LEGEND(S): + (Additional information not in found in the recordings but internet-based info)

http://www.kean.edu/~jfasick/docs/Spring_09_AP-1/Chapter%2012_Part%20I.pdf – source for the additional info

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

– composed of the brain and spinal cord
CNS starts as a Neural tube: Embryo

(+) Embryonic Development

During the first 26 days of development:
 Ectoderm thickens forming the neural plate
 The neural plate invaginates, forming the neural folds
 Superior edges fuse forming neural tube which detaches from the ectoderm and sinks deeper
 Neural tube differentiates into the CNS
 Brain forms from neural tube (rostrally) as well as spinal cord (posterior/dorsally)
 Neural crest cells give rise to some neurons destined to reside in ganglia

When there is a tube, it has a canal thus developing 4 VENTRICLES from the central canal of neural tube.
(+) Ventricles of the Brain
 Continuous with one another and with the central canal of the spinal cord
 Filled with cerebrospinal fluid and lined with ependymal cells
 C-shaped reflects the pattern of cerebral growth
 Septum pallucidum separates lateral ventricles via the interventricular foreamen
 Third ventricle connected to the fourth ventricle via the cerebral aquaduct
 Fourth ventricle is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord
 Fourth ventricle is also continuous with the fluid filled space surrounding the brain (subarachnoid) via
lateral and medial apertures.
LEGEND(S): + (Additional information not in found in the recordings but internet-based info)
http://www.kean.edu/~jfasick/docs/Spring_09_AP-1/Chapter%2012_Part%20I.pdf – source for the additional info
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY: (4 Major parts of the Brain)

A. CEREBRUM
= divided into 4 lobes:
 Frontal The fissure that divides the frontal lobe from parietal lobe is the central fissure.
 Parietal The fissure that divides the frontal lobe from temporal lobe is the lateral fissure.
 Temporal The fissure that divides the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe is the parieto-
 Occipital occipital fissure.

 Gyri (plu. form) / gyrus (sing.)

= elevated ridges of tissues
= more gyri mean you more intelligent
 Sulci (plu.) / sulcus (sing.)
= shallow grooves
 Fissures
= deep sulci
= deep sulcus that divides the cerebrum into 2 parts is called the Cerebral
hemisphere (R&L)
 Longitudinal fissure
= R&L cerebral hemisphere

AREAS:
1. Primary somatic sensory = located posterior to central fissure in the parietal lobe;
except for special senses: (taste, sight, hearing, smell)
 Occipital lobe – vision,
This means they receive
neurons that are sensory  Temporal lobe bordering lateral fissure – hearing
or afferent coming from  Temporal lobe (deeper part) – olfaction/smell
the muscles.  Parietal lobe – taste

= sensory pathways decussate (crosses or intersect each other)

2. Primary motor area = conscious movement of muscles; located at the pre-central gyrus anterior to the
central fissure in the frontal lobe
= neurons pass thru the spinal cord and are grouped into tracts;
This means it send
Motor tracts (eg. pyramidal, corticospinal tract)
neurons that are efferent
to the muscle.
made up of axons from the primary motor area

= they decussate
3. Broca’s area = motor speech; base of 1 precentral gyrus usually the left;
damage causes inability to speak properly

4. Wernicke’s area (Speech area) = junction of temporal, parietal & occipital lobes
= cannot understand and connect words written/ spoken; only in 1
cerebral hemisphere

5. Anterior association area (found in frontal lobes) = higher intellectual reasoning and socially
acceptable behavior
= Temporal & frontal lobes (complex memories)
LEGEND(S): + (Additional information not in found in the recordings but internet-based info)
http://www.kean.edu/~jfasick/docs/Spring_09_AP-1/Chapter%2012_Part%20I.pdf – source for the additional info

6. Posterior association area (posterior cortex) = recognizing patterns and phases and blending several
inputs into understanding the whole situation

2 Divisions of the Cerebral cortex:

 Gray matter – placed opposite to the spinal cord; contains nerve cell bodies
 White matter – contains soma fiber tracts (bundles of fibers)

Corpus callosum = the structure in between two cerebral hemisphere

= fiber tract that connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres for communication
Basal nuclei or basal ganglia = “islands” of gray matter in white matter; helps regulate voluntary motor neuron
 If there’s something wrong here, you develop Parkinson’s disease

lacks dopamine
LEGEND(S): + (Additional information not in found in the recordings but internet-based info)
http://www.kean.edu/~jfasick/docs/Spring_09_AP-1/Chapter%2012_Part%20I.pdf – source for the additional info

B. DIACEPHALON (Interbrain)
= on top of brain stem and enclosed by cerebrum;
= 3 parts: thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

 Thalamus = encloses the 3rd ventricle (space);

 relay station for sensory impulses from the different parts of the cerebrum; carries
sensation whether pleasant or not.

