PHYSICS XII source: NCERT and SCERT Textbooks

* …………………………………………………………….……………....... 𝑰𝑹 = 𝜺 − 𝑰𝒓 𝜀 Is the p.d between +ve and –ve electrodes

Gold-leaf Electroscope: to Detect charge on a body. Kirchhoff rules: Junction rule: The sum of the currents entering the junction
Properties of charge *Addictive *Conserved *Quantized (q=ne) will be same as the sum of the currents leaving in a junction.
Coulomb’s law 𝑭 =
𝟏 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 involving resistors and cells in the loop is zero
𝟐 𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓 R R
1 𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑞1 𝑞3 Wheatstone bridge 𝟐 = 𝟒 (I𝒈 = 𝟎)
Multiple charge 𝐹⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹12 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹13 + ⋯ = [ 2 𝑟̂12 + 2 𝑟̂13 … ] 𝑅1
𝑙1
𝑅3
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟12 𝑟13
𝑭 𝟏 𝒒 𝑽 Meter Bridge 𝑅 = 𝑆
100−𝑙1
Electric Field Intensity 𝑬 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = =
𝒒→𝟎 𝒒 𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓𝟐 𝒅 𝒍𝟏 𝜀1 𝑙1
𝟏 𝑸 𝑭
Potentiometer 𝒓 = 𝑹( − 𝟏) =
𝒍𝟐 𝜀2 𝑙2
Electric field 𝑬(𝒓) = ̂
𝟐𝒓 =
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓 𝑸 …………………………………………………………………………
Electric flux ∅ = 𝑬∆𝑺 = 𝑬∆𝑺𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 Lorentz force F = q [E+ (v x B)]
Dipole Moment → = 𝟐𝒂𝒒 𝒑 ̂ 𝑚𝑣 2 𝑚𝑣 𝑞𝐵
𝑷
𝟐𝑷 𝑷
Motion in a magnetic Field = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 𝑟 = 𝜔 = 2𝜋 𝑣 =
𝑟 𝑞𝐵 𝑚
E at Point on dipole axis 𝑬𝒂𝒙 = Equatorial plane 𝑬𝒆𝒒 = − 𝐸
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓𝟑 𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓𝟑 Velocity selector 𝑉 =
Torque on dipole in uniform electric field → =→ ×→ = 𝑷𝑬 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐵
𝝉 𝑷 𝑬 1 2𝜋𝑚 𝑞𝐵
𝒒 𝒒 𝒒 Cyclotron 𝑇 = = or 𝑉𝑐 =
Charge Densities 𝝀 = 𝝈= 𝝆= 𝑉𝑐 𝑞𝐵 2𝜋𝑚
𝒍 𝑨 𝑽 1 𝑞 2 𝐵2 𝑅2
Gauss’s law ∮→ .→ =
𝒒 K.E of ions 𝑚𝑣 2 =
2 2𝑚
𝑬 𝒅𝑺 𝜺𝟎 𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑙 sin 𝜃
𝑙𝜆 𝜆 Biot - savart law 𝑑𝐵 =
Infinitely long charged wire 𝐸 × 2𝜋𝑟𝑙 = 𝐸= 4𝜋 𝑟2
𝜀0 2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝝁𝟎 𝑰𝑹𝟐
𝜎𝐴 𝜎 Magnetic field due to circular loop 𝑩 = 𝑩𝒙 𝒊̂ = 𝟑⁄ 𝒊̂
Infinitely large plane sheet 2𝐸𝐴 = 𝐸= 𝑛̂ 𝟐(𝒙𝟐 +𝑹𝟐 ) 𝟐
𝜀0 2𝜀0 𝜇0 𝐼
𝑅2𝜎 𝟏 𝒒 𝑩𝟎 =
Electric field outside the shell 𝐸 = = 𝑟̂ 𝟐𝑹
𝜀0 𝑟 2 𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓𝟐
𝜎 Ampere’s circuital law ∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝐼
Electric field on the shell 𝐸 = 𝜇 𝐼
𝜀0
𝐵 × 2𝜋𝑟 = 𝜇0 𝐼 𝐵= 0
Electric field inside the shell 𝐸 × 4𝜋𝑟 2 = 0 = 𝐸 2𝜋𝑟

………………………..……………………..…………….……… The Solenoid and toroid 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼

𝑞
Electric potential at a point due to point charge 𝑉 = 𝜇 𝐼 𝜇 𝐼 𝐼
Force between two parallel currents 𝐵𝑎 = 0 𝑎 𝐹𝑏𝑎 = 𝐼𝑏 𝐿𝐵𝑎 = 0 𝑎 𝑏 𝐿
