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 TUNNEL ENGINEERING
POINTS TO BE DISUCCESED
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Soft ground .c
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Methods of tunneling
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TYPES OF GROUND

 HARD GROUND
o Self supporting m
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 SOFT GROUND
o Running ground
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o Soft ground h
Firm ground c
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Self supporting ground
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TYPES OF SOFT GROUND
 RUNNING GROUND : Required support immediately
,e.g. dry sand m
 osupport
SOFT GROUND : Roof requires immediate
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while sides can remain standing for few minutes.
FIRM GROUND : Roof can stande

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for few minutes and
sides for much longer time ; e.g. dry earth
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 SELF SUPPORTING GROUND c : remain
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unsupported up to short length
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of 1.5 to 4 m. ; e.g. sand stone
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FACTOR AFFECTING THE CHOICE
OF A METHOD
 SIZE OF TUNNEL
 TYPE OF GROUND m
 AVAILABLE EQUIPMENT
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 METHOD OF SEQUENCE OF EXCAVATION
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 METHODES OF TUNNELLING IN
SOFT GROUND

METHODES
REQUIRING USE m
OTHER
OF TIMBERS oMETHOD

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• fore poling method • Linear plate
• Needle beam method
method h • Shield method
• Army method c • Compressed
• Belgian method e air method
• English method T
• American method e
• Austrian method c
• German methodA
• Italian method
FORE POLING METHOD

o USED FOR RUNNING GROUND

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NOW REPLACE BY COPMRESSED AIR TUNNILING
METHOD
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SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONES FOR 1.52X1.52 MTR.
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

o SUNKING OF SHAFT
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BENT IS PLACED FROM THE SHEETING
cSHEETING FROM 7.5 C/C
HOLES ARE DRIVEN IN THE
e THE CAP.
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ABOVE THE CAP AND BELOW
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FORE POLE CONSIST OF PLANK WITH WEDGE ENDS
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ARE ENTERED ONE AT A TIME
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INCLINATION
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DRIVEN THROUGH HALF LENGHTH AT 15 CM/MTR
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o TIMBER LAID AT THE END OF ALL SPLIES.
o FACE SHETTING BROKEN OUT AND GROUND IS
ALLOWED TO RUN.
o PUT TEMPORARY SUPPORTS AT END CALLED
HOURSE HEAD.
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THE OTHER END OF FOREPOLE IS SUPPORTED
WITH BOARD OF SIZE 45 CM. o
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NOW, REPEAT THE PROCEDURE AND INSERTED

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BOOM FOR THE SUPPORT OF BOARD.

MERITS : h
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

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USED WITHOUT COMPRESSED AIR
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USED FOR SMALL DIMENSIONS IN RUNNING
GROUND e
 DEMERITS : c
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SLOW PROCESS
o USED ONLY FOR SMALL CROSS SECTION
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  NEEDLE BEAM
o IT CONSIST OF A STOUT TIMBER BEAM FROM MAIN
TEMPORARY SUPPORT
o IT IS USED WHEN THE SOIL ROOF CAN STAND FOR A
FEW MINUTES
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 SEQENCE OF OPERATION :
A DRIFT OF ABOUT 1 MTS. IS DRIVEN ON WORKING
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FACE
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ROOF OF THIS DRIFT IS LAGGED WITH SHEETING
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APPLY TREANCH JACK ON IT
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A NEEDLE BEAM OF 5 TO 6 MTR. IS INSERTED AND
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ONE END IS CARRIED ON PLANK AND OTHER ON
STOUT POST.
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WAYS
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WITH HELP OF JACKS , DRIFT IS WIDENED SIDE
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 MERITS :
o ECONOMICAL
o WORKS ALL RIGHT ON BRICK LINING

DEMERITS :
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

o HEAVY BEAM PUSHED FOREWARD BY HAND

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o NO. OF TRENCH JACKS REQUIRED

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o DIFFICULTIES IN CONCRETE LINING WITH
MACHINE
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BELGIAN METHOD
o IT IS USED FOR MODERATELY FIRM OR HARD SOILS.