 Hypothalamus = found below the thalamus;

 floor of the diacephalon;
 important because it has many functions that controls the body (eg. center of the body
temperature; metabolism);
 part of the limbic system which is for the emotional visceral brain;
 highest of the endocrine gland controls the pituitary gland

 Epithalamus = found in the roof of the 3rd ventricle;

 contains the very important gland, the pineal gland which secretes melatonin for night
and day cycle;
 contains choroid plexuses  special capillaries which form the cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF)

C. BRAIN STEM (Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata)

= pathway for ascending and descending tracts
= nuclei which form cranial nerves & control vital activities as breathing and blood pressure
= lowest part of the brain

 Cranial nerves (autonomic nerves) = belongs to the parasympathetic system

(+) 12 CRANIAL NERVES:

a) Olfactory  Reticular formation (RF) = you can find the
b) Optic nerve Reticular Activating System (RAS)
c) Oculomoter nerve
d) Trochlear A special group of RF neurons for the consciousness and an
e) Trigeminal awake/ sleep cycles (in coma if destroyed)
f) Abducent
g) Facial
h) Vestibulocochlear
i) Glossopharyngeal
j) Vagus
k) Spinal accessory nerve
l) Hypoglossal nerve

1. Midbrain
= from mamillary bodies to the pons - cerebral aqueduct (tiny canal that connects 3rd to 4th ventricle below)
Found in the Midbrain: Cerebral penduncles  convey impulses up and down
Corpora quadrigemina  4 rounded protrusions which are reflex centers for vision and
hearing
TERMS&DEFINITION: Motor areas – control voluntary movement | Sensory areas – conscious awareness of sensation |
Association areas – integrate diverse information
LEGEND(S): + (Additional information not in found in the recordings but internet-based info)
http://www.kean.edu/~jfasick/docs/Spring_09_AP-1/Chapter%2012_Part%20I.pdf – source for the additional info

2. Pons
= rounded protrusions, mostly fiber tracts; nuclei for regulation of respiration

3. Medulla oblongata
= important fiber tract;
= centers for heart rate, blood pressure (cardiovascular), breathing, swallowing, vomiting;
= found the 4th ventricle, which posterior to the pons and medulla, and anterior to the cerebrum

D. CEREBELLUM
= looks like a “cauliflower”; projects dorsally from the occipital lobe
= 2 hemispheres and convoluted (outer - gray matter, inner - white matter)
= controls balance and equilibrium
= precise timing for skeletal muscle activity
= fibers from inner ears, eyes, proprioceptors of skeletal muscle and tendons and other areas
= smooth and coordinated body movement

Meninges – covering the brain and spinal cord (CNS); thin membranes; 3 layers (from the outer)
 Dura mater – outer layer
 Arachnoid mater – second layer; you can find arachnoid villi projecting to the dura mater
 Pia mater – very near to brain and spinal cord tissue; follows the fold of the brain and the spinal cord
special space between the Arachnoid mater and
Pia mater called sub-arachnoid mater (it is where
cerebrospinal fluid pases)

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

CSF FLOW:
= similar to plasma; from blood by choroid plexuses
= absorbed into venous blood in dural sinuses through arachnoid villi 1.) CSF produced by choroid
= spinal or lumbar tap: hydrocephalus – blockage of flow plexuses of each 4 ventricles.
2.) The CSF from the lateral
Children with big heads (Tx: Drain the fluid) ventricle flows to the
openings of the 3rd ventricle.
3.) The CSF flows from the
3rd ventricle to central
aqueduct to 4th ventricle.
4.) The CSF exits the 4th
ventricle thru opening the
walls and roof and enters the
sub-arachnoid space. Some of
the CSF enters into canal of
the spinal cord.
5.) The CSF follows to the
sub-arachnoid space to the
arachnoid granulations in the
superior sagittal sinus, where
it enters the venous
circulation.
LEGEND(S): + (Additional information not in found in the recordings but internet-based info)
http://www.kean.edu/~jfasick/docs/Spring_09_AP-1/Chapter%2012_Part%20I.pdf – source for the additional info
Blood-brain barrier
= permeable capillaries that separates the CNS from blood-borne substances
= it allows only H2O, glucose, some amino acids, respiratory gases can easily pass

Brain dysfunction
1. Traumatic Brain injuries
= concussion – slight injury; dizzy; temporary loss of consciousness; no permanent damage
= brain contusion – marked tissue destruction
= cerebral edema – swelling of the brain; brain inflammation
= cerebral hemorrhage – blood vessel ruptures

Degenerative brain disease

= older people have high risk for this disorder

1. Cerebrovascular Accidents (CVA) – “stroke”

= pertains to the brain
= thrombus, embolus, hemorrhage: TIA (Transial Ischemic attack) – 5-50min characterized by numbness,
temporary paralysis, impaired speech

“blood clot formed in the blood vessel” “travelling blood clot, formed outside the brain”
2 types of stroke:
 Ischemic stroke – blockage of the blood vessel
 Hemorrhagic stroke – as you grow older there are parts in the blood vessel that are thin
(walls are thin) therefore, it is a weak area thus, results to thinning of the balloon (aneurysm)

= aphasia (inability to speak or to understand); weakness (plegia; paralysis – paresis)

2. Alzheimer’s disease (Senile dementia)

= brain atrophy (shrinking of the brain);
= abnormal protein [beta-amyloid deposits];
= tau amyloid proteins which eventually become neurofibrillary tangles
= one of the hallmarks is that they forget the present but remembers the past

3. Parkinson’s disease
= lack of dopamine in the substancia nigra