Table of Content

2.1 Introduction: .............................................................................................................................. 3

2.2 Procedure: ................................................................................................................................. 3
2.3 Results & Discussion: ............................................................................................................... 4
2.3.1 Rectangular Notch: ............................................................................................................. 4
2.3.1.1 Results:........................................................................................................................ 5
2.3.1.2 Discussion: .................................................................................................................. 6
2.3.2 V-Notch .............................................................................................................................. 7
2.3.2.1 Results ......................................................................................................................... 7
2.3.2.2 Discussion ................................................................................................................... 9
2.3.3 Trapezoidal Notch ............................................................................................................ 10
2.3.3.1 Results ....................................................................................................................... 10
2.3.3.2 Discussion: ................................................................................................................ 12
2.3.4 Linear Notch ..................................................................................................................... 13
2.3.4.1 Results:...................................................................................................................... 13
2.3.4.2 Discussion: ................................................................................................................ 15
2.4 Conclusion: ............................................................................................................................. 15
REFERENCES: ............................................................................................................................ 16
Figure 1: Rectangular Notch ........................................................................................................... 4
Figure 2: Plot between Discharge and Head for rectangular notch ................................................ 5
Figure 3: Plot between Q & H^3/2 for rectangular notch ............................................................... 6
Figure 4: Plot between Log Q and Log H for rectangular notch .................................................... 6
Figure 5: V-Notch ........................................................................................................................... 7
Figure 6: Plot between discharge and head for V-notch ................................................................. 8
Figure 7: Plot between Q and H^5/2 for V-Notch .......................................................................... 8
Figure 8: Plot between Log Q and Log H for V-Notch .................................................................. 9
Figure 9: Trapezoidal Notch ......................................................................................................... 10
Figure 10: Plot between Q and H for trapezoidal notch ............................................................... 11
Figure 11: Plot between Q and H^3/2 for trapezoidal notch ........................................................ 11
Figure 12: Plot between Log Q and Log H for trapezoidal notch ................................................ 12
Figure 13: Linear Notch ................................................................................................................ 13
Figure 14: Plot between Q and H for linear notch ........................................................................ 14
Figure 15: Plot between Log Q and Log H for linear notch ......................................................... 14

List of Tables
Table 1: Calculation for coefficient of discharge for rectangular notch ......................................... 5
Table 2: Calculations for coefficient of discharge of V-Notch....................................................... 7
Table 3: Calculations of coefficient of discharge of Trapezoidal Notch ...................................... 10
Table 4: Calculations of coefficient of discharge of linear notch ................................................. 13
2.1 Introduction:
In open channel flow hydraulics, a weir can be defined as the structure which is used to control
outflow and measure the flow from channels. Sharp crested/thin plate weirs contains a plate made
of either metal or plastic or (maybe of other material), which is set vertically, across the width of
the channel.

Weirs are useful devices in flow measurements. The essential parameter of them, is to determine
the flow coefficients. Weirs have been commonly used for the flow measurement, flow diversion
and to control flow in the open channels (Kumar et al., 2011). Weirs are classified in two main
types: sharp-crested weirs and broad-crested weirs. Sharp crested weirs normally consist of a
vertical plate mounted at right angles to the flow and having a sharp edged crest. (Henderson,
1966)

Sharp crested weirs are used when high level of accuracy is required in discharge measurements
of channel. Sharp crested weirs can further be classified in rectangular and triangular weir.

In order to measure discharge by using hydraulic structures, a relationship b/w head and discharge
is required, which should accurate. This relationship can be found empirically in the laboratory.

Coefficient of Discharge (Cd) is the ratio of actual or real discharge to the theoretical or ideal
discharge, delivered by the structure (weir). If we have theoretical discharge delivered by a
structure using the standard formula, than an actual discharge delivered by weir can simply be
found out by multiplying the coefficient of discharge with theoretical discharge. Therefore, it is
compulsory to develop head- discharge relationship of commonly used hydraulic structures like
weirs and orifices. The objectives set for this purpose are, to determine the coefficient of discharge
of those structures and to develop the head discharge relationships.

2.2 Procedure:
The procedure comply exactly with the one in the laboratory manual:
 The Hydraulic Bench P6 100 is used as the source of a steady water supply with a means of
varying the flow rate.
 The weir plate under investigation is positioned at the end of the weir tank in the fittings
provided, with the sharp edge on the upstream side.
 The weir channel is filled with water up to the weir plate crest level. The hook gage is used to
determine the lowest position of the weir plate opening. This is the datum point for all
measurements to determine the head of the flow over the weir plate under investigation.
 The flow rate is measured by timing the collection of a suitable volume of water in the
volumetric measuring tank.
 Conditions must be allowed to stabilize before the rate of discharge and the head of water on
the weir plate are measured. A maximum flow rate of around 1 liter/sec. (i.e., 10-3 m3/s) is
first investigated and the flow rate is then reduced in steps.
 Series of readings of flow rate and head are taken, such that the decrements of head are roughly
equal.
 Weirs under investigation are rectangular notch, Trapezoidal notch, V-notch and linear notch.

