BIOMOLECULES

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Enzymes

Brief Summary
CARBOHYDRATES
 Carbohydrates – (1) primary source of energy; (2) consists of C,H,O; (3) linked by
glycosidic bonds; (4) formed by either dehydration synthesis OR hydrolysis;
(5) monomer units are monosaccharides
 Types:
1. Monosaccharides – Glucose (dextrose) , Galactose (milk sugar), Fructose (fruit sugar)
2. Disaccharides – Maltose (malt sugar), Lactose (milk sugar) , Sucrose (table sugar)
3. Polysaccharides – Starch (storage sugar of plants); Glycogen (storage sugar of
animals); Cellulose (structural component of plant cell walls); Chitin (structural
component of fungal cell walls); and Peptidoglycan (structural component of
bacterial cell walls).
ALDOSE KETOSE

Other examples: Other examples:

Ribose Ribulose
Glucose Fructose
Galactose
PROTEINS
 Proteins – (1) secondary source of energy; (2) consists of C,H,O,N ;
(3) monomer units are amino acids.
 A protein is a biologically functional molecule
that consists of one or more polypeptides, each folded
and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.

Amino acid
structure
8 TYPES OF PROTEINS ACCORDING TO
THEIR FUNCTION
8 TYPES OF PROTEINS ACCORDING TO
THEIR FUNCTION
LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE
1. Primary – linear of amino acid chains joined by peptide bonds
2. Secondary – regions stabilized by hydrogen bonds between
atoms of the polypeptide backbone; alpha helix (coils) and
beta pleated sheets (folds)
3. Tertiary – three dimensional shape stabilized by interactions
between side chains (hydrophobic, dipole-dipole, Van der
Waals, disulfide bridges)
4. Quaternary – overall structure of a protein
LIPIDS
 Lipids – (1) hydrophobic molecules; (2) consist of C,H,O ; (3) formed by
dehydration process; (4) linked by ester bonds; (5) monomer units are fats.
 Types:
1. Fats – composed of glycerol and fatty acids
a) Saturated fat – solid at room temp; ex. Butter, lard and cream, fatty beef
b) Unsaturated fat – liquid at room temp; ex. Canola oil, coconut oil, acai berry
2. Phospholipids – make up the cell membrane
3. Steroids – composed of four fused rings
4. Waxes – composed of long chain of alcohol and fatty acid
NUCLEIC ACIDS
 Nucleic Acids – (1) store genetic information and enable protein production;
(2) consists of C,H,O,N,P ; (3) monomer units are nucleotides.

Nucleotide
structure