Som Ans

Strength
of Materials
Solutions for Vol – I _ Classroom Practice Questions
Chapter- 1
Simple Stresses and Strains
Fundamental, Mechanical Properties of Materials, Stress Strain Diagram
01. Ans: (b) 02. Ans: (a)

Sol: Sol:
 Ductility: The property of materials to  When the material is subjected to stresses, it
allow large deformations or large extensions undergoes to strains. After removal of
without failure (large plastic zone) is termed stress, if the strain is not restored/recovered,
as ductility. then it is called inelastic material.
 Brittleness: A brittle material is one which  For rigid plastic material:
exhibits a relatively small extensions or

deformations prior to fracture. Failure
without warning (No plastic zone) i.e. no
plastic deformation. 
 Tenacity: High tensile strength.  Any material that can be subjected to large
 Creep: Creep is the gradual increase of strains before it fractures is called a ductile
plastic strain in a material with time at material. Thus, it has large plastic zone.
constant load.  Materials that exhibit little or no yielding
 Plasticity: The property by which material before failure are referred as brittle
undergoes permanent deformation even materials. Thus, they have no plastic zone.
after removal of load.
 Endurance limit: The stress level below 03. Ans: (a)
which a specimen can withstand cyclic Sol: Refer to the solution of Q. No. (01).
stress indefinitely without failure.
 Fatigue: Decreased Resistance of material 04. Ans: (b)
to repeated reversal of stresses. Sol: The stress-strain diagram for ductile
material is shown below.
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:2: CIVIL - Postal Coaching Solutions
 A material is homogeneous if it has the

 same composition throughout the body.
T
Hence, the elastic properties are the same at
R U every point in the body in a given direction.
Q
P S However, the properties need not to be the
same in all the directions for the material.
Thus, both A and B are false.
O  06. Ans: (a)

P – Proportionality limit Sol: Strain hardening increase in strength after
Q – Elastic limit plastic zone by rearrangement of molecules
R – Upper yield point in material.
S – Lower yield point  Visco-elastic material exhibits a mixture of
T – Ultimate tensile strength creep as well as elastic after effects at room
U – Failure temperature. Thus their behavior is time
From above, dependant
OP  Stage I
PS  Stage II 07. Ans: (a)
Sol: Refer to the solution of Q. No. (01).
ST  Stage III
TU  Stage IV 08. Ans: (a)
Sol: Modulus of elasticity (Young's modulus) of
05. Ans: (b) some common materials are as follow:
Sol: Material Young's Modulus (E)
 If the response of the material is Steel 200 GPa
independent of the orientation of the load Cast iron 100 GPa
axis of the sample, then we say that the Aluminum 60 to 70 GPa
material is isotropic or in other words we Timber 10 GPa
can say the isotropy of a material is its Rubber 0.01 to 0.1 GPa
characteristics, which gives us the
information that the properties are same in 09. Ans: (a)
the three orthogonal directions x, y and z. Sol: Addition of carbon will increase strength,
thereby ductility will decrease.

:3: Strength of Materials
Elastic Constants and Their Relationships
01. Ans (c) 02. Ans: (c)

Sol: We know that, Sol: We know that,
D P
Lateral strain D Bulk modulus =
Poisson’s ratio   V
Linear strain L V
L
200  20
D P  2.5105 =
 8 V

PL B
A,L,E  V = 0.016 m3
AE 1
L C
D AE P
 
8 P
 2
(8)  10 6
D 4
 0.25 
8 50000
 D = 1.98 × 103  0.002 cm
Linear and Volumetric Changes of Bodies
01. Ans: (d) z = 0

Sol: Pz
Py
y z 
y    . x
E E E
Px Px  0
 P     P    Px 
E E E
 . Px
 P
Py Pz 1   
Let Py = Pz = P
y = 0 ,
02. Ans: (a) Take minimum value from PS, AAl and PB.
Sol: Given that, c = 4  P = 10,000 N
Punching force = Shear resistance of plate
  Cross section area    ( surface Area)
. D 2 04. Ans: (c)
 4   (  . D . t ) Sol:
4
 D = t = 10 mm
2K K
a a a
03. Ans: (d)
Sol: A B C D
3P 3P B
Steel A
W
Ps
s = 140 MPa 
As From similar triangle
140  500 3a 2a
 PS =  23,300 N 
3 A B
P P 3B = 2A ……. (1)

Aluminium
W
Stiffness K 

PA WA W
Al = 90 MPa   KA   A  A
A A A 2K
 PAl = 90  400 = 36,000 N WB
Similarly B 
K
WB W
2P 2P From equation (1) 3  2 A
Bronze K 2K
WA
 3
WB
PB
B = 100 MPa 
AB
100  200
 PB = = 10,000 N
2


 x  1  2 
Thermal/Temperature Stresses E
  
 x E 
01. Ans: (b) 1  2
Sol: Free expansion = Expansion prevented T E
  
1  2 
  t s    t Al   P   P 

 AE  s  AE  AL  T E
 
1110 6  20  24 10 6  20 1  2
P P
 
100 10  200 200 103  70
3
03. Ans: (b)
 P = 5.76 kN Sol:
y
a
P 5.76 103
s    57.65 MPa a
As 100
P 5.76 10 3 x
 Al    28.82 MPa
A al 200
 Free expansion in x direction is at.
 Free expansion in y direction is at.
02. Ans: (a)
 Since there is restriction in y direction
Sol: 
 expansion doesn’t take place. So in lateral
direction, increase in expansion due to
restriction is at.
  Thus, total expansion in x direction is,
=at+at
 = a  t (1 + )

Strain in X-direction due to temperature, 04. Ans: (b)

