S Vocabulary reference VOC APP

Feelings and qualities Food

angry (adj) /ˈæŋgri/ enfadado beans (n) /biːnz/ judías
excited (adj) /ɪkˈsaɪtɪd/ ilusionado, alterado carrots (n) /ˈkærəts/ zanahorias
funny (adj)  /ˈfʌni/ gracioso cheese (n) /tʃiːz/ queso
lonely (adj) /ˈləʊnli/ solo chicken (n) /ˈtʃɪkɪn/ pollo
nervous (adj) /ˈnɜːvəs/ nervioso chilli sauce (n) /ˈtʃɪli sɔːs/ salsa de chile
relaxed (adj) /rɪˈlækst/ relajado pepper (n) /ˈpepə(r)/ pimienta
surprised (adj) /səˈpraɪzd/ sorprendido salt (n) /sɒlt/ sal
tired (adj) /ˈtaɪəd/ cansado sugar (n) /ˈʃʊɡə(r)/ azúcar
yoghurt (n) /ˈjɒɡət/ yogur
Holidays
crunchy (adj) /ˈkrʌntʃi/ crujiente
book a hotel / hostel / B and B (v) healthy (adj) /ˈhelθi/ sano, saludable
/ˌbʊk ə həʊˈtel / ˈhɒstl / biː ən ˈbiː/ spicy (adj) /ˈspaɪsi/ picante, especiado
reservar un hotel sweet (adj) /swiːt/ dulce
buy souvenirs (v) /ˌbaɪ ˌsuːvəˈnɪəz/ tasty (adj) /ˈteɪsti/ sabroso
comprar souvenirs
explore a new place (v) /ɪkˌsplɔːr ə njuː ˈpleɪs/
Learn it
explorar un lugar nuevo
get sunburned (v) /ˌɡet ˈsʌnbɜːnd/ lose (v) /luːz/ perder
quemarse (al sol) miss (v) /mɪs/ echar de menos
go abroad on holiday (v) /ˌɡəʊ əˌbrɔːd ɒn ˈhɒlədeɪ/
ir de vacaciones al extranjero
have an accident (v) /ˌhæv ən ˈæksɪdənt/
tener/sufrir un accidente
hire a car (v) /ˌhaɪər ə ˈkɑː(r)/
alquilar un coche
lose your suitcase / passport (v)
/ˌluːz jɔː ˈsuːtkeɪs / ˈpɑːspɔːt/
perder la maleta / el pasaporte
meet new people (v) /ˌmiːt njuː ˈpiːpl/
conocer gente nueva
miss a flight / bus / train (v)
/ˌmɪs ə ˈflaɪt / ˈbʌs / ˈtreɪn/
perder un vuelo / el autobús / el tren
send a postcard (v) /ˌsend ə ˈpəʊstkɑːd/
mandar una postal

Spectrum 3 Language Trainer  Starter unit

S Grammar reference
Past simple

Afirmativa You watched TV.

Negativa She did not / didn’t watch TV.
Interrogativa Did you watch TV?
Usos
Utilizamos el past simple si sabemos cuándo se completó una acción en el pasado.
  Did you see the film?   We saw the film last night.
Verbos irregulares
No hay reglas para la formación de los verbos irregulares. Hay que aprendérselos en la lista.

Present simple and present continuous

Present simple Present continuous

Afirmativa I sometimes eat spicy food. I am learning Greek.
He sometimes eats spicy food. She is learning Greek.
Negativa We don’t eat spicy food. We aren’t learning Greek.
She doesn’t eat spicy food. He isn’t learning Greek.
Interrogativa Do you often eat spicy food? Are you learning Greek?
Does he often eat spicy food? Is she learning Greek?
Usos
El present continuous describe acciones que se están desarrollando mientras hablamos.
 They’re shopping for clothes at the moment.
También se utiliza para referirse al futuro inmediato.
 I’m having a coffee with my friend this afternoon.
Utilizamos el present simple para hablar de acciones que se repiten y cosas que son, en general, ciertas.
 She reads her book every night.

Comparative and superlative adjectives

Adjetivo Comparativo Superlativo

+ = −
Breve sweet sweeter as/so sweet as not as/so sweet as the sweetest
Largo interesting more interesting as/so interesting as not as/so interesting as the most
interesting
Irregular good better as/so good as not as/so good as the best
bad worse as/so bad as not as/so bad as the worst

Usos
Utilizamos el comparativo + than para comparar dos o más cosas o personas diferentes.
  A melon is sweeter than an orange.
Se utiliza as/so + adjetivo + as para comparar dos cosas o personas iguales.
  This melon is as/so sweet as the orange I had earlier.
Empleamos el superlativo para comparar tres o más cosas o personas entre sí.
  Of the three dishes, the curry is the tastiest one.

Spectrum 3 Language Trainer  Starter unit

1 Vocabulary reference
Behaviour
acceptable (adj) /əkˈseptəbl/ aceptable
common (adj) /ˈkɒmən/ normal, habitual
direct (adj) /dəˈrekt, dɪ-, daɪ-/ directo
dishonest (adj) /dɪsˈɒnɪst/ mentiroso
easy-going (adj) /ˌiːziˈɡəʊɪŋ/ de trato fácil
fair (adj) /feə(r)/ justo
familiar (adj) /fəˈmɪliə(r)/ conocido
honest (adj) /ˈɒnɪst/ sincero
indirect (adj) /ˌɪndəˈrekt, -dɪ-, -daɪ-/ no directo
obligatory (adj) /əˈblɪɡətri/ obligatorio
rare (adj) /reə(r)/ poco común
strict (adj) /strɪkt/ estricto
unacceptable (adj) /ˌʌnəkˈseptəbl/ inaceptable
unfair (adj) /ˌʌnˈfeə(r)/ injusto
unfamiliar (adj) /ˌʌnfəˈmɪliə(r)/ desconocido
voluntary (adj) /ˈvɒləntri/ voluntario
Personal qualities
active (adj) /ˈæktɪv/ activo
adventurous (adj) /ədˈventʃərəs/ aventurero
ambitious (adj) /æmˈbɪʃəs/ ambicioso
artistic (adj) /ɑːˈtɪstɪk/ artístico
confident (adj) /ˈkɒnfɪdənt/ seguro de sí mismo
creative (adj) /kriˈeɪtɪv/ creativo
curious (adj) /ˈkjʊəriəs/ curioso
hard-working (adj) /ˌhɑːd ˈwɜːkɪŋ/ trabajador
logical (adj) /ˈlɒdʒɪkl/ lógico
mathematical (adj) /ˌmæθəˈmætɪkl/ matemático
organized (adj) /ˈɔːɡənaɪzd/ organizado
sociable (adj) /ˈsəʊʃəbl/ sociable
Growing up ceremonies
hunt (v) /hʌnt/ cazar
status (n) /ˈsteɪtəs/ estado
tattoo (n) /təˈtuː/ tatuaje
tribe (n) /traɪb/ tribu
warrior (n) /ˈwɒriə(r)/ guerrero, guerrera
Spectrum 3 Language Trainer  Unit 1  Time for change 
VOC APP
Word builder: noun suffixes 1
arrive (v) /əˈraɪv/ llegar
arrival (n) /əˈraɪvl/ llegada
populate (v) /ˈpɒpjuleɪt/ poblar
population (n) /ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃn/ población,
número de habitantes
protect (v) /prəˈtekt/ proteger
protection (n) /prəˈtekʃn/ protección
survive (v) /səˈvaɪv/ sobrevivir
survival (n) /səˈvaɪvl/ supervivencia
Learn it!
career /kəˈrɪə(r)/ trayectoria profesional
study for a degree /ˌstʌdi fər ə dɪˈɡriː/
cursar un grado / una licenciatura
Functional language
Reacting to news
How awful / surprising / exciting!
That’s fantastic / dreadful / understandable!
Oh dear! / no! / really?
What a pity / shame!
That sounds nice / terrible!
What is / was it like?
How do / did you feel?
What happened next?
1 Grammar reference
Modals of obligation, prohibition and necessity: have to, must and need to

I / You / We / They have to / had to / need to / needed to / must read.