 SEQUENCE OF OPERATION : m
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A TOP HEADING ABCD FOR THE FULL RISE OF THE
ARCH IS DRIVEN & SUPPORTED.
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o HEADING IS WIDENED SIDEWAYS , AND SUPPORTED
BY ADDITIONAL CROWN BARS ON SILL.
LINING THE ARCH h
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INSERTED THE SHORE AT SIDE AND EXCAVATE THE
MNOP.
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SHORING IS REMOVED AND SPACE IS FILLED WITH
MASONARY. c
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ARMY METHOD OR CASE METHOD
o IT IS DERIVED BY USA ARMY FOR CONSTRUCTING
SMALL TUNNELS AT SHALLOW DEPTH,

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 SEQUENCE OF OPERATION : o
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WOOD IS USED. i e
A COMMON GALLERY OF WOOD 1.1X1.8X0.05 MTR. OF

A TOP BRACED IS REMOVED h

AND GROUND IS
EXCAVATED FOR A SHORTc
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DISTANCE.
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THE BOX IS MOVED AHEAD AND SET NEXT CAP.
o e THE BREAST ONE BY ONE
AFTER THAT REMOVE
AND EXCAVATE c.
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 MERITS :
o SIMPLE,ECONOMIC
o UNSKILLED LABOUR CAN DRIVEN

 DEMERITS : m
o ONLY FOR SHORT TUNNEL o
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ENGLISH METHOD
o THE MAIN CHARACTRISTIC OF THIS METHOD IS
EXCAVATION OF FULL SECTION OF THE TUNNEL AT
ONCE USING LONGITUDINAL STRUTING AND
ALTERNATE OF MASONARY WORK AND m
EXCAVATION o
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 SEQUENCE OF OPERATION :
TOP HEAD IS DRIVEN UPTO 5 MTR.
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IT IS SUPPORTED ON CROWN BARS
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THEN WIDENING OF THE HEADING IS THEN DONE
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BY DIGGING AWAY THE EARTH AT EACH SIDE.
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THEN STARTED EXCAVTION OF PART -2 AND PUT
THE SILL c
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PART -3 IN SAME MANOR AND STARTED MASONARY
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 MERITES :
o SIMPLE METHOD OF HAULING ARE POSSIBLE
o MASONARY LINING IS BUILT , SO MAKING THE
CONSTRUCTION STRONG AND HOMOGENEOUS.
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 DEMERITES : o
o USE OF LOTS OF TIMBER .c
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EXCAVATION & MASONARY ie
PROCESS ARE SLOWER DUE TO ALTERNATE OF

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AMERICAN METHOD
o IT IS USED FOR RAILWAY OR HIGHWAY TUNNELING

 SEQUENCE OF OPERATION :
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A TOP DRIFT IS DRIVEN AND SUPPORTED BY
o
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LAGGINGS,CAP TIMBER AND PARTS
o SIDE ARE WIDENED .c
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WALLS PLATES ARE INTRODUCED AT THE
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SPRINGING SUPPORTING THE ARCH SET
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VERTICAL POSTS ARE DRIVEN
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SIDES AND BENCHING ARE CLARED & TUNNEL
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LINING IS STARTED
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LINING PLATE METHOD
o IT IS PRESENTED STEEL PLATES ,PLAIN OR
CORRUGATED ARE USED TO SUPPORT THE SOIL
DURING EXCAVATION.
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.05 MTR. . c
THE SIZE OF PLATES ARE 0.9 X 0.4 WITH FLANGE OF

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o THE PLATES ARE BOLTED TOh EACH OTHER
THROUGH HOLES IN FLANGE. c
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SEQUENCE OF OPERATION :
o c
A HOLE OF 0.4 Mt. DEPTH IS CUT AT CROWN AND
LINER PLATEA“ a” IS INSERTED.
o EXCAVATED SIDES AND PLACE “b” AND “c” PLATES
o NOW TWO WOODEN WALL PLATES OF SIZE ABOUT
20 CM. X 5 CM. AND PLACED ON EACH SIDE OF THE
BENCH
o JACKS ARE REMOVED
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THE BENCH IS THEN CLEARED AND THE WALL
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PLATES ARE UNDER PINNED AT BOTTOM.
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 LINEAR PLATE WITH STIFFNERES :
o FOR STRENTHEN THE PLATE “I” OR “T” SECTION RIB
IS USED AS STIFFNERS.

 MERITES :
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o LIGHTER, ECONOMICAL o
o ERECTED WITH UNSKILLED LABOUR
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o FIRE PROOF
REQUIRE LESS NUMBER OF JOINTES
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SHEILD METHOD
o IT IS USED FOR DRIVING A TUNNEL THROUGH
WATER BEARING STRATA.

o IT IS AN EQUIPMENT WHICH ACTS AS A o

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BRIDGE

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WITH ROOF FOR WORKERS.