Sol: Stress: When force is applied on a body, it
 t    T 
suffers a deformation. To resist this
Strain in X-direction due to volumetric stress,
deformation, from equilibrium point of view,
x y
x    z internal forces arise in the body giving rise to
E E E
concept of stress.
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Re sistance Tension in steel bar = Ps

Stress 
Area Tension in each brass bar = PB
Since the deformations arise first and are 2
Ps   
measurable, strain is a fundamental Elongation in steel bar = ;
AEs
behavior and stress is derived from this
 PB 
Change in length  
Strain  Elongation in brass bar =  2 
Original length AEs
Therefore, strain has no units and SI units of But, steel = brass
2
stress is N/m (or) Pa.
 PB 
Ps      2  ;


05. Ans: (a) AEs AE B
Sol: When a ductile material is subjected to Es
repeating (or) cyclic loads, progressive and Given data, 2
EB
localized deformations occur leading to the
Ps P
development of residual strains in the  B
2E B E B
material. When the accumulated strain
 PS = PB
energy exceeds the toughness, the material
From equation (1) P = PB + PB
fractures and this failure called as fatigue
P
occurs at a load much less than the ultimate  PB  Ps 
2
load of the structure. The failure load
P
decreases with increase in the number of Shear in each pin = = 0.5 P
2
loadings.
07. Ans: (c)
06. Ans: (b) Sol: Consider a circular bar of cross-section area
Sol: FBD of a single pin: ‘a’ length ‘l’ unit weight ‘’
PB / 2
PS P
PB / 2
For equilibrium: PB + Ps = P --- (1)

At any section ‘x-x’, at distance ‘x’

Px Chapter- 2
Stress due to self weight =
A Complex Stresses and Strains
Ax
=
A
= x 01. Ans: (b)
 Max stress () =  Sol: Maximum principal stress 1 = 18
1   Minimum principal stress 2 = 8
 When all the dimensions are doubled = 2 1   2
Maximum shear stress = = 13
 2 2 2
  2 = 21
1  Normal stress on Maximum shear stress plane
1   2 18  (8)
=  5
08. Ans: (b) 2 2
Sol: Refer to the solution of Q.No. 04 in

fundamental mechanical properties and 02. Ans: (b)
stress-strain diagrams. 1   2
Sol: Radius of Mohr’s circle, max =
2
09. Ans: (b) 1  10

 20 =
2
Sol: Fatigue is the progressive and localized
structural damage, that occurs in a material  1 = 50 N/mm2
subjected to repetitive loads. The nominal
maximum stress value that cause such 03. Ans: (b)
damage is much less than the strength of the Sol: Given data,
material.  x 150 MPa ,  y   300 MPa ,   0.3
Endurance limit: It is the stress level Long dam  plane strain member
below which a specimen can withstand  z  x  y
z  0   
cyclic stress indefinitely without exhibiting E E E
fatigue failure. Also known as fatigue  0   z  0.3  150  0.3  300
limit/fatigue strength.   z  45 MPa

04. Ans: (b) 0 

1. max  
Sol:  2 2

2. max  0
2
    
 3. max  
2
1 = 2 = 175  1 
4. max      
 22 4
From the bove, we can say that Mohr’s
 Increasing order is 2, 4, 1 and 3.
circle is a point located at 175 MPa on
normal stress axis.
07. Ans: (b)
Thus, 1 = 2 = 175 MPa
Sol:
05. Ans: (c)

Sol: Given that,  2  0
2
x  y  x  y 
 2       2 xy
2  2 
2
x  y  x  y 
      2 xy
2  2 
2 2
 x  y     y  Since y-axis passes through centre of
     x    2 xy
 2   2  Mohr’s circle  centre of Mohr circle is
2 2 origin
 x  y   x  y 
  2
xy      
 1   2 
 2   2   0, 0   , 0
 2 
 2 xy   x . y
1   2
  0  1 = –2
  xy   x . y 2
 Direct stresses are equal in magnitude
06. Ans: (d) but opposite in nature.
1   2
Sol: Max shear stress =
2
1, 2 are major and minor principal stress
08. Ans: (a) 2

 
Sol:  1    
2 2
1 =  ; 2 = 0
Corresponding Mohr's circle is
For any point above NA, and below

Case - I : At Neutral axis
extreme fiber Mohr’s circle will be an
Shear stress is maximum; Bending stress is
intermediate of the above two cases i.e.,
zero i.e. stress condition is
and Mohr's circle is
Case - II : At extreme top fibre

Bending stress is tensile and maximum
Shear stress = 0. Stress condition is

: 10 : CIVIL - Postal Coaching Solutions
02. Ans: (b)

Chapter- 3 Sol: 25 kN/m
Shear Force and Bending Moment 100 kN
S
P 2m 2m Q 1.5m
01. Ans: (b) 41.41 kN 25 kN/m 77.34 kN
Sol: Contra flexure is the point where BM is
becoming zero. Take M P  0
 1. 5 
 4   R Q  4   100  2  25  0
1
X  25  1.5  
20 kN 2  3 
17.5 kN/m B
x
A D
C
4m 4m 2m  R Q  77.34 kN
RA
RB Also, V = 0
X
1
 R P  R Q  100   25  1.5 118.75 kN
50 2
P.O.C
 R p  41.41 kN
D
A C B
 Shear force at P = 41.41 kN
3.78
03. Ans: (c)
Taking moment about A, Sol: MS = RP (3) + 25  (100  1) = 49.2 kN-m
MA = 0
4 04. Ans: (c)
 17.54  20  10  R B  8  0
2 Sol:
3 kN A B C
 RB = 42.5 kN
1m 1m 1m
Now, Mx = 20x + RB(x  2) VA 3 kN-m VB
For bending moment be zero Mx = 0,

–VB  3 + 3 = 0
20x + 42.5(x  2) = 0
 VC = 1 kN
 x = 3.78 m from right i.e. from D.
 Bending moment at B,
 MB = VC  1 = 1 kN-m

