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Colonies of Benevolence: On Their Way To UNESCO World Heritage Status in 2018
Colonies of Benevolence: On Their Way To UNESCO World Heritage Status in 2018
T
he Koloniën van Weldadigheid or Colonies of Benevolence –
the name sounds like a kind of paradise in an old fairy tale.
However, in the Netherlands and Belgium these locations
really did exist. Their traces can still be seen over a
widespread area, in the landscape, the roads and the buildings.
There are invisible traces too, in the memories of many families.
But what are the Colonies of Benevolence? How important are they?
And why are they nominated for a place on the World Heritage
List? This brochure contains the results of a major research project
into the unique character of these colonies. It describes in detail
their dramatic history, how they developed, and the traces of this
anti-poverty initiative that was unlike any other in the world.
NL
I II III
Frederiksoord Wilhelminaoord/ Willemsoord
II VI
Boschoord/ III I
Oostvierdeparten IV
IV VI
Ommerschans Veenhuizen V
VII
BE
V VII
Wortel Merksplas
3
A major plan for fighting poverty
Early history
In 1818, things were not going well in the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
which at the time consisted of what is now the Netherlands, Belgium and
Luxembourg. In the preceding decades, the kingdom had fought – and lost
– several wars. Trade was nowhere near at the levels it used to be, and there
was widespread poverty, particularly in the cities. One person in three was
dependent on the help of others. But who helped them? In recent centuries,
it was the church that looked after the poor, but several years previously
the government had assumed the role. But now there were others at the
helm, and they simply left the poor to their fate. Because of the inadequate
levels of assistance, a group of people from more prosperous circles, under
the leadership of former army officer Johannes van den Bosch, set up
an organisation in order to combat poverty. They called themselves the
Maatschappij van Weldadigheid or the Society of Benevolence. Its patron
was Prince Frederik, the son of King Willem I.
A new opportunity
The Society quickly came up with an ambitious plan. After all, the numbers
of people living in poverty were considerable – orphans, the handicapped,
beggars, prostitutes, vagrants, and others. They were people whose welfare
cost money, who caused problems, and who were regarded as a public
nuisance. But what if these people were to be given a new chance? What
if they could learn to live normal and disciplined lives, earning an honest
living, by first working together on developing a piece of wild and barren
land, and then working there as farmers? It was a major initiative for the
time. But if it was a success, then society as a whole would only benefit.
Crowdfunding
Of course, such a major and ambitious plan required a big budget. The elite
could provide money, but not to an unlimited degree, so funds were raised
4
The Enlightenment:
the age of new thinking
5
in a way that would not be out of place today – crowdfunding. People were
free to make a donation or become a member of the Society of Benevolence
for an annual fee. It was not just the wealthiest but also other layers of the
population who considered the idea such a good one that they were only
too willing to contribute. The plan also aroused the interest of thinkers,
policy-makers, and activists from various other countries. Books, pamph-
lets, magazines and other reports on the colonies appeared both inside
and outside the Netherlands. Most of these publications were very positive,
advocating the setting up of similar projects in their own countries.
Nobility of labour
Those who founded the colonies were not farmers; all their agricultural
knowledge came from books. The urban poor obviously had no agricultural
experience either. They were not used to working anymore, and many had
problems with alcohol. They therefore had to be kept on the straight and
narrow with strict discipline and a tightly controlled daily schedule. Work
was effectively a form of therapy, in other words. Compulsory attendance
at a place of worship was also part of the plan, although it did not
matter where – a Catholic or Protestant church, or a synagogue. However,
as these measures were not enough for ensuring that people did their very
best, a system of penalties and rewards was introduced.
6
What can be seen of the Colonies
of Benevolence today?
7
The significance of past two centuries, from the welfare provisions in Belgium and
Enlightenment to the present day. the Netherlands, which rank
the Colonies of
The methods by which the poor among the best in the world. In
Benevolence today and socially undesirable had to be addition, the way in which the
reformed into fully-fledged funds were raised still exists
8
The homes were built parallel to the roads in such a way that it was possible
to keep an eye on everyone. Anyone not doing their best would be penalised,
and those who worked hard would be rewarded – with a better job, for
example, a nicer home, or a medal. The ultimate aim was that the residents
would become regular participants in society.