Afirmativa
He / She / It has / had to / needs / needed to read.
I / You / We / They don’t have to / didn’t have to / don’t need to / didn’t need to stay.
Negativa
He / She / It doesn’t have to / didn’t have to / doesn’t need to / didn’t need to / mustn’t stay.
Do / Did I / you / we / they have to / need to finish?
Interrogativa
Does / Did he / she / it have to / need to read?
Must tiene la misma forma para todos los pronombres sujeto. Se utiliza con el infinitivo del verbo sin to.
Usos
•  Have to y must se utilizan para describir una obligación o una norma.
•  Don’t have to se emplea para referirse a algo que no es obligatorio.
•  Lo contrario de must y have to es mustn’t, que describe una prohibición.
•  En la forma interrogativa se utiliza have to, y no must.
•  Need to se emplea para hablar de algo que es necesario hacer.

Modals of ability and permission: can, will be able to and allow / be allowed to

Las formas de can, could y will be able to son las mismas para todos los pronombres sujeto.
Afirmativa I can speak French. They could speak French. We will be able to speak French.
Negativa I can’t speak French. You couldn’t speak French. She won’t be able to speak French.
Interrogativa Can you speak French? Could he speak French? Will you be able to speak French?
Allow sigue el patrón de los verbos regulares. Para utilizar be allowed to, solo hay que cambiar el verbo be.
Afirmativa The teacher allows / allowed Sam to Sam was / The Students were allowed to leave
leave early. early.
Negativa The teacher doesn’t / didn’t allow Sam Students aren’t allowed to leave early.
to leave early. Sam wasn’t allowed to leave early.
Interrogativa Does / Did the teacher allow students to Are / Were students allowed to leave early?
leave early?
Usos
•  Allow someone to y be allowed to se utilizan para expresar permiso.

Modals of advice: should, ought to

Should / ought to tienen la misma forma para todos los pronombres sujeto.
Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa
Lauren should / ought to be more We shouldn’t / ought not to make What should Kay do?
hard-working. a lot of noise.
Usos
•  Should / ought to se utilizan para dar consejos o hacer recomendaciones. Empleamos ought to en frases
afirmativas y negativas, mientras que should se utiliza en afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa.

Spectrum 3 Language Trainer  Unit 1  Time for change 

2 Vocabulary reference VOC APP

Describing films reader (n) /ˈriːdə(r)/ lector, lectora

scene (n) /siːn/ escena
action and adventure /ˌækʃn ənd ədˈventʃə(r)/ setting (n) /ˈsetɪŋ/ escenario
de acción y aventuras
animation /ˌænɪˈmeɪʃn/ animación, dibujos animados
Storytelling 2
comedy /ˈkɒmədi/ comedia
documentary /ˌdɒkjuˈmentri/ documental (have a) gift (n) /ˌhæv ə ˈɡɪft/ (tener un) don
horror /ˈhɒrə(r)/ de terror ghost (n) /ɡəʊst/ fantasma
sci-fi and fantasy /ˌsaɪ faɪ ən ˈfæntəsi/ de ciencia (tell a) joke (n) /ˌtel ə ˈdʒəʊk/ (contar un) chiste
ficción y fantasía live (adj) /laɪv/ en vivo, en directo
thriller /ˈθrɪlə(r)/ thriller, de suspense performer (n) /pəˈfɔːmə(r)/ artista
(tell a) legend (n) /ˌtel ə ˈledʒənd/ (contar una)
disappointing (adj) /ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntɪŋ/ decepcionante leyenda
dramatic (adj) /drəˈmætɪk/ impresionante,
espectacular
Word builder: adverbs of degree
dull (adj) /dʌl/ soso
entertaining (adj) /ˌentəˈteɪnɪŋ/ entretenido a bit (adv) /ə ˈbɪt/ un poco
exciting (adj) /ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ/ emocionante incredibly (adv) /ɪnˈkredɪbli/ increíblemente
frightening (adj) /ˈfraɪtnɪŋ/ que da miedo quite (adv) /kwaɪt/ bastante, muy
funny (adj) /ˈfʌni/ gracioso very (adv) /ˈveri/ muy
informative (adj) /ɪnˈfɔːmətɪv/ informativo
original (adj) /əˈrɪdʒənl/ original
Learn it!
predictable (adj) /prɪˈdɪktəbl/ predecible
realistic (adj) /ˌriːəˈlɪstɪk/ realista Common error
shocking (adj) /ˈʃɒkɪŋ/ impactante character (n) /ˈkærəktə(r)/ personaje
spectacular (adj) /spekˈtækjələ(r)/ espectacular
surprising (adj) /səˈpraɪzɪŋ/ sorprendente Functional language
Expressing preferences
Storytelling 1
I’d prefer … (to + infinitive)
actor (n) /ˈæktə(r)/ actor
beginning (n) /bɪˈɡɪnɪŋ/ comienzo I’d prefer not to.
critic (n) /ˈkrɪtɪk/ crítico, crítica
editor (n) /ˈedɪtə(r)/ editor, editora I’d love … (to + infinitive)
ending (n) /ˈendɪŋ/ final, desenlace
film director (n) /ˈfɪlm dəˌrektə(r), dɪ-, daɪ-/ I don’t really like …
director, directora de cine
main character (n) /meɪn ˈkærəktə(r)/ personaje That sounds much better than …
principal
novelist (n) /ˈnɒvəlɪst/ novelista
plot (n) /plɒt/ argumento