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓
2𝜋𝑑 2𝜋𝑑
Work done by the external force in bringing a unit positive charge from point r Parallel current attract and antiparallel currents repel
𝑈𝑝 −𝑈𝑟 𝑊
to p = 𝑉𝑝 − 𝑉𝑟 = = Torque on current loop F=IbB 𝜏 = 𝐼𝐴𝐵 m=IA 𝜏 = 𝑚 × 𝐵
𝑞 𝑞 𝜇 𝑚
Potential on dipole axis 𝑉 = ±
1 𝑝 Circular current loop as magnetic dipole = 0 3 , x>>R
4𝜋 𝑥
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝑟 2
𝑄 Magnetic dipole moment of revolving electron
Potential at P due to charge Q 𝑉= 𝑒 2𝜋𝑟 𝑒 𝝁 𝒆
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓 𝐼 = ,𝑇 = , 𝜇𝑙 = − 𝑙 , 𝒍= gyromagnetic ratio
𝑇 𝑣 2𝑚𝑒 𝒍 𝟐𝒎𝒆
Potential due to system of charges 𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 … 𝑁𝐴𝐵
Equipotential surfaces:Normal to E, V is constant, no work done to move q Eg. The moving coil Galvanometer 𝜏 = 𝑁𝐼𝐴𝐵 𝑘∅ = 𝑁𝐼𝐴𝐵 ∅ = 𝐼
𝑘
∅ 𝑁𝐴𝐵 ∅ 𝑁𝐴𝐵 1
Concentric sphere around point charge/surface of charged conductor Current sensitivity = voltage sensitivity = ( )
𝑽 𝐼 𝑘 𝑉 𝑘 𝑅
Field and potential 𝑬 = Galvanometer to Ammeter (resistance of small value in parallel)
𝒍
𝑞1 𝑞2
Work done on q2 against the field due to q1 = Galvanometer to voltmeter (resistance of large value in series)
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓𝟏𝟐
……………………………………..…………………….………………………
Work done on q2 against the external field = q2V (r2)
The dipole in a uniform magnetic field 𝜏 = 𝑚 × 𝐵 , 𝑈𝑚 = −𝑚. 𝐵
Potential energy of a dipole in an external field 𝑈(𝜃) = −𝑝 ∙ 𝐸
𝜎 Gauss’s law for magnetism: The net magnetic flux through any closed surface
*Inside conductor, Electrostatic field is zero *at surface 𝑬 = 𝑛̂
𝜀0 is zero. ∑ ∆∅𝐵 = ∑ 𝐵. ∆𝑆 = 0
The field inside a cavity is zero this is electrostatic shielding. 𝒎
Magnetization 𝑴 = 𝒏𝒆𝒕 Magnetic field 𝐵 = 𝜇0 [𝐻 + 𝑀]
𝑽
Polar dielectric: dipoles align in the direction of →
𝐸 𝑩 = 𝝁𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝝌)𝑯 χ is the Magnetic susceptibility
Non-polar di electric: Charge centers displaced and align in direction of → . Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic
𝐸
Polarization 𝑷 = 𝝌𝒆 𝑬 -1 ≤ χ < 0 0<χ<ɛ x>>1
𝑸 𝜀 𝐴
Capacitance 𝑪 = ( 0 ) parallel plate capacitor 0 ≤ μr < 1 1 < μr < 1 + ɛ μr >>1
𝑽 𝑑
𝜎 𝜎 𝜎 𝑄 μ < μ0 μ > μ0 μ >> μ0
Parallel plate capacitor 𝐸 = + = =
2𝜀0 2𝜀0 𝜀0 𝜀0 𝐴 Move Weakly Strongly
𝜀0 𝐾𝐴 𝐶
Dielectric C = ,K= Stronger to magnetized, Magnetized,
𝑑 𝐶0
Capacitor in series =
1 1
+
1
+
1
… {q=constant, V=V1+V2...} weaker part weak to weak to
𝐶 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 strong strong
Capacitor in parallel 𝐶 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 … {V=constant, q=q1+q2...} 𝝁
Curie’s law 𝝌 = 𝑪 𝟎 , the susceptibility of paramagnetic materials is inversely
𝑸𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝑻
Energy stored in a capacitor 𝑾 = = 𝑪𝑽𝟐 = 𝑸𝑽 proportional to temperature T, C-curies constant.
