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19 Precise Theodolite
19 Precise Theodolite
19 Precise Theodolite
390 SURVEYING
1 'r
gle.Jine index is used for setting ( 38' 23' 32" )
the field of view when coincidence has
H/ 12l 1T 1 H11111~H of secondary graduation. Fig. 19.4 fl
been made for the borizontal circle reading,
using the optical micrometer screw. The ~
24 23
ililllllliM IIIiiliiil
(b) marks the field of view as PIG. t9.4. BXAMPLB OP HORIZONrAL CIRCLB READING.
it is seen when the grsduation line
~i·i
readin g on the horizo ntal circle is which may originally appear at the left of the firm double-line 'i"
23° 20' and that on the micrometer is index has been placed keenly amidst the double-line index
12' 30". The total reading on the horizontal (a) (b) by means of the micrometer screw on the microscope. By
li
circle. is, therefo re, 23° 20'+12' 30" Coincidence for horizontal Coincidence for vertical this arrangement, the secondary graduation has been posed auto·
cl<ele reading 23'32'3cr circle reading 190047'30"'
= 23" 32' 30". Fig. 19.2 (b) shows the matically (l1ld mark in the figure 3' 16d (' = double seconds).
same field of view when coincidence has FIG. EU Vlf.W IN tw-11CR01o1ETER OF WATfS Readin gasper figurel husisfo undtob e38' 23' 16dor3 8' 23' 32".
been made for the vertical circle reading. MICROPTIC TIIEODOLITE NO. I
The vertical circle is read by simple vernier microscope.
The reading on the vertical circle is 190" 40'
vertical circle is, therefore, Fig. 19.5. shows the example of vertical circle reading. The
and that on microm eter is 7' 30". The total reading on the
reading after setting to reading position is 129" 34' 00"
190° 40' + 7' 30" = 190° 47' 30". PIG. 19.5. VERTICAL CIRCLE
RI!ADING.
19.3. FENNEL'S PRECISE THEODOLITE 19.4. WILD T-2 THEODOLITE
'Themi'. The insb11Dlent circles are made of
Fig. 19.3. shows the photograph of Fennel's precise theodolite Fig. 19.6 shows the photograph of Wild T-2 theodolite. Both
and that of vertical circle is 70 mm
has following specifications : glass. The diameter of borizontal circle is 90 mm
le mirrors . The artificial illumin ation required at
1. Horizontal circle and both are illuminated through adjustab
g the mirror. The telescope
Diameter 5 in. night or in tunnels is supplied by an electric lamp replacin
mm. The vertical axis system
Graduation 360" to 116" . is of internal focusing type having an over-all length of 148
on ball bearings. which
to ...... 2". consists of the axle bush and the vertical axis turning therein
Reading by micrometer microscopes ensurfug easy ·estimation ent. The glass circle is moumed on
is automatically centred by the weight of the instrum
2. Vertical circle as desired by drive knob. Since there
the outer side of the axle bush and is oriented
Diameter 4 in.
~
39S ll
SURVEYING PRI!C!SE TIIEODOLITES ~
394
The images of divisions, diametrically opposite each other, are made
to coincide when If
is only one set of clamp and tangent
screw for the motion about the ver-
are d
6' ...oo• ... ... oo•
setting the micrometer. The reading can be taken
0.25" or 0.5". ·)·
direct to one second and be estimated to
tal
,,
tical axis, the angles measure
An optical plumme t for centring over a ground mark is incorporated. The horizon
by direction method only. ThiS is, imperso nal manner
M 8
being controll ed in an
circle is rotated by level pirtion, the engagement l,.
therefore a direction theodoUte. by cam connected to the cover ov.er the control screw. A
single slow motion screw is I·
The readings are made with
the microscope mounted adjacent to
r"T 'I"'t~B ' . ,,?1 rr: Jl: :rJ provided in azimuth.