Spectrum 3 Language Trainer  Unit 2 Storytelling 

2 Grammar reference
Quantifiers: too, too much, too many, Past simple
(not) enough
Afirmativa I / You / He / She / It / We / They
watched a film last night.
Adjetivos Sustantivos Sustantivos
contables incontables Negativa I / You / He / She / It / We / They
didn’t watch a film last night.
The plot is too There are too There’s too much
predictable. many special dialogue in the Interrogativa Did I / you / he / she / it / we / they
effects. film. watch a film last night?
The film Are there There’s enough
isn’t exciting enough tickets action.
enough! for everybody? Past continuous
too many / too much = más de lo necesario
enough = la cantidad necesaria Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa
not enough = no la cantidad necesaria I was reading. I wasn’t reading. Was I reading?
Usos You were You weren’t Were you
Too se utiliza delante de los adjetivos. reading. reading. reading?
  The novel is too long.
He / She was He / She wasn’t Was he / she
Utilizamos too many delante de los sustantivos reading. reading. reading?
contables en plural. It was raining. It wasn’t raining. Was it raining?
 There are too many short films in the competition.
We / They We / They Were we / they
Empleamos too much delante de los sustantivos were reading. weren’t reading. reading?
incontables.
  There was too much violence in the film. Usos
El past continuous se utiliza para describir
Se utiliza (not) enough detrás de los adjetivos.
acciones que se estaban desarrollando en el
  Lily’s story isn’t interesting enough.
pasado.
Utilizamos (not) enough delante de sustantivos  Jess was writing a review.
incontables y sustantivos contables en plural.
  The play didn’t have enough romance.
  The film received enough awards. Past simple and past continuous;
when / while
Verbs with -ing and to
Usos
Verbo + -ing Verbo + to Ambos El past simple se utiliza para hablar de una acción
dislike, don’t agree, appear, like, love, hate, que se completó en el pasado.
mind, enjoy, learn, decide, can’t stand, prefer,  Andy met his friends at the Zombie Lab
recommend, plan, promise, start yesterday afternoon.
miss, stop seem, want El past continuous describe una acción que se
estaba desarrollando en el pasado.
A menudo necesitamos utilizar un verbo seguido
 What were you doing at seven o’clock?
de otro. El segundo verbo puede adoptar formas
 They weren’t showing the film.
distintas. En algunos casos, va seguido de una forma
en -ing. When y while
 I enjoy singing. Utilizamos el past continuous y el past simple en la
Otros verbos van seguidos del infinitivo con to. misma frase cuando una acción interrumpe otra.
 I wanted to go home. El past continuous describe la acción más larga,
y el past simple la acción que la interrumpe. En
Hay verbos a los que pueden acompañar tanto la
general, utilizamos while con el past continuous, y
forma en -ing como el infinitivo con to.
when con el past simple.
 I’d love to come to your party.
  While we were watching the film at the cinema,
 They love travelling.
my mobile phone rang!
 I was watching a short film on the internet
Spectrum 3 Language Trainer  Unit 2 Storytelling  when the electricity went off.
3 Vocabulary reference VOC APP

Money and shopping Food adjectives

afford (v) /əˈfɔːd/ permitirse delicious (adj) /dɪˈlɪʃəs/ delicioso
bargain (n) /ˈbɑːɡən/ ganga mild (adj) /maɪld/ suave
be worth (v) /ˌbi ˈwɜːθ/ valer nutritious (adj) /njuˈtrɪʃəs/ nutritivo
borrow (v) /ˈbɒrəʊ/ tomar prestado sour (adj) /ˈsaʊə(r)/ ácido, amargo
brand (n) /brænd/ marca spicy (adj) /ˈspaɪsi/ picante, especiado
cost (v) /kɒst/ costar sweet (adj) /swiːt/ dulce
discount (n) /ˈdɪskaʊnt/ descuento
lend (v) /lend/ prestar
Learn it!
sales (n) /seɪlz/ rebajas
save up (v) /ˌseɪv ˈʌp/ ahorrar Common error
waste (v) /weɪst/ desperdiciar borrow (v) /ˈbɒrəʊ/ tomar prestado
lend (v) /lend/ prestar
Free-time activities
archery (n) /ˈɑːtʃəri/ tiro con arco Functional language
athletics (n) /æθˈletɪks/ atletismo
computer skills (n) / kəmˈpjuːtə skɪlz/ Making and responding to suggestions
conocimientos informáticos What about … ? / How about … ? (+ -ing)
drama (n) /ˈdrɑːmə/ teatro
fashion design (n) /ˈfæʃn dɪˌzaɪn/ diseño de moda Why don’t we … ?
kayaking (n) /ˈkaɪækɪŋ/ kayak
rock climbing (n) /ˈrɒk ˌklaɪmɪŋ/ escalada Let’s … (+ infinitive)
street art (n) /ˈstriːt ɑːt/ arte callejero
street dance (n) /ˈstriːt dɑːns/ danza callejera No, that’s boring.
trail biking (n) /ˈtreɪl ˌbaɪkɪŋ/ andar en bicicleta de
montaña That’s not a bad idea, but …
wakeboarding (n) /ˈweɪkbɔːdɪŋ/ skateboarding,
skate acuático
That sounds like a good idea / plan.

Phrasal verbs
I’m happy with that suggestion.
catch up (v) /ˌkætʃ ˈʌp/ alcanzar
fill up (v) /ˌfɪl ˈʌp/ llenarse
join in (v) /ˌdʒɔɪn ˈɪn/ unirse a, incorporarse a Reaching an agreement
miss out (v) /ˌmɪs ˈaʊt/ perderse (algo) Do we all agree (with that idea / suggestion)?
pick up (v) /ˈpɪk ˌʌp/ aprender, adquirir
queue up (v) /ˈkjuː ˌʌp/ hacer cola Yes, definitely.
set up (v) /ˈset ˌʌp/ colocar
take up (v) /ˈteɪk ˌʌp/ probar, empezar a practicar Yes, that’s fine by me.
try out (v) /ˌtraɪ ˈaʊt/ probar
turn up (v) /ˌtɜːn ˈʌp/ acudir
wash up (v) /ˌwɒʃ ˈʌp/ fregar los platos

Spectrum 3 Language Trainer  Unit 3  Choices, choices 

3 Grammar reference
Present perfect Present perfect with for and since

Afirmativa En las frases de present perfect, for y since

I / You have started. I’ve / You’ve started. describen la duración de una acción o un hecho
que empezó en el pasado y sigue en el presente.
He / She / It has He’s / She’s / It’s started.
started. Utilizamos “for + periodo de tiempo” para
describir la duración de una actividad (for five
We / They have started. We’ve / They’ve started. years). For suele ir seguido de una expresión
Negativa temporal: for three months, for five days, etc.
I / You have not started. I / You haven’t started.  I’ve had the same mobile phone for two years.
(And I still have it.)
He / She / It has not He / She / It hasn’t started.
Utilizamos “since + expresión de tiempo” para
started.
indicar en qué momento del pasado se inició la
We / They have not We / They haven’t started. acción (since last week). Since se coloca delante
started. de la expresión de tiempo.
Interrogativa   My mum has been a shop owner since 2011.
Have I / you started? Where have I / you started? How long se utiliza con el present perfect para
preguntar acerca de la duración de una acción.
Has he / she / it Why has he / she / it
En general, la respuesta contiene for o since.
started? started?
 ‘How long has your mum been a shop owner?’
Have we / they started? Why have we / they ‘Since 2011’ / ‘For three years.’
started?
En la forma oral de las frases afirmativas se suelen
utilizar las formas contractas Present perfect with still, yet and
(’s / ’ve / haven’t / hasn’t) precedidas de un
pronombre sujeto. En los textos formales utilizamos already
las formas completas ( have / has, have not / has
not). Usos
Nota: no se debe confundir la forma breve de has (’s) Utilizamos still, yet y already con el present
con la de is (también ’s). perfect.
El participio pasado se construye como el past simple. Still y yet refuerzan la idea de que una situación
Verbos regulares: no ha cambiado. Still se utiliza en frases
 start ➞ started negativas, delante de has / have. Yet se coloca al
 study ➞ studied final de la frase.
Verbos irregulares:  Kylie still hasn’t bought a dress for the
wedding.
Consulta la lista.
 Tim hasn’t picked up any rock climbing skills
Usos yet.
El present perfect se utiliza para hablar de
Yet se coloca al final de la forma interrogativa
experiencias y hechos del pasado, en aquellos casos
del present perfect para preguntar si alguien ha
en los que no se sabe, o no es importante saber,
hecho algo.
cuándo sucedieron.
  Have you taken up Italian yet?
 I’ve borrowed £20.
 I haven’t taken up athletics this year. Already se utiliza con la forma afirmativa del
  There has been a lot of noise upstairs lately. present perfect para subrayar el hecho de que
alguien ha hecho algo. Se coloca entre has /
A veces usamos ever en cuestiones a significar
have y el participio pasado.
en cualquier momento en nuestra vida hasta este
 Beth has already caught up with the other
momento.
riders.
  Have you ever tried out wakeboarding?