: 11 : Strength of Materials
05. Ans: (a) 08. Ans: (b)

Sol: 4 dM
Sol: Shear force (V) =
4kN dx
A B
2m 2m  For bending moment to be maximum,
2 kN 2 kN dM
0 V=0
dx
Reaction at both the supports are 2 kN and
When shear force changes sign it implies if
in upward direction.
it is zero at a particular section then bending
moment is maximum at that section.
06. Ans: (c)
Point of contra flexure: Points where
Sol:
P bending moment curve changes sign.
Ex:
P l
RA= l P
2 2 RB=
2 2
Pl
4
BMD Diagram
l Pl 09. Ans: (c)

Bending moment at from left is .
2 4
Sol: Point of contra flexure: It is the point of
The given beam is statically determinate
the bending moment curve where bending
structure. Therefore equilibrium equations
moment changes its algebraic sign.
are sufficient to analyze the problem.
dM
In statically determinate structure the BMD, Shear force, (V) =
dx
SFD and Axial force are not affected by  There is no relation between shear force
section (I), material (E), thermal changes.
and point of contra flexure.
07. Ans: (a)

Sol: As the given support is hinge, for different
set of loads in different direction beam will
experience only axial load.

2b3d 
3
9
M.I about CG = ICG = = bd 3
Chapter- 4 12 2
Centre of Gravity & Moment of M.I about X  X | at d = IG + Ay2
dis tan ce
Inertia 4
2
9 3 5
= bd  6bd  d 2
2 4
01. Ans: (a) 111 3
= bd = 13.875bd3
E 1 y1  E 2 y 2 8
Sol: y
E1  E 2
 h h 04. Ans: 6.885106 mm4
2E 2  h    E 2 
 2 2
y E1  2E 2  Sol:
2E 2  E 2
BD3  bd 3 
 y  1.167h from base Ix =  2  Ah 2 
12  12 
60  1203  30  303 
02. Ans: (b) =  2  30  30  30 2 
12  12 
Sol: y  A1E1Y1  A 2 E 2 Y2
A1E1  A 2 E 2 = 6.885106 mm4
1.5a  3a 2  E1  1.5a  6a 2  2E1

3a 2 E1  6a 2 (2E1 ) 05. Ans: 152146 mm4
22.5a 3 E 1 Sol:
  1.5a
15a 2 E 1 30  403   20 4
Ix    152146 mm 4
12 64
03. Ans: 13.875 bd3 40  30 3    20 4  4  10   
2

Iy    2  10 2  15  
Sol: 2b 12  64 2  3   
  
= 45801.34 mm4
5
y= d
4
CG 3d
X X
d/4

 MA = 0
Chapter- 5  P 100 + 2P  200 + 3P300 = RB 400
Theory of Simple Bending RB = 3.5P, RA = 2.5P
Take moments about F and moment at F
MF = RB 150 3P50 = 375P
01. Ans: (b) M F b
Also, 
Sol: b/2 I yF
b
b/2  

375P 1.5  10 6  200  10 3 
A
b 2176 6
B
 P = 0.29 N
M
By using flexural formula,   03. Ans: (b)
Z
Sol: By using Flexural formula,
1
  M is constant  E  2  105 b
Z  b  
R y max 250 0.5 / 2
b 2
 b   b = 200 N/mm2
2 
A ZB 6
   =2
B ZA b
2
04. Ans: (c)
b 
2 Sol:
6 75
 A = 2B
25
02. Ans: (b) 50

Sol:
4mm 10mm By using flexural formula,
 f = 1.510
-6
NA M f

I y
16  10 6 f
3P    f = 14.22 MPa
P 2P 100  150 3
25
A 100 B 12
100 50 F 50 100
Now, Force on hatched area
RA RB = Average stress  Hatched area

 0  14.22  07. Ans: 80 MPa

=  (25 50) = 8.9 kN
 2  Sol: 10 mm 100 mm 10 mm
05. Ans: (b)

f Tensile M 100 mm
Sol: By using flexural formula, 
y top I
200 mm
0.3  3  10 6
 f Tensile =  70
3  10 6
(maximum bending stress will be at top Maximum stress in timber = 8 MPa
fibre so y1 = 70 mm) Modular ratio, m = 20
2 2
 fTensile = 21 N/mm = 21 MN/m Stress in timber in steel level,
06. Ans: (c) 100  8

Sol: Given data: 50  fw
P = 200 N, M = 200 N.m  fw = 4 MPa
A = 0.1 m , 2
I = 1.3310–3 m4 Maximum stress developed in steel is = mfw
y = 20 mm = 204 = 80 MPa
Due to direct tensile force P, Convert whole structure as a steel structure
P 200 by using modular ratio.
d  
A 0.1
= 2000 N/m2 (Tensile) 08. Ans: 2.43 mm
Due to the moment M, Sol: From figure A1B1 = l = 3 m (given)
M  h
b  y AB =  R    = l – lt1 ------ (1)
I  2
200  h
= 3
 20  10 3 A2B2 =  R    = l + lt2 ------ (2)
1.33  10  2
= 3007.52 N/m2 (Compressive) Subtracting above two equations (2) – (1)
net = d – b h () = l (t2–t1)
= 2000 – 3007.52
but A1B1 = l = R  R
= – 1007.52 N/m2
l
Negative sign indicates compressive stress. =
R A B
h
l 
2
 h    l (T) A2
A1 B1 B
2
net = 1007.52 N/m R

h 250 Since the strain variation should be same in

R= =
 ( T )  
1.5  10 5 72  36 both the original and transformed section;
R = 462.9 m depth is not changed. i.e. deq = d1
From geometry of circles  Width of equivalent section = (original
L L width) × modular ratio
(2R–) =  {ref. figure in Q.No.02}
2 2  beq = mb1
L2 Transformed Sections:
2R–2 = (neglect 2)
4
L2 32
=  = 2.43 mm
8R 8  462.9
Shortcut:
Deflection is due to differential temperature
of bottom and top (T = 72o – 36o = 36o).
Bottom temperature being more, the beam
deflects down.
As derived in the Q2 (2 marks)
(T) 2 1.5  10 5  36  3000 2
= =
8h 8  250
= 2.43 mm (downward)
09. Ans: (d)

