DEFINING ART

 The word art is rooted 13th century French word art which means skill as a result
of learning or practice, and in latin word ‘ars’ meaning ability or practical skills.

 Many known personalities defined art in various ways.

 According to Plato, art is that which brings life in harmony with the beauty
of the world.
 For John Dewey, Art is an attitude of spirit, a state of mind-one which
demands for its own satisfaction and fulfilling, a shaping of matter to new
and more significant form.
 To Oscar Wilde, the most intense mode of individualism that the world has
known.
 For Elbert Hubbard, Art is not a thing-it is a way.

ART: Nature and Assumption

1. Art is subjective and art is more subjective than objective. (Art for art itself)

2. Art is form and content. (there is always a concept).

3. There is a connection between beauty and art and beauty is the measure of quality of
art.

WAYS TO ESTABLISH THE DATE OF AN ARTWORK

1. Physical Evidence-often reliably indicates an object age

2. Documentary evidence- can help pinpoint the date of an object or building when
dated written document mentions the work.
3. Internal evidence- can play a significant role in dating an artwork. Hence, a painter
might have depicted an identifiable person or a kind of hairstyle or clothing
4. Stylistic evidence- The analysis of style-an artist’s distinctive manner or producing
an object, the way a work looks-is the art historian’s special sphere.

KINDS OF ARTISTIC STYLE

1. Period style- refers to the characteristic artistic manner of a specific time, usually
within a distinct culture, such as “Archaic Greek.”
2. Regional style-is the term art historians use to describe variations in style tied to
geography. Like an object’s date, its provenance, or place of origin.
3. Personal style- the distinctive manner of individual artist, architects, often
decisively explains stylistic discrepancy among monuments of the same place.

ART APPRECIATION

 It refers as the knowledge of the general and everlasting qualities that classify all
great art.
 It is the exploration of visual art forms or the introduction of basic principles of
visual literacy.
 It is also analyzing the form of an artwork to general audiences to enhance their
enjoyment of such works of art. It may be analyzed without reference to subject
matter, symbolism or historical context.
 It can be subjective depending on personal preference to aesthetics and form, or it
can be based on several elements and principle of design and also depends on
social and cultural acceptance.

ART APPRECIATION AS CREATIVITY

“The role of art as a creative work is to depict the world in a completely different light
and perspective” – Jean-Paul Sartre

 Creativity requires thinking outside the box.

 In art, creativity is what sets apart one artwork from another.
 Creativity is a necessary component because in art you are not just putting material
together, paint, matter, your body’s movement, ideas etc. In art, you are doing
more than just putting materials or actions or combining ideas together.
 In the creative arts, once the material or the ideas are put together, they invoke
complicated psychological, conscious and subconscious process of feelings and
thought patterns about some aspect of the world or the artist’s place in the world,
firstly in the artist, and that’s why artists do their art. But once the art is released to
the public it can also set off similar complicated conscious and subconscious
thoughts and feelings in the viewers.

ART AS A PRODUCT OF IMAGINATION, IMAGINATION AS A PRODUCT OF ART

“Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited to all we now
know and understand, while imagination embraces the entire world, and all there ever will
be to know and understand.” – Albert Einstein

 It is tied very closely to creativity because imagination is putting things, ideas,

feelings or images together, initially in the artist’s mind.

 Imagination is not constrained by the walls of the norm, but goes beyond that.

 Through imagination, one is able to craft something bold, something new, and
something better in the hopes of creating something that will stimulate change.
 In artist’s mind sits a vast gallery of artworks.
 An artwork does not need to be a real thing, but can be something that is
imaginary.
 However, something imaginary does not necessarily mean it cannot be called art.
Artists use their imagination that gives birth to reality through creation.
 In the same way that imagination produces art, art also inspires imagination.
 ART AS EXPRESSION
“What an artist does to an emotion is not to induce it, but express it. Through expression, he is
able to explore his own emotions and at the same time, create something beautiful out of them.”
– Robin George Collingwood

 Expression is automatic in every action, thought or feeling in everyone. We can’t

avoid expressing who we are in every thought and feeling, but, until we indicate
our internal states through actions others will not know these.
 Expressing emotions is different from describing emotions.
 This makes people’s art not a reflection of what is outside or external to them, but
a reflection of their inner selves.