Spectrum 3 Language Trainer  Unit 3  Choices, choices 

4 Vocabulary reference VOC APP

Emotions Word builder: -ing and -ed adjectives

amusing (adj) /əˈmjuːzɪŋ/ gracioso
annoying (adj) /əˈnɔɪɪŋ/ molesto, irritante
confusing (adj) /kənˈfjuːzɪŋ/ confuso
embarrassing (adj) /ɪmˈbærəsɪŋ/ embarazoso
fascinating (adj) /ˈfæsɪneɪtɪŋ/ fascinante
frightening (adj) /ˈfraɪtnɪŋ/ que da miedo
frustrating (adj) /frʌˈstreɪtɪŋ/ frustrante
inspiring (adj) /ɪnˈspaɪərɪŋ/ inspirador
irritating (adj) /ˈɪrɪteɪtɪŋ/ molesto, irritante
motivating (adj) /ˈməʊtɪveɪtɪŋ/ motivador
relaxing (adj) /rɪˈlæksɪŋ/ relajante
upsetting (adj) /ʌpˈsetɪŋ/ triste
worrying (adj) /ˈwʌriɪŋ/ preocupante
embarrassed (adj) /ɪmˈbærəst/ avergonzado
embarrassing (adj) /ɪmˈbærəsɪŋ/ embarazoso
excited (adj) /ɪkˈsaɪtɪd/ ilusionado, alterado
exciting (adj) /ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ/ emocionante
frightened (adj) /ˈfraɪtnd/ asustado
frightening (adj) /ˈfraɪtnɪŋ/ que da miedo
irritated (adj) /ˈɪrɪteɪtɪd/ enfadado
irritating (adj) /ˈɪrɪteɪtɪŋ/ molesto, irritante
Functional language
Asking for help on the phone
I’ve just bought … and I need some help with it.

Could you explain how to … (+ infinitive)?

Gadgets
browse (v) /braʊz/ mirar, echar un vistazo a/en Can you tell me … ?
charge (v) /tʃɑːdʒ/ cargar
mute (v) /mjuːt/ quitar el sonido Could you help me with … , please?
plug in (v) /ˌplʌɡ ˈɪn/ enchufar
press (v) /pres/ pulsar Good afternoon, … . How can I help you?
scroll (v) /skrəʊl/ desplazarse
swipe (v) /swaɪp/ pasar Thank you very much for your help.
switch off (v) /ˌswɪtʃ ˈɒf/ apagar
switch on (v) /ˌswɪtʃ ˈɒn/ encender
tap (v) /tæp/ tocar, introducir
unplug (v) /ˌʌnˈplʌɡ/ desenchufar
update (v) /ˌʌpˈdeɪt/ actualizar

Communicating with music

express (v) /ɪkˈspres/ expresar
hit (v) /hɪt/ golpear
invite (v) /ɪnˈvaɪt/ invitar
spread news (v) /ˌspred ˈnjuːz/ difundir noticias
squeeze (v) /skwiːz/ estrujar, exprimir
warn (v) /wɔːn/ avisar, advertir

Spectrum 3 Language Trainer  Unit 4 Communication 

4 Grammar reference
Present perfect and past simple Subject and object questions

Present perfect Subject questions

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa En las preguntas sobre el sujeto, la partícula
I / You / We / I / You / We / Have I / you / interrogativa (what, who, etc.) hace referencia a la
They have They haven’t we / they seen persona o cosa que realiza la acción (el sujeto del
seen the film. seen the film. the film? verbo).
He / She / It He / She / It Has he / she /  ‘Who phoned you last night?’ ‘Carl phoned me.’
has arrived. hasn’t arrived. it arrived?
 ‘
What caused the accident?’ ‘The icy weather
Consulta el past simple en la página 82. caused it.’
Usos
Las preguntas sobre el sujeto se construyen con
El present perfect se utiliza para describir
acciones que empezaron en el pasado y siguen una partícula interrogativa y el verbo principal.
en la actualidad. Tienen la misma estructura que las frases
 He has lived in Canada since 2013. afirmativas, y no incluyen verbos auxiliares.
El past simple describe acciones que se
Who painted the Mona Lisa ?
completaron en el pasado, si sabemos
exactamente cuándo. partícula verbo objeto
 He moved to Canada two years ago. interrogativa principal
Utilizamos distintas expresiones temporales con (= sujeto)
cada tiempo verbal.
Object questions
Con el past simple, se utilizan expresiones que
especifican el momento concreto en el que se En las preguntas sobre el objeto, la partícula
dio la acción: interrogativa (what, who, etc.) hace referencia a la
yesterday, last night, last week, last year, at six persona o cosa que recibe la acción (el objeto del
o’clock, etc. verbo).
Con el present perfect, incluimos expresiones
 ‘What did you drink?’ ‘I drank orange juice.’
referidas al momento en el que comenzó la
acción, o al periodo que va desde entonces hasta  ‘Where did you go?’ ‘I went to the cinema.’
ahora: Las preguntas sobre el objeto se construyen con
since (2010), for (10 years) un verbo auxiliar y el infinitivo del verbo principal.

Who did you call ?

Present perfect with ever and never partícula auxiliar sujeto infinitivo
interrogativa del verbo
Usos (= objeto) principal
Utilizamos ever con la forma interrogativa
del present perfect para preguntar si alguien
ha hecho algo a lo largo de su vida, hasta el
momento actual. Ever va detrás de have/has y el
sujeto, y delante del participio pasado.
  Has Pete ever visited his aunt in Canada?
Never se utiliza en frases en present perfect
para decir que no hemos algo en nuestra vida,
al menos hasta este momento. Se utiliza con
la forma afirmativa del verbo, y se coloca ente
have/has y el participio pasado.
 They have never eaten Japanese food.

Spectrum 3 Language Trainer  Unit 4 Communication 

5 Vocabulary reference VOC APP

Criminals and crime fighters Word builder: negative prefixes

burglar (n) /ˈbɜːɡlə(r)/ ladrón, ladrona (de casas)
detective (n) /dɪˈtektɪv/ detective
fraudster (n) /ˈfrɔːdstə(r)/ estafador, estafadora
judge (n) /dʒʌdʒ/ juez, jueza
lawyer (n) /ˈlɔːjə(r)/ abogado, abogada
mugger (n) /ˈmʌɡə(r)/ atacante (ladrón, ladrona)
police officer (n) /pəˈliːs ˌɒfɪsə(r)/ agente de policía
private investigator (n) /ˌpraɪvət ɪnˈvestɪɡeɪtə(r)/
investigador/a privado/a
thief (n) /θiːf/ ladrón, ladrona
traffic warden (n) /ˈtræfɪk ˌwɔːdn/ agente de
tráfico
fair (adj) /fea(r)/ justo
unfair (adj) /ʌnˈfea(r)/ injusto
legal (adj) /ˈliːɡ(a)l/ legal
illegal (adj) /ɪˈliːɡ(a)l ilegal
logical (adj) /ˈlɒdʒɪk(a)l/ lógico
illogical (adj) /ɪˈlɒdʒɪk(a)l/ ilógico
possible (adj) /ˈpɒsɪb(a)l/ posible
impossible (adj) /ɪmˈpɒsɪb(a)l/ imposible
responsible (adj) /rɪˈspɒnsɪb(a)l/ responsable
irresponsible (adj) /ɪrɪˈspɒnsɪb(a)l/ irresponsable
Learn it!

