NEW SINAI SCHOOL AND COLLEGES STA. ROSA INC.

National Highway, Barangay Tagapo, Sta. Rosa City, Laguna, 4026

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

This chapter presents the harmful effects of vape and change cigarette to its user.

Introduction

We basically know that using nicotine contained products are harmful to the human

body. But do you really understand just how dangerous smoking really is? Tobacco

contains nicotine a highly addictive drug that makes the user difficult to quit. Did you

know that out of a group of 1000 smokers (age 30), that a full quarter of them (250!)

will die of smoking-related illnesses prior to completing middle age, an additional

quarter will die prematurely from smoking-related illnesses shortly after retirement age,

and another large group will develop debilitating chronic illnesses as a result of their

smoking?

Vaping is the inhaling of a vapor created by an electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) or

other vaping device. E-cigarettes are battery-powered smoking devices. They have

cartridges filled with a liquid that usually contains nicotine, flavorings, and chemicals.

The liquid is heated into a vapor, which the person inhales. That's why using e-

cigarettes is called "vaping."

The electric cigarette or vape are safer than cigarettes, but that doesn't mean it's

harmless. Because the juice or flavor of the electric cigarette sometimes contains

nicotine.
 NEW SINAI SCHOOL AND COLLEGES STA. ROSA INC.
National Highway, Barangay Tagapo, Sta. Rosa City, Laguna, 4026

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Theoretical Framework

THE HBM which is one of the most widely used model in health behavior has been

said to be good predictors for smokers, ex-smokers and non-smokers' smoking

behavior (Li & Kay,2009). While the Mere Exposure Theory states the effects of

exposure to something on the people's preference. The Health Belief Model (HBM) is

define through its four main construct that serve as factors for behavior change. The

first one is perceived or susceptibility or the individual opinion of chances that he/she

might acquire a certain condition. The sconde one is perceived severity; this is the

individuals view of the extent of seriousness of a condition as well as consequences.

The third construct is perceived benefits; this is the individual’s belief that the

recommended health action can reduce the seriousness of the consequences of a

condition. The fourth one is perceived barriers or the individual’s belief of the costs of

doing the recommended health action. The other constructs that are added are: the

Cues to Action, these are the strategies to activate the individuals readiness to do the

recommended action and Self-Efficacy, or the confidence of the individual in his/her

ability to do the recommended health action (Glanz et Al,2002) Mere Exposure Theory

states that the more exposure we have to a certain stimulus, the more we will tend to

like it. It asserts that people develop preference to the things that are familiar to them.

This familiarity is increased by repeated exposure (Zajonc,1968). Aside from this, the

mere exposure theory also states that the more often see a certain information, the

better you can process it. Prior exposure also increases the fluency in processing

judgement during a decision making. This supports that human beings prefer easy
 NEW SINAI SCHOOL AND COLLEGES STA. ROSA INC.
National Highway, Barangay Tagapo, Sta. Rosa City, Laguna, 4026

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

processing rather than difficult cognitive processing that's why they stick with familiar

things. This explains their positive feelings towards certain things or people like brand

and advertisement (Izard, Kagan, &Zajonc,1984).

Conceptual Framework

In this paper, we present a conceptual framework for identifying the module under

study and relationship between the dependent variable and independent variables.

Based on the model below, individual factors including the age, sex, grade level,

income and are influenced by social factors through the socialization by parents, peers

and siblings as well as the environmental factors in the country such as development

stage. However, the uptake or lack of uptake of smoking is based on the student's

knowledge, attitude and practices of each student in relation to smoking.

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to know the harmful effects of vape and cigarettes on its users.

Further, it attempted to answer the following:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age

1.2 Gender

1.3 Grade level

 NEW SINAI SCHOOL AND COLLEGES STA. ROSA INC.
National Highway, Barangay Tagapo, Sta. Rosa City, Laguna, 4026

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

2. Is there a significant difference between the harmful effects of vape and cigarettes

on its users to their profile.

3.How can vape and cigar is the best way to lessen stress and problem of the

respondents?

Null Hypothesis

According to Exposure Theory (Zajonc,1968), the more you are exposed to a

particular thing, the more you become familiar with it and there will be a tendency that

you will like it. The exposure to anti-smoking advertisement can develop familiarity and

likehood which can necessarily after the perceptions and attitudes of its audience.

Perception and attitudes are based on one's own experience. Smokers and

nonsmokers have significant others can also influence a person's perception and

attitude. With this hypothesis is proposed for the study's a sixth objective which is

determine if their perceptions and attitudes towards smoking vary according to their

extent of exposure to anti-smoking advertisement and extent of exposure to other

sources of information about smoking. The proposed hypothesis for this objective is:

H1: There is a significant relationship between the NSSC male Grade 11 student

perception and attitudes towards smoking and their extent of exposure to anti-smoking

advertisement and to other sources of information about smoking. Advertisement are

best recalled according to their characteristics and specific features. Advertisements

can get more attention if they have attractive qualities. A person most likely remembers

an ad based on the things associated with it. Based on this assumption the second
 NEW SINAI SCHOOL AND COLLEGES STA. ROSA INC.
National Highway, Barangay Tagapo, Sta. Rosa City, Laguna, 4026

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

hypothesis is proposed for the seventh objective of this study which is to determine if

there is significant relationship between the messages they recall from anti-smoking

advertisement and their perceptions and attitudes about smoking. Hence the proposed

hypothesis is: H2: There is association between the messages and strategies NSSC

male Grade 11 students recall from the anti-smoking advertisement and their

perception and attitude towards smoking.

Significance of the Study

The people that will benefit the study are the following:

Students. The issue of using vape and cigarette or any nicotine contained

products Because students nowadays use or consumes this kind of product.

Teachers. Students will be able to focus on their lessons and engage themselves

more in their class.

School. They would be able to determine if having using cigarette is good or bad

for their health. Also, they will get some knowledge on how to prevent on using or

consuming nicotine contained products.

Future Researchers. This study will serve as a guide to the future researchers as

they make their own paper about the same topic. They will also have additional ideas

in which will make it easier for them to research and make the paper.
 NEW SINAI SCHOOL AND COLLEGES STA. ROSA INC.
National Highway, Barangay Tagapo, Sta. Rosa City, Laguna, 4026

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study revolved around the people who are using cigarettes and vapes and

the effects of this their health.

The study is limited to those people who are affected by using cigarettes and

vape. On the other hand, it is also limited about the effects of smoking and using of

vape on the first hand smokers.

Definition of Terms

The following terms used on this study were defined operationally.

Cartridges-a case or container that you put into a machine to make it work

Stimulus-something that causes something else to happen, develop, or become more

active

Cognitive-relating to, or involving conscious mental activities (such as thinking,,

learning, and remembering)

Perceived severity-refers to the degree people deem a particular disease or condition

is serious.

Perceived susceptibility-also called perceived vulnerability, refers to one's

perception of the risk or the chances of contracting a health disease or condition

Perceived benefits-refers to the perception of the positive consequences that are

caused by a specific action.

 NEW SINAI SCHOOL AND COLLEGES STA. ROSA INC.
National Highway, Barangay Tagapo, Sta. Rosa City, Laguna, 4026

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Perceived barriers-refer to an individual's assessment of the obstacles to behavior

change. In other words, the perceive benefits must outweigh the perceived barriers in

order for behavior change to occur.