AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

2 Divisions of the ANS: Ganglia (sympathetic):

- Serve the same visceral organs but cause  Collateral

opposite effects - Celiac - fibers innervate the stomach,
- Help maintain homeostasis duodenum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas,
spleen, and kidney
 Sympathetic - Superior mesenteric - fibers innervate the
- comes out from the thoracolumbar small intestine and the first parts of the large
- Sympathetic division mobilizes the body intestine
during activity - Inferior mesenteric - fibers innervate the
 Parasympathetic kidney, urinary bladder, sex organs, and
- comes out from the craniosacral terminal ends of the large intestine
- Parasympathetic division conserves body
energy  Sympathetic chain – ganglia at the different
levels of your thoracic segment.
2 types of nerves: Also have a ganglia that is beyond your thoracic:
- Superior cervical ganglia
 Pre-ganglionic nerves
- Middle cervical ganglia
 Post-gangionic nerves - Inferior ganglia
Parasymapathetic nerves:
 The nerves in the sympathetic have no names
- Pre-ganglionic nerves are longer than post- they are only called pre-ganglionic and post-
ganglionic nerves. ganglionic nerves.
 There are 5 nerves in the parasympathetic; 4
Sympathetic nerves: nerves from the upper, coming out from the
- Post-gagnlionic nerves are longer than cranio region from mid-brain and the medulla
pregagnlionic nerves. oblongata and the 5th nerve come out of the
sacral region which is called your pelvic nerve.
 4 nerves:
- Occulomotor
- Facial
- Glossopharyngeal
- Vagus
They all go to the different organs of the body
and both sympathetic and parasympathetic will
go to the different organs. So, each organ will
receive both.
Sympathetic fibers, the pre-ganglionic fibers
will make synapse of the same level that it
Ganglia (parasympathetic): comes out or makes synapse at the different
level whether it will go up and down the
 Collateral ganglia – they are not one after the sympathetic chain to go to a collateral.
other in a series but has separate ganglia.
- Ciliary
- Splanchnic
- Maxillary
- Otic
 COMPARISON SOMATIC AND AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Composed of two divisions the sympathetic and

The nerve goes to the skeletal muscle.
parasympathetic. There is a one organ that
*Alpha-motor neuron – only nerve to the skeletal
participates in the sympathetic, that is the adrenal
muscle.
medulla.

*Refer to the picture above

The connection between the Alpha-motor neuron
PARASYMPATHETIC
and the skeletal muscle is called neuromuscular
2 types of nerves that comes out from the spinal
junction. (EPP)  Action Potential
cord:
The transmission called is the neuromuscular
 Pre-ganglionic – comes out from the
transmission.
craniosacral (parasympathetic); makes a
synapse (connection between to nerves) with
a post-ganglionic neuron.

The only neurotransmitter that comes out from the
Alpha motor neuron is the Acetylcholine. When it
crosses the synaptic cleft it goes to the skeletal
muscle, which is a striated muscle and combines
with a receptor (Nicotinic receptor).
Responds to Acetylcholine and we know that the
nerve that releases the Acetylcholine is called
cholinergic receptor.
- They are called cholinergic receptors because
they respond to Acetylcholine.
2 types:
- Nicotinic receptor (found in the striated
muscle eg. Skeletal muscle and also in post-
ganglionic neuron)
- Muscarinic receptor (found in the effector
organs eg. Cardiac organs, Smooth muscles
of the bronchial organ, Glands)
The neurotransmitter that the pre-ganglionic
fiber of the parasympathetic secretes
Acetylcholine.
 Post-ganglionic – a receptor found in the
post-ganglionic is called nicotinic receptor.
It now has an Acetylcholine combining with
a receptor it develops an Action Potential.
1. First, it develops EPSP which reaches threshold
and becomes Action Potential in the post-ganglionic
neuron and secretes acetylcholine.
2. ACh will cross the synaptic cleft and goes to the
effector organs.
Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle and Glands
3. Combines with the receptor, Muscarinic receptor
(cholinergic receptor).
SYMPATHETIC
 Pre-ganglionic – the neurotransmitter
secreted is the Acetylcholine. It makes a
synapse with the post-ganglionic neuron.
The synapse occurring at the ganglion.
“meeting place of the pre-ganglion and
post-ganglion”
1. Acetylcholine is released and travels across the
synaptic cleft and then a binds to a Nicotinic
receptor found in the post-ganglionic sympathetic
neuron.
2. The combination of the acetylcholine with the
nicotinic receptor will stimulate it causing EPSP and
then an Action potential occurs.
3. AP travels at the tip of the synaptic valve and the
AP will open Ca channels.
(following the neuromuscular transmission)
 Post-ganglionic – will now act like a pre-
synaptic neuron
When it develops an action potential will release
Nor-epinephrine crosses the synaptic cleft and it
goes to the effector organs and combine with the
adrenergic receptor.

- They respond to Nor-epinephrine and

epinephrine that’s why they are called
adrenergic receptors.
- Divided into two:
 Alpha
- Alpha 1 – these receptors are more abundant
in a particular structure or organ. Mostly
found in the systemic blood vessels. (eg.
from the skin to the diff. organs) When you
stimulate Alpha 1 this will cause
vasoconstriction.
– Causes blood pressure increase

- Alpha 2 – mostly found in the brain. When

you stimulate Alpha 2 this will cause a
reduction in the sympathetic effect.
– Blood pressure decrease for
hypertension

 Beta
- Beta 1 – found in the heart
– When stimulated, heart rate increase
and strength (force of contraction)

- Beta 2 – found in the smooth muscles (eg. in

bronchus causes bronchodilatotion)

“effect of Salbutamol or Vintolin”

- Beta 3 – found in the adipose tissue (fat

tissue)

*Note: All the pre-ganglionic neurons of the

parasympathetic and sympathetic will both secrete
Acetylcholine.
2 parts of the Adrenal gland:
 Adrenal medulla (inner) – involve
in the sympathetic system
 Adrenal cortex (outer) – involves
in the endocrine system

Adrenal medulla receives the pre-ganglionic neurons

because it does not make a synapse. It goes to the
adrenal medulla and secretes Acetylcholine.

*Note: All the pre-ganglionic neurons of the

parasympathetic and sympathetic will both secrete
Acetylcholine. Since they secrete acetylcholine they
are called cholinergic fibers.

In the adrenal medulla it will combine with nicotinic

receptor. Sometimes, we call the adrenal medulla as
the post-ganglionic neuron because it acts one. It
receives acetylcholine from the pre-ganglionic neuron.

When the adrenal medulla is stimulated it develops action potential and secretes (neurotransmitter)
Epinephrine and Nor-epinephrine, but mostly Epinephrine.

Secreted by the gland adrenal medulla and goes directly into blood, and will go around and
influence the parts of the body. (eg. effector organs: Cardiac, smooth muscles and the glands)

Since, the adrenal medulla secretes your substances directly into the blood stream. The epinephrine and
nor-epinephrine are produced from endocrine glands (they are called such because they are secreted
directly in to the blood stream and their secretions are called hormones.)

SUMMARY OF DIFFENT EFFECTS

DIGESTIVE RESPIRATORY URINARY

 More active than
the sympathetic.
 In the lungs, In the urinary bladder
 More movement
PARASYMAPATHETIC constriction of the and urethra, it relaxes
and secretions of
bronchioles to urinate.
the glands.

 In the liver it is
more active; it  It causes
SYMPATHETIC Constricts
causes the release bronchodilation
of glucose.
Because you need
 glucose when
you’re under
stress for energy.

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