Crimes Common error

burglar (n) /ˈbɜːɡlə(r)/ ladrón, ladrona (de casas)
arson (n) /ˈɑːsn/ incendio provocado thief (n) /θiːf/ ladrón, ladrona
burglary (n) /ˈbɜːɡləri/ robo
credit card fraud /ˈkredɪt ˌkɑːd ˌfrɔːd/ fraude con
Functional language
tarjetas de crédito
drug-dealing (n) /ˈdrʌɡ ˌdiːlɪŋ/ tráfico de drogas Describing a photo
forgery (n) /ˈfɔːdʒəri/ falsificación at the bottom / top
identity theft /aɪˈdentəti ˌθeft/ usurpación de
identidad behind
mugging (n) /ˈmʌɡɪŋ/ robo con asalto
pickpocketing (n) /ˈpɪkpɒkɪtɪŋ/ robo (de in the background / foreground
carteristas)
shoplifting (n) /ˈʃɒplɪftɪŋ/ robo (en comercios) in the corner / middle
speeding (n) /ˈspiːdɪŋ/ exceso de velocidad
vandalism (n) /ˈvændəlɪzəm/ vandalismo on the left / right

People in town He / She can’t be

business owner (n) /ˈbɪznəs ˌəʊnə(r)/ dueño,

He / She could be
dueña de un negocio
ecologist (n) /iˈkɒlədʒɪst/ecologista
He / She might be
household (n) /ˈhaʊshəʊld/ casa, familia
local council (n) /ˌləʊkl ˈkaʊnsl/ ayuntamiento
He / She must be
resident (n) /ˈrezɪdənt/ residente

Spectrum 3 Language Trainer  Unit 5  A life of crime 

5 Grammar reference
Past perfect Relative pronouns

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa Se utiliza para…

I / You / He / I / You / He / Had I / you / who personas
She / It / We / She / It / We / he / she / it / which cosas/ideas
They had They hadn’t we / they
started. begun. fallen? where lugares

I / You / He / I / You / He / whose posesión / pertenencia

She / It / We / She / It / We / Usos
They’d started. They hadn’t Los pronombres relativos who y which muestran la
begun. persona, el objeto o la idea a la que nos referimos.
El past perfect se construye con had + el  He’s the man who the police arrested.
participio pasado del verbo.   The sandwich which I made wasn’t very nice.
Usos Utilizamos el adverbio relativo where para indicar el
El past perfect se utiliza cuando hablamos lugar al que nos estamos refiriendo.
del pasado y hacemos referencia a un pasado   This is the office where she works.
anterior a él. Para la acción más reciente, Whose hace referencia a una persona que posee o
utilizamos el past simple. es dueña de algo.
 I thought I had locked the door, but I hadn’t. He’s the boy whose bag she took.
  Had you seen my note when I phoned?
(dueño) (posesión)
El past perfect se emplea para responder a
preguntas sobre el pasado encabezadas por How
long? Modals of deduction
 How long had you been a detective when you
retired?
Certeza must She / He must be the thief.
 I’d been a detective for twenty years.
Imposibilidad She / He can’t be the thief
can’t
Used to + infinitive Posibilidad could She / He may / might be the
/ may / might thief.
Afirmativa My uncle used to be a police He could be the thief.
officer. Now he is a private Usos
detective. Must describe certeza cuando creemos que algo es,
Negativa They didn’t use to have security sin ninguna duda, cierto.
in the shopping centre, but now  You saw the crime, so you must know who
they do. did it.
Interrogativa Did he use to create false En ocasiones, incluimos probably en la frase.
identities?  You saw the crime, so you probably know who
did it.
Usos
Utilizamos used to + infinitivo para hablar de A veces, cuando describimos algo que puede ser
hábitos o estados del pasado que ya no se dan cierto, utilizamos perhaps.
en la actualidad.   Perhaps you left your keys in the car.
Empleamos can’t para hablar de algo que creemos
imposible, o, sin duda, falso.
 This can’t be Mia’s house. It’s too big.
Could, may, might se utilizan para hablar de algo que
es posiblemente cierto.
 We may go to the concert, depending on the
price of the tickets.
 My mum might be at home, but I’m not sure.
Your keys could be in the cupboard.
Spectrum 3 Language Trainer  Unit 5  A life of crime 
6 Vocabulary reference
Environment verbs
bury (v) /ˈberi/ enterrar
destroy (v) /dɪˈstrɔɪ/ destruir
dump (v) /dʌmp/ arrojar
poison (v) /ˈpɔɪzn/ envenenar
pollute (v) /pəˈluːt/ contaminar
preserve (v) /prɪˈzɜːv/ preservar
protect (v) /prəˈtekt/ proteger
recycle (v) /ˌriːˈsaɪkl/ reciclar
reduce (v) /rɪˈdjuːs/ reducir
reuse (v) /ˌriːˈjuːz/ reutilizar
save (v) /seɪv/ ahorrar
throw away (v) /ˌθrəʊ əˈweɪ/ tirar, desechar
Technology adjectives
convenient (adj) /kənˈviːniənt/ conveniente
efficient (adj) /ɪˈfɪʃnt/ eficiente
high-quality (adj) /ˈhaɪ ˌkwɒləti/ de buena calidad
impractical (adj) /ɪmˈpræktɪkl/ poco práctico
inconvenient (adj) /ˌɪnkənˈviːniənt/ inadecuado
inefficient (adj) /ˌɪnɪˈfɪʃnt/ poco eficiente
low-quality (adj) /ˈləʊ ˌkwɒləti/ de poca/baja calidad
practical (adj) /ˈpræktɪkl/ práctico
reliable (adj) /rɪˈlaɪəbl/ fiable
time-consuming (adj) /ˈtaɪm kənˌsjuːmɪŋ/ que
requiere tiempo
time-saving (adj) /ˈtaɪm ˌseɪvɪŋ/ que ahorra tiempo
unreliable (adj) /ˌʌnrɪˈlaɪəbl/ poco fiable
useful (adj) /ˈjuːsfl/ útil
useless (adj) /ˈjuːsləs/ inútil
Winter sports
goal (n) /ɡəʊl/ gol
ice rink (n) /ˈaɪs rɪŋk/ pista de hielo
pass (v) /pɑːs/ pasar
slide (v) /slaɪd/ deslizarse
spectator (n) /spekˈteɪtə(r)/ espectador,
espectadora
trophy (n) /ˈtrəʊfi/ trofeo
Spectrum 3 Language Trainer  Unit 6 Creativity 
VOC APP
Word builder: compound nouns
baseball match (n) /ˈbeɪsbɔːl mætʃ/ partido de
béisbol
football pitch (n) /ˈfʊtbɔːl pɪtʃ/ campo de fútbol
hockey stick (n) /ˈhɒki stɪk/ palo/stick de hockey
ice hockey (n) /ˈaɪs ˌhɒki/ hockey sobre hielo
ice rink (n) /ˈaɪs rɪŋk/ pista de hielo
ice skates (n) /ˈaɪs skeɪts/ patines para el hielo
lacrosse pitch /ləˈkrɒs pɪtʃ/ campo de lacrosse
lacrosse stick (n) /ləˈkrɒs stɪk/ palo de lacrosse
spectator sports (n) /spekˈteɪtə spɔːts/ deportes
de/para espectadores
sports coach (n) /ˈspɔːts kəʊtʃ/ preparador/a
deportivo/a
summer sport (n) /ˈsʌmə spɔːt/ deporte de verano
Learn it! Collective nouns
club /klʌb/ club, grupo
crowd /kraʊd/ multitud
team /tiːm/ equipo
Functional language
Talking about food
How is it cooked?
It’s cooked on the grill / in the oven / in a pan.
What’s it made from?
What does it come with?
That smells / looks / sounds / tastes …
I don’t like the smell / look / sound / taste of it.
… are favourites / is a favourite of mine.
I prefer … to …
6 Grammar reference
Present simple passive Usos
La voz pasiva se utiliza para decir lo que le ocurre al
Para construir el present simple de la voz pasiva, sujeto de la frase. En las frases pasivas, el énfasis
utilizamos la siguiente estructura: se centra en la acción, que es más importante que
sujeto + present simple de be + participio pasado la persona que la realiza.
  English is spoken here.
  We’re invited to the party.
Past simple passive
Para formar la negativa, empleamos esta
estructura: sujeto + present simple de be + not + Para construir el past simple de la voz pasiva,
participio pasado utilizamos esta estructura:
  The dresses are not made by hand. sujeto + past simple de be + participio pasado
  Ice hockey isn’t played in the summer.   The laptop was stolen.
Afirmativa Negativa   The emails were written by me.
I’m invited. I’m not invited. Para construir la forma negativa, se emplea esta
You’re invited. You aren’t invited. estructura: sujeto + past simple de be + not +
participio pasado
He’s / She’s / It’s He / She / It isn’t
invited. invited.   The burgers were not cooked properly.
We’re / You’re / They’re We / You / They aren’t   The house wasn’t cleaned.
invited. invited. Afirmativa Negativa
Construimos la forma interrogativa del presente de I was told. I wasn’t told.
la voz pasiva con esta estructura: You were told. You weren’t told.
present simple de be + sujeto + participio pasado: He / She / It was told. He / She / It wasn’t
  Is football played in the summer? told.