Unfree colonies
As well as the free colonies for the poor, the Society also set up unfree
colonies for beggars and vagrants who did not wish to move to the country-
side of their own free will. Large settlements were built for them in
Ommerschans, Veenhuizen, and Merksplas. The residents in the northern
colonies were referred to as ‘the patients’, but to all intents and purposes
they were prisoners. They were housed in large institutions, which over
time just grew and grew. These colonies were run differently, and the
residents were constantly monitored by guards. The aim of the free colonies
was for the residents to return to society as good citizens, but there was
no such hope for those in the unfree colonies. Indeed, some of these settle-
ments were actually converted into official prisons in the twentieth century.
Life as a ‘colonist’
According to Johannes van den Bosch and his associates, people could be
‘moulded’. People from families without any prospects could be made into
good citizens who would make a useful contribution to society. They would
be helped by a combination of labour, religion, and education. Long before
education became compulsory for children in the rest of the Netherlands
and Belgium, the children in the colonies were attending school every day
from the age of six, and the best pupils were able to pursue their education
further. The adults, too, received education, which was mainly about
farming. They learned everything they needed to know to be able to function
independently in life. Another important pillar was that of discipline;
there were numerous rules and timetables, uniforms, and even a separate
monetary system.
Entirely self-sufficient
The residents were able to use the money they earned in the colony
shops, which stocked everything they needed. Still, life was not just all
about work – there was leisure time, too, which was often spent in the
communal areas.
9
The colonies, in other words, were entirely self-sufficient. Food,
furniture and other household items, education, churches, medical
care and leisure opportunities – everything was on hand in an age when
many of these things were certainly not available for everyone. In this
context, the word ‘colony’ was very appropriate. Being literally new and
undeveloped territories in the middle of nowhere, they resembled other
historic colonies that were established down the years – on the one hand
by virtue of necessity, because the land was available, and on the other by
virtue of opportunity, because of the favourable remote location. After all,
the residents had nowhere else to go, and they were less easily tempted by
the need to acquire alcohol.
Success or failure?
Did the initiative work? Were the colonies a success? Not on every front,
certainly. The harvests in the first few decades in particular were very
disappointing, with too little being reaped in order to feed everyone. It was
12
UNESCO World Heritage
eventually decided to cultivate wood rather than grain. At first, the workers
were paid according to how much work they carried out, but because
older colonists were not able to perform as much work as those who were
younger, this system was abolished. Penalties often played a larger part
in the colonies than did rewards. A police council enforced the penalties,
which often entailed transferring miscreants from a free colony to an
unfree one. There were other ways of punishing the residents, such as a
compulsory transfer to a farm where the conditions were not as good. The
number of people who genuinely succeeded in building an independent
existence for themselves, however, fell far short of expectations. And for
many of the residents, life in the colony was a real nightmare.
13
knowledge at that time left a great deal to be desired. In some cases, families
were split up, with all the dramatic consequences that that entailed. But the
most significant aspect was that only very few people actually managed to pay
off their debts and return to society. In many ways, then, the initiative was
a failure: for many families, the Colonies of Benevolence became a place of
despair, grief and shame. On the other hand, the Society of Benevolence did
succeed in drawing the attention of the government to many of the pressing
needs in society, thereby reminding it of its responsibilities. For example,
the colonies formed the basis for many laws and organisations that went
on to bring considerable improvements to the lives of society’s poorest, in
terms of their living conditions, education, healthcare and working lives.
Nowadays, there are museums that show what life in the colonies was
like; examples include the prison museums in Merksplas and Veenhuizen.
There are also extensive archives detailing the often very tragic life stories
of the residents. But the story is best told by the locations themselves – the
buildings, the homes, the roads, and the canals. Visitors to the Colonies
of Benevolence experience a quest for hope, social equality and societal
improvement that spans two centuries. The straight roads and plain houses
exude a strong desire for order – order and hope. Hope for a better world
that did not materialise for everyone but which, two centuries later, has
been achieved.
14
Why do the colonies meet the criteria
for becoming a World Heritage Site?
15
The seven Colonies
II VI
III I
NL
IV
V
VII
I. Frederiksoord (1818)
The initiative was launched in the northern
Netherlands with the opening of the Frederiks-
BE
oord experimental colony in the province of
Drenthe in 1818. The offices of the Society of
Benevolence were established in Frederiksoord in
Huis Westerbeek, which still serves as the Society’s
headquarters to this day.
www.kolonienvanweldadigheid.eu
Kolonienvanweldadigheid