors at Shallow Depths in 22

Th01_256 Index Properties and Compaction Characteristics of Soils 23

Th01_319 Soil characterization and stratification using seismic refraction test 24

Th01_381 Use of Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) for prediction of saline 25

Th01_416 Effect of Saline Solutions on Strength of Clayey Soil Using Electro- 26

Th01_426 Experimental and Analytical Aspects of Active MASW Survey 27

Th01_453 Borrow Area Investigations for an Earthen Embankment Dam- A Case 29

Th01_498 Effect of Test Setup Parameters on Surface Wave Dispersion 30

Th01_573 Effects of Source Characteristics in Passive Roadside MASW Survey 31

Paper No. Title and Author Page No.