En las respuestas breves, solo incluimos la forma We / You / They were We / You / They
told. weren’t told.
de present simple de be.
  Are the fish fed every day? Construimos el past simple de la forma
  Yes, they are. interrogativa de la voz pasiva con esta estructura:
Interrogativa Respuestas breves past simple de be + sujeto + participio pasado
  Was the thief caught?
Afirmativa Negativa
Am I invited? Yes, I am. No, I’m not. En las respuestas breves, solo utilizamos la forma
de past simple del verbo be.
Are you invited? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.
  Were trainers worn in the 1800s?
Is he / she / it Yes, he / she / No, he / she /
invited? it is. it isn’t.   No, they weren’t.

Are we / you / Yes, we / you/ No, we / you / Interrogativa Respuestas breves

they invited? they are. they aren’t.
Afirmativa Negativa
Utilizamos by para introducir el complemento Was I told? Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t.
agente, es decir, la persona o el objeto que realiza Were you told? Yes, you were. No, you
la acción. weren’t.
  All the songs are written by James. Was he / she / Yes, he / she / No, he / she /
  Many accidents are caused by speeding. it told? it was. it wasn’t.
Were we / you / Yes, we / you/ No, we / you /
they told? they were. they weren’t.

Spectrum 3 Language Trainer  Unit 6 Creativity 

7 Vocabulary reference VOC APP

Sports qualities Word builder: -ing form as a subject

accuracy (n) /ˈækjərəsi/ precisión find out (v) – finding out (n) /ˌfaɪnd ˈaʊt/ / /ˌfaɪndɪŋ
balance (n) /ˈbæləns/ equilibro ˈaʊt/ descubrir – encontrar, descubrir
coordination (n) /kəʊˌɔːdɪˈneɪʃn/ coordinación get up (v) – getting up (n)/ˌɡet ˈʌp/ / /ˌɡetɪŋ ˈʌp/
flexibility (n) /ˌfleksəˈbɪləti/ flexibilidad levantarse – levantarse
resistance (n) /rɪˈzɪstəns/ resistencia set up (v) – setting up (n)/ˌset ˈʌp/ / /ˌsetɪŋ ˈʌp/
speed (n) /spiːd/ velocidad colocar – poner en marcha
strength (n) /streŋθ/ fortaleza work (v) – working (n) /wɜːk/ / /ˈwɜːkɪŋ/
trabajar – trabajar
beat (v) /biːt/ ganar, vencer
compete (v) /kəmˈpiːt/ competir
draw (v) /drɔː/ empatar
Learn it!
improve (v) /ɪmˈpruːv/ mejorar False friends
take the lead (v) /ˌteɪk ðə ˈliːd/ ir primero, ser el líder
carpet (n) /ˈkɑːpɪt/ moqueta
folder (n) /ˈfəʊldə/ carpeta
Household jobs
change the sheets (v) /ˌtʃeɪndʒ ðə ˈʃiːts/ cambiar Functional language
las sábanas
clean the worktop (v) /ˌkliːn ðə ˈwɜːktɒp/ limpiar la Preparing for travel
superficie de trabajo Where are you flying to?
close the blinds (v) /ˌkləʊz ðə ˈblaɪndz/ cerrar las
persianas Would you like a window or an aisle seat?
cut the grass (v) /ˌkʌt ðə ˈɡrɑːs/ cortar la hierba
do the washing (v) /ˌduː ðə ˈwɒʃɪŋ/ hacer la colada Has anyone interfered with your bags since you
empty the bin (v) /ˌempti ðə ˈbɪn/ vaciar el cubo de packed them?
la basura
mop the floor (v) /ˌmɒp ðə ˈflɔː(r)/ limpiar el suelo Do you have any hand luggage?
set the table (v) /ˌset ðə ˈteɪbl/ poner la mesa
vacuum the carpet (v) /ˌvækjuəm ðə ˈkɑːpɪt/ pasar How many stops is that?
el aspirador
wash the dishes (v) /ˌwɒʃ ðə ˈdɪʃɪz/ fregar los platos
Which … does the … leave from?