Sol: For an equivalent section:
Load carried by original section = Load
carried by transformed section.
 f1A1 = f2Aeq
 f1 
 Aeq =  A1  mA1
 f2 
A beam that has larger section modulus will
be stronger and support greater load.
Since in figure II, stronger material is
provided at extreme fibres, moment of
inertia is more. So section modulus is more.
beqdeq = mb1d1
 It will support greatest load.
10. Ans: (d) Since the materials are bonded rigidly, it is

Sol: Assumptions in simple bending: assumed that there is no relative movement
 Beam is initially straight and has between them. Hence all the assumptions
constant cross-section valid in bending of homogeneous beams
 Material is homogeneous and isotropic holds good except one assumption i.e.
i.e. same material and same elastic young’s modulus ‘E’ is same through out
properties in all direction the beam.
 Beam is symmetrical about plane of When load is applied, both the materials
bending i.e. longitudinal plane of bend together to same radius of curvature.
symmetry  Total moment of resistance = sum of
 Beam is composed of infinite number moments of resistance of individual
of fibers along longitudinal direction. sections considering them as a single unit.
Each fiber is free to expand (or) contract
independently of the layer above (or)
below it.
 Resultant of the applied loads, lies in the
plane of symmetry i.e. cross section is
symmetric about loading plane. 12. Ans: (b)
 Transverse sections of beam which are Sol: Generally, beams have same cross-section
plane before bending remains plane throughout. Since the bending moment is
after bending. not maximum at all sections, cross-section
 Material obeys Hooke’s law and dimensions can be varied along the length
Modulus of elasticity ‘E’ is same in to resist BM at that particular section. i.e a
tension and compression; Elastic limit is non -prismatic beam.
not exceeded. Ex:
11. Ans: (a)

Sol: Flitched beam is a compound beam made of
two (or) more materials, bonded together.
Generally used, when large depths are
required for weaker material like wood. In
this case, it is bonded with a strong material
like steel, thus reducing the depth required.
03. Ans: 61.43 MPa

Chapter- 6 Sol:
120
Shear Stress Distribution in Beams
(2) 20
01. Ans: (a) CG 33
160
3 3 f
Sol: max =  avg =  (1) 107
2 2 b.d
3 50  10 3 20
3=  All dimensions are in mm
2 100  d
d = 250 mm = 25 cm INA = 13  106 mm4
yCG = 107 mm from base
02. Ans: 37.3 FAy
max =
Sol: Ib
B=160
A y = (120 2043) + (33 2016.5)
20 2.7963 37.28 = 114090 mm3
D=320 d=280 140  10 3  114090
max =48.70 max = = 61.43 MPa
13  10 6  20
15
20 04. Ans: (a)

Sol: For a shear force ‘V’ and cross section area
All dimensions are in mm V
‘A’ average shear stress = avg =
A
Bending moment (M) = 100 kN-m,
In case of rectangular cross sections,
Shear Force (SF) = f = 200 kN
maximum shear stress = max = 1.5avg
160  320 145  280
3 3
I=  In case of circular cross sections, maximum
12 12
4
= 171.65  106 mm4 shear stress = max = avg
3
FAy
at interface of flange & web = For the same amount of shear force and
Ib
same cross-section area, maximum shear
200  10 3
=  160  20  150 stress is lesser in circular cross-section, so it
171.65  10 6  15 is stronger in shear i.e. can resist more shear
= 37.28 MPa force compared to rectangular cross section.

05. Ans: (b)

Sol: Chapter- 7
Torsion
01. Ans: (a)

Sol: Twisting moment = 2  0.5 – 1  0.5
VAy = 0.5 kN-m

Ib
A = Area above the section at which stress 02. Ans: (d)

is calculated. Strength solid 1
Sol: 
1 Strength hollow 1 K4
  and increases as area increases
b 1 16
= 
i.e. towards neutral axis.  2
1 1
4
15
Since width of web << width of flange
 '' increases at web and is maximum at
03. Ans: 43.27 MPa & 37.5 MPa
centre of web. Sol: Given Do = 30 mm , t = 2 mm
 Di = 30 – 4 = 26 mm
 q
We know that 
J R
100  10 3 q
 max

 30  26
4 4

 30 
 
32  2
qmax = 43.279 N/mm2
100  10 3 q
 min

 30  26
4 4

 26 
 
32  2 
qmin = 37.5 N/mm2

04. Ans: (a) there is no shear force, shear stress will

Sol: Ductile material is weak in shear, so it fails not be induced.
in a plane where maximum shear stress
occurs. Brittle material is weak in tension,
so it fails in a plane where maximum tensile
stress occurs.  If the axis of the moment is along the
It is a case of pure shear. axis of the beam then beam will be
 subjected to torsion. Thus, only shear
stress will be induced and bending stress
will not be induced..