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IT OPEN AT ONE END OR BOTH END.
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IT CONSIST SLEDGES , CONVEYORES ETC.
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 LENGTH OF SHEILDe:
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STORAGE REQUIRED
AOF CHANGING DIRECTION
1.

2. PROBLEMES
 SHAPE OF SHIELD :
o RESISTANCE OF MOTION :

CONTECT AREA OF THE SHAPE

o CROSS SECTION AREA / UNIT PERIMETER

FOR CIRCULAR AND SQURE=D/4 m
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RESISTANCE TO PRESSURE CAUSED BY
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
SURROUNDING SOIL :
CIRULAR IS BEST h
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PERMISSION FOR ROTATION OF SHEILD ABOUT ITS

OWN AXIS : T
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CIRCULAR IS PREFERABLE
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 COMPONENTES OF SHIELD :

1. THE SKIN
2. CUTTING EDGE
3. PROPELLING JACKE m
4. THE HOOD o
5. THE TAIL .c
6. PART HOLES
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 SEQUENCE OF OPERATION c :
o e AHEAD OF THE
THE GROUND IS EXCAVATED
Tmeter.
SHEILD OF .45 TO .75
e FORWARDE.
THE SHEILD IS JACKED
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 PRIMARY LINING :
o IT IS THE NAME GIVEN TO THE HEAVY CAST IRON
LINING USED IN CONJUCTION WITH THE SHIELD.

 SECONDARY LINING : m
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5 TO 7 cm. CONCRETE IS PLACED OVER THE FLANGE
OF IRON.
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MERITS :
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FULL DIMENSION AVAILABLE
o SPEEDY e
o T SUPPORT TO THE
MOVING WITH CONSTANT
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ADVANCED TUNNEL.
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COMPRESSED AIR METHOD
 USED OF COMPRESSED AIR
 USED IN SOFT GROUND

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 COMPRESSED AIR TUNNELING IN CLAY o:
NO TIMBERING IS REQUIRED INSIDE c THE TUNNEL
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PRESSURE REQUIRED INSIDE THE TUNNEL IS
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P = WH. ;0 W=WIEGHT OF SOIL
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 IN SILT : T
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DRY THE SILT,RESULTING IN CRACKING
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CHANGE IN PRESSURE REQUIRED
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 IN SAND :
o IT PENETRATES A CENTER DISTANCE AND
EQUILLIBRIUM IS REACHED

o THE BULB OF GROUND BENEATH THE MATERIAL IS

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ALL THAT REQUIRES THE TEMPORARY LINING
SUPPORT. o
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 EQUIPMENTES FOR COMPRESSED AIR
TUNNELING :
o AIR LOCK & ACCESSORIES
o BULK HEAD TO FIX AIR LOCK
o BLOW LINE
o AIR COMPRESSOR m
GAS TRAPES o
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DURATION OF WORK IN COMPRESSED AIR FOR
LABOURES :
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P = 12.5 Pa ;8 hr(BREAK 0.5 hr)
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P= 14 TO 21 Pa; 4 hr (BREAK 2hr)
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 m
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 m
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THANK YOU
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Tunnel Engineering
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 Tunnel Engineering
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Our points of discussion are, o
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• Lighting in tunnel
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Ventilation in tunnel
• Dust control e
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• Drainage e of tunnel
• c
Safety measure in tunnel construction
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 Lighting
Why lighting is required?
m in
 Various operations and activities
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tunneling work can not c be effectively and
.
e if there is poor
satisfactory carried iout,
light in a tunnel. h
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
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also foresafety purpose
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Good lighting is essential on the
following place:-
Where work drilling and
in progress m
mucking
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zones
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Bottom of Pumping
shaftsc
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Types of tunnel lights:-
1. Lanterns and lamp burning oil
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 Used .cduring the use
in survey work and
of instruments. ie
h burning gasoline is
 Carried in hand and
c
e from them.
used to get light
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2. Coal gas lighting
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 Coal .c from a gas
gas is taken in a pipe
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plant and it is then burnt.
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 Light------brilliant--------Steady
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 Explosion takee place-------if there is any
T
e gas pipe
leakage in
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3. Acetylene gas lighting
m
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 Acetylene gas .cproduce light in
is used to
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tunnel. Acetylene lamp.
 Not common at h present.(This method)
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T
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A gas is too dangerous..
Acetylene
 4. electric lighting
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Popular source at present
ie Do not
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Steady and brilliant
c consume
light e oxygen
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Absence of Wires and lamps are
A easily put and removed
smoke
Spacing of lights:-
 Spacing of
lighting should be such that
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whole tunnel is uniformly lighted.
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ie of light ------
Difference in the intensity
outside & inside h
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Darkeningeeffect is to be filled by some one
cis entering in the tunnel.
else who
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 Desirable
put more lightsm
of small
wattage . o
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 If few lights of large wattage is used
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T
Formatione of dangerous dark spot------due to
moreA c
variation of intensity in outside and
inside the tunnel.
 Spacing of light along the tunnel depends
upon m
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 Tunnel dimension ie
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 Size of light source
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 Rock condition:-limestone(light color)
T
e lesser no. of light
c
A Required.
Lights is mounted
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 .cwhole or in
Either at directly on the
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recesses in wall at suitable heights.
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Ventilation in tunnel:-

