ANALOGUE ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

PROJECT

AUTOMATIC EMERGENCY LIGHT

DONE BY:
17BEC0105---ARAVIND KASHYAP
17BEC0073---VAYUJ KANDOI
17BEC0173---ATRI SENGUPTA
Abstract

This is the simple and cost effective automatic emergency light

circuit with light sensing. This system charges from main supply
and gets activated when main supply is turned OFF. This
emergency lamp will work for more than 8 hours.
When power supply is turned OFF, the circuit senses the day
light and according to the light it turns on the LED’s. If the light
is present even though power fails the circuit turns OFF the
LEDs. Here LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) is used to sense
the light.
This is the simple and cost effective automatic emergency light
circuit with light sensing. This system charges from main supply
and gets activated when main supply is turned OFF. This
emergency lamp will work for more than 8 hours.

When power supply is turned OFF, the circuit senses the day
light and according to the light it turns on the LED’s. If the light
is present even though power fails the circuit turns OFF the
LEDs. Here LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) is used to sense
the light.
Introduction
Growing demand for the saving of electricity. It is based on the
principle of providing light when
the power is cut off. This is accomplished by the use of automatic
charger which gets charged
when power supply exists. When the battery is fully charged it stops
charging. In case of power
failure, the LED glows automatically with the supply provided by the
charged battery.

This project is working on two major processes:

1. It turns on automatically when the mains power fails, so you need
not search it in the
dark.
2. Its battery starts charging as soon as mains resumes.
This Emergency light is used mostly in village because there is the
lack of electricity which is
very required. In industries and as well as in household applications
an emergency light is
employed where there is frequent non uniform voltage distribution
occurs. Many types of
emergency lights from rechargeable torches to systems like
generators are available in
market. All of them require a switch to operate them when frequent
power failure occurs.
The present one deals with a model which senses the mains as well as
daylight to switch on
the emergency light. There is no need to search the switch in the dark
as it switches on/off
automatically. This present one has one on/off switch on operating
which the emergency light
glows. In most of the emergency light there exists a drawback. The
discharge level of the
battery is not being controlled to a safe level. The batteries get
discharged completely and
lose their life rapidly. This is a very serious aspect in order to
overcome this cut-off is provided .
Principle
When power supply is available, battery charges through the diode
D2. At the same time white LED’s will glow based on the light
conditions. When power fails, the white LED’s which are connected
MOSFET will glow based on the light condition till the battery shuts
down.

When LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) is in light, the resistance of

LDR is very low. As a result base of the transistor Q1 becomes high.
As a result white LED’s which are connected to MOSFET turns OFF.

When the circuit is in dark, the resistance of LDR is in order of mega

ohms. Now the base of the transistor becomes low, as a result
transistor Q1 switches the white LED’s to ON state.
COMPONENTS
1.9V step down transformer
2.Diode bridge – 1A
3.7808 voltage regulator
4.Light dependent resistor – 2M ohm
5.IRF540 MOSFET transistor
6.BC548 PNP transistor
7.DC battery – 6V, 4.5Ah
8.Pot – 10k
9.4 high bright LED, s – 3v and 15mA
10.red led
11.1n4007 diodes – 1
12.electrolytic capacitor – 470uF
13.ceramic capacitor – 0.1uF
14.1k resistors – 2
15.10 hm resistors – 2
16.10k resistor – 1
Circuit Components
LM317 – 1
Resistor
R1 (220E) – 1
R2-R12 (220E) – 11
R13 (470E)
VR1 (100K) – 1
C1 (100uF) – 1
C2 (. 1uF) – 1
D1-D4 (1N4007) – 4
S1-S5 (on/off switch) – 5
LED1-LED12 – 12
Transformer – 1
Battery – 1
Zener diode (3.3) – 1
Circuit Design
Here step down transformer is used to reduce input AC voltage
to low AC voltage. Diode Bridge is used to convert input AC
voltage to pulsating DC. Here capacitor C1 is used to remove
the ripples from the rectified DC. LED D1 indicates the main
supply and resistor R1 is used to protect the LED D1 from high
voltage.
In this circuit transistor Q1 switches states white LED’s based
on the supply as well as light conditions. The output of LDR is
connected to the base of transistor Q1 to switch the transistor
based on the light conditions. The collector terminal of the
transistor Q1 is connected is connected to the gate of MOSFET
to switch white LED’s according to the conditions.
In this circuit voltage regulator 7808 is used to regulate voltage
and current. This IC has built in current limiting circuit. The
output of this voltage regulator is positive 8V.
2 white LED’s are connected in series, so two white LED’s
glow with the current that is required for a single LED. As a
result energy is saved. For a white LED we need a minimum of
3.6V and maximum of 20mA current.
Circuit Diagram
Methodology
The high AC (in the range of 110V or 230V) voltage to low (12V)
DC voltage.
freewheeling diode too.
terminal to battery. Thus battery charges during this time.
battery is charging.
the battery.
stored in the battery.
Transformer
In this circuit the transformer used is of step down type which
consumes 230 volts
as input (primary side) and produces output of 12volts. This can be
termed as
230votls primary, 12v secondary step down transformer.