𝟐𝑪 𝟐 𝟐
𝒒 𝟏 𝟏
Van de Graff generator 𝑽(𝒓) − 𝑽(𝑹) = ( − ) Hysteresis loop. Larger the area of hysteresis loop greater the energy loss
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓 𝑹
……………………………………………………………………………….............
𝝆𝒍
Ohm’s Law V=RI or = 𝒋𝝆 , j = σ E 𝑹 =
𝑨
Drift Velocity: Electrons move with an average velocity which is independent
on time, although they are accelerated. Bar magnet Solenoid Dipole
𝒏𝒆𝟐 ……………………………………………………………………………………
𝝈= 𝝉 𝑰 = 𝒏𝒆𝑨𝑽𝒅 (I is the magnitude of current)
𝒎
𝒗 𝒆𝝉 Magnetic flux ∅𝑩 = 𝑩. 𝑨 = 𝑩𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
Mobility 𝝁 = 𝒅 = 𝑑∅ 𝑑∅
𝑬 𝒎 Faraday’s law 𝜀 = − 𝐵 = −𝑁 𝐵
The resistance of a metallic conductor 𝝆𝑻 = 𝝆𝟎 [𝟏 + 𝜶(𝑻 − 𝑻𝟎 )] 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜌𝑇 Resistivity at temperature T and 𝜌0 at𝑇0 . Lenz’s law: The polarity of incident emf is such that it tends
𝛼 Temperature co-efficient of resistivity (Dimension: T-1) to produce a current which opposes the change in magnetic flux.
𝑑∅
𝑽𝟐 Motional EMF. ∅𝐵 = 𝐵𝑙𝑥 𝜀 = − 𝐵 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣
Power P = I2R = = 𝑽𝑰 𝑑𝑡
𝑹 𝐵2 𝑙 2 𝑣 2
Equivalent resistance (Series) R=R1 + R2 + R3 … Rn Energy consideration. Power required 𝑃 =
𝑟
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Equivalent resistance (Parallel) = + + …
𝑹 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑

Vinod G (9446109617) (GHSS Poruvazhy) Created : 2k17 Abu R Naz (8592958668) | Snab creations
PHYSICS XII source: NCERT and SCERT Textbooks

Eddy Current: current induced due to change in magnetic flux. Eddy current …………………………………………………………………………………………………
dissipate electrical energy in form of heat.* Cutting slots in the copper reduce Huygens Principle: each point of the primary wave front acts as a source
eddy current. sending out secondary wavelets. Secondary wavelets travel with the same
Apps: * Magnetic braking in train *Electromagnetic damping velocity as the original wave (primary wave). A tangential surface to all the
*Induction furnace * Electric power meters secondary wavelets form the secondary wave front.
Inductance 𝑵∅𝐵 ∝ 𝐼 (henry [H]). 𝑛𝜆𝐷 1 𝜆𝐷
𝑑𝐼 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑛 = (𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛) 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 = (𝑛 + ) (𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑘 )
Mutual Inductance 𝑴 = 𝝁𝒓 𝝁𝟎 𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐 𝝅𝒓𝟐𝟏 𝒍 𝜀1 = −𝑀 2 𝑑 2 𝑑
𝑑𝑡 𝜆𝐷
𝑑𝐼 Band (fringes) width. 𝛽 = 𝑥𝑛+1 − 𝑥𝑛 𝑜𝑟 =
Self-Inductance 𝜺 = −𝐿 𝐿 = 𝝁𝒓 𝝁𝟎 𝒏𝟐 𝑨𝒍 𝑑
𝑑𝑡 Diffraction It is the bending of the light at the sharp corners of obstacles
𝑑