2.3 Results & Discussion:

2.3.1 Rectangular Notch:

B=0.1 m

Figure 1: Rectangular Notch

B=0.1 m as measured in lab than using following equation, coefficient of discharge of rectangular
notch can be derived,
2 3
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 𝐵√2𝑔 𝐻 2
3
2.3.1.1 Results:

Table 1: Calculation for coefficient of discharge for rectangular notch

Q Elevation Retrance H B
Sr. H3/2 Slope Cd Log Q Log H
m3/s m m m m
1 0.0008 0.111 0.132 0.021 0.1 0.003043 -3.09691 -1.67778
2 0.0007 0.112 0.132 0.02 0.1 0.002828 -3.1549 -1.69897
3 0.0006 0.115 0.132 0.017 0.1 0.002217 0.2072 0.7017 -3.22185 -1.76955
4 0.000433 0.12 0.132 0.012 0.1 0.001315 -3.36318 -1.92082
5 0.000233 0.126 0.132 0.006 0.1 0.000465 -3.63202 -2.22185

Q vs H
0.0009

0.0008

0.0007

0.0006
Q (m3/s)

0.0005

0.0004

0.0003

0.0002

0.0001

0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
H (m)

Figure 2: Plot between Discharge and Head for rectangular notch

 Q vs H^3/2
0.0009
0.0008
0.0007
Q (m3/s) 0.0006
0.0005
0.0004 y = 0.2072x + 0.0001
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035
H3/2

Figure 3: Plot between Q & H^3/2 for rectangular notch

Log Q vs Log H
-3
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0
-3.1

-3.2

-3.3
Log Q

-3.4

-3.5

-3.6

-3.7
Log H

Figure 4: Plot between Log Q and Log H for rectangular notch

2.3.1.2 Discussion:

From figure 2, it can be seen that there is direct relation of discharge and head and line is straight
up to 0.02 m head, after that discharge increases exponentially as compared to head. For coefficient
of discharge figure 3 is plotted, the equation of trend line of graph shows the slope which is 0.2072,
using this slope and the following equation in table 1:

2 3
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 𝐵√2𝑔 𝐻 2
3
The coefficient of discharge for rectangular notch is calculated as 0.7017. This shows that the
actual discharge through the rectangular notch is approximately 70% of that of theoretical
discharge.

2.3.2 V-Notch

Angle=60 degree

Figure 5: V-Notch

Angle is 60 degree as measured in lab than using following equation, coefficient of discharge of
V-notch can be derived,
8 5
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 𝑇𝑎𝑛 (60) √2𝑔 𝐻 2
15

2.3.2.1 Results
Table 2: Calculations for coefficient of discharge of V-Notch

Q Elevation Retrance H Tan

Sr. H5/2 Slope Cd Log Q Log H
m3/s m m m 60o

1 0.0008 0.075 0.115 0.04 0.32 0.00032 -3.09691 -1.39794

2 0.000667 0.08 0.115 0.035 0.32 0.00022918 -3.17609 -1.45593
3 0.000567 0.082 0.115 0.033 0.32 0.00019783 1.601646 2.118427 -3.24667 -1.48149
4 0.0005 0.087 0.115 0.028 0.32 0.00013119 -3.30103 -1.55284
5 0.000417 0.092 0.115 0.023 0.32 8.0227E-05 -3.38021 -1.63827
 Q vs H
0.0009
0.0008
0.0007
0.0006
Q (m3/s)

0.0005
0.0004
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045
H (m)

Figure 6: Plot between discharge and head for V-notch

Q vs H^5/2
0.0009

0.0008

0.0007

0.0006
Q (m3/s)

0.0005
y = 1.6016x + 0.0003
0.0004

0.0003

0.0002

0.0001

0
0 0.00005 0.0001 0.00015 0.0002 0.00025 0.0003 0.00035
H3/2

Figure 7: Plot between Q and H^5/2 for V-Notch

 Log Q vs Log H
-3.05
-1.7 -1.65 -1.6 -1.55 -1.5 -1.45 -1.4 -1.35
-3.1

-3.15

-3.2
Log Q

-3.25

-3.3

-3.35

-3.4
Log H

Figure 8: Plot between Log Q and Log H for V-Notch

2.3.2.2 Discussion

From figure 6, it is observed that in V-notch, the discharge is varying smoothly up to the specific
head, than it changes abruptly in a small segment, after that the line become linear. It shows
discharge through V-notch varies w.r.t. head not linearly as compared to the rectangular notch. For
coefficient of discharge figure 7 is plotted, the equation of trend line of graph shows the slope
which is 1.6016, using this slope and the following equation in table 2:

8 5
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 𝑇𝑎𝑛 (60) √2𝑔 𝐻 2
15

The coefficient of discharge for rectangular notch is calculated as 2.11. This shows that the
coefficient of discharge in V-notch is much greater than that of rectangular notch. Actual discharge
is 200% higher than that of theoretical discharge.
2.3.3 Trapezoidal Notch