('
I
·~~~~
after coincid ence where the final reading is to 0.02". The followin g is the technical data:
Fig: 19.7 (d) shows the .saine micrometer direct to 0.2" and by estimation
230° 26' 46". Magnification 24, 30 or 40 x :·.
nce occurs every '
Since both sides of the circle are moved simultaneously, a coincide Clear diameter 2.36 in. (60 mm) :~
. The microm eter scale, therefor e, has a range of only
time they are moved 11 minutes
occurs, the index line will Sbonest focusing dislaJICO 15 ft (4.5 m)
10 minutes to ensure reaching a coincidence. When coincidence
20 minute lines. Normal range .. .. . 20 to 60 miles (32 km to 96 km)
either be against a 20 minute line or half-way between two
19.5. THE TAVISTOCK THEODOLITE
Field of view at 1000 ft .. .. .. .. 29 ft (8.84 m) ~~
uame from the fact Length of telescope 10.2 in. (260 mm)
The Tavistock theodolite is a precision theodolite and derives iiS "'Hi
Tavisto ck in Devon between Sensitivity of alidade level, 7" per 2 mm ~I
that it was the outcome of a conference held in 1926 at :~:
instrument makers and British Govermnent survey officers . Fig. 19.8 shows the Cooke's Sensitivity of collimation level 12" per 2 mm ·
Tavistock theodolite manufactured by Messrs Vickers Instrum eniS Ltd., England . Coincidence adjustment of vertical circle level to 0.2"
on the glass annuli. Diameter to horizontal circle· 5.5 in. (140 mm)
The horizontal and vertical circles are graduated every 20 minutes
is provide d for both circles, the circle reading eyepiece being Graduation interval of horizontal circle 4'
A single optical micrometer
situated parallel to the main teloscope. A control on the standard
of the instrum ent enables Diameter of vertical circle 3.8 in. (97 mm)
Both circles are illumina ted by a Graduation interval of vertical circle 8'
the observer to select which circle is to be viewed.
single mirror. Graduation interval of micrometer drum 0.2".
397
IT
~ ,I
396
SURVEYING
PRECISE TIIEODOLITES
I, I'
II then be given 39" 3 the example of circle readings.
finally coincide. The seconds readings will I st drum reading
39" .4
by the scale and pointer in the lower wmdow. The
2nd drum reading The eyepiece is equipped with the so-called
:·:. i FIG. 19.10 166"41' 18".7
,, . reading on the seconds scale in the bottom window longirude micrometer for accurate recording of
',' I
I' is one-half of the proper reading. Hence, the number a star's transit. The reversal of the horizontal
, or opposite graduations · axis and telescope is carried out by a special
!! ! of seconds which are read on this scale must either be doubled
the two readings on
in the upper window should· be brought into coincidence twice and hydraulic arrangement which ensures freedom from
:1 I the seconds scale added together, as illustrated in Fig. 19.10. vibration. Electrical lighting, to illuminate both
in a clockwise circle and field, is built into the body.
! To view the horizontal circle reading, an .inverted knob is turned
in the reverse direction.
direction ; to view the vertical circle reading, the knob is turned
Thus, the same eyepiece can he used for taking the readings of bow the circles.
FIG. 19.13
19.7. THE WILD T-4 UNIVERSAL THEODOLITE (Fig. 19.12)
ation, the
The Wild T-4 is a theodolile of utmost precision for first order triangul
mical observa lions. The instrument
detenniruuion of gecgraphic positions and taking astrono r of that
which is almost double the diamete
has a horizontal circle of 250 mm (9.84")
with greater accurac y. The theodol ite is "
of T-3 model. The reading can thus be taken through
the image formed in the telescop e is viewed
of the 'broken telescope' type ; that is,
hollow. The graduation
an eyepiece placed at one end of the trunnion axis which is made
optical micrometer. The
interval on horizontal circle is 2' with direct reading to 0.1" on
other technical data is as follows :
Telescope power : 65 x
Clear objective glass apertute : 60 mm (2.36")
Azimuth (horizontal) circle on glass : 360"