Social networks Is the … on time?

cutting-edge (adj) /ˌkʌtɪŋ ˈedʒ/ (tecnología) punta

post (v) /pəʊst/ publicar
profile picture (n) /ˈprəʊfaɪl ˌpɪktʃə(r)/ fotografía
de perfil
share (v) /ʃeə(r)/ compartir
status update (n) /ˈsteɪtəs ˌʌpdeɪt/ actualizar
estado
upload (v) /ˌʌpˈləʊd/ cargar

Spectrum 3 Language Trainer  Unit 7  A big improvement 

7 Grammar reference
Future with will Future continuous

Afirmativa He will go. Afirmativa Tomorrow at this time I’ll be

Negativa They won’t go. relaxing on the beach. I really
need a holiday!
Interrogativa Will you go?
Negativa They won’t be waiting for me at
Will se utiliza con el infinitivo sin to. La forma es the airport when I arrive.
la misma para todos los pronombres sujeto.
 He will play in the match. Interrogativa Will you be staying with your
aunt in Rome?
La forma negativa es will not, que a menudo se
contrae como won’t. Usos
 I will not arrive on time. = I won’t arrive on El future continuous describe hechos que se
time. estarán desarrollando en un momento concreto
Usos del futuro.
Utilizamos will y won’t para expresar una opinión
sobre el futuro, y para hacer predicciones
basadas en lo que nosotros creemos, sin Indefinite pronouns
evidencias externas (consulta el apartado sobre
be going to). Afirmativa Negativa e
 We’ll have a good time at the weekend. interrogativa
También empleamos will para describir Cosas something anything
decisiones espontáneas. everything
  It’s hot. I’ll open the window. nothing
Lugares somewhere anywhere
everywhere
Future with be going to
nowhere

Afirmativa I’m going to stay here. Personas someone / somebody anyone /

He / She / It’s going to stay here.
We / You / They’re going to stay
here.
Negativa I’m not going to stay here.
He / She / It isn’t going to stay
here.
We / You / They aren’t going to
stay here.
Interrogativa Am I going to stay here?
Is he / she / it going to stay here?
Are we / you / they going to stay
here?
Usos
Utilizamos be going to / not going to para
describir planes y decisiones sobre el futuro.
 We’re going to go rock climbing at the
weekend.
Be going to describe predicciones basadas en
evidencias externas que vemos o de las que
somos conocedores.
 He’s driving too fast. He’s going to have an
accident!
everyone / everybody anybody
no one / nobody
Usos
Los pronombres indefinidos con some- y any-
hacen referencia a cosas, personas y lugares, sin
decir exactamente qué o quiénes son.
  There’s someone in the kitchen.
Is there anything in the fridge?
Everything, everyone / everybody y everywhere
significan “todas las cosas”, “toda la gente” y
“(en) todos los lugares”.
  She’s already been everywhere in Europe.
Utilizamos nothing, no one / nobody y nowhere
con un verbo en afirmativa para referirnos a
“ninguna cosa” “ninguna persona” y “ningún
lugar”. También podemos emplear anything,
anyone / anybody y anywhere y un verbo en
negativa. El significado es el mismo.
  There’s nobody here. = There isn’t anybody
here.

Spectrum 3 Language Trainer  Unit 7  A big improvement 

8 Vocabulary reference
Personality adjectives
charming (adj) /ˈtʃɑːmɪŋ/ encantador
generous (adj) /ˈdʒenərəs/ generoso
jealous (adj) /ˈdʒeləs/ celoso
lazy (adj) /ˈleɪzi/ vago, gandul
loyal (adj) /ˈlɔɪəl/ leal
proud (adj) /praʊd/ orgulloso
selfish (adj) /ˈselfɪʃ/ egoísta
sensible (adj) /ˈsensəbl/ sensato
sensitive (adj) /ˈsensətɪv/ sensible
strong (adj) /strɒŋ/ fuerte
stubborn (adj) /ˈstʌbən/ obstinado
talkative (adj) /ˈtɔːkətɪv/ hablador, parlanchín
thoughtful (adj) /ˈθɔːtfl/ considerado
unpredictable (adj) /ˌʌnprɪˈdɪktəbl/ impredecible
vain (adj) /veɪn/ presumido
Relationships and phrasal verbs
fall out (v) /ˌfɔːl ˈaʊt/ enfadarse
get on with (v) /ˌɡet ˈɒn ˌwɪd/ llevarse bien con
look up to (v) /ˌlʊk ˈʌp ˌtə/ admirar a
make up (v) /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ reconciliarse
pick on (v) /ˈpɪk ˌɒn/ meterse con, acosar
put up with (v) /ˌpʊt ˈʌp ˌwɪd/ soportar a
tell off (v) /ˌtel ˈɒf/ regañar
turn to (v) /ˈtɜːn ˌtə/ recurrir a
Conflict
battle (n) /ˈbætl/ batalla
independence (n) /ˌɪndɪˈpendəns/ independencia
peace (n) /piːs/ paz
rule (v) /ruːl/ gobernar
violence (n) /ˈvaɪələns/ violencia
Learn it!
False friends
assist (v) /əˈsɪst/ ayudar
attend (v) /əˈtend/ acudir a
Spectrum 3 Language Trainer  Unit 8  Living together 
VOC APP
Word builder: noun suffixes 2
difference (n) /ˈdɪfrəns/ diferencia
different (adj) /ˈdɪfrənt/ diferente
diverse (adj) /daɪˈvɜːs/ variado, diverso
diversity (n) /daɪˈvɜːsəti/ diversidad
happiness (n) /ˈhæpinəs/ felicidad
happy (adj) /ˈhæpi/ contento, feliz
independence (n) /ˌɪndɪˈpendəns/ independencia
independent (adj) /ˌɪndɪˈpendənt/ independiente
sad (adj) /sæd/ triste
sadness (n) /ˈsædnəs/ tristeza
tolerance (n) /ˈtɒlərəns/ tolerancia
tolerant (adj) /ˈtɒlərənt/ tolerante
violence (n) /ˈvaɪələns/ violencia
violent (adj) /ˈvaɪələnt/ violento
Functional language
Apologizing
I apologize for …
I’m so sorry.
I’m really sorry about …
I’ll do better next time.
It won’t happen again!
Next time I’ll remember to … (+ infinitive)
That’s all right.
Never mind.
Don’t worry about it.
8 Grammar reference
First conditional Second conditional

Afirmativa Negativa Afirmativa Negativa

If I / you go to the If I / you don’t go to the If I / you got up earlier, If I / you didn’t go
party, I’ll / you’ll see party, I / you won’t see I / you wouldn’t be late. to bed late, I / you
Joshua. Joshua. wouldn’t be so tired.
If he / she / it helps, If he / she / it doesn’t If he / she / it acted If he / she / it didn’t
things will be easier. help, things won’t be well, he / she / it would act badly, he / she /
easier. get a good review. it wouldn’t get a bad
If we / they study hard, If we / they don’t study review.
we’ll / they’ll go to hard, we / they won’t go If we / they did more If we / they didn’t
university. to university. sport, we / they would do sport, we / they
Interrogativa be fitter. wouldn’t be very fit.
If you go to the party, will you see Joshua? Interrogativa
If he /she / it helps, will things be easier? If you got up earlier, would you walk to school?
If we / they study hard, will we / they go to If he / she / it acted well, would he / she / it get
university? a good review?
El condicional de primer grado se forma con if + If we / they studied more, would we / they do
sujeto + present simple, + will / won’t + infinitivo. better at school?
Solemos utilizar las formas contractas. El condicional de segundo grado se forma con
La proposición encabezada por if también puede ir if + sujeto + past simple, + would / wouldn’t +
en la segunda parte de la frase. infinitivo. Solemos utilizar las formas contractas.
Usos La proposición encabezada por if también puede
Utilizamos el condicional de primer grado para ir en la segunda parte de la frase. El significado
describir el resultado de una determinada situación es el mismo.
en el futuro.  If Mark had a mobile phone, I’d call him.
 If you ask Liam, he’ll help you.   Amy would make up with Nigel if he
 If we don’t rescue these cubs, they won’t apologized.
survive. Para formular preguntas, añadimos una partícula
  You’ll upset your friends if you are too interrogativa al comienzo de la proposición
competitive. encabezada por would.
En ocasiones, unless sustituye a if … not.   What would you upload if you had a website?
 He won’t tell you about his problems unless you  If you had a website, what would you upload?
insist. Cuando empleamos el verbo be en el past simple,
  Unless you speak slowly, I won’t understand debemos utilizar la forma was para I, he, she, it.
you. Sin embargo, en el condicional de segundo grado,
también podemos utilizar were. Ambas formas
son correctas.
will for promises   If I was / were rich, I’d travel around the world.
  She’d learn better if she wasn’t / weren’t so
Usos tired.
Will se utiliza para hacer promesas. Usos
  (I promise) I’ll arrive on time tomorrow. Utilizamos el condicional de segundo grado para
  (We promise) We’ll be home by 10.00 p.m. describir situaciones imaginarias, y los resultados
Cuando nos disculpamos, a menudo empleamos will de las mismas.
para prometer que eso no volverá a suceder, o que  If Maria was here, she would tell us what she
la situación mejorará pronto. thinks.
  I promise it won’t happen again.
  We’ll do better next time.