1 = max, at  = 45 (maximum normal

stress which causes failure of brittle
material).
Thus, Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are

correct and Reason (R) is correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
05. Ans: (b)

Sol: Let the axis of the beam is x-x as shown
below.
y
x x z z
y
 If the axis of the moment is perpendicular

the axis of the beam (i.e. axis of the
moment is either y-y or z-z), then beam
will be subjected to bending. Hence,
bending stress will be induced. Since

03. Ans: (c)

Chapter- 8 Sol:
Slopes and Deflections
ymax = 18 mm
wl 3
max =  0.02 -------(i)
01. Ans: (c) 6 EI
Sol: wL4
d ymax =
8EI
d A B b
 WL3  L  6
 0.018    
b  6EI  8
0.02  L  6
1  0.018  [∵ Equation (i)]
ymax  8
I
 L = 1.2 m
y I
 A  B
yB IA
04. Ans: (a)
2
y A  bd / 12
3
d Sol:
yB = 3
 yB =   yA W
db / 12 b 
y
y 
02. Ans: (b)

Sol: Total load W= wl (L-l/2) l (L-l/2)
L
W 3
y max  (Downward) Conditions given
8EI
wl 3
y=
W 3 48EI
y max  (Upward)
3EI wl 2
=
16EI
ynet =  yudl yw y
tan =
Total Net deflection =
3
WL WL

3
L    / 2
8E1 3EI
 is small  tan  = 
 5WL 3
y
 =
24EI L    / 2
(Negative sign indicates upward deflection)

L 07. Ans: 0.05

y =   
 2  Sol:
A 5m C 5m B
L
y=  
 2 
Thus y = y  10 m
w 3 w 2  L   
    d2y
48EI 16EI  2   Curvature,  0.004
dx 2
L 5
  Integrating with respect to x,
 3
dy
We get,  0.004 x
05. Ans: (c) dx
Sol: By using Maxwell’s law of reciprocals 0.004 x 2
y
theorem W
2
y = 0.002x2
C
A B At mid span, x = 5 m
 y = 0.002 x2
C/B = B/C
y = 0.05 m
Deflection at ‘C’ due to unit load at ‘B’
= Deflection at ‘B’ due to unit load at ‘C’
08. Ans: (c)
As the load becomes half deflection
Sol: According to Mohr’s second moment area
becomes half.
theorem displacement of ‘B’ from tangent
M
06. Ans: (c) at A = moment of area of diagram
W=1kN W=1kN
EI
Sol:
between A and B taken about B.
20 mm 15 mm
A B 30 mm
40 mm
 wL3   wL3 
yA = yB      
 3EI  A  48 EI  B
 LB = 400 mm

Tangent at ‘C’ i..e C’ - C’ is horizontal Consider a load ‘W’ on a simply supported

M beam AB of length '' at a distance a from
Moment of area of diagram between A
EI A.
and ‘C’ about ‘A’ gives, displacement of  
a  
‘A’ (A) w.r.t tangent at ‘C’ (i.e. ‘’ as  2
shown in figure). For equilibrium: ΣFy = 0 ; ΣMz = 0
  A  0 and tangent at ‘C’ is at a distance of R A + RB = W
  c from the beam so we get ‘c’ from Taking moments about A;
the above analysis. R B     W a   0

Wa
 RB 
Note: 
1) This deflection is valid only for midpoint W   a  W b 
RA  
for a simply supported beam with a load at  
midspan. For any other section, actual Using Macaulay’s method:
deflection is not same if calculated as Consider a section x-x at a distance ‘x’
above, as shown for point ‘D’. δD is actual from A
deflection at ’D’, is the value obtained if
d2y
moment of area between B and D is taken EI   M,
dx 2
about 'B'.  R A x  W  x  a  
M
2) If moment of area of diagram between dy W x  a  R A x 2
2
EI Integrating EI    C1
dx 2 2
A and C about ‘C’ is taken it gives
deflection of ‘C’ w.r.t tangent at ‘A’ i.e. δ′ Integrating:
shown in figure (Which is not the deflection W x  a  R A 3
3
Ely   x  C1x  C 2
of ‘C’). 6 6
At A; x = 0; y = 0  C2 = 0
09. Ans: (d) At B; x =  ; y = 0
Sol:
W   a  R A  3
3
0   C1
6 6

 1  W   a  W   a  2  x is real number if 2a  a 2  0  a  2

3
C1    
6     (possible)
W   a  

6 

   a   2
2
 x  0 and a 
2
W   a  2a  a 2

6 
 a 2  2a   Max deflection occurs at x 
3
W x  a  W   a  3 
3
 Ely   x Checking if x 
6 6 2
W   a 

6 
2a  a 2 x Assuming x

2
dy 2a  a 2 
For maximum deflection 0  
dx 3 2
dy W x  a  W   a x 2
2
EI    8a  4a 2  3 2
dx 2 2
 4a 2  8a  3 2  0
W   a 

6 
2a  a 2   0    3 
  a   a    0
Solving equation:  2  2
   3
For x  a;  a    Case 1: a  ; a  (possible)
 2 2 2
W  3
   a x 2  W   a 2a  a 2   0  Case 2: a  ; a 
2 2
(possible)
2 6

x 
2a  a   a
2
 Conclusion: x<a; x 
2
Max deflection
3
occurs between midspan and point of

a  2a   application of load.
2
4a 2  2a
3a 2  2a  a 2
2a  a 2
 a2
3
2a  a 2
a
3

10. Ans: (b) or (c) 13. Ans: (c)

Sol: Sol:
1. According to Castigliano’s second
theorem:
Partial derivative of strain energy w.r.t
concentrated external load is the deflection
of the structure at the point of application
and in the direction of load.
U
 ' '
P
11. Ans: (b) 2. Derivative of deflection:

Sol: Refer to the solution of Q.No. 08 If y is the deflection; then
dy
 slope
12. Ans: (a) dx
Sol: Conjugate beam is an imaginary beam for
M
which loading = diagram of real beam
EI
and is based on 3. Derivative of slope:
 Slope at a section in real beam = shear dy
If is the slope, then Derivative of slope
force at that section in conjugate beam. dx
 Deflection at a section in real beam = multiplied with EI gives Bending moment
Bending moment at that section in d2y
 EI 2  M
conjugate beam. dx
 For a simple support of real beam θ ≠ 0  There is no exact answer, but the most
=0 suitable answer is ‘C’
 Corresponding support in conjugate
beam should have SF ≠ 0 4. Derivative of moment :
BM = 0 First derivative of bending moment gives
And the support corresponding to this shear force.
condition is simple support. dM
V
dx

14. Ans: (b)

Sol: For a simply supported beam subjected to Chapter- 9
uniformly distributed loads. Thin& Thick Pressure Vessels
01. Ans: (b)

SFD: h  0 PD
Sol: max = l = =
2 4t
1.6  900
max =  30 MPa
4  12
02. Ans: 2.5 MPa & 2.5 MPa

Sol: Given data:
BMD:
R = 0.5 m, D = 1m, t = 1mm,
3
H = 1 m,  = 10 kN/m , h = 0.5 m
At mid-depth of cylindrical wall (h = 0.5m):
Circumferential (hoop) stress,
Deflection profile: Pat h 0.5 m  D h  D
c  =
4t 4t
10  103  2  0.5
=
4  1  10 3
= 2.5  106 N/m2 = 2.5 MPa
Longitudinal stress at mid-height,
Conclusions:
Net weight of the water
(i) Bending moment is maximum at  
Cross  sec tion area
centre and zero at support.
(ii) Shear force is maximum at supports   Volume
=
D  t
and zero at centre.

(iii) Slope is maximum at supports and   D2L
4   DL
zero at midspan. = =
D  t 4t
10  103  1 1
=
4  10 3
= 2.5  106 N/m2 = 2.5 MPa
03. Ans: (c) 05. Ans: (a)

Sol: According to Lame’s theorem Sol: Thin Cylinders: If the thickness of the wall
b of the cylinders is less than of its diameters.
Hoop stress = x = a
x2 In the design of thin cylinders, it is assumed
Stress variation is hyperbolic with that circumferential stress or hoop stress is
maximum stress on the inner surface. uniformly distributed through the thickness
of the wall.
Pd
Hoop stress,  b 
2t
Pd
Longitudinal stress =
4t
1
= h
04. Ans: (b) 2
Sol: According to Lame's equation for thick
b 06. Ans: (d)
cylinders hoop stress x = a
x2 Sol: Thin cylinder are designed based on the
Pr12 r22 assumption the circumferential stress
b
r12  r22  distribution is uniform over the thickness of
the wall as the variation is negligible.
Pr22
a

r12  r22  But in case of thick cylinders,
circumferential stress is not uniform but
varies from maximum at inner side to
minimum at outer side.
 For internal pressure a, b are positive

For external pressure
 ‘P’ is negative; a, b are negative.

04. Ans: (c)

Chapter- 10 Sol: Euler’s theory is applicable for axially
Columns loaded columns.
F
Force in member AB, PAB   2F
cos 45 o
01. Ans: (c)  2 EI

PAB = 2
Le
 2  EI
Sol: By using Euler's formula, Pe =
l e2  2 EI
 2 F= 2
l Le
For a given system, le =
2  2 EI
 F=
4 2  EI 2 L2
 Pe =
l2
02. Ans: (b) 05. Ans: (a)

2 EI Sol: Given data:
Sol: We know that, Pcr  2
e Le = L = 3 m ,
1  = 12  10–6 /C,
 Pcr  2
e d = 50 mm = 0.05 m
P1 l 22e  2 EI
  Buckling load, Pe 
P2 l12e L2C
P1 l2 Pe L
   P1: P2 = 1: 4   L T
P2 (2l ) 2 AE
 2 EI  L
03. Ans: 4   L  T
L2  AE
Sol: Euler's crippling load,

2 2  E   d4  L
P= EI  64  LT
l2 
L  d E
2 2
 PI 4
 b2t 3  2  d 2  2  0.05
2
   T  
P I bonded  12  16  L2   16  32 12 10 6
   4
Po I loose  bt 3   T = 14.3C
2 
 12 
06. Ans: (b) For I-section:

Sol: When the load is eccentric, it cause both
direct and bending stresses in the member.
For the tensile stresses, to not develop in the
section; the load must lie within certain
cross section of the member. This is called
core (or) Kern of the section.
For rectangle:
07. Ans: (c)

2 EI
Sol: Buckling load of columns (P) =
 2o
 o : Effective length, depends on end
conditions of the column
1
Note: For hollow rectangle also shape of P and  o  K
 2o
kern is rhombus.
1
P 
2
For circular section:
 With increasing length, of the column,
buckling load decreases.
08. Ans: (a)

Sol: Modulus of elasticity of high strength alloy
steel and ordinary structural steel is almost
same.
So, buckling failure strength of high
strength alloy steel is approximately same
Note: For hollow circular section, also
as that of structural steel.
shape of kern is circle.
 2 EI
Euler's buckling load = 2
e
09. Ans: (a)

 2 EI Chapter- 11
Sol: Euler's buckling load = P  Strain Energy
 20
P  2 EI
Stress =  2
A e A
I 01. Ans: (d)

r = radius of gyration =
A Sol:
Er 2  Slope of the stress-strain curve in the elastic

  region is called modulus of elasticity.
 2e
For the given curves,

 = slenderness ratio = e (Modulus of elasticity)A > (Modulus of
r
E elasticity)B
   EA > EB
2
1  The material for which plastic region is
 
2 more is stress-strain curve is possesed high
When slenderness ratio is small, stress ductility. Thus, DB > DA.
causing failure will be high according to
Euler's formula assuming ideal end 02. Ans: (b)
conditions. Sol: 
A
But this stress must not be greater than
crushing stress. Also, in practice the end
conditions will not be ideal leading to B
30
eccentricity in the loading. This results in
30
bending moment which causes failure 
x
before the Euler's load. Hence for
slenderness ratio < 120, Euler's theory is not SE A 
Area under curve A
used as it gives high value of failure stress SE B Area under curve B
since the crushing effect is not considered. 1
 x  x tan 60o
2 3
= =
1 1
 x  x tan 30o
2

03. Ans: (a) 05. Ans: (d)

2cm
Sol: 2cm P2
Sol: Strain energy, U = .V
2A 2 E
10cm 20cm
1
1  U  P2
Due to the application of P1 and P2 one after
20cm 2
10cm 2 the other
40cm 4cm
(U1 + U2)  P12 + P22 …….. (1)
A B
Due to the application of P1 and P2 together
U B V1  V2 B at the same time.