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What is ventilation? o
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 Ventilation meanshtechnique of providing
fresh air insidec
the tunnel during and after
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construction.
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Why ventilation is required?
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 To c workers
furnish fresh air for.the
 To remove obnoxious iegases and fumes
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produced by explosives.
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 To remove thee dust caused by drilling,
T
blasting e
and mucking operation.
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 To reduce the temperature.
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Requirements of a ventilating system:-

 Fumes and smokes must be clear

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o after
as so that work can be resumed
blasting. . c
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 It must prevent accumulation of fumes
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along the tunnel.c
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 Workers can T do their job safely and
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comfortably.
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 During working ,each worker should be
supplied with a minimum of m 8.4 cu.m. (300
o
cu.ft.) of fresh air per minute constantly in
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working area. e
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This depends
e upon various factor…
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Method of ventilation:-
 Tunnel ventilation can be carried out by
the following methods:- m
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1. Natural ventilationie
2. h
Mechanical ventilation
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1. Natural ventilation:
 Due to temperature difference inside and
outside the tunnel.
 Achieved by providing shaftsm
at suitable
interval.
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 Suitability:- h
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 When diameter of tunnel is large but
T
length isesmall.
 When
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A tunnel orientation is along wind
direction.
2. Mechanical ventilation:-

 Achieved by one or more electric motor

driven fans which may blow fresh air into a
tunnel or exhaust the dust andm
o foul air from
tunnel.
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 Mechanical ventilationeprovided by,
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Blowing (Blower c fan mounted in one or

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more inputTshafts)
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 Exhausting
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 Combination of blowing and exhausting
(Reverse fan is to be used)
Dust control in tunnel:-
 In
drilling ,blasting ,loading and hauling
muck operation m
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 Dust accumulates inie
the air in tunnel
h
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 Excessive concentration causes serious
T
e Ex. ‘silicosis’
health hazard.
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 Methods of Dust controlling:-
For to minimize dust accumulation.
1. Wet drilling.
 Modern drilling machines carry m
arrangements by which c
o
water could be
used to wet and thise .
prevents dust flying
to a considerableh i
extent.
c forced into the hole
 Quantity of water
will depend e the speed of the operation
on
T
and the eclass of drill used in the process.
 Give
c
Afairly good results and widely used in
practice.-------completely dust proof
condition is not possible.
2. Use of vacuum hood.

 Where use of water may be undesirable

m around
or impracticable , a hood is fitted
the drill steel at rock face,
owhich is
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connected to a exhausti e pipe.
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 Through which the drilled rock dust is
sucked andT
e removed safely out of the
tunnel.c
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3. Use of respirators

 Welldesigned respirators worn by the

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miners offer the best and most
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protection against dust inhalation.
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 Thismethodewhich is becoming
T
increasingly
e popular in modern tunneling
c
practice.
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Drainage in tunnel:-
 Definition:-
 ‘Drainage m
of tunnel’ means controlling of
water during and after theo
construction
of the tunnel. . c
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c from two source
Mainly Water comes
e
1. Wash water—used for washing drill
T
holes. e
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2. Ground/sub
A soil water
 The quantity of water obtained from the
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first source can be easily determined.
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 Butthe calculation iofequantity of water
obtained from the hsecond source requires
c
careful investigation.
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Drainage system:-

temporary drainage permanent

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system o
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-open ditch drainageh - central drain
System c system
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-pumping T -corrugated sheet
System e roof with side
c
A drains
- single side drain
system
A. Temporary drainage system:-