AC Generator 𝜀 = −𝑁𝐵𝐴 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡) = 𝜀0 sin 𝜔𝑡 , 𝜀0 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴𝜔 𝝀
𝑑𝑡 Single Slit Path difference NP – LP = NQ = 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝒂𝜽 𝜽 = 𝒂
…………………………………………………………................................... 𝟎.𝟔𝟏𝝀 1.22𝜆𝑓 0.61𝜆𝑓
𝑣𝑚 𝑖𝑚 Resolving power ∆𝜽 = 𝑟0 = =
𝒂 2𝑎 𝑎
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = Validity of ray optics 𝒁𝑭 = 𝒂 /𝝀 𝟐
√2 √2
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝒕𝒐 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓 ∶ 𝑣𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 𝑖𝑅 𝑖 = 𝑖𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑖𝑚 =
𝑣𝑚 Polarization: the vibrations of electric field vector are restricted
𝑅
………………….…………………………………………………
𝑷 = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹 𝑽 = 𝑰𝑹
𝑑𝑖 𝜋
Voltage applied to Inductor 𝑣 − 𝐿 = = 0 𝑖 = 𝑖𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 2 )
𝑑𝑡
𝑣𝑚
Inductive reactance 𝝌𝑳 = 𝝎𝑳 . Amplitude of current 𝑖𝑚 = 𝑘𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑒𝑉0 = ℎ𝑣 − ∅0 = ℎ(𝑣 − 𝑣0 )
𝑋𝐿
𝜋 1 𝑣𝑚 Saturation current : the maximum value of
Voltage to capacitor: 𝑖 = 𝑖𝑚 sin (𝜔𝑡 + ) 𝑋𝑐 = 𝑖𝑚 =
2 𝜔𝐶 𝑋𝑐 photoelectric current for a particular intensity of incident radiation.
𝑑𝑖 𝑞
Voltage to series LCR Circuit: 𝐿 + 𝑖𝑅 + = 𝑣 Dual nature: De Broglie found that particles of matter have wave nature.
𝑑𝑡 𝐶
𝒉 𝒉 𝟏.𝟐𝟐𝟕
Avg. Power consumed < 𝐏 >= 𝐈𝐫𝐦𝐬 𝐕𝐫𝐦𝐬 (resistor), Thus material particles have dual nature. 𝝀 = = = 𝒏𝒎
𝒑 𝒎𝒗 √𝑽
= 𝟎(Inductor, Capacitor) Davisson and Germer Experiment: Wave nature of electrons verified
Phasor diagram. Impedance 𝑍 = √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝑐 − 𝑋𝐿 )2 ……………………………………………………………………..……………………………….
𝑋𝑐 − 𝑋𝐿 𝒆𝟐
tan ∅ = Total energy of electron 𝑬 = 𝑲 + 𝑼 = −
𝑅 𝟖𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓
1
Resonant frequency 𝑿𝒄 = 𝑋𝐿 𝜔0 = Atomic spectra = 𝑹 (
𝟏 𝟏
−
𝟏
)
√𝐿𝐶 𝝀 𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟐
𝜔0 𝜔0 𝐿 𝜔0 𝐿 𝟏 𝟐
Sharpness of resonance = Quality factor 𝑄 = VL Bohr model: Electrons in an atom can revolve in certain stable orbits without
2∆𝜔 𝑅 𝑅
Power in AC 𝑷 = 𝑰𝟐 𝒁 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 VR radiating energy *Electrons can revolve only in those orbits in which their
1 ℎ
LC Oscillations. Natural frequency 𝜔0 = , 𝑞 = 𝑞𝑚 cos(𝜔0 𝑡 + ∅) I angular momentum is an integral multiple of .*Electrons might make
√𝐿𝐶 2𝜋
𝑽𝒔 𝑵𝒔
Transformer = Vc transitions from one orbit to a lower orbit. Then they emit the energy
𝑽𝒑 𝑵𝒑
Small energy losses as *Flux leakage *Resistance of windings *Eddy currents equivalent to the energy gap, in the form of radiations.