Spectrum 3 Language Trainer  Unit 8  Living together 

9 Vocabulary reference VOC APP

Charity actions Learn it!

campaign (n) /kæmˈpeɪn/ campaña Common error
contribute (v) /kənˈtrɪbjuːt/ aportar, contribuir con last (adj) /lɑːst/ último
donate (v) /dəʊˈneɪt/ donar latest (adj) /ˈleɪtɪst/ más reciente
persuade (v) /pəˈsweɪd/ convencer
petition (n) /pəˈtɪʃn/ petición Word builder: prefixes under-
protest (n) /ˈprəʊtest/ protesta
and over-
publicize (v) /ˈpʌblɪsaɪz/ promocionar
raise money (v) /ˌreɪz ˈmʌni/ recaudar fondos overcharge (v) /ˌəʊvəˈtʃɑːdʒ/ cobrar demasiado
sponsor (v) /ˈspɒnsə(r)/ patrocinar overdeveloped (adj) /ˌəʊvədɪˈveləpt/ construido en
volunteer (v) /ˌvɒlənˈtɪə(r)/ voluntario, voluntaria exceso
overpaid (adj) /ˌəʊvəˈpeɪd/ a quien pagan
Fashion adjectives demasiado
overpriced (adj) /ˌəʊvəˈpraɪst/ de precio excesivo
casual (adj) /ˈkæʒuəl/ informal undercharge (v) /ˌʌndəˈtʃɑːdʒ/ cobrar poco
delicate (adj) /ˈdelɪkət/ delicado underdeveloped (adj) /ˌʌndədɪˈveləpt/ muy poco
durable (adj) /ˈdjʊərəbl/ duradero, resistente construido
fashionable (adj) /ˈfæʃnəbl/ elegante, moderno underpaid (adj) /ˌʌndəˈpeɪd/ a quien pagan
full-length (adj) /ˌfʊl ˈleŋθ/ largo demasiado poco
loose (adj) /luːs/ holgado, amplio underpriced (adj) /ˌʌndəˈpraɪst/ de precio
old-fashioned (adj) /ˌəʊld ˈfæʃnd/ pasado de moda excesivamente bajo
patterned (adj) /ˈpætənd/ estampado
soft (adj) /sɒft/ suave Functional language
stylish (adj) /ˈstaɪlɪʃ/ estiloso
tight (adj) /taɪt/ ajustado
Explaining advantages and
disadvantages
waterproof (adj) /ˈwɔːtəpruːf/ impermeable,
An advantage of that idea is …
resistente al agua

A disadvantage of that idea is …

Immigration
escape (v) /ɪˈskeɪp/ escapar Another advantage of that suggestion is …
immigrant (n) /ˈɪmɪɡrənt/ inmigrante
import (n) /ˈɪmpɔːt/ producto de importación The problem with that idea is …
originate (v) /əˈrɪdʒɪneɪt/ ser originario de
persecution (n) /ˌpɜːsɪˈkjuːʃn/ persecución,
opresión
refugee (n) /ˌrefjuˈdʒiː/ refugiado, refugiada

Spectrum 3 Language Trainer  Unit 9  Coming together 

9 Grammar reference
Reported speech

Estilo directo Estilo indirecto

Susan: ‘My parents often participate in charity Susan said that her parents often participated in
campaigns.’ charity campaigns.
Ali and Tom: ‘We plan to help as volunteers at the Ali and Tom told me that they planned to help as
hospital next month.’ volunteers at the hospital the following month.
Peter: ‘I love my new waterproof coat.’ Peter said he loved his new waterproof coat.
Maria and Luc: ‘We don’t mind the rain today Maria and Luc said that they didn’t mind the rain that
because it’s Sunday.’ day because it was Sunday.
The students: ‘This is our history project for this The students told the teacher that was their history
term.’ project for that term.
Alice: ‘These patterned T-shirts aren’t very Alice told her friend those patterned T-shirts weren’t
popular here.’ very popular there.
Usos
Utilizamos el estilo indirecto para contarle a alguien lo que ha dicho otra persona.
El estilo indirecto tiene sus propios verbos introductorios. Los más comunes son say y tell. Siempre
incluimos un objeto después de tell, pero nunca detrás de say. Podemos utilizar that tanto detrás de say
como de tell, pero no es obligatorio.
  ‘There is a demonstration for peace this afternoon’, Tom said.
 Tom said (that) there was a demonstration for peace that afternoon.
  Anne: ‘Your new glasses are very stylish.’
 Anne told me (that) my new glasses were very stylish.’
Al pasar del estilo directo al estilo indirecto, a menudo cambia el verbo. El present simple del estilo directo
se convierte en past simple en el estilo indirecto.
  Students: ‘We organize a charity sports day at school every year.’
  The students said that they organized a charity sports day at school every year.
Otros elementos también cambian en el estilo indirecto:
Pronombres sujeto y objeto:
I ➞ he / she  we ➞ they
  Eva: ‘I like old-fashioned clothes.’ ➞ Eva said that she liked old-fashioned clothes.
 Mario and his brother: ‘We fight, but we always make up.’ ➞ Mario and his brother said they fought, but
they always made up.
Adjetivos posesivos:
my ➞ his / her  our ➞ their
  ‘I can’t find my flip flops’, Lucia said. ➞ Lucia said that she couldn’t find her flip flops.
 Students: ‘Our school doesn’t have a very big gym.’ ➞ The students said their school didn’t have a very
big gym.
Expresiones de tiempo:
next (week, year, etc.) ➞ the following (week, year, etc.)  today ➞ that day
 Sarah: ‘I plan to buy a winter coat at the sales next week.’ ➞ Sarah said she planned to buy a winter coat
at the sales the following week.
 ‘We want to join in the street dance class today,’ Javier said. ➞ Javier said that they wanted to join in the
street dance class that day.
Expresiones de lugar:
here ➞ there  this ➞ that these ➞ those
 ‘You can buy souvenirs here’, the guide told the tourists. ➞ The guide told the tourists that they could
buy souvenirs there.
 ‘This yoghurt is too sweet.’ Mark said. ➞ Mark said that that yoghurt was too sweet.
  Luis: ‘These trainers only cost €10!’ ➞ Luis said that those trainers only cost €10.
Spectrum 3 Language Trainer  Unit 9  Coming together