 This system is employed during the

construction of a tunnel. o
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.c drainage
 It can be either open ditch
epumping.
system or drainage iby
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(1) Open ditch drainage system:-

 Simplest method
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 Water o ditches
may be moved in open
with proper slopes. .c
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 Path c
of water moving
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T
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Open ditch--------portals
c and shafts ------
A out
pumped
Disadvantages:-

 Consume valuable working space.

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 It may not be practicable ifoproper
drainage is not available.c
for self drainage.
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 Pools of water may be formed if ditches
h
get blocked with
c muck or debris.
eso
T
in modern e
c tunneling, pumping system is
A
preferred.
(2) Pumping system:-

 In this system, quantity of water that

accumulates is collected in sump well and
pumped out of the tunnel. m
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 For long tunnel, it maye be necessary to have
more than one sumpiwell.
h
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 Usually sumps eare located at regular interval
of 300 mmT to 500 mm , a series of pump at
each sumpe , will pick up the water and
pumps
c
A back to next sump.
 Thediameter of pipe line varies from 5
cm to 25cm depending upon amount of
water.
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B. Permanent drainage system:-

 The permanent drainage system is

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provided in the completedotunnel section,
c railway track.
to save the pavements .and
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 Types:- c
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T
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Central
1. c drain system.
2. A
Corrugated sheet proof with side drains.
3. Single side drain system.
1. Central drain system:-

 This system is suitable when the water

coming through roofs and the side mwalls of
the tunnel is sufficiently low. o
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 This is constructed longitudinally sloping
h
c or shafts from where
towards the portals
they could be epumped out by suitable pump.
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2. Corrugated sheet roof with side drains:-

 This system is suitable when seepage is small

and comes down from the tunnelm roof.
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 The seepage water is allowed to flow over a
temporary pitched hroof of corrugated sheets,
c into the side drains.
shedding the water
e
T
e shed are subjected to
 Expensive(iron
c
corrosion.)
A
3. Single side drain system:-

 Thissystem is adopted where, the

mtunnel is
quantity of water entering the
small. o
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.
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 This method is adopted
h in case of tunnels
clane highway or railway
carrying a single
track. e
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 ForAdrainage of water a single side drain
of sufficient capacity is provided.
Safety in tunnel construction:-

 Tunneling being m
an underground
o
operation, is a hazardouscone and
.
e workers against
measure to protectithe
h
accidents, are essential.
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Causes of accidents:-

1. Limited working space .

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2. Inadequate lighting. o
3. .
Handling of explosives.
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4. Unseen weaknessh in rock.
5. c
Pressure of equipment for loading and,
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T
hauling etc.
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6. Working
c f heavy machines above
A
ground.
 Safety measures:

 Majority of accidents occur due to rock

mand
falls. Proper design of timbers
supports, prevents accidents o due to rock
. c
fall. e
i
 The floor of tunnel should be kept clean
h
and water should c not be allowed to stand
in pools. Te
 The walls eand roof of the tunnel shall be
c inspected.
frequently
A
 Many accidents occur due to poor lighting
and so all the jobs should be kept well
lighted.
 All machines and tools must m be kept in tip
top condition. o
. c
 Unwanted machines and construction
i e
materials should not be stored in tunnel.
h
c lines should be
 All light and power
e and well insulated.
properly installed
T
 Pipes and eother material should not
c the movement and should be
obstruct
A
brought to the site as needed.
 Safety rules and regulation should be
framed and taught to every worker.
 Safety rules must be strictly followed
without any violation.
m
o
.cbe always kept
 Fire fighting service must
ready. ie
h
 Doctors should cbe available at all times at
the site. Te
e protective clothing, rubber
 Steel helmet,
c
gloves
A etc. Must be put on by every
worker as required by regulations.
 Shaft openings should be fully protected
to prevent both man and material from
falling into the hole.
 No unauthorized person should m be
o
permitted to enter the tunnel. Authorized
. c
i e
visitors should be equipped with safety
h
helmets and accompanied by a guide.
c
e
T
e
c
A
 m
o
.c
Thank you…….h
ie
c
e
T
e
c
A