ART HISTORY

 Art History- discipline focuses on the development and uses of art throughout
human history. The central aim of art history is to determine the original context of
an artwork (Helen Gardner).

 Art history is the study of objects of art in their historical development and stylistic
contexts; that is genre, design, format, and style. The study includes painting,
sculpture, architecture, ceramics, furniture, and other decorative objects.

 Art history is the history of different groups of people and their culture represented
throughout their artwork. This history of cultures is shown in their art work in
different forms.

 Art history doesn’t consist in simply listing all the art movements and placing them
on a timeline. It is the study of objects of art considered within their time period.
Art historians analyze visual arts’ meaning (painting, sculpture, architecture) at the
time they were created. Also, another of art history’s mission is to establishes
authorial origins of artworks, i.e. discovering who created a particular artwork,
when, when and for what reason.

 Iconography is a major part of art history. It consists in analyzing the symbolism

of works of arts. For instance, art historians identify the visual elements of a
painting and interpret its meaning. Art historians are interested in what the works
of art represented at the time they were created. It is a way to learn about the
civilizations of the past.
Art History Timeline
 Period Major Works/Chief Characteristics
Artist
I. The Ancient
World
A. Prehistoric Art It predates writing,
1. The Old Stone Age - Venus of Willendurf, Hall printmaking and basically
of the Bulls encompasses the genesis
2. The New Stone
- Thinker of Cernavoda, of both early sculpture and
Age
Terracotta sculpture painting.

B. Egyptian Art
(3500 BCE – 30 BCE) Art with an afterlife focus:
1. The Old Kingdom - Great Pyramids of Giza pyramids and tomb
- Tombs carved into painting. Somewhat static,
2. The Middle
Kingdom mountains usually formal, strangely
3. The New Kingdom - Mortuary Temple of Queen abstract, and often blocky
Hatshepsut, Bust of nature
Nefertiti

C. Ancient Near Eastern Warrior art and narration in

(3500 BCE – 636 BCE)
1. Sumerian Art -Ziggurat of Ur, Steel of
Hammurabi
2. Assyrian Art -Head of Akkadian Rule,
Stele of NaramSin
D. Greece
(900 BCE – 30 BCE)
1. Ancient Greek -Palace of Knossos,
Treasury of Atreus
2. Hellenistic - Geometric Krater Athena
Partheonos (Phidias),
Parthenon – Iktinos and
Kallikrates
E. Roman
(735 BCE - 337 CE)
1. Early Empire - Portrait of Augustus
2. Late Empire
- Arch of Constantine the
great, Colosseum, The Four
Tetrach
II. The Middle Ages
A. Early Christian and -Old St. Peter’s, Mausoleum
Byzantine of Galla Placidia, Good
(400 CE – 600 CE) Shepherd, Santa
B. Early Medieval Art -Gero Crucifix, Bronze door
(410 -1024) of Bishop Bernward,
Durham Cathedral
C. Romanesque Art -Reliquary of Sainte-Foy,
stone relief. Human first
used the wheel and the
plow, learned how to
control floods and construct
irrigation canals.
Greek idealism: balance,
perfect proportions;
idealised forms (both in
sculpture and architecture).
Verism: psychological
penetration in sculpture;
interior decoration and
encaustic portraits.
Christian images-Mosaics
(tesserae); icons, panel
painting, architectural
terminology specific to
Byzantine structures.
Portable works, interlacing
patterns, Illuminated
manuscript, Burial relics
Animal style jewelry
Romanesque: muscular
 Living with Art

The role of art in human life is to transform man's widest metaphysical ideas, by
selective reproduction of reality, into a physical form—a work of art—that he can
comprehend and to which he can respond emotionally.

SUBMITTED BY:

John Mark Bartolo

Waylon S. Cahilig
Maria Grail Temporosa