B=0.1 m

Figure 9: Trapezoidal Notch

B=0.1 m as measured in lab than using following equation, coefficient of discharge of trapezoidal
notch can be derived using,
2 3
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 𝐵√2𝑔 𝐻 2
3
2.3.3.1 Results

Table 3: Calculations of coefficient of discharge of Trapezoidal Notch

Q Elevation Retrance H B
Sr. H3/2 Slope Cd Log Q Log H
m3/s m m m m

1 0.0008 0.113 0.131 0.018 0.1 0.002415 -3.09691 -1.74473

2 0.000667 0.114 0.131 0.017 0.1 0.002217 -3.17609 -1.76955
3 0.000567 0.115 0.131 0.016 0.1 0.002024 0.248702 0.84221 -3.24667 -1.79588
4 0.000467 0.12 0.131 0.011 0.1 0.001154 -3.33099 -1.95861
5 0.000333 0.122 0.131 0.009 0.1 0.000854 -3.47712 -2.04576
 Q vs H
0.0009

0.0008

0.0007

0.0006
Q (m3/s)

0.0005

0.0004

0.0003

0.0002

0.0001

0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
H (m)

Figure 10: Plot between Q and H for trapezoidal notch

Q vs H^3/2
0.0009

0.0008

0.0007

0.0006
Q (m3/s)

0.0005

0.0004 y = 0.2487x + 0.0001

0.0003

0.0002

0.0001

0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003
H3/2

Figure 11: Plot between Q and H^3/2 for trapezoidal notch

 Log Q vs Log H
-3.05
-2.1 -2.05 -2 -1.95 -1.9 -1.85 -1.8 -1.75 -1.7
-3.1

-3.15

-3.2

-3.25
Log Q

-3.3

-3.35

-3.4

-3.45

-3.5
Log H

Figure 12: Plot between Log Q and Log H for trapezoidal notch

2.3.3.2 Discussion:

From figure 10, it is observed that there is direct relation of discharge and head initially, than
discharge reduces w.r.t. head in a segment, after that segment discharge increases abruptly. In case
of trapezoidal notch, as compared to rectangular notch there is variation in discharges w.r.t. head
variations in different time segments as it proceeds. For coefficient of discharge figure 11 is
plotted, the equation of trend line of graph shows the slope which is 0.2487, using this slope and
the following equation in table 3:

2 3
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 𝐵√2𝑔 𝐻 2
3

The coefficient of discharge for rectangular notch is calculated as 0.84, which is greater than that
of rectangular notch but both notches have same equations. It shows that geometry of notch does
effects the variation in discharges with respect to head.
2.3.4 Linear Notch

Figure 13: Linear Notch

Coefficient of discharge for linear notch can be calculated using,

𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 2√2𝑔 𝐻

2.3.4.1 Results:

Table 4: Calculations of coefficient of discharge of linear notch

Q Elevation Retrance H
Sr. Slope Cd Log Q Log H
m3/s m m m
1 0.0008 0.08 0.135 0.055 -3.09691 -1.25964
2 0.000667 0.089 0.135 0.046 -3.17609 -1.33724
3 0.000533 0.092 0.135 0.043 0.014732 0.001663 -3.273 -1.36653
4 0.000433 0.104 0.135 0.031 -3.36318 -1.50864
5 0.000317 0.112 0.135 0.023 -3.4994 -1.63827
 Q vs H
0.0009

0.0008
y = 0.0147x - 3E-05
0.0007

0.0006
Q (m3/s)

0.0005

0.0004

0.0003

0.0002

0.0001

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
H (m)

Figure 14: Plot between Q and H for linear notch

Log Q vs Log H
-3.05
-1.8 -1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0
-3.1

-3.15

-3.2

-3.25
Log Q

-3.3

-3.35

-3.4

-3.45

-3.5

-3.55
Log H

Figure 15: Plot between Log Q and Log H for linear notch
2.3.4.2 Discussion:

From figure 14, it is observed that there is direct relation of discharge and head initially, than
discharge reduces w.r.t. head up to some extent, after that segment discharge again vary linearly
w.r.t head. For coefficient of discharge figure 14 is used, the equation of trend line of graph shows
the slope which is 0.0147, using this slope and the following equation in table 4:

𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 2√2𝑔 𝐻

The coefficient of discharge for rectangular notch is calculated as 0.0016, which very much less
than that of rectangular, trapezoidal and v notches.

2.4 Conclusion:
It is concluded with respect to calculations and the results obtained that, coefficient of discharge
is related different parameters like the head of water over the crest. Different sizes of weir opening
and different angle of notches are important factors to be considered. The geometry of the weir
affects the head of water over the crest and the discharges, too. These are the main important
factors on which coefficient is dependent.
REFERENCES:
Henderson FM. (1964). Open-channel flow, Macmillan, New York, 269-277.

Kumar S, Ahmad Z, Mansoor T. (2011). A new approach to improve the discharging capacity of
sharp-crested triangular plan form weirs. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 22(2011): 175-
180.