2.2 Relay circuit:

Relay is working as a Switch. In the input of Relay 9V DC supply can
be given and
at the output if we connect bulb so relay is working as switch and
bulb will turn
On/Off so, we can verify the working of Relay.
It permits current to flow in the forward direction as normal, but will
also allow it to
flow in the reverse direction when the voltage is above a certain
value - the
breakdown voltage known as the Zener voltage. The Zener diode
specially made
to have a reverse voltage breakdown at a specific voltage.
For example, a diode with a Zener breakdown voltage of 4.2 V
exhibits a voltage
drop of very nearly 4.2 V across a wide range of reverse currents.
Emergency Light With Battery Charger
A very easy circuit of “variable power supply and charger” is being
explained here. It is not only very much useful in the time of power
cut but also used as main power supply. At your workbench, you can
use this circuit to check or testing of your electronic projects. Mobile
phone batteries can be charged with the help of these circuits. This
circuit can work as an emergency light.
As per your need you can take the output from the circuit by
just flipping the different number of switches (from S3, S4 and S5) in
the circuit.
If you require the variable power supply as your output than set
switch S3 into “on” state. LM317 is used in the circuit which is
a variable voltage to supply variable power.
With the help of flipping the S5 switch which is provided in the
circuit Li-ions battery can be charged, which are generally used in
the mobile phones with the assist of your mobile connectors.
While the charging current in the circuit is being controlled with the
help of resistor R13. Turn over to switch S5 if you want to use the
emergency light. Reflectors can be used in the circuit if you wish to
enlarge the intensity of light.
S1 and S2 are the two switches that are given in the circuit so that you
can power your circuit either directly with the AC supply or else you
can take help of any battery.
Different range of voltage can be achieved by just adjusting the
variable resistor that is provided in the circuit and with the help of
multimeter output can be seen and the voltage which is desirable can
set. The power supply range can altar from 1.5V to 12V.
With the help of flipping the S5 switch which is provided in the
circuit Li-ions battery can be charged, which are generally used in
the mobile phones with the assist of your mobile connectors.
While the charging current in the circuit is being controlled with the
help of resistor R13. Turn over to switch S5 if you want to use the
emergency light. Reflectors can be used in the circuit if you wish to
enlarge the intensity of light.
Important Applications
Used in child’s study rooms to avoid the sudden power failure.
As an emergency lamp in homes.
Used in security systems to switch ON the lights automatically during
the power failure.
This is very simple circuit and the cost is also very less.
power is saved because the circuit switches the LEDs based on light
conditions.

Future Scope
The emergency light which uses IC is a reliable one comparing
to other on IC
emergency lights and there is an automatic feature by which itself get
glows.
This project can be adopted for mass production as cheap and
efficient method.
Conclusion
The output of the LEDs is measured and tested battery backup is
approx. 8 Hours. At
the input of the battery the measured voltage is 4.5V through Zener
Diode. Across
Capacitor measured voltage is 12.15V DC and from calculated
current is 12.15mA.
Across Diode D2 voltage is 13.7V. This circuit can also be extended
to a higher output
voltage for which the charging voltage and the load are to be chosen
accordingly. All
the other components involved in the circuit are of same value.
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As of there has been an increase in the use of LEDs for the
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