𝑛2 ℎ2 𝜀0 ℎ2 𝜀0
*Hysteresis 𝑟𝑛 = Bohr radius 𝑎0 =
𝜋𝑚𝑒 2 𝜋𝑚𝑒 2
……………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
𝒅∅
Displacement current 𝒊 = 𝜺𝟎 Radius with mass number A. 𝑅 = 𝑅0 𝐴1⁄3
𝒅𝒕
𝒅∅𝜺
Ampere-Maxwell law ∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝐼 = 𝜇0 𝑖𝑐 + 𝜇0 𝜀0
𝒅𝒕
Mass-energy relation 𝑬 = 𝒎𝒄𝟐
1
Velocity of light 𝑣 = 𝜀 is material medium of permittivity, Mass defect ∆𝑴 = [𝒁𝒎𝒑 + (𝑨 − 𝒁)𝒎𝒏 ] − 𝑴
√𝜇𝜀
𝜇 𝑖𝑠 Magnetic permeability. Spectrum 400nm – 700nm (visible) Binding energy 𝑬𝒃 = ∆𝑴𝒄𝟐
∆𝑵 𝟏
EMS: Radio waves – Microwaves – IR – Visible – UV – X-ray – Gamma rays Radioactive decay ∝𝑵 𝑵(𝒕) = 𝑵𝟎 𝒆−𝝀𝒕 𝝉=
∆𝒕 𝝀
………………..……………………………………………………… Fission: uranium isotope bombarded with a neutron split to nuclear
Sign convention Distance are measured from the pole. ..........................................
Distance in direction of incident ray taken Positive*opposite as –ve Va lence band is the range of energy possessed by the valence electrons
The height measured upwards are taken positive*Downward as -ve
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 ℎ′ 𝑣
*Conduction band: range of energy possessed by the conduction and the top
Mirror Equation + = 𝑚= =− of the valence band is called the forbidden energy gap.
𝒗 𝒖 𝒇 ℎ 𝑢
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒊 Intrinsic sc – Pure form (like Si & Ge) Extrinsic sc– Impurity added (Doped)
Refractive index = 𝒏𝟐𝟏 (𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑙′ 𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑤)
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒓
1 N-type semiconductor: ne >> nh (pentavalent) P-type: nh >> ne.(Trivalent)
Total internal reflection 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒊𝒄 = 𝒏𝟐𝟏 𝑛12 =
𝑛2 𝑛1
sin 𝑖𝑐
𝑛2 −𝑛1
Knee voltage: V after current through a diode increases linearly with V
Refraction at a spherical surface − = Rectifier is a device which converts AC to DC. (full/half wave)
𝑣 𝑢 𝑅
1 1 1 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 p-n junction – diffusion , drift. * Zener diode-voltage regulator
Refraction by lens = (𝑛21 − 1) ( − ) − =
𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝒗 𝒖 𝒇 Transistor by the sand - witching of two p–n junctions. *PNP and *NPN
𝟏
Power of lens 𝑷 = SI unit is Diopter Current amplification factor 𝜷 = 𝐜 .
𝐈
𝒓𝒊𝒏 = (
∆𝑉𝐵𝐸
) 𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒕 = (
∆𝑉𝐶𝐸
)
𝒇
1 1 1 𝐈𝐛 ∆𝐼𝐵 𝐶𝐸 ∆𝐼𝐶 𝐼𝐵
Combination = + m=m1m2m3
𝑓 𝑓1 𝑓2 Transistor as switch , Amplifier
𝑨+𝑫
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 𝒎 Logic gates : NOT – 1 in 1 out. OR–more in 1 out. AND–out 1 if all in is 1
Prism 𝒏𝟐𝟏 =
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐
𝑨
………...…………………………………...……………..
𝑣
The Microscope 𝑚 = = 𝑣 ( − ) = (1 − ) = (1 + )
1 1 𝑣 𝐷 Analog signals: They are the continuous variations of voltage or current
𝑢 𝑣 𝑓 𝑓 𝑓 To decrease height of the transmitting antenna: If we modulate the baseband
ℎ ℎ 𝜃𝑖 𝐷
tan 𝜃0 = = 𝜃0 𝜃𝑖 = 𝑚= = signal with a high frequency e-m wave, the wavelength becomes small.
𝐷 𝑓 𝜃0 𝑓 Therefore, antennas of only several meters’ height are required.
𝑳 𝑫
Compound microscope 𝒎 = 𝒎𝟎 𝒎𝒆 = ( ) ( ) 𝐶(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 sin 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + ∅ Amplfication avoid mixing up of signals
𝒇𝟎 𝒇𝒆
𝛽 ℎ 𝑓0 𝑓0
Telescope 𝑚 = = . =
𝛼 𝑓𝑒 ℎ 𝑓𝑒

Vinod G (9446109617) (GHSS Poruvazhy) Created : 2k17 Abu R Naz (8592958668) | Snab creations
PHYSICS XII source: NCERT and SCERT Textbooks

Vinod G (9446109617) (GHSS Poruvazhy) Created : 2k17 Abu R Naz (8592958668) | Snab creations