U A V1  V2 A U  (P1 + P2)2 ……...........(2)
 12  22  It is obvious that,
 2E  V   V2 
UB 
1
2E B (P12 + P22) < (P1 + P2)2
 
U A  1 2
22
  (U1 + U2 ) < U
 2E  V1  2E  V2 
 A
 P2 P2  A2  L2  06. Ans: 1.5
 2  A 1  L1  
=  A1 A 22  Sol: Given data:
 P  A 1  L1 P  A 2  L 2 
2 2
L  100 mm
  
 A 12 A 22 A
G  80  10 3 N mm 2
 L1 L 2 
 
 
U B  A 1 A 2  B 7.165 3 J1  504 ; J 2   264
    32 32
U A  L1 L 2  4.77 2
   T2L T2L
 A1 A 2  A U  U1  U 2  
2GJ1 2GJ 2
04. Ans: (c)  U = 1.5 N-mm

Sol: A1 = Modulus of resilience
A1 + A2 = Modulus of toughness 07. Ans: (c)
1 4
Sol: Strain Energy: When a member is loaded,
A1 =  0.004  70  10 6 = 14 10
2 it deforms, behaving like a spring;
resistance develops and the work is done
A2 =  0.008  50  106   0.008  70  106 
1
2 upon it. If the elastic limit is not exceeded
4
= 76 10 this work stored in the form of energy is
4 4
A1 + A2 = (14 + 76)  10 = 90 10 called as strain energy.

This amount of work absorbed by the

resistance (i.e. strain energy) during Chapter- 12
deformation is the area under resistance Propped and Fixed Beams
deformation curve.
01. Ans: (d)

Sol: w/unit run
A B
K 
RB = ?
1 1 Load
 U   OB  BC   R   K  Stiffness 
2 2 deflection
1 1 RB
    A   =      A   K 
2 2 
1  Compatibility condition
=  Stress  Strain  Volume
2 Deflection @ B = 
 Strain energy is a function of stress and RB R
K   B
strain.  K
A B y2
y1 RB
w 4 R B3 (+)
y1  y2 
8EI 3EI (–)
y1 – y2 = 
w 4 R B  3
  
8EI 3EI
w 4 R B  3 R B
 
8EI 3EI K
w 4 R B R B  3
 
8EI K 3EI

w 4  1 1  M=2Pa
 R B3  3 
3EI 
L L B
8EI  K A C
w 4  3EI  K 3  3
 RB 3 
 By conjugate beam method
8EI  3EI  K 
w R B  3EI  K 3 
   2Pa
8EI 3EI  K 3  2Pa
EI
A
3w  3EI  K 3 
 RB 3  L L C
8  K 
 y c  deflection @ C
3w  3EI 
 R B 1 
 K  = B.M.D. @ C by conjugate beam
3
8
3w 2Pa  L
yc   L  L  
RB  8 EI  2
3EI
1 2Pa 3L
K 3 = L
EI 2
3PaL2
9pa 
02. Ans: EI
8L
Compatibility Condition (yB) = 0
Sol: P a
 y1 = yc
L L B
A a 8R B L3 3PaL2
C P 
3EI EI
9Pa
M=2Pa RB  ( )
A
L L B 8L
C
RB = ?
03. Ans: 12.51 kN
Applying, superposition principle Sol: 40 kN
y1 2m
2m
2L
RB
(RB)
R (2L) 3 8R B L3
y1  B 
3EI 3EI E = 200 GPa

I = 2  10+6 mm4
As per compatablity Chapter - 13

Springs
(R B )(4000) 3 (40 103 )(2000) 3

3EI 3  EI
40 103  (2000) 2 01. Ans: (b)
  2000  1mm
2EI Sol: In the analysis of closed coiled helical
spring, bending and axial force in spring are
R B 2 
3 3 2
Pa Pa negligible.
  ( b )  1mm
3EI 3EI 2 EI Correct answer is (b).
 L  02. Ans: (b)

use a  b   2000 mm
 2 
Sol: Stiffness of Spring (S)
where EI = 41011 N/mm2 Gd 4 G ( 2r ) 4
S 
64nR 3 64nR 3
R B )(4000)3 40103  (2000)3 40103  (2000)3
   1 Gr 4
3 4 1011 3  4 1011 2  4 1011 S
4nR 3
RB = 12.51 kN
03. Ans: (d)
G d4
Sol: Spring stiffness, k 
64 R 3 n
 k  d4
Let d1= d.
If d is doubles i.e d2 = 2d .
k1 d14
 
k 2 d 42
k1 d4
 
k 2 (2d ) 4
 k2 = 16 k1

04. Ans: (a) 08. Ans: (d)

Sol: Spring deflection, Sol: When one spring placed in other then those
64WR 3 n two springs will be in parallel. Hence

Gd 4 combined stiffness is given by
   R3 Ke = KA+ KB
1 R 13 R 13
   8 09. Ans: (a)
 2 R 32  R 1  3
  Sol: Equivalent Load Diagram:
 2 
05. Ans: (a)

K1 K2
Sol: For springs in series: effective stiffness is
1 1 1
 
K e K1 K 2
F
K 1K 2
Therefore, K e  Keq = K1 + K2 = 300 + 100
K1  K 2
Keq = 400 MN/m
F 400kN
06. Ans: (d)  
K eq 400  10 3 kN
Sol: Deflection of closely coiled spring m
64 R 3 Wn 1
  m = 1mm
G d4 1000
n
10. Ans: (d)
Sol:
07. Ans: (d)
Sol: For springs connected in series
1 1 1 2S
   Ke  K n = 20 n = 10 2K 2K
K e S 2S 3
For springs connected in parallel
1000N
(Ke) = K1 + K2 = S + 2S = 3S
2
(K e ) series 2S / 3 2 W = 1000N 1=10 mm
  
(K e ) parallel 3S 9 System - 2
System - 1

From system (1)

1000
1 
K
1000
K  100 N/mm
10
From system (2)
Keq = 2K + 2K = 4K
Keq = 4× 100 = 400 N/mm Note: When torque is applied to non
W 1000 circular sections, shear stress distribution is
2   = 2.5 mm
K eq 400 non-uniform and also warping occurs i.e.
plane sections do not remain plane after
11. Ans: (a) twisting.
Sol: Beam: It is structural member subjected to
transverse loading on its axis thus causing
flexural bending.
Column: It is a structural member that is
subjected to axial loading which may cause
buckling in the member.
Circular section Shaft: It is a member
subjected to twisting. For pure torsion,
cross-section should be circular and
prismatic. Can be solid (or) hollow.
Close Coiled Helical Springs: These are
the elastic members, which deform due to
load and regain original shape after the
removal of the load. A spring is used to
absorb energy in the form of strain energy
which may be restored when required.
For a closed coil helical spring pitch is

very small.

Chapter- 15
Chapter- 14 Theories of Failure
Shear Centre
01. Ans: (d)

01. Ans: (a)
Sol:  = y = 2500 kg/cm2
Sol:
1 = 2000 kg/cm2
 Shear centre is related to torsion
3 = ?
 On principal plane shear stress is zero
Maximum shear stress theory
 At fixed end slope is zero.

1   3  y
Middle third rule is to avoid tension in  max  ≯
2 2
columns.
2000   3 2500
 
2 2
02. Ans: (b)
3 = –500 (comp)
Sol: If the resultant force is acting through shear
centre torsion developed in the c/s is zero.
02. Ans: (b)
03. Ans: (d) Sol: D = 100 cm
Sol: P = 10 kg/cm2
Shear centre: When the loads are
 = y = 2000 kg/cm2
perpendicular to the axis of the beam and
FOS = 4 t=?
beam is symmetrical, bending takes place
without twisting. When the beams do not Maximum Principal stress theory
have longitudinal axis of symmetry, applied PD
1   h  ≯ y
loads may induce torsion. In such case, the 2t
point (inside or outside) where the load can 10  100
 2000
be applied so that no torsion is induced, is 2 t
called as shear centre. t = 2.5 mm
Safe thickness of plate = 2.5  F.O.S
= 2.5 4
= 10 mm

03. Ans: (b) 4

  2000
Sol: 1 = 1.5 (T) 2
 = 1000 kg/cm2
2 =  (T)
3 = –/2 (C)
04. Ans: (c)
y = 2000 kg/cm2
 = 0.3 Sol: 1 = 800 kg/cm2
2 = 400 kg/cm2
In which theory of failure  = 1000 kg/cm2
Check  = 0.25
(a) Maximum principal stress theory y
1 = y 1 
E
1.51 = 2000 y
1  
1 = 1333 kg/cm 2  2  3 
E E E E
(b) Maximum shear stress theory 800
 0.25
400   y
 1   3   y E E E
 
 2  2 y = 800–100 = 700 kg/cm2
 
 1.5   2000
 2
 2  2
 
 

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Strength

Fundamental, Mechanical Properties of Materials, Stress Strain Diagram

01. Ans: (b) 02. Ans: (a)

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 A material is homogeneous if it has the

O  06. Ans: (a)

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Elastic Constants and Their Relationships

01. Ans (c) 02. Ans: (c)

Linear and Volumetric Changes of Bodies

01. Ans: (d) z = 0

P P 3B = 2A ……. (1)

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Strain in X-direction due to temperature, 04. Ans: (b)

Re sistance Tension in steel bar = Ps

For equilibrium: PB + Ps = P --- (1)

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At any section ‘x-x’, at distance ‘x’

Sol: Refer to the solution of Q.No. 04 in

09. Ans: (b) 1  10

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04. Ans: (b) 0 

05. Ans: (c)

08. Ans: (a) 2

For any point above NA, and below

and Mohr's circle is

Case - II : At extreme top fibre

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02. Ans: (b)

For bending moment be zero Mx = 0,

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05. Ans: (a) 08. Ans: (b)

l Pl 09. Ans: (c)

07. Ans: (a)

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02. Ans: (b) 50

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 0  14.22  07. Ans: 80 MPa

05. Ans: (b)

06. Ans: (c) 100  8

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h 250 Since the strain variation should be same in

09. Ans: (d)

10. Ans: (d) Since the materials are bonded rigidly, it is

11. Ans: (a)

03. Ans: 61.43 MPa

20 04. Ans: (a)

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05. Ans: (b)

01. Ans: (a)

A = Area above the section at which stress 02. Ans: (d)

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04. Ans: (a) there is no shear force, shear stress will

1 = max, at  = 45 (maximum normal

Thus, Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are

05. Ans: (b)

 If the axis of the moment is perpendicular

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03. Ans: (c)

02. Ans: (b)

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L 07